The present invention relates to a method for designing a mirror having a first reflecting surface and a second reflecting surface which reflect light sequentially and an astigmatism control mirror having a reflecting surface satisfying a design formula provided in the method for designing a mirror.
A soft X-ray beam of emitted light is characterized in that characteristics thereof are different between a vertical direction and a horizontal direction. A beam size tends to be smaller in the vertical direction than in the horizontal direction. A coherent width is larger in the vertical direction than in the horizontal direction. Moreover, in a spectroscopic system using a diffraction grating which is widely used for a soft X-ray beamline, a divergence angle of a beam in the vertical direction increases. In addition, a spectroscope including the widely used diffraction grating collects soft X-rays only in a spectral direction, causing “astigmatism” to occur. In the astigmatism, light source positions are different between the spectral direction and a direction in which the soft X-rays are not collected.
A toroidal mirror has a possibility of eliminating astigmatism (Non Patent Literature 1). However, the toroidal mirror is a mirror that is easily manufactured by approximating an existing spheroidal mirror and setting a uniform radius of curvature in each of a longitudinal direction and a transverse direction of a reflecting surface, and has a disadvantage in that a light collection size increases in principle even if astigmatism can be eliminated.
An astigmatic off-axis mirror (AO mirror) has also been proposed as a mirror capable of making a light collection size smaller than that of the toroidal mirror and capable of setting light source and light collection points independently in the vertical and horizontal directions (Non Patent Literature 2). This mirror has a shape in which different conic curves are respectively set in a longitudinal direction and a transverse direction and a curved surface smoothly connecting the conic curves is obtained on the basis of a principle that an elliptic curve is applied as a ridgeline of the reflecting surface to collect beams diverging from one point, at another point; a parabola is applied as a ridgeline of the reflecting surface to collimate beams diverging from one point; and a hyperbola is applied as a ridgeline of the reflecting surface to convert beams collected toward one point into beams collected toward another point.
However, this AO mirror is a mirror defined by rotating a conic profile in the longitudinal direction around a straight line (long axis) connecting focal points of conic curves in the transverse direction in order to obtain a curved surface. Since the reflecting surface approximates an axisymmetric shape, there is a limit in reducing a light collection size due to the approximation. No problem arises as long as a beam is a beam in a terahertz region with a long wavelength, but the AO mirror cannot cope with a beam in an X-ray region. In addition, a design formula includes coordinate transformation several times, so as to be very complicated, and parameters are also complicated and difficult to understand and use.
In view of the above-described situation, an object of the present invention is to provide a method for designing a mirror enabling free conversion of astigmatism by setting a light source position and a light collection position independently in a vertical direction and a horizontal direction; enabling a light collection size to be reduced to cope with a beam in an X-ray region; and being suitably used as an optical system that handles a beam having different characteristics between the vertical direction and the horizontal direction, with a simple design formula and a wide application range.
As a result of intensive studies in view of such a current situation, the present inventors have completed the present invention by finding that, as a method for geometrically and optically expressing properties of a beam having astigmatism, it is possible to design a reflecting surface that enables free conversion of astigmatism by newly defining a “light source ray” and a “collected light ray” for each of light collection in a sagittal direction and light collection in a meridional direction; assuming that all incoming light rays passing through a reflecting surface of the mirror pass through each of “light source rays” in a vertical direction and a horizontal direction and all outgoing light rays emitted from the reflecting surface of the mirror pass through “collected light rays” in the vertical direction and the horizontal direction; and applying Fermat's principle in which an “optical path length” from a light source position to a light collection position is constant.
That is, the present invention includes the following inventions.
(1) There is provided a method for designing a mirror having a first reflecting surface and a second reflecting surface, which sequentially reflect light, the method including: defining an optical axis of an incoming beam to the first reflecting surface as a z1 axis, and defining a cross section orthogonal to the z1 axis as an x1y1 plane; defining, as a z2 axis, an optical axis of an outgoing beam of the first reflecting surface, the outgoing beam being an incoming beam to the second reflecting surface, and defining a cross section orthogonal to the z2 axis as an x2y2 plane; defining an optical axis of an outgoing beam of the second reflecting surface as a z3 axis, and defining a cross section orthogonal to the z3 axis as an x3y3 plane; setting an x1 axis, an x2 axis, and an x3 axis to be parallel to a sagittal direction of the first reflecting surface and the second reflecting surface; causing incoming beams to the first reflecting surface to have a light source for light collection in the sagittal direction at a position displaced by L1sA in a z1-axis direction from an intersection point M0A on the z1 axis on the first reflecting surface between the z1 axis and the z2 axis and a light source for light collection in a meridional direction at a position displaced by L1mA in the z1-axis direction from the intersection point M0A on the z1 axis; causing outgoing beams of the second reflecting surface to be collected at a position displaced by L2sB in a z3-axis direction from an intersection point M0B on the z3 axis on the second reflecting surface between the z2 axis and the z3 axis with respect to light collection in the sagittal direction and to be collected at a position displaced by L2mB in the z3-axis direction from the intersection point M0B on the z3 axis with respect to light collection in the meridional direction; causing all of incoming light rays passing through the first reflecting surface to pass through both a sagittal light source ray passing through a position of the light source in the light collection in the sagittal direction and extending in a direction orthogonal to both the x1 axis and the z1 axis and a meridional light source ray passing through a position of the light source in light collection in the meridional direction and extending in a direction orthogonal to both the y1 axis and the z1 axis; causing all of outgoing light rays emitted from the second reflecting surface to pass through both a sagittal collected light ray passing through the light collecting position in the light collection in the sagittal direction and extending in a direction orthogonal to both the x3 axis and the z3 axis and a meridional collected light ray passing through the light collecting position in the light collection in the meridional direction and extending in a direction orthogonal to both the y3 axis and the z3 axis; causing outgoing beams of the first reflecting surface, when the outgoing beams of the first reflecting surface travel straight without being reflected by the second reflecting surface, to be collected at a position displaced by L2sA in a z2-axis direction from the intersection point M0A on the z2 axis with respect to the light collection in the sagittal direction and be collected at a position displaced by L2mA in the z2-axis direction from the intersection point M0A on the z2 axis with respect to the light collection in the meridional direction; causing outgoing light rays of the first reflecting surface to pass through both a sagittal virtual collected light ray passing through the light collecting position in the light collection in the sagittal direction and extending in a direction orthogonal to both the x2 axis and the z2 axis and a meridional virtual collected light ray passing through the light collecting position in the light collection in the meridional direction and extending in a direction orthogonal to both a y2 axis and the z2 axis; causing all of incoming light rays passing through the second reflecting surface to intersect, on an extension line of the incoming light rays, both light source rays of the sagittal virtual collected light ray as a sagittal virtual light source ray in the light collection in the sagittal direction for the first reflecting surface and the meridional virtual collected light ray as a meridional virtual light source ray in the light collection in the meridional direction for the first reflecting surface; defining any point on the first reflecting surface as MA, expressing coordinates of an intersection point between the sagittal light source ray and an incoming light ray to the MA point and an intersection point between the meridional light source ray and the incoming light ray to the MA point by using L1sA and L1mA, and expressing coordinates of an intersection point between an outgoing light ray from the MA point and the sagittal virtual collected light ray and an intersection point between the outgoing light ray from the MA point and the meridional virtual collected light ray by using L2sA and L2mA; defining any point on the second reflecting surface as MB, expressing coordinates of an intersection point between the sagittal virtual light source ray and an incoming light ray to the MB point and an intersection point between the meridional virtual light source ray and the incoming light ray to the MB point by using the L2sA and L2mA, and a distance L between M0A and M0B and expressing coordinates of an intersection point between an outgoing light ray from the MB point and the sagittal collected light ray and an intersection point between the outgoing light ray from the MB point and the meridional collected light ray by using the L2sB and L2mB; and designing the mirror by using a design formula of a reflecting surface, the design formula being derived based on the coordinates, a condition that an optical path length from a light source position to a virtual light collection position is constant with respect to any point on the reflecting surface for the light collection in the sagittal direction and the light collection in the meridional direction on the first reflecting surface, and a condition that an optical path length from a virtual light source position to a light collection position is constant with respect to any point on the reflecting surface for the light collection in the sagittal direction and the light collection in the meridional direction on the second reflecting surface.
(2) The method for designing a mirror according to (1), in which the sagittal light source ray and the meridional light source ray are defined as a straight line Ss extending in a y1-axis direction and a straight line Sm extending in an xi-axis direction, respectively. The sagittal virtual collected light ray and the meridional virtual collected light ray are defined as a straight line FsA extending in a y2-axis direction and a straight line FmA extending in an x2-axis direction, respectively. The sagittal virtual light source ray and the meridional virtual light source ray are defined as a straight line SsB that coincides with the straight line FsA and a straight line SmB that coincides with the straight line FmA, respectively. The sagittal collected light ray and the meridional collected light ray are defined as a straight line Fs extending in a y3-axis direction and a straight line Fm extending in an x3-axis direction, respectively. The optical path length is calculated for each of light collection in the meridional direction or light collection in the sagittal direction on the first reflecting surface or the second reflecting surface by the following (i) to (iv).
(i) Calculation of optical path length of sagittal direction light collection on first reflecting surface: An incoming length from the light source position to the MA point with respect to the light collection in the sagittal direction on the first reflecting surface is obtained as a distance to the MA point from an intersection point on a side close to the meridional light source ray Sm of two intersection points between the incoming light ray and an equiphase plane A1s, the equiphase plane A1s being a rotated arcuate plane obtained by rotating, around the sagittal light source ray Ss, an arc that is formed around an intersection point Pm0 between the meridional light source ray Sm and the z1 axis and extends in a direction orthogonal to the x1 axis through an intersection point Ps0 between the sagittal light source ray Ss and the z1 axis. An outgoing length from the MA point to the virtual light collection position with respect to the light collection in the sagittal direction on the first reflecting surface is obtained as a distance to the MA point from an intersection point on a side close to the meridional virtual collected light ray FmA of two intersection points between the outgoing light ray and an equiphase plane A2sA, the equiphase plane A2sA being a rotated arcuate plane obtained by rotating, around the sagittal virtual collected light ray FsA, an arc that is formed around an intersection point Qm0A between the meridional virtual collected light ray FmA and the z2 axis and extends in a direction orthogonal to the x2 axis through an intersection point Qs0A between the sagittal virtual collected light ray FsA and the z2 axis. In this manner, the optical path length for the light collection in the sagittal direction on the first reflecting surface is calculated.
(ii) Calculation of optical path length of meridional direction light collection on first reflecting surface: An incoming length from the light source position to the MA point with respect to the light collection in the meridional direction on the first reflecting surface is obtained as a distance to the MA point from an intersection point on a side close to the sagittal light source ray Ss of two intersection points between the incoming light ray and an equiphase plane A1m, the equiphase plane A1m being a rotated arcuate plane obtained by rotating, around the meridional light source ray Sm, an arc that is formed around the intersection point Ps0 between the sagittal light source ray Ss and the z1 axis and extends in a direction orthogonal to the y1 axis through the intersection point Pm0 between the meridional light source ray Sm and the z1 axis. An outgoing length from the MA point to the virtual light collection position with respect to the light collection in the meridional direction on the first reflecting surface is obtained as a distance to the MA point from an intersection point on a side close to the sagittal virtual collected light ray FsA of two intersection points between the outgoing light ray and an equiphase plane A2mA, the equiphase plane A2mA being a rotated arcuate plane obtained by rotating, around the meridional virtual collected light ray FmA, an arc that is formed around an intersection point Qs0A between the sagittal virtual collected light ray FsA and the z2 axis and extends in a direction orthogonal to the y2 axis through an intersection point Qm0A between the meridional virtual collected light ray FmA and the z2 axis. In this manner, the optical path length for the light collection in the meridional direction on the first reflecting surface is calculated.
(iii) Calculation of optical path length of sagittal direction light collection on second reflecting surface: An incoming length from the virtual light source position to the MB point with respect to the light collection in the sagittal direction on the second reflecting surface is obtained as a distance to the MB point from an intersection point on a side close to the meridional virtual light source ray SmB of two intersection points between the incoming light ray and an equiphase plane A1sB, the equiphase plane A1sB being a rotated arcuate plane obtained by rotating, around the sagittal virtual light source ray SsB, an arc that is formed around an intersection point Pm0B between the meridional virtual light source ray SmB and the z2 axis and extends in a direction orthogonal to the x2 axis through an intersection point Ps0B between the sagittal virtual light source ray SsB and the z2 axis. An outgoing length from the MB point to the light collection position with respect to the light collection in the sagittal direction on the second reflecting surface is obtained as a distance to the MB point from an intersection point on a side close to the meridional collected light ray Fm of two intersection points between the outgoing light ray and an equiphase plane A2s, the equiphase plane A2s being a rotated arcuate plane obtained by rotating, around the sagittal collected light ray Fs, an arc that is formed around an intersection point Qm0 between the meridional collected light ray Fm and the z3 axis and extends in a direction orthogonal to the x3 axis through an intersection point Qs0 between the sagittal collected light ray Fs and the z3 axis. In this manner, the optical path length for the light collection in the sagittal direction on the second reflecting surface is calculated.
(iv) Calculation of optical path length of meridional direction light collection on second reflecting surface: An incoming length from the virtual light source position to the MB point with respect to the light collection in the meridional direction on the second reflecting surface is obtained as a distance to the MB point from an intersection point on a side close to the sagittal virtual light source ray SsB of two intersection points between the incoming light ray and an equiphase plane A1mB, the equiphase plane A1mB being a rotated arcuate plane obtained by rotating, around the meridional virtual light source ray SmB, an arc that is formed around an intersection point Ps0B between the sagittal virtual light source ray SsB and the z2 axis and extends in a direction orthogonal to the y2 axis through an intersection point Pm0B between the meridional virtual light source ray SmB and the z2 axis. An outgoing length from the MB point to the light collection position with respect to the light collection in the meridional direction on the second reflecting surface is obtained as a distance to the MB point from an intersection point on a side close to the sagittal collected light ray Fs of two intersection points between the outgoing light ray and an equiphase plane A2m, the equiphase plane A2m being a rotated arcuate plane obtained by rotating, around the meridional collected light ray Fm, an arc that is formed around an intersection point Qs0 between the sagittal collected light ray Fs and the z3 axis and extends in a direction orthogonal to the y3 axis through an intersection point Qm0 between the meridional collected light ray Fm and the z3 axis. In this manner, the optical path length for the light collection in the meridional direction on the second reflecting surface is calculated.
(3) Regarding the calculation of the optical path length of (i) (the sagittal direction light collection of the first reflecting surface), the distance to the point MA from the intersection point on the side close to the meridional light source ray Sm of the two intersection points between the incoming light ray and the equiphase plane A1s on the first reflecting surface is obtained by obtaining a distance to the point MA from an intersection point Ps between the incoming light ray and the sagittal light source ray Ss and adding or subtracting, to or from the distance, a distance from the intersection point Ps to the arc defining the equiphase plane A1s. In addition, a distance to the point MA from the intersection point on the side close to the meridional virtual collected light ray FmA of the two intersection points between the outgoing light ray and the equiphase plane A2sA on the first reflecting surface is obtained by obtaining a distance to the point MA from an intersection point QsA between the outgoing light ray and the sagittal virtual collected light ray FsA and adding or subtracting, to or from the distance, a distance from the intersection point QsA to the arc defining the equiphase plane A2sA.
Regarding the calculation of the optical path length of (ii) (the meridional direction light collection of the first reflecting surface), the distance to the point MA from the intersection point on the side close to the sagittal light source ray Ss of the two intersection points between the incoming light ray and the equiphase plane A1m on the first reflecting surface is obtained by obtaining a distance to the point MA from an intersection point Pm between the incoming light ray and the meridional light source ray Sm and adding or subtracting, to or from the distance, a distance from the intersection point Pm to the arc defining the equiphase plane A1m. In addition, the distance to the point MA from the intersection point on the side close to the sagittal virtual collected light ray FsA of the two intersection points between the outgoing light ray and the equiphase plane A2mA on the first reflecting surface is obtained by obtaining a distance to the point MA from an intersection point QmA between the outgoing light ray and the meridional virtual collected light ray FmA and adding or subtracting, to or from the distance, a distance from the intersection point QmA to the arc defining the equiphase plane A2mA.
Regarding calculation of the optical path length of (iii) (the sagittal direction light collection of the second reflecting surface), the distance to the point MB from the intersection point on the side close to the meridional virtual light source ray SmB of the two intersection points between the incoming light ray and the equiphase plane A1sB on the second reflecting surface is obtained by obtaining a distance to the point MB from an intersection point PsB between the incoming light ray and the sagittal virtual light source ray SsB and adding or subtracting, to or from the distance, a distance from the intersection point PsB to the arc defining the equiphase plane A1sB. In addition, the distance to the point MB from the intersection point on the side close to the meridional collected light ray Fm of the two intersection points between the outgoing light ray and the equiphase plane A2s on the second reflecting surface is obtained by obtaining a distance to the point MB from an intersection point Qs between the outgoing light ray and the sagittal collected light ray Fs and adding or subtracting, to or from the distance, a distance from the intersection point Qs to the arc defining the equiphase plane A2s.
The method for designing a mirror according to (2), in which regarding calculation of the optical path length of (iv) (the meridional direction light collection of the second reflecting surface), the distance to the point MB from the intersection point on the side close to the sagittal virtual light source ray SsB of the two intersection points between the incoming light ray and the equiphase plane A1mB on the second reflecting surface is obtained by obtaining a distance to the point MB from an intersection point PmB between the incoming light ray and the meridional virtual light source ray SmB and adding or subtracting, to or from the distance, a distance from the intersection point PmB to the arc defining the equiphase plane A1mB. The distance to the point MB from the intersection point on the side close to the sagittal collected light ray Fs of the two intersection points between the outgoing light ray and the equiphase plane A2m on the second reflecting surface is obtained by obtaining a distance to the point MB from an intersection point Qm between the outgoing light ray and the meridional collected light ray Fm and adding or subtracting, to or from the distance, a distance from the intersection point Qm to the arc defining the equiphase plane A2m.
(4) The method for designing a mirror according to any one of (1) to (3), in which an orthogonal coordinate system uvw is defined, in which an intersection point between the z1 axis and the z3 axis is set as an origin, a direction parallel to the z2 axis is defined as a u axis, a direction parallel to the x1 axis, the x2 axis, and the x3 axis is defined as a v axis, and a direction orthogonal to both the u axis and the v axis is defined as a w axis. The uvw system coordinate is transformed to an x1y1z1 coordinate system based on an optical axis of an incoming beam to the first reflecting surface, an x2y2z2 coordinate system based on an optical axis of an outgoing beam from the first reflecting surface, the outgoing beam being an incoming beam to the second reflecting surface, and an x3y3z3 coordinate system based on an optical axis of an outgoing beam from the second reflecting surface. The design formula is expressed by the uvw coordinate system.
(5) The method for designing a mirror according to (4), in which an orthogonal coordinate system uAvAwA based on the first reflecting surface is defined, in which the intersection point M0A on the first reflecting surface between the z1 axis and the z2 axis is included, a plane in contact with the reflecting surface is defined as a uAvA plane, a direction of a normal line passing through the M0A of the uAvA plane is defined as a wA axis, a vA axis is defined as a direction orthogonal to both the z1 axis and the z2 axis, a uA axis is defined as a direction orthogonal to both the vA axis and the wA axis, the intersection point M0A is defined as an origin, and θ0A represents an oblique incoming angle formed by the uAvA plane and the optical axis z1. An orthogonal coordinate system uBvBwB based on the second reflecting surface is defined, in which the intersection point M0B on the second reflecting surface between the z2 axis and the z3 axis is included, a plane in contact with the reflecting surface is defined as a uBvB plane, a direction of a normal line passing through the M0B of the uBvB plane is defined as a wB axis, a vB axis is defined as a direction orthogonal to both the z2 axis and the z3 axis, a uB axis is defined as a direction orthogonal to both the vB axis and the wB axis, the intersection point M0B is defined as an origin, and θ0B represents an oblique incoming angle formed by the uBvB plane and the optical axis z2. Each of the uAvAwA coordinate system and the uBvBwB coordinate system is transformed into the x1y1z1 coordinate system based on the optical axis of the incoming beam to the first reflecting surface, the x2y2z2 coordinate system based on the optical axis of the outgoing beam from the first reflecting surface, the outgoing beam being the incoming beam to the second reflecting surface, and the x3y3z3 coordinate system based on the optical axis of the outgoing beam from the second reflecting surface. The design formula is expressed by the uAvAwA coordinate system and the uBvBwB coordinate system. The design formula is further expressed by the uvw coordinate system.
(6) The method for designing a mirror according to claim 5, in which the design formula includes a following formula (1) obtained by weighting a first formula fsA(uA, vA, wA)=0 derived from a condition that an optical path length from a light source point to a virtual light collection point is constant for the light collection in the sagittal direction on the first reflecting surface and a second formula fmA(uA, vA, wA)=0 derived from a condition that an optical path length from the light source point to the virtual light collection point is constant for the light collection in the meridional direction on the first reflecting surface and a following formula (2) obtained by weighting both a third formula fsB(uB, vB wB)=0 derived from a condition that an optical path length from a virtual light source point to the light collection point is constant for the light collection in the sagittal direction on the second reflecting surface and a fourth formula fmB(uB, vB, wB)=0 derived from a condition that an optical path length from the virtual light source point to the light collection point is constant for the light collection in the meridional direction on the second reflecting surface.
[Math. 1]
f
A(uA,vA,wA)=αAfsA(uA,vA,wA)+βAfmA(uA,vA,wA)=0 (1)
f
B(uB,vB,wB)=αBfsB(uB,vB,wB)+βBfmB(uB,vB,wB)=0 (2)
(7) The method for designing a mirror according to any one of (1) to (6), in which L2mA and L2sA are set using any magnification Ms for sagittal direction light collection from the light source ray Ss to the collected light ray Fs and any magnification Mm for meridional direction light collection from the light source ray Sm to the collected light ray Fm, by a following formula.
(8) An astigmatism control mirror having a reflecting surface satisfying the design formula according to any one of (1) to (6), in which values of the L1sA and the L1mA are different from each other, and values of the L2sB and the L2mB are equal to each other, and outgoing beams that are collected at one point are obtained from an incoming beam having astigmatism.
(9) An astigmatism control mirror having a reflecting surface satisfying the design formula according to any one of (1) to (6), values of the L1sA and the L1mA are equal to each other, and values of the L2sB and the L2mB are different from each other, and an outgoing beam having astigmatism is obtained from an incoming beam diverging from one point.
(10) An astigmatism control mirror having a reflecting surface satisfying the design formula according to any one of (1) to (6), in which values of L1sA and L1mA are equal to each other, values of the L2sA and the L2mA are different from each other, values of L2sB and L2mB are equal to each other. Astigmatism is imparted to an incoming beam diverging from one point, on a first reflecting surface, the astigmatism is eliminated on the second reflecting surface, and different reduction magnifications are applied in a vertical direction and a horizontal direction, respectively.
(11) An astigmatism control mirror having a reflecting surface satisfying the design formula according to any one of (1) to (6), in which L2mA and L2sA are set by Formula (4) using the magnification Ms in the sagittal direction and the magnification Mm in the meridional direction, the magnifications being defined by the following formula (3) and being magnifications of a beam from the light source ray to the collected light ray, and thereby beams spreading from one point in both vertical and horizontal directions are collected again at one point through double-bounce reflections, and the beam becomes circular at a light collection point or a divergence position downstream of the light collection point.
(12) An astigmatism control mirror having a reflecting surface satisfying the design formula according to any one of (1) to (6), in which values of the L1mA, the L2mA, and the L2mB are positive or negative infinity, and the L1sA, the L2sA, and the L2sB respectively have predetermined values (where L1sA+L2sA≠0 and (L−L2sA)+L2sB≠0), and the astigmatism control mirror has collection performance only in the sagittal direction.
(13) An astigmatism control mirror having a reflecting surface satisfying the design formula according to any one of (1) to (6), in which an installation angle allowable range is enlarged by setting the L2sA and the L2mA so that three points of the intersection point Ps0 between the light source ray Ss and the z1 axis, the intersection point Qs0A between the virtual collected light ray FsA and the z2 axis, and the intersection point Qs0 between the collected light ray Fs and the z3 axis are present on a single straight line in the sagittal direction light collection, and at the same time, three points of the intersection point Pm0 between the light source ray Sm and the z1 axis, the intersection point Qm0A between the virtual collected light ray FmA and the z2 axis, and the intersection point Qm0 between the collected light ray Fm and the z3 axis are present on a single straight line in the meridional direction light collection.
According to a method for designing a mirror of the present invention, a light source position and a light collection position can be independently set in the vertical direction and the horizontal direction, and thus a mirror enabling freely conversion of astigmatism can be manufactured. In addition, it is possible to cope with a beam in an X-ray region by reducing a light collection size. Moreover, the mirror has a wide application range with a simple design formula, so as to be suitably used as an optical system that handles a beam having different characteristics between the vertical direction and the horizontal direction.
In addition, according to the designing method of the present invention, the collection performance can be obtained by reflecting light twice or more times on a first reflecting surface and a second reflecting surface in light collection in the vertical direction and the horizontal direction. Therefore, as compared with a case of obtaining the collection performance by reflection once, off-axis aberration can be reduced and the imaging performance can be improved. As described above, it is possible to provide a mirror that enables free conversion of astigmatism and having the resistance to an installation angle error.
In addition, in the present invention, for example, if the mirror is designed to impart astigmatism to the first reflecting surface positioned upstream and eliminate the astigmatism by the second reflecting surface positioned downstream, it is also possible to provide a mirror that imparts different reduction magnifications in the vertical direction and the horizontal direction, respectively, while collecting beams from one point to one point. Moreover, it is also possible to provide a mirror that has a circularized light collection size for a beam having significantly different light source sizes between the vertical and horizontal directions. In addition, it is also possible to provide a mirror that forms a beam having a circular intensity profile at a divergence position by circularizing the shape of the beam incoming to the second reflecting surface positioned downstream.
A method for designing a mirror according to the present invention relates to a method for designing a mirror having a first reflecting surface and a second reflecting surface, which sequentially reflect light. Hereinafter, the method for designing a mirror according to the present invention will be described with reference to representative embodiments.
An object of the present invention is to freely convert astigmatism, and a mirror is designed with higher accuracy based on Fermat's principle that “light passes through a path with the shortest optical distance”. When limited to a collecting (or diffusing) mirror, Fermat's principle can be converted into an expression that “a sum of a distance from a light source point and a distance to a light collection point is constant for any point on a mirror surface (reflecting surface)”. When an incoming beam or an outgoing beam has astigmatism, a law of a constant optical path length cannot be applied directly. This is because a beam having astigmatism does not have a single light source point or light collection point as the name indicates. In the present invention, “light source ray” and a “collected light ray” are newly defined and properties of a beam having astigmatism can be geometrically and optically expressed, so that a design technique is realized.
First, the “light source ray” and the “collected light ray” with respect to the first reflecting surface will be described. As illustrated in
Regarding light collection in the meridional direction, it is assumed that a light source is provided at a position displaced by L1mA in the z1-axis direction from the intersection point M0A on the z1 axis, and that the outgoing beam travels straight without being reflected by the second reflecting surface, light is collected at a position displaced by L2mA in the z2-axis direction from the intersection point M0A on the z2 axis.
All the incoming light rays passing through the first reflecting surface are considered to pass through both a sagittal light source ray (Ss) that passes through the position of the light source in the light collection in the sagittal direction and extends in a direction (y1-axis direction) orthogonal to both the z1 axis as the optical axis of incoming light and the sagittal direction (x1 axis), and a meridional light source ray (Sm) that passes through the position of the light source in the light collection in the meridional direction and extends in a direction (x1-axis direction) orthogonal to both the z1 axis as the optical axis and the meridional direction (y1 axis). In this manner, the sagittal light source ray (Ss) and the meridional light source ray (Sm) are defined.
In addition, all the outgoing light rays emitted from the first reflecting surface are considered to pass through both a sagittal virtual collected light ray (FsA) that passes through the light collecting position in the light collection in the sagittal direction and extends in a direction (y2-axis direction) orthogonal to the optical axis z2 of the outgoing light and the sagittal direction (x2 axis), and a meridional virtual collected light ray (FmA) that passes through the light collecting position in the light collection in the meridional direction and extends in a direction (x2-axis direction) orthogonal to the optical axis z2 of the outgoing light and the y2 axis. In this manner, the sagittal virtual collected light ray (FsA) and the meridional virtual collected light ray (FmA) are defined.
Next, the “light source ray” and the “collected light ray” with respect to the second reflecting surface will be described. As illustrated in
In addition, regarding light collection in the sagittal direction of the second reflecting surface, the outgoing beams are collected at a position displaced by L2sB in a z3-axis direction from the intersection point M0B on the z3 axis on the second reflecting surface between the z2 axis and the z3 axis. In addition, regarding light collection in the meridional direction of the second reflecting surface, the outgoing beams are collected at a position displaced by L2mB in the z3-axis direction from the intersection point M0B on the z3 axis.
All the outgoing light rays emitted from the second reflecting surface are considered to pass through both a sagittal collected light ray (Fs) that passes through the light collecting position in the light collection in the sagittal direction and extends in a direction (y3-axis direction) orthogonal to the optical axis z3 of the outgoing light and the sagittal direction (x3 axis) and a meridional collected light ray (Fm) that passes through the light collecting position in the light collection in the meridional direction and extends in a direction (x3-axis direction) orthogonal to the optical axis z3 of the outgoing light and the y3 axis. In this manner, the sagittal collected light ray (Fs) and the meridional collected light ray (Fm) are defined.
Further, in this example, each of the sagittal light source ray (Ss), the meridional light source ray (Sm), the sagittal virtual collected light ray (FsA), the meridional virtual collected light ray (FmA), the sagittal virtual light source ray (SsB), the meridional virtual light source ray (SmB), the sagittal collected light ray (Fs), and the meridional collected light ray (Fm) is a straight line, but may be a curved line.
In addition,
Similarly,
By defining the “light source ray” and the “collected light ray” as described above, an incoming light ray and an outgoing light ray passing through any point on the reflecting surface of the mirror can be defined. Specifically, as illustrated in
In addition, as illustrated in
The design formulas of the first reflecting surface and the second reflecting surface can be derived based on: the coordinates of Ps, Pm, QsA, QmA, PsB, PmB, Qs, and Qm; a condition that an optical path length from a light source position to a virtual light collection position is constant with respect to any point on the reflecting surface, regarding the light collection in the sagittal direction and the light collection in the meridional direction on the first reflecting surface; and a condition that an optical path length from a virtual light source position to a light collection position is constant with respect to any point on the reflecting surface, regarding the light collection in the sagittal direction and the light collection in the meridional direction on the second reflecting surface.
Any points MA and MB on the respective the first reflecting surface and the second reflecting surface can be respectively expressed by MA(uA, vA, wA) and MB(uB, vB, wB) by defining a uAvAwA orthogonal coordinate system and a uBvBwB orthogonal coordinate system with reference to the reflecting surface.
As illustrated in
The orthogonal coordinate system uBvBwB includes an intersection point M0B on the second reflecting surface between the z2 axis and the z3 axis, in which a plane in contact with the reflecting surface is defined as a uBvB plane, a direction of a normal line passing through the M0B of the uBvB plane is defined as a wB axis, a vB axis is defined as a direction orthogonal to both the z2 axis and the z3 axis, a uB axis is defined as a direction orthogonal to both the vB axis and the wB axis, the intersection point M0B is defined as an origin, and an oblique incoming angle formed by the uBvB plane and the optical axis z2 is represented by θ0B.
However, in
That is, the uAvAwA coordinate system and the uBvBwB coordinate system are converted into an x1y1z1 coordinate system based on an optical axis of an incoming beam to the first reflecting surface, an x2y2z2 coordinate system based on an optical axis of an outgoing beam from the first reflecting surface, the outgoing beam being an incoming beam to the second reflecting surface, and an x3y3z3 coordinate system based on an optical axis of an outgoing beam from the second reflecting surface, and the design formulas are expressed by the uAvAwA coordinate system and the uBvBwB coordinate system.
The conversion into the coordinate system based on the incoming beam optical axis is as follows. Each coordinate of a point MA(x1, y1, z1) on the mirror is provided by Formula (5).
[Math. 5]
M
A(x1,y1,z1)=(vA,uA sin θ0A+wA cos θ0A,uA cos θ0A−wA sin θ0A) (5)
A coordinate of the intersection point Ps between the incoming light ray passing through the point MA and the sagittal light source ray Ss and a coordinate of the intersection point Pm between the same incoming light ray and the meridional light source ray Sm can be expressed respectively by the following formulas (6) and (7) using displacements L1sA and L1mA, on the x1y1z1 coordinate system.
Similarly, the conversion into the coordinate system based on the outgoing beam optical axis on the first reflecting surface is as follows. Each coordinate of the point MA(x2A, y2A, z2A) on the mirror is provided by Formula (8).
[Math. 7]
M
A(x2A,y2A,z2A)=(vA,−uA sin θ0A+wA cos θ0A,uA cos θ0A+wA sin θ0A) (8)
A coordinate of the intersection point QsA between the outgoing light ray passing through the point MA on the first reflecting surface and the sagittal virtual collected light ray FsA and a coordinate of the intersection point QmA between the outgoing light ray and the meridional virtual collected light ray FmA can be expressed respectively by the following formulas (9) and (10) using the displacements L2sA and L2mA, on the x2y2z2 coordinate system.
Each coordinate of a point MB(x2B, y2B, z2B) on the mirror is provided by Formula (11).
[Math. 9]
M
B(x2B,y2B,z2B)=(vB,uB sin θ0B+wB cos θ0B,uB cos θ0B−wB sin θ0B+L) (11)
A coordinate of the intersection point PsB between the incoming light ray passing through the point MB and the sagittal virtual light source ray SsB and a coordinate of the intersection point PmB between the same incoming light ray and the meridional virtual light source ray SmB can be expressed respectively by the following formulas (12) and (13) using the displacements L1sB and L1mB, on the x2y2z2 coordinate system.
Similarly, conversion into the coordinate system based on the outgoing beam optical axis on the second reflecting surface is as follows. Each coordinate of the point MB(x3, y3, z3) on the mirror is provided by Formula (14).
[Math. 11]
M
B(x3,y3,z3)=(vB,−uB sin θ0B+wB cos θ0B,uB cos θ0B+wB sin θ0B) (14)
A coordinate of the intersection point Qs between the outgoing light ray passing through the point MB and the sagittal collected light ray Fs on the second reflecting surface and a coordinate of the intersection point Qm between the outgoing light ray and the meridional collected light ray Fm can be expressed respectively by the following formulas (15) and (16) using the displacements L2sB and L2mB, on the x3y3z3 coordinate system.
As described above, the design formulas of the reflecting surface can be derived based on: the coordinates of Ps, Pm, QsA, QmA, PsB, PmB, Qs, and Qm; the condition that the optical path length from the light source position to the virtual light collection position is constant with respect to any point on the reflecting surface, regarding the light collection in the sagittal direction and the light collection in the meridional direction on the first reflecting surface; and the condition that the optical path length from the virtual light source position to the light collection position is constant with respect to any point on the reflecting surface, regarding the light collection in the sagittal direction and the light collection in the meridional direction on the second reflecting surface.
In the embodiment, the distance between each of the intersection points Ps, Pm, QsA, QmA, PsB, PmB, Qs, and Qm on the light source ray and the collected light ray and any point MA or MB on the first reflecting surface/the second reflecting surface is not set as an incoming length or an outgoing length as it is, but is calculated by performing the following compensation for an optical path length to obtain a more accurate design formula while using the coordinates of the intersection points on the light source ray and the collected light ray defined as a straight line.
Fermat's principle in a case where a normal light source point and a light collection point can be defined is considered. An equiphase plane in the vicinity of the light source point is a spherical plane having the light source point as a center, and an equiphase plane in the vicinity of the light collection point is a spherical plane having the light collection point as a center. Keeping in mind that light rays are always orthogonal to an equiphase plane, the law of constant optical path length is paraphrased as the fact that an optical distance of a light ray connecting any point on a specific equiphase plane in the vicinity of a light source point and a point on a specific equiphase plane in the vicinity of a light collection point corresponding thereto is constant. Even in a case where an incoming beam as in the present invention has astigmatism, a more accurate design formula can be derived by performing compensation in consideration of the equiphase plane.
First, regarding the incoming side of the first reflecting surface, an equiphase plane in the vicinity corresponding to the above-described intersection point Ps on the sagittal light source ray Ss is considered. On the sagittal light source ray Ss, a wavefront converging toward the meridional light source ray Sm should be observed. Although it is not strictly possible to define a phase on the sagittal light source ray Ss on the basis of such an assumption described above, an intersection point between Sm and the z1 axis is here represented by Pm0, and it is assumed that a phase distribution corresponding to a distance from Pm0 is present on Ss, i.e., a beam before incoming to the mirror (reflecting surface) has a wavefront concentrated on the meridional light source ray Sm in the y1-axis direction. Based on this idea, as illustrated in
Here, a distance from the intersection point between the incoming light ray and the equiphase plane A1s to the MA point on the reflecting surface of the mirror is obtained by first obtaining a distance from the intersection point Ps between the incoming light ray and the sagittal light source ray Ss to the MA point and adding or subtracting (subtracting in the example of the drawing), to or from the distance, a distance from the intersection point Ps to the arc B1s defining the equiphase plane A1s, i.e., a distance between Ps and H1s where H1s represents a foot of a perpendicular line drawn from Ps to the arc B1s. Accordingly, an incoming length f1sA is expressed by Formula (17). The reason why this formula is an approximate formula is that there is no guarantee that the point H1s is present on a straight line from Ps to MA. However, it is needless to say that the incoming length may be obtained by calculation other than the approximate formula. In the example, the incoming length is approximately obtained by adding/subtracting the distance between Ps and H1s where H1s represents the foot of the perpendicular line drawn from Ps to the arc B1s as described above, but the incoming length may be more accurately calculated using a distance from Ps to the intersection point on the side close to the meridional light source ray Sm among the two intersection points between the incoming light ray and the equiphase plane A1s instead of the perpendicular line drawn to the arc B1s.
By introducing t′1xA and t′1yA to the formula, the formula can be transformed into the following formula (18).
Similarly, regarding the incoming side of the first reflecting surface, an equiphase plane in the vicinity corresponding to the above-described intersection point Pm on the meridional light source ray Sm is subsequently considered. On the meridional light source ray Sm, a wavefront diverging from the sagittal light source ray Ss should be observed. Although it is not strictly possible to define a phase on the Sm on the basis of such an assumption described above, an intersection point between Ss and the z1 axis is here represented by Ps0, and it is assumed that a phase distribution corresponding to a distance from Ps0 is present on Sm, i.e., a beam before incoming to the mirror (reflecting surface) has a wavefront diverging from the sagittal light source ray Ss in the x1-axis direction. Based on this idea, as illustrated in
A distance from the intersection point between the incoming light ray and the equiphase plane A1m to the MA point is obtained by first obtaining a distance from the intersection point Pm between the incoming light ray and the meridional light source ray Sm to the MA point and adding or subtracting (adding in the example), to or from the distance, a distance from the intersection point Pm to the arc B1m defining the equiphase plane A1m, i.e., a distance between Pm and H1m where H1m represents a foot of a perpendicular line drawn from Pm to the arc B1m. That is, an incoming length f1mA is expressed by Formula (19).
By introducing t′1xA and t′1yA to the formula, the formula can be transformed into the following formula (20).
Regarding an outgoing side, similarly to the incoming side, both an equiphase plane in the vicinity corresponding to the intersection point QsA on the sagittal virtual collected light ray FsA and an equiphase plane in the vicinity corresponding to the intersection point QmA on the meridional virtual collected light ray FmA are considered. On the sagittal virtual collected light ray FsA, a wavefront diverging from the meridional virtual collected light ray FmA should be virtually observed. Although it is not possible to strictly define a phase on FsA on the basis of such an assumption described above, an intersection point between FmA and the outgoing optical axis z2 is here represented by Qm0A, and it is assumed that a phase distribution corresponding to a distance from Qm0A is present on FsA. In addition, on the meridional virtual collected light ray FmA, a wavefront converging toward the sagittal virtual collected light ray FsA should be virtually observed. Although it is not possible to strictly define a phase on FmA on the basis of such an assumption, an intersection point between FsA and the outgoing optical axis z2 is here represented by Qs0A, and it is assumed that a phase distribution corresponding to a distance from Qs0A is present on FmA.
Based on these ideas, a more accurate outgoing length is obtained similarly to the incoming side. Specifically, although illustration is omitted, compensation is performed, in the same manner as described above, by addition or subtraction using a distance from the intersection point QsA to an arc B2sA defining an equiphase plane, i.e., a distance between H2sA and QsA where H2sA represents a foot of a perpendicular line drawn from QsA to the arc B2sA, and a distance between the intersection point QmA and an arc B2mA defining an equiphase plane, i.e., a distance between QmA and H2mA where H2mA represents the foot of the perpendicular line drawn from QmA to the arc B2mA and both outgoing lengths of a virtual outgoing length f2sA in the sagittal direction and a virtual outgoing length f2mA in the meridional direction can be more accurately obtained as in Formulas (21) and (22).
f2sA can be transformed as in the following formula (23) by introducing t′2xA and t′2yA.
f2mA can be transformed as in the following formula (24) by introducing t′2xA and t′2yA.
Regarding an incoming side of the second reflecting surface, similarly to the incoming side of the first reflecting surface, an equiphase plane in the vicinity corresponding to the intersection point PsB on the sagittal virtual light source ray SsB and an equiphase plane in the vicinity corresponding to the intersection point PmB on the meridional virtual light source ray SmB are considered. On the sagittal virtual light source ray SsB, a wavefront diverging from the meridional virtual light source ray SmB should be virtually observed. Although it is not strictly possible to define a phase on SsB on the basis of such an assumption, an intersection point between SmB and the incoming optical axis z2 is here represented by Pm0B, and it is assumed that a phase distribution corresponding to a distance from Pm0B is present on SsB. In addition, on the meridional virtual light source ray SmB, a wavefront converging toward the sagittal virtual light source ray SsB should be virtually observed. Although it is not strictly possible to define a phase on SmB on the basis of such an assumption, an intersection point between SsB and the incoming optical axis z2 is here represented by Ps0B, and it is assumed that a phase distribution corresponding to a distance from Ps0B is present on SmB.
Based on these ideas, a more accurate incoming length is obtained. Specifically, although illustration is omitted, compensation is performed, in the same manner as described above, by addition or subtraction using a distance from the intersection point PsB to an arc B1sB defining an equiphase plane, i.e., a distance between H1sB and PsB where H1sB represents a foot of a perpendicular line drawn from PsB to the arc B1sB, and a distance from the intersection point PmB to an arc B1mB defining an equiphase plane, i.e., a distance between PmB and H1mB where H1mB represents a foot of a perpendicular line drawn from PmB to the arc B1mB, and both incoming lengths of a virtual incoming length f1sB in the sagittal direction and a virtual incoming length f1mB in the meridional direction can be more accurately obtained as in Formulas (25) and (26). Further, when L2sA>0 and L2mA>0, L1sB<0 and L1mB<0, and f1sB<0 and f1mB<0.
f1sB can be transformed as in the following formula (27) by introducing t′1xB and t′1yB.
f1mB can be transformed as in the following formula (28) by introducing t′1xB and t′1yB.
Regarding an outgoing side, similarly to the incoming side, an equiphase plane in the vicinity corresponding to the intersection point Qs on the sagittal collected light ray Fs and an equiphase plane in the vicinity corresponding to the intersection point Qm on the meridional collected light ray Fm are considered. On the sagittal collected light ray Fs, a wavefront diverging from the meridional collected light ray Fm should be observed. Although it is not strictly possible to define a phase on Fs on the basis of such an assumption, an intersection point between Fm and the outgoing optical axis z1 is here represented by Qm0, and it is assumed that a phase distribution corresponding to a distance from Qm0 is present on Fs. In addition, on the meridional collected light ray Fm, a wavefront converging toward the sagittal collected light ray Fs should be observed. Although it is not possible to strictly define a phase on Fm based on such an assumption, an intersection point between Fs and the outgoing optical axis z1 is here represented by Qs0, and it is assumed that a phase distribution corresponding to the distance from Qs0 is present on Fm.
Based on these ideas, a more accurate outgoing length is obtained. Specifically, although illustration is omitted, compensation is performed, in the same manner as described above, by addition or subtraction using a distance from the intersection point Qs to an arc B2sB defining an equiphase plane, i.e., a distance between H2sB and Qs, where H2sB represents a foot of a perpendicular line drawn from Qs to the arc B2sB, and a distance from the intersection point Qm to an arc B2mB defining an equiphase plane, i.e., a distance between Qm and H2mB, where H2mB represents a foot of a perpendicular line drawn from Qm to the arc B2dB, and both incoming lengths of the outgoing length f2sB in the sagittal direction and the outgoing length f2mB in the meridional direction can be more accurately obtained as in Formulas (29) and (30).
f2sB can be transformed as in the following formula (31) by introducing t′2xB and t′2yB.
f2mB can be transformed as in the following formula (32) by introducing t′2xB and t′2yB.
By using each of the incoming length and the outgoing length obtained as described above, an optical path length for light collection in each of the sagittal direction and the meridional direction is calculated for each of the reflecting surfaces of the first reflecting surface and the second reflecting surface.
Regarding the sagittal direction of the first reflecting surface, when a reference optical path length from the light source point to the virtual light collection point is defined as LsA=L1sA+L2sA, a conditional formula necessary for the light collection in the sagittal direction is derived as in the following formula (33).
Similarly, regarding the meridional direction of the first reflecting surface, when a reference optical path length from the light source point to the virtual light collection point is defined as LmA=L1mA+L2mA, a conditional formula necessary for light collection in the meridional direction is derived as in the following formula (34).
Similarly, regarding the sagittal direction of the second reflecting surface, when a reference optical path length from the virtual light source point to the light collection point is defined as LsB=L1sB+L2sB, a conditional formula necessary for the light collection in the sagittal direction is derived as in the following formula (35).
Similarly, regarding the meridional direction of the second reflecting surface, when a reference optical path length from the virtual light source point to the light collection point is defined as LmB=L1mB+L2mB, a conditional formula necessary for the light collection in the meridional direction is derived as in the following formula (36).
Ideally, the first reflecting surface has a shape of a reflecting surface obtained by a set of points (uA, vA, wA) that simultaneously satisfy a light collection condition in the sagittal direction in Formula (33) and the light collection condition in the meridional direction in Formula (34). However, if a solution to the simultaneous equations is a design formula, the shape is formed under a special condition such as “L1sA=L1mA and L2sA=L2mA”. Similarly, the second reflecting surface also has a shape of a reflecting surface obtained by a set of points (uB, vB wB) that simultaneously satisfy the light collection condition in the sagittal direction in Formula (35) and the light collection condition in the meridional direction in Formula (36). However, if a solution to the simultaneous equations is a design formula, the shape is formed under a special condition such as “L1sB=L1mB and L2sB=L2mB”.
Therefore, in order to obtain a design formula representing a more generalized shape of the reflecting surface that can be established even under other conditions, the present inventors have weighted Formulas (33) and (34) for the first reflecting surface, set a new formula fA(uA, vA, wA)=0 provided in Formula (37) as the design formula of the reflecting surface, and similarly have weighted Formulas (35) and (36) for the second reflecting surface, and set a new formula fB(uB, vB, wB)=0 provided in Formula (42) as the design formula of the reflecting surface.
Specifically, the design formula of the first reflecting surface is the formula fA(uA, vA, wA)=0 obtained by weighting, as in the following (Formula (37)), fsA(uA, vA, wA)=0 (formula (33)), which is a first formula (formula of a sagittal direction light collection condition) derived from a condition that the optical path length from the light source point to the virtual light collection point is constant for the light collection in the sagittal direction, and fmA(uA, vA, wA)=0 (Formula (34)), which is a second formula (formula of a meridional direction light collection condition) derived from a condition that the optical path length from the light source point to the virtual light collection point is constant for the light collection in the meridional direction, by using αA and βA. αA is a weighting coefficient for the light collection in the meridional direction, and βA is a weighting coefficient for the light collection in the sagittal direction. Here, αA and βA satisfy 0≤αA≤1 and βA=1−αA.
Formula (37) is a design formula of the first reflecting surface. When t′1x, t′1y, t′2x, and t′2y in the formula are rewritten on the basis of the uAvAwA coordinate system, the following formulas (38) to (41) are obtained.
As can be found from Formula (37), it can be confirmed that an equation having good symmetry with respect to the light collection in the sagittal direction and the light collection in the meridional direction has been obtained. Although “L1sA>L1mA>0 and L2sA>L2mA>0” are assumed in the derivation described above, the same equation (design formula) provided in Formula (37) is derived even without the assumption described above, i.e., even if a magnitude relationship is reversed or each set value takes a negative value. However, all of the four constants of L1mA, L1sA, L2mA, and L2sA are positive or negative values and cannot be set to 0.
Similarly, a design formula of the second reflecting surface is the formula fB(uB, vB, wB)=0 obtained by weighting, as in the following (Formula (42)), fsB(uB, vB, wB)=0 (Formula (35)), which is a first formula (a formula of a sagittal direction light collection condition) derived from a condition that the optical path length from the virtual light source point to the light collection point is constant for the light collection in the sagittal direction, and fmB(uB, vB, wB)=0 (Formula (36)), which is a second formula (a formula of a meridional direction light collection condition) derived from a condition that the optical path length from the virtual light source point to the light collection point is constant for the light collection in the meridional direction, by using αB and βB. αB is a weighting coefficient for the light collection in the meridional direction, and βB is a weighting coefficient for the light collection in the sagittal direction. Here, αB and βB satisfy 0≤αB≤1, βB=1−αB.
Formula (42) is a design formula of the second reflecting surface. When t′1xB t′1yB, t′2xB, and t′2yB in the formulas are rewritten based on the uBvBwB coordinate system, the following formulas (43) to (46) are obtained.
As can be found from Formula (42), it can be confirmed that an equation having good symmetry with respect to the light collection in the sagittal direction and the light collection in the meridional direction has been obtained. Although “L1sB<L1mB<0 and L2sB>L2mB>0” have been assumed in the derivation described above, the same equation (design formula) provided in Formula (42) is derived even without the assumption described above, i.e., even if a magnitude relationship is reversed or the positive and negative of each set value are reversed. Here, all of the four constants L1mB, L1sB, L2mB, and L2sB are positive or negative values and cannot be set to 0.
As described above, the design formula of the first reflecting surface, which is expressed by the uAvAwA coordinate system and the design formula of the second reflecting surface, which is expressed by the uBvBwB coordinate system are expressed by the common uvw coordinate system. That is, each reflecting surface of the mirror of the present invention is expressed by the common coordinate system (u, v, w) as illustrated in
An intersection point between the incoming beam optical axis z1 and the outgoing beam optical axis z3 is defined as an origin O(0,0,0) of an orthogonal coordinate system uvw. A rotation center of the mirror installation mechanism also coincides with this point. The intersection point between the incoming beam optical axis and the first reflecting surface is represented by M0A, and the intersection point between the outgoing beam optical axis and the second reflecting surface is represented by M0B, and the longitudinal direction u axis is set to be parallel to the straight line between M0A and M0B. In addition, the transverse direction v axis is set to be orthogonal to both the incoming beam optical axis and the outgoing beam optical axis. The w axis is orthogonal to both the u axis and the v axis.
A glancing angle at the point M0A of the first reflecting surface is set to θ0A, and a glancing angle at the point M0B of the second reflecting surface is set to θ0B. In addition, a length of a line segment between M0A and M0B is set to L. In this case, coordinates of the points M0A and M0B are expressed by the following formulas (47) and (48).
In the first reflecting surface, a longitudinal direction unit vector euA, a transverse direction unit vector evA, and a normal direction unit vector ewA are all expressed by the following formula (49).
Similarly, in of the second reflecting surface, a longitudinal direction unit vector euB, a transverse direction unit vector evB, and a normal direction unit vector ewB are also all expressed by the following formula (50).
As described above, positions and postures of the first reflecting surface and the second reflecting surface are determined in the uvw coordinate system. Subsequently, an incoming length and an outgoing length suitable for determining a shape of each reflecting surface are obtained.
Both the incoming length and the outgoing length based on a mirror origin O are defined as L1m, L1s, L2m, and L2s in both the meridional direction and the sagittal direction. Since the light source rays Sm and Ss for the entire mirror need to be the light source rays for the first reflecting surface described above, the incoming lengths L1mA and L1sA of the first reflecting surface are determined as in the following formulas (51) and (52).
Similarly, the collected light rays Fm and Fs for the entire mirror have the same meaning as the collected light rays for the second reflecting surface. The outgoing lengths L2mB and L2sA of the second reflecting surface are expressed by the following formulas (53) and (54) using L2m and L2s.
In order to cause the mirror according to the present invention to function correctly, the sagittal virtual collected light ray FsA of the first reflecting surface needs to coincide with the sagittal virtual light source ray SsB of the second reflecting surface, and the meridional virtual collected light ray FmA of the first reflecting surface needs to coincide with the meridional virtual light source ray SmB of the second reflecting surface. Therefore, the meridional incoming length L1mB and the sagittal incoming length L1sB of the second reflecting surface are derived from the meridional outgoing length L2mA and the sagittal outgoing length L2sA of the first reflecting surface as in the following formulas (55) and (56).
As described above, the constants necessary for designing the mirror according to the present invention turn out to be nine kinds of L1m, L1s, L2m, L2s, L2mA, L2sA, L, θ0A, and θ0B. The coordinate (uA, vA, wA) on the first reflecting surface is expressed as in the following formula (57) in the uvw coordinate system.
By substituting Formula (57) into Formula (37), a design formula (isosurface) fA(u, v, w)=0 representing the first reflecting surface is derived as in the following formula (58).
Similarly, the coordinate (uB, vB, wB) on the second reflecting surface is expressed by the following formula (59) in the uvw coordinate system.
By substituting Formula (59) into Formula (42), a design formula (isosurface) fB(u, v, w)=0 representing the second reflecting surface is derived as in the following formula (60).
In condition setting of Formulas (58) and (60), the values of L1sA and L1mA are set to different values, and the values of L2sB and L2mB are set to be equal to each other (the same value), so that it is possible to design an astigmatism control mirror that can obtain an outgoing beam collected at one point from an incoming beam having astigmatism through double-bounce reflection from the first reflecting surface and the second reflecting surface. Conversely, by setting the values of L1sA and L1mA to the same value and setting the values of L2sB and L2mB to different values, it is possible to design an astigmatism control mirror that can obtain an outgoing beam having astigmatism from an incoming beam diverging from one point. In addition, by setting the values of L1mA, L2mA, and L2mB to positive or negative infinity and setting L1sA, L2sA, and L2sB to predetermined values (where L1sA+L2sA≠0 and L1sB+L2sB≠0), an astigmatism control mirror having collection performance only in the sagittal direction can be designed.
In addition, by making the values of L1sA and L1mA coincide with each other, making the values of L2sA and L2mA different from each other, making the values of L1sB and L1mB also different from each other, and making the values of L2sB and L2mB coincide with each other, it is also possible to design an astigmatism control mirror that: imparts astigmatism to the incoming beam diverging from one point, on the first reflecting surface; eliminates the astigmatism on the second reflecting surface; and imparts different reduction magnifications in the vertical direction and the horizontal direction, respectively.
In addition, when L1s=L1m=L1, L2s=L2m=L2, and L2sA=L2mA=L2A are set so that the light sources and the light collection positions in both the meridional and sagittal directions, coincide with each other as illustrated in
In addition, it is possible to provide a mirror of which an installation angle allowable range is increased by setting L2sA and L2mA such that three points of the intersection point Ps0 between the light source ray Ss and the z1 axis, the intersection point Qs0A between the virtual collected light ray FsA and the z2 axis, and the intersection point Qs0 between the collected light ray Fs and the z3 axis are present on the same straight line in the sagittal direction light collection, and at the same time, in the meridional direction light collection, three points of the intersection point Pm0 between the light source ray Sm and the z1 axis, the intersection point QmoA between the virtual collected light ray FmA and the z2 axis, and the intersection point Qm0 between the collected light ray Fm and the z3 axis are present on the same straight line. By further satisfying the conditions of L1s=L1m, L2s=L2m, and L2sA=L2mA, such a mirror becomes a Wolter type I mirror as illustrated in
In addition, by setting L2mA and L2sA, it is also possible to design a mirror that controls a ratio between vertical and horizontal beam sizes at a collection point and a mirror that controls a ratio between vertical and horizontal divergence angles of a collected beam. The outgoing lengths L2mA and L2sA of the first reflecting surface determine the magnification of the meridional direction light collection and the sagittal direction light collection, respectively. The magnification in a light collection optical system is defined as a ratio of a light collection size to a light source size. The magnification of the meridional direction light collection is represented by Mm, and the magnification of the sagittal direction light collection is represented by Ms. These are estimated from the ratio of the incoming length and the outgoing length of the optical system as in the following formula (3).
In the formula, dms and dmF represent a light source size and a light collection size in the meridional direction light collection. In addition, dsS and dsF represent a light source size and a light collection size in the sagittal direction light collection. Formula (3) indicates that a total magnification of a double-bounce reflection mirror is estimated by a product of the magnification given to the beam by the first reflecting surface and a magnification given to the beam by the second reflecting surface. Here, Mm and Ms can take negative values. For example, under the conditions of L1m>0, L1s>0, L2m>0, and L2s>0, when L2mA and L2sA are set to positive values. L1mB and L1sB have negative values. As a result, both Mm and Ms have negative values. However, a size of a collected beam does not disappear, but an image formed at a light collection position is inverted with respect to the reflecting surface, and a substantial magnification for determining the light collection size is |M|. The requirements of L2m and L2s necessary for obtaining the obtained magnifications Mm and Ms are expressed by the following formula (4).
Consequently, for example, it is possible to design a mirror (mirror in which a beam is circularized at the light collection position) that collects beams spreading from one point in both the vertical and horizontal directions to one point again through double-bounce reflection and circularizes the beams at the light collection point, or design a mirror (mirror in which a beam is circularized at the divergence position) that collects beams spreading from one point in both the vertical and horizontal directions to one point again through double-bounce reflection and circularizes the beams at the divergence position which is further downstream.
Finally, a relationship between the x1y1z1 coordinate system, the x2y2z2 coordinate system, and the x3y3z3 coordinate system will be described. Here, the relationship is derived via the uvw coordinate system, but the relationship can be derived without being limited thereto. First, the x1y1z1 coordinate system can be expressed by Formula (61) using uvw, and Formula (62) is derived therefrom.
On the other hand, the x2y2z2 coordinate system can be expressed by the following formula (63) using uvw, Formula (62) is substituted thereinto, and thus Formula (64) is obtained.
In addition, the x3y3z3 coordinate system can be expressed by Formula (65) using uvw, Formula (62) is substituted thereinto, and thus Formula (66) is obtained.
As described above, the relationship between the x1y1z1 coordinate system, the x2y2z2 coordinate system, and the x3y3z3 coordinate system is expressed by Formulas (64) and (66).
Although the embodiments of the present invention have been described above, it is needless to say that the present invention is not limited to such examples and can be implemented in various forms without departing from the gist of the present invention. In the embodiment, the light source ray, the collected light ray, the virtual light source ray, and the virtual collected light ray are all straight lines, and the distance between the straight line and the equiphase plane in the vicinity thereof is compensated, but such compensation is not necessarily required. In addition, it is also preferable to obtain an arc line or other curves as the light source ray, the collected light ray, the virtual light source ray, or the virtual collected light ray without compensation or by a compensation method other than the compensation described above, or an approximation method. The positions of the origins of the design formulas of the respective reflecting surfaces of the first reflecting surface and the second reflecting surface may also be set at different positions. It is needless to say that the coordinate transformation may be performed.
In the present invention, the mirror (referred to as an “installation angle allowable range enlargement mirror”.) in which the light source ray, the virtual collected light ray, and the intersection points between the collected light ray and the optical axes z1, z2, and z3 are set to be present on the same straight line in the light collection in the sagittal direction and the light collection in the meridional direction is effective as a mirror that can suppress an effect of an angle error (glancing angle error/in-plane rotation error or rotation around axis) and enlarge the installation angle allowable range.
In general, in a reflecting surface having different radii of curvature ρs and ρm in the sagittal direction and the meridional direction, respectively, when a designed glancing angle is represented by θ0, the incoming lengths are represented by L1s and L1m, and the outgoing lengths are represented by L2s and L2m, the radii of curvature ρs and ρm are expressed by Formulas (67) and (68), and responses of the outgoing lengths to an increment δ of the glancing angle is expressed by Formulas (69) and (70) obtained by partially differentiating Formulas (67) and (68). As can be found from a comparison between Formulas (69) and (70), the outgoing lengths of the meridional light collection and the sagittal light collection show different positive and negative changes with respect to a change in the glancing angle.
In the mirror that reflects only once, not only is the optical axis of the outgoing beam shifted due to a glancing angle error, but also astigmatism that is not desired for the collected beam occurs.
On the other hand,
Here, when a partial differential coefficient of the outgoing length with respect to the glancing angle error becomes 0, i.e., when the right sides of Formulas (71) and (72) become 0, the outgoing length is stabilized regardless of a minute change in the glancing angle. By substituting Formulas (55) and (56) into Formulas (71) and (72), the following formulas (73) and (74) are obtained. By substituting L1mA, L1sA, L2mB, and L2sB provided by Formulas (51) to (54) into the formulas (73) and (74) and solving formulas for the outgoing lengths L2mA and L2sA of the first reflecting surface, a condition for stabilizing the outgoing length is obtained, and an optical system robust to a glancing angle error is obtained.
In this manner, optimum values of the outgoing lengths L2A of the first reflecting surface were compared with each other. The outgoing lengths L2A of the first reflecting surface are derived from both the condition that the partial differential coefficient of the outgoing length with respect to the installation angle is set to 0 and the condition that the intersection points between the light source ray, the virtual collected light ray, and the collected light ray and the optical axes z1, z2, and z3 are positioned on the same straight line in the light collection in the sagittal direction and the light collection in the meridional direction, as a design condition of the Wolter type I mirror which is a type of the “installation angle allowable range enlargement mirror”. The calculation conditions are illustrated in Table 1. The results are illustrated in
Furthermore, a mirror was designed under a condition of a predetermined outgoing length L2, and a response to a glancing angle error was checked. When the outgoing length L2=250 mm, a value of L2A, which is calculated under the condition that the partial differential coefficient is set to 0, is 590.333 mm and 507.590 mm in the Wolter type I mirror. The mirror was designed using this condition, and light ray tracing was used for the calculation. Light rays were uniformly emitted from a light source ray to an entire effective area of a first reflecting surface, and dispersion of light rays on a designed light collecting surface was acquired by calculating an RMS blur radius. The results are illustrated in
The above results are comparative results under a condition that the incoming beam and the outgoing beam of both the first reflecting surface and the second reflecting surface do not have astigmatism. Similarly, when the incoming beam has astigmatism, the condition of the “installation angle allowable range enlargement mirror” (three-point straight line condition) is satisfied, and thus a light collection optical system robust to the installation angle error is obtained. When this is expressed by a design formula, L2mA and L2sA satisfying the following formulas (75) and (76) are set.
Next, a description will be given regarding results obtained by calculating and comparing, on the basis of light ray tracing, a response of the light collection size and the position with respect to the installation angle error, for each of the “installation angle allowable range enlargement mirror” (Example 1) in which L1s≠L1m, L2s=L2m, and L2sA≠L2mA are set, the Wolter type I mirror (Example 2) in which L1s=L1m, L2s=L2m, and L2sA=L2mA are set, and a single-bounce reflection astigmatism control mirror (Comparative Example 1) in which the same incoming length and outgoing length as in Example 1 are set for the light collection in the meridional direction and the light collection in the sagittal direction.
Table 2 illustrates design conditions of the mirror of Example 1. The mirror reflecting surface is vertically deflected, a meridional direction corresponds to vertical light collection, and a sagittal direction corresponds to a horizontal direction. The outgoing length L2mA of the first reflecting surface is calculated independently from L1m and L2m, and L2sA is calculated independently from L1s and L2s such that the outgoing lengths satisfy the three-point straight line condition. The arrangement of the optical system is illustrated in
The astigmatism control mirrors of Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 have incoming lengths of 20 m in the vertical (meridional) direction and 5 m in the horizontal (sagittal) direction. On the other hand, the incoming length of Example 2 (Wolter type I mirror) was 10 m in both vertical and horizontal directions. Each of the light collection points of the mirrors of Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Example 1 was fixed at a position of 250 mm from a mirror reference position, and an angle formed by the incoming beam optical axis and the outgoing beam optical axis was fixed at 40 mrad. Three installation angle errors including a pitch (oblique incoming) angle error, a yaw (in-plane rotation) angle error, and a roll (axial rotation) angle error are to be input. A list thereof is illustrated in
For each of Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Example 1, an increase amount (RMS value) of the light collection size in the meridional direction and the sagittal direction and a shift of the light collection position were calculated. A response to the pitch angle error is illustrated in
An installation angle response of Example 1 is almost the same as a response of Example 2 (Wolter type I mirror), and it can be found that the increase in the light collection size with respect to the pitch angle error and the yaw angle error is much better suppressed than that of Comparative Example 1. It can be found that the sub-μm light collection according to Example 1 has an allowable range of 100 μrad or more for various installation angle errors.
Next, a mirror (Example 3) that circularizes a beam at a light collection position will be described. Conditions of a light source (conditions of illumination) are illustrated in Table 5. It is assumed that a light source size has a ratio of five to one in the vertical direction and the horizontal direction. In order to circularize the collected beam, it is necessary to give an inverse ratio of a magnification ratio of the reflection mirror to the magnification ratio in the vertical direction and the horizontal direction. Design conditions of Example 3 are illustrated in Table 6.
As can be found from Tables, the mirror of Example 3 is designed to reflect, in the horizontal direction, light from a light source present at a position of 5 m from a mirror origin and collect the light at a light collection point present at a position of 0.5 m from the mirror origin. The longitudinal direction corresponds to horizontal light collection, and the transverse direction corresponds to vertical light collection. The astigmatism additionally provided to the beam by the first reflecting surface (mirror A) is eliminated by the second reflecting surface (mirror B).
Next, a mirror that circularizes a beam at a divergence position, i.e., a mirror (Example 4) that collects beams spreading from one point in both the vertical and horizontal directions to one point again through double-bounce reflection and circularizes the collected beams at a divergence position that is further downstream, will be described. Conditions of a light source (conditions of illumination) are illustrated in Table 7. It is assumed that a divergence angle has a ratio of two to one in the vertical direction and the horizontal direction. In order to circularize the divergence angle of the collected beam, it is necessary to give the same ratio to a magnification of the reflection mirror in the vertical direction and the horizontal direction. The design conditions of Example 4 are illustrated in Table 8.
As can be found from Tables, the mirror of Example 4 is designed to reflect, in the horizontal direction, light from a light source present at a position of 5 m from a mirror origin and collect the light at a light collection point present at a position of 0.5 m from the mirror origin. The longitudinal direction corresponds to horizontal light collection, and the transverse direction corresponds to vertical light collection. The astigmatism additionally provided to the beam by the first reflecting surface (mirror A) is eliminated by the second reflecting surface (mirror B).
In addition, regarding the mirror of Example 4,
Number | Date | Country | Kind |
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2021-003119 | Jan 2021 | JP | national |
Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
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PCT/JP2022/000570 | 1/11/2022 | WO |