The disclosure of Japanese Patent Application No. 2008-70942 filed on Mar. 19, 2008 including specifications, drawings and claims is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method for estimating the distance between a tracking type laser interferometer and a target, and a tracking type laser interferometer, and in particular, to a method for estimating the distance between a tracking type laser interferometer, which is capable of accurately estimating the absolute distance during measurement even in a case where the detection range of a sensor for detecting a deviation of an optical axis is narrow, and a tracking type laser interferometer adopting the estimation method.
2. Description of the Related Art
Such a tracking type laser interferometer has been known which is composed of a laser interferometer incorporating an optical axis deviation detection sensor for detecting the deviation of an optical axis of return light, a two-axis turning mechanism for turning the laser interferometer to any optional direction, and a retroreflector, which is fixed at an object to be measured (Japanese Published Unexamined Patent Application No. S63-231286, hereinafter called Patent Document 1, and Japanese Published Unexamined Patent Application No. 2007-57522, hereinafter called Patent Document 2). Here, the retroreflector is an optical element, in which incident light and reflected light become parallel to each other, and it is possible to execute interferometric length measurement in any optional direction by controlling the two-axis turning mechanism based on the output of an optical axis deviation detector sensor so that the deviation of the optical axis becomes zero (0).
A general tracking type laser interferometer is composed to include, as shown in
The controller 108 collects a distance signal from the interferometer 101, a deviation of an optical axis from the optical axis deviation sensor 102, and an angular signal from the two-axis turning mechanism 104, and drives the two-axis turning mechanism 104 so that the deviation of an optical axis becomes zero (0).
Distance measurement using the tracking type laser interferometer is carried out as follows.
It is assumed that the turning angle in the horizontal direction is θt where the optical axis of the tracking type laser interferometer is expressed in a spherical coordinate system, and the turning angle in the horizontal direction is θr where the center of the retroreflector 107 is made into P, and the position P is expressed in the spherical coordinate system.
d=2L sin(θr−θt)=2L sin Δθ2 (1)
If the angular deviation Δθd is obtained by transforming the expression, the following expression can be brought about.
Δθd=(θr−θt)=sin−1(d/2L) (2)
In the tracking type laser interferometer, the two-axis turning mechanism 104 is controlled by adopting a feedback control system that uses or, which expresses the movement amount of the retroreflector 107 in the spherical coordinate system, as an instruction value, and uses an angle θt obtained by the angle sensor 105 incorporated in the two-axis turning mechanism 104 as a feed back signal. However, since in actuality, there is no method to observe θr, as shown in
As described above, it becomes necessary to obtain the distance L between the turning center O of interferometer and the center P of the retroreflector in the tracking control system. However, since the interferometer 101 measures a relative distance, the absolute distance L cannot be obtained. Since the resolution of millimetric order is sufficient for the distance L calculated in the tracking control, another method for estimating the distance L is prepared separately from the interferometer 101.
As the method for estimating the distance L between the turning center O of interferometer and the center P of the retroreflector, a method for using an absolute distance sensor and a method for measuring the distance of a point, which is already known, and obtaining the distance L using the distance from the point may be considered. However, the former one causes an increase in the entire system, and the latter one causes a decrease in the throughput for measurement.
In order to solve such problems, the applicant has proposed in Japanese Published Unexamined Patent Application No. 2007-309677 (hereinafter called Patent Document 3) that the distance is obtained based on an angular width corresponding to the width of a detection range by scanning an optical axis in the detection range of a light spot position detection element secured in the optical axis deviation detection sensor 102 using the angle sensor 105 incorporated in the drive mechanism.
According to the method proposed by Patent Document 3, although it is possible to estimate the absolute distance at an optional position, there is a problem that the narrower the detection range of the optical axis deviation detection sensor is, the greater the errors become.
The present invention was developed to solve the problems in the prior arts, and it is therefore an object thereof to enable estimation of an accurate absolute distance during measurement without interrupting measurement for distance measurement even in a case where a small-sized sensor for detecting a deviation of an optical axis is used and the detection range is narrow.
The present invention provides a tracking type laser interferometer including a laser interferometer, an optical axis deviation detection sensor for detecting a deviation of an optical axis of the laser interferometer, a two-axis turning mechanism for turning the laser interferometer to any optional direction, an angle sensor for detecting a turning angle of the two-axis turning mechanism, a retroreflector for reflecting its reflected light to a direction parallel to the incident light, and a controller for driving the two-axis turning mechanism so as to track the retroreflector based on signals of the optical axis deviation detection sensor and the angle sensor, wherein the above-described problems are solved by detecting stop of the retroreflector and calculating a target distance from the turning center of the laser interferometer to the center of the retroreflector based on the total sum of deviation of an optical axis during movement, which is obtained by the optical axis deviation detection sensor, and a turning angle during movement, which is obtained by the angle sensor, when detecting the stop of the retroreflector.
The present invention also provides a tracking type laser interferometer including a laser interferometer, an optical axis deviation detection sensor for detecting a deviation of an optical axis of the laser interferometer, a two-axis turning mechanism for turning the laser interferometer to any optional direction, an angle sensor for detecting a turning angle of the two-axis turning mechanism, a retroreflector for reflecting its reflected light to a direction parallel to the incident light, and a controller for driving the two-axis turning mechanism so as to track the retroreflector based on signals of the optical axis deviation detection sensor and the angle sensor, and the same tracking type laser interferometer further includes means for detecting stop of the retroreflector based on signals of the optical axis deviation detection sensor and angle sensor, means for obtaining an angle corresponding to the stop from the values of the optical axis deviation detection sensor, and means for calculating a target distance from the turning center of the laser interferometer to the center of the retroreflector based on the total sum of deviation of an optical axis during movement, which is obtained by the optical axis deviation detection sensor when detecting the stop of the retroreflector, and a turning angle during movement, which is obtained by the angle sensor.
Here, when detecting stop of the retroreflector, calculation of the total sum of the deviation of an optical axis and calculation of a target distance may be collectively carried out.
Or, the turning angle may be calculated in every control cycle during movement of the retroreflector.
Or, the target distance L may be calculated by using the following expression:
θt(t)=−(1/c)·t·sin−1(d/2L)
(where θt(t) is a turning angle of the two-axis turning mechanism, which is measured by the angle sensor, c is a constant determined by dynamic characteristics of the control system, and d is a deviation of an optical axis).
Further, the target distance L may be calculated by using the following expression:
L=(θt′(t)/θt(t))L0
(where L0 is a temporary target distance, and θt′ (t) is a turning angle of the two-axis turning mechanism, which is obtained by giving the corresponding temporary target distance L0).
Or, the target distance L may be made into the next time temporary target distance L0.
According to the present invention, the estimation accuracy is not worsened even if the sensor for detecting a deviation of an optical axis is small-sized and the detection range is narrow, wherein highly accurate distance estimation is enabled. In addition, it is not necessary to waste time by interrupting measurement for distance estimation, and use convenience thereof is improved.
These and other novel features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of preferred embodiments.
The preferred embodiments will be described with reference to the drawings, wherein like elements have been denoted throughout the figures with like reference numerals, and wherein;
A detailed description will be given below of embodiments of the present invention with reference to the accompanying drawings.
The present embodiment is, as in the prior art shown in
The distance calculation element 605 outputs the distance L when the retroreflector 107 stops, by inputting the deviation d of an optical axis and the turning angle θt of the interferometer 101 in every control cycle.
Hereinafter, a detailed description will be given of a calculation method of the distance calculation element 605.
Where it is assumed that the acceleration time of the retroreflector 107 and the tracking type laser interferometer is sufficiently short, and the retroreflector 107 moves at a constant velocity ω, θr and θt may be expressed by the following expression.
θr(t)=ω·t (3)
θt(t)=ω·t+ωc (4)
Here, c is a constant that is determined by dynamic characteristics of the control system of the tracking type laser interferometer.
Based on the expressions (3) and (4), the angular deviation Δθd may be expressed as below.
Δθd=θr−θt=−ωc (5)
As shown in the following expression, a value obtained by integrating Δθd based on the expression (5) is assumed to be θd.
The following expression is established if θd is expressed by θr.
θd(t)=−cθr(t) (7)
θr(t)=−1/c·θd(t) (8)
Based on the expression (8), the turning angle θr of the retroreflector 107 may be expressed by using θd. Also, since θr=θt is established when the object 106 to be measured (Target) is stationary, θt may be expressed by using θd only when the target becomes stationary.
If θd is obtained by the expression (2), the following expression is established.
θd(t)=∫sin−1(d/2L)dt (9)
θd(t)=t·sin−1 (d/2L) (10)
By substituting θr=θt and the expression (10) in the expression (8) and transforming the same, the following expression may be obtained.
θt(t)=−(1/c)·t·sin−1(d/2L) (11)
In a tracking type laser interferometer in which the acceleration time is sufficiently short and fixed deviation of an optical axis is brought about at a constant velocity, the expression (11) is established when the retroreflector is stationary. Therefore, the distance L between O and P is estimated based on the expression (11). The distance L is not clear. Therefore, if the turning angle θd obtained by giving a temporary target distance L0 is assumed to be θd′, the following expression is established based on the expressions (10) and (11).
θd′(t)=∫sin−1(d/2L) (12)
θt′(t)=−(1/c)·t·sin−1(d/2L0) (13)
If the expressions (11) and (13) are expressed in terms of angular ratio, the relationship of the following expression is established.
θt(t):θt′(t)=−(1/c)·t·sin−1(d/2L):−(1/c)·t·sin−1(d/2L0) (14)
The following expression is established from the angular ratio.
−θt(t)·(1/c)·t·sin−1(d/2L0)=−θr′(t)·(1/c)·t·sin−1(d/2L) (15)
If the expression (15) is transformed where it is assumed that 2L and 2L0 are sufficiently large in regard to d, the following expression may be obtained.
θt(t)·(1/c)·t·(d/2L0)=−θt(t)·(1/c)·t·(d/2L) (16)
Therefore, the target distance L may be expressed by the following expression.
L=(θt′(t)/θt(t))L0 (17)
Next, a description will be given of a method for incorporating distance estimation of the expression (17) in the control system.
It is assumed that d, θt and L respectively are a deviation of an optical axis, output of the angle sensor 105, and an actual distance of an object to be measured, which are variables input in and output from the distance calculation element 605 in
Calculation of the turning angle is carried out at all times (Step 1000), and integration calculation of deviation of an optical axis and distance estimation are carried out when detecting stop. With respect to detection of movement and stop of an object to be measured, stop of the measurement object is detected when the deviation d of an optical axis becomes zero (0) (Step 1010) and further the differential value of the turning angle θt of the interferometer 101 becomes zero (0) (Step 1020).
For distance calculation, the turning angle θt′ is obtained from the deviation d of an optical axis using the expression (13) (Step 1030), and L is obtained from θt, θt′ and L0 using the expression (17) (Step 1040).
Also, by substituting the obtained L into L0, the estimation accuracy of the next time may be improved.
In the present embodiment, since integration calculation of the deviation of an optical axis and distance estimation are collectively carried out when detecting stop, load during movement is only slight.
Next, a description will be given of Embodiment 2 of the present invention.
As shown in
In Embodiment 2, since the angle is calculated from the deviation of an optical axis at all times, the calculation process is reduced when being stationary.
It should be apparent to those skilled in the art that the above-described embodiments are merely illustrative which represent the application of the principles of the present invention. Numerous and varied other arrangements can be readily devised by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and the scope of the invention.
Number | Date | Country | Kind |
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2008-070942 | Mar 2008 | JP | national |