Patent Application
20050002998
This invention relates to a method of preparing a stable complex comprising a ligand and a cationic liposome encapsulating a therapeutic or diagnostic agent.
All references cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety.
Cationic liposomes are composed of positively charged lipid bilayers and can be complexed to negatively charged, naked DNA by simple mixing of lipids and DNA such that the resulting complex has a net positive charge. The complex can be bound to and taken up by cells in culture with moderately good transfection efficiency. Cationic liposomes have been proven to be safe and efficient for in vivo gene delivery.
Liposomes can be used to target tumor cells by modifying the liposomes so that they selectively deliver their payload to tumor cells. Surface molecules can be used to target liposomes to tumor cells because the type and/or number of molecules that decorate the exterior of tumor cells differ from those on normal cells. For example, if a liposome has a folate or transferrin (Tf) molecule on its surface, it will home to cancer cells that have levels of the folate or transferrin receptor which are higher than those on normal cells.
In addition to the use of ligands that are recognized by receptors on tumor cells, specific antibodies also can be attached to the liposome surface, enabling them to be directed to specific tumor surface antigens (including, but not limited to, receptors). These “immunoliposomes” can deliver therapeutic drugs to a specific cell population. It has been found, for example, that anti-HER-2 monoclonal antibody (Mab) Fab fragments conjugated to liposomes could bind specifically to a breast cancer cell line, S-BR-3, that over-expresses HER-2 (Park, J. W., et al. PNAS 92:1327-1331 (1995)). The immunoliposomes were found to be internalized efficiently, and the anchoring of anti-HER-2 Fab fragments enhanced their inhibitory effects. The combination of cationic liposome-gene transfer and immunoliposome techniques appears to be a promising system for targeted gene therapy.
A ligand-targeted liposomal delivery system for DNA gene therapy possessing selective tumor targeting and high transfection efficiency has been described in the art. Xu, L., et al. Human Gene Therapy 8:467-475 (1997); Xu, L., et al., Human Gene Therapy 10:2941-2952 (1999); and Xu, L., et al., Tumor Targeting 4:92-104 (1999). This system has been improved through use of an anti-transferrin receptor single chain (TfRscFv) antibody fragment as the targeting ligand in the complex (Xu, L., et al. Molecule Medicine 7:723-734 (2001); Xu, L., et al. Molecular Cancer Therapeutics 1:337-346 (2002)). The TfRscFv is formed by connecting the component VH and VL variable domains from the light and heavy chains, respectively, with an appropriately designed linker peptide. The linker bridges the C-terminus of the first variable region and N-terminus of the second, ordered as either VH-linker-VL or VL-linker-VH. The binding site of an scFv can replicate both the affinity and specificity of its parent antibody bonding site.
Conventional treatments for cancer involve chemotherapy and/or radiation treatments. Incorporating into these conventional cancer therapies a new component which results in sensitization of tumors to the chemotherapy or radiation therapy would have great clinical relevance, lowering the effective doses of both types of anti-cancer modalities and correspondingly lessening the severe side effects often associated with these treatments.
Initial studies with liposome complexes as described above have shown that the complexes are efficient in delivering diagnostic or therapeutic agents to the target cells of interest. It is impractical to administer the complexes to a patient immediately upon their preparation. It would be desirable to provide targeted liposome complexes that upon lyophilization and storage at 2-8° C., −20° C. or −80° C. remain stable for at least six months and can be reconstituted without a significant loss of activity.
Previous reports have indicated that a two-component complex (lipid and DNA but without targeting ligand or proteins) could be lyophilized in the presence of mono- or di-saccharides and still maintain their biological activity and a particle size appropriate for gene therapy (Li, B., et al., Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 89:355-364 (2000) and Molina, M. D. C. et al. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 90:1445-1455 (2001); Allison, S. D., et al. Biochemical et Biophysical Acta 1468:127-138 (2000)). In addition, Tf linked through PEG to a PEI-DNA polyplex retained some biological activity after freezing and thawing (Kursa, M. et al., Bioconjugate Chemistry 14:222-231 (2003)). It is important to note that this complex was not lyophilized, no indication of possible length of storage or condition given, and sugar (glucose), if included, was added after thawing. This polymer complex requires the Tf to be linked to the polymer through a PEG molecule.
A method for preparing a stable complex comprising a ligand and a cationic liposome encapsulating a therapeutic or diagnostic agent or reporter gene comprises:
In a preferred embodiment, the preparation retains at least about 85% of its pre-lyophilization activity, and more preferably, at least about 90% of its prelyophilization activity.
In accordance with the present invention, the stability of lyophilized complexes of a ligand and a liposome encapsulating a diagnostic or therapeutic agent can be increased by combining the complexes prior to lyophilization with an aqueous solution of a stabilizing amount of sucrose. The sucrose solution can be simply sucrose in water or a buffer can be included, such as PBS, HEPES, TRIS or TRIS/EDTA. Typically the sucrose solution is combined with the complex to a final concentration of about 1% to about 80% sucrose, typically 1% to about 50% sucrose, such as 1% to about 10%, 20%, 30% or 40% sucrose, preferably about 5% to 10% sucrose, and most preferably about 10% sucrose. The lyophilized preparation is stable within a range of from about 2-8° C. to about -80° C. for a period of at least 6 months without losing significant activity. Preferably the preparation is stable for a period of at least about 6-12 months. Upon reconstitution, the complexes retain at least about 80% of their pre-lyophilization activity, preferably at least about 85% of their pre-lyophilization activity and most preferably at least about 90-95% of their pre-lyophilization activity.
Previous reports have indicated that a mixture of lipid and DNA could be lyophilized in the presence of mono or disaccharides and maintain biological activity (Li, B., et al., Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 89:355-364 (2000) and Molina, M. D. C. et al. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 90:1445-1455 (2001); Allison, S. D., et al. Biochemical et Biophysical Acta 1468:127-138 (2000)). It is unexpected, however, that a three component complex consisting of 1) a protein (e.g transferring, including even a protein which is an antibody or antibody fragment (e.g., anti-transferrin receptor single chain antibody fragment, TfRscFv); 2)a liposome and 3) a therapeutic nucleic acid molecule (e.g. a plasmid DNA, an antisense oligonucleotides molecule or even an siRNA molecule) also could be lyophilized and retain both its size and biological activity after reconstitution.
The liposome complexes typically are administered intravenously. For intravenous injection, a 50% dextrose solution conventionally has been added to the ligand-liposome complexes to a final concentration of 5%. It now surprisingly has been found that by combining freshly prepared (i.e., a complex that is no more than about 1 to about 24 hours old) ligand-liposome complexes with a solution of sucrose, rather than dextrose, the activity and shelf life of the three component complexes (including those with an antigen targeting entity) following lyophilization and reconstitution can be significantly increased.
The three component complexes can simply be mixed with a sucrose solution prior to lyophilization. Typically the solution comprises about 50 to about 100% sucrose by weight, preferably about 50% by weight sucrose. Lyophilization can be in accordance with any conventional procedure that reduces the moisture content of the complex to less than about 1.3%. One preferred procedure comprises lyophilizing the complex-containing solution at −50° C. to −60° C., 20-50 millitorr, preferably 25 millitorr, for 12 to 60 hours, preferably 20-48 hours, then storing the lyophilized preparation between about 2-8° C. and about −80° C. In another preferred procedure, vials containing the solution of complex are loaded into a commercial type lyophilizer at ambient temperature, then the temperature is ramped to −45° C. ±3° C. over 1 hour and held at that temperature for three hours. The condenser then is chilled at −80° C. or colder and the vacuum is set to 50 micron Hg. The shelf temperature is then ramped to −35°±3° C. over 1 hour and once there held at this temperature for about 36-72 hours, preferably about 48 hours. The shelf temperature then is ramped to 20°±3° C. over 4 hours and held at this temperature for about 6 to about 48 hours, preferably about 12 hours. At the end of this process the chamber pressure is restored to atmospheric with nitrogen (passed through an appropriate sterilizing microbial retentive filter) and the vials stoppered.
The lyophilized complexes can be reconstituted by the addition of sterile, endotoxin-free water equal to the volume of solution prior to lyophilization. The dried complexes dissolve rapidly with gentle rocking. No appreciable changes in size of the complex or zeta potential occurs due to the lyophilization or storage.
Suitable complexes which can be mixed with a sucrose solution, lyophilized and reconstituted are cell-targeting ligand/liposome/therapeutic, reporter or diagnostic molecule complexes that are capable of cell-targeted, systemic delivery of a variety of types of therapeutic or diagnostic molecules for use in treating or diagnosing diseases. The target cell preferably is a cancer cell, but can be a non-cancer cell as well. Preferred cancer target cells include prostate, pancreatic, breast, head and neck, ovarian, liver and brain cancers and melanoma. It is well known to one of ordinary skill in the art that most types of cancer cells, including, but not limited to, those listed above, overexpress the receptor for transferring and folate and that these receptors also rapidly recycle in cancer cells (Li, H., and Qian, Z. M., Medicinal research Reviews 2(3):225-250 (2000); Qian, Z. M., et al., Pharmacological Reviews 54(4):561-587 (2002); gosselin, M. A., and Lee, P. J., Biotechnology annual Reviews 8:103-131 (2002)).
Desirably, the therapeutic molecule is a gene, polynucleotide, such as plasmid DNA, DNA fragment, oligonucleotide, oligodeoxynucleotide, antisense oligonucleotide, chimeric RNA/DNA oligonucleotide, RNA, siRNA, ribozyme, viral particle, growth factor, cytokine, immunomodulating agent, or other protein, including proteins which when expressed present an antigen which stimulates or suppresses the immune system. Preferred therapeutic agents are nucleic acid molecules, preferably DNA or siRNA molecules. A preferred DNA molecule is one which encodes a gene such as a wild type p53 molecule, an Rb94 molecule, an Apoptin molecule, an EGFG molecule or an antisense molecule. A preferred HER-2 antisense oligonucleotide is against the HER-2 gene and has the sequence 5′-TCC ATG GTG CTC ACT-3′. A preferred siRNA molecule is one which acts against HER-2 mRNA. Other preferred therapeutic molecules can be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art without undue experimentation.
As noted above, the target cell alternatively can be a non-cancer cell. Preferred non-cancer target cells include dendritic cells, endothelial cells of the blood vessels, lung cells, breast cells, bone marrow cells and liver cells. Undesirable, but benign, cells can be targeted, such as benign prostatic hyperplasia cells, over-active thyroid cells, lipoma cells, and cells relating to autoimmune diseases, such as B cells that produce antibodies involved in arthritis, lupus, myasthenia gravis, squamous metaplasia, dysplasia and the like.
Alternatively, the agent can be a diagnostic agent capable of detection in vivo following administration. Exemplary diagnostic agents include electron dense material, magnetic resonance imaging agents and radiopharmaceuticals. Radionuclides useful for imaging include radioisotopes of copper, gallium, indium, rhenium, and technetium, including isotopes 64Cu, 67Cu, 111In, 99mTc, 67Ga or 68Ga. Imaging agents disclosed by Low et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,688,488, incorporated herein by reference, are useful in the liposomal complexes described herein.
The ligand can be any ligand the receptor for which is differentially expressed on the target cell. Examples include transferrin, folate, other vitamins, EGF, insulin, Heregulin, RGD peptides or other polypeptides reactive to integrin receptors, antibodies or their fragments. A preferred antibody fragment is a single chain Fv fragment of an antibody.
The antibody or antibody fragment is one which will bind to a receptor on the surface of the target cell, and preferably to a receptor that is differentially expressed on the target cell. One preferred antibody is an anti-TfR monoclonal antibody and a preferred antibody fragment is an scfv based on an anti-TfR monoclonal antibody. Another preferred antibody is an anti-HER-2 monoclonal antibody, and another preferred antibody fragment is an scfv based on an anti-HER-2 monoclonal antibody.
The ligand is mixed with the liposome at room temperature and at a ligand:liposome ratio in the range of about 1:0.001 to 1:500 (μg:nmole), preferably about 1:10 to about 1:50 (μg:nmole). The therapeutic agent is mixed with the cationic liposome at room temperature and at an agent:lipid ratio in the range of about 1:0.1 to about 1:50 (μg:nmole), preferably about 1:10 to about 1:24 (μg:nmole). In complexes, for example, in which the ligand is transferrin and the therapeutic agent is plasmid DNA, useful ratios of therapeutic agent to liposome to ligand typically are within the range of about 1 μg: 0.1-50 nmoles: 0.1-100 μg, preferably 1 μg: 5-24 nmoles:6-36 μg, most preferably about 1 μg: 10 nmoles: 12.5 μg. If the ligand is TfRscFv, useful ratios of ligand to liposome typically are within the range of about 1:5 to 1:40 (μg:μg), preferably 1:30 (μg:μg), and the ratio of plasmid DNA to liposome typically is within the range of about 1:6 to 1:20 (μg:μg), preferably 1:14 (μg:μg). If the therapeutic agent is an oligonucleotide (ODN) rather than plasmid DNA, typical ratios of ligand, liposome and the ODN are 0.1 nmole to 36 nmole (ODN:liposome) and 0.1 μg to 100 μg (ligand:liposome), preferably 0.5 nmoles to 20 nmoles (ODN:liposome) and 0.5 μg to 50 μg (ligand:liposome), most preferably 1 nmole to 15 nmole (ODN:liposome) and 1 μg to 30 μg (ligand:liposome). If the therapeutic agent is an siRNA, useful ratios of the components can be 0.1 μg to 30 nmole (siRNA:liposome) and 0.1 μg to 100 μg (TfRscFv:liposome), preferably 1 μg to 7 nmole (siRNA:lipsosome) and 1 μg to 30 μg (TfRscFv:liposome).
A wide variety of cationic liposomes are useful in the preparation of the complexes. Published PCT application WO99/25320, incorporated herein by reference, describes the preparation of several cationic liposomes. Examples of desirable liposomes include those that comprise a mixture of dioleoyltrimethylammonium phosphate (DOTAP) and dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) and/or cholesterol (chol), or a mixture of dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide (DDAB) and DOPE and/or cholesterol. The ratio of the lipids can be varied to optimize the efficiency of uptake of the therapeutic molecule for the specific target cell type. The liposome can comprise a mixture of one or more cationic lipids and one or more neutral or helper lipids. A desirable ratio of cationic lipid(s) to neutral or helper lipid(s) is about 1:(0.5-3), preferably 1:(1-2) (molar ratio).
In one embodiment, the liposome used to form the complex is a sterically stabilized liposome. Sterically stabilized liposomes are liposomes into which a hydrophilic polymer, such as PEG, poly(2-ethylacrylic acid) or poly(n-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) have been integrated. Such modified liposomes can be particularly useful when complexed with therapeutic or diagnostic agents, as they typically are not cleared from the blood stream by the reticuloendothelial system as quickly as are comparable liposomes that have not been so modified. In a second embodiment, the liposome used to form the complex is also bound to a peptide composed of histidine and lysine (either branched or linear) where the peptide is at least about 10 amino acids in length, typically between about 10 and 1000 amino acids in length, and is composed of 5-100% histidine and 0-95% non-histidine amino acids; preferably at least 10% of the non-histidine amino acids are lysine. Most preferably the peptide is about thirty-one amino acids, approximately 20% of which are histidine and approximately 80% of which are non-histidine. Of these, at least 75% are lysine and at least one is a terminal cysteine. A preferred peptide has the structure 5′-K[K(H)—K—K—K]5—K(H)—K—K—C-3′ and can be covalently conjugated to the liposome through the terminal cysteine and a maleimide group in the liposome. In such complexes, the ratios of the components typically can be as follows: ligand to HK-liposome (μg:μg) of 1:5 to 1:40, preferably, 1:30 and DNA to HK-liposome (μg:nmole) of 1:1 to 1:20, preferably 1:14.
The complexes can be prepared by mixing the ligand-liposome and the therapeutic or diagnostic agent together, slowly inverting the resultant solution a number of time or stirring the solution at a speed where a vortex just forms in the solution for a period ranging from about 10 seconds to about 10 minutes, preferably 15 seconds to about 2 minutes.
The complexes can be administered in combination with another therapeutic agent, such as either a radiation or chemotherapeutic agent. The therapeutic agent, or a combination of therapeutic agents, can be administered before or subsequent to the administration of the complex, for example within about 12 hours to about 7 days. Chemotherapeutic agents include, but are not limited to, for example, doxorubicin, 5-fluorouracil (5FU), cisplatin (CDDP), docetaxel, gemcitabine, paclitaxel, vinblastine, etoposide (VP-16), camptothecia, actinomycin-D, mitoxantrone and mitomycin C. Radiation therapies include gamma radiation, X-rays, UV irradiation, microwaves, electronic emissions and the like.
The invention is further illustrated by the following examples which are provided for illustrative purposes and are not intended to be limiting.
Initial experiments were performed to test both the size and the in vitro transfection efficiency of the ligand-liposome nucleic acid complexes made with carbohydrate before and after lyophilization. Two separate ligands, Tf and TfRscFv, were tested. The complexes were made using the methodology described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/601,444 and published U.S. patent applications Ser. Nos. 09/914,046 and 10/113,927 [See also, Xu, L., et al. Human Gene Therapy 10:2941-2952 (1999); Xu, L., et al., Human Gene Therapy 13:469-481 (2002); and Xu, L., et al., Molecular Cancer Therapeutics 1:337-346 (2002)]. In each complex, the liposome was a 1:1 ratio of DOTAP:DOPE, identified herein as Liposome A (LipA). The DNA used was a plasmid carrying a gene encoding the firefly luciferase gene. In all cases the carbohydrate solution was added as the last step in preparation of the complex.
A series of 8 complexes was made. Four contained Tf as the ligand (at a ratio of DNA:LipA:Tf of 1 μg:10 nmoles:12.5 μg); four contained TfRscFv as the ligand (at a ratio of DNA:LipA:TfrscFv of 1 μg:14 nmoles:0.34 μg). The solutions containing the ligand-liposome and the DNA were mixed together, slowly inverted 10 times, and the resultant solution was held at room temperature for 15 minutes prior to the addition of an aqueous solution of dextrose or sucrose in water to a final concentration of 5%. Each resultant admixture was inverted 10 times and then held at room temperature for 15 minutes prior to lyophilization or transfection.
The solutions to be lyophilized were lyophilized using a Virtis Benchtop 3L lyophilizer at 25 millitorr for 24 hours, at −55° C. and then stored overnight at −80° C. prior to reconstitution. After reconstitution with a volume of water equal to the volume of solution prior to lyophilization, the container holding each solution was slowly inverted 10 times and held at room temperature for 60 minutes. After this time the reconstituted complex could be kept at 2°-8° C. for up to 24 hours. The size of the complexes before and after lyophilization were measured by dynamic laser light scattering using a Malvern Zetasizer 3000H.
The results of the sizing (number average) are shown in
The fresh and lyophilized complexes also were assessed for their transfection efficiency in a human prostate tumor cell line DU145. The transfection efficiencies of the lyophilized complexes (with Tf and TfRscFv) upon reconstitution and corresponding freshly made solution of the same complex were compared. The results of the transfection efficiency pre- and post-lyophilization is shown in
The sugar/complex ratio was further optimized to improve the stability and maintain particle size. Complexes with 5% and 10% sucrose were compared. The amount of plasmid DNA also was increased to 20 ug, the amount customarily with used for a singe injection in the in vivo studies discussed below. After lyophilization as described above, the transfection efficiency of the complex containing 10% sucrose was ˜95% of that seen with the fresh complex prepared the conventional way with 5% dextrose solution.
Thus, the presence of 10% sucrose in a reconstituted liposome complex preparation resulted in higher maintenance of biological activity and size than that obtained with comparable reconstituted preparations containing either 5% dextrose or 5% sucrose.
In vivo tumor targeting of a liposome complex with 10% sucrose (freshly made or lyophilized and stored for 1 week at 2-8° C. was tested using enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) as the reporter gene in the complex. The complex was TfRscFv-Liposome A-pEGFP where liposome A is DOTAP:DOPE (1:1). The ratio of the three components was 0.3 μg:14 nmoles:1 μg (TfRscFv:Liposome:DNA). The complex was prepared and lyophilized as described above in Example 1. Post-lyophilization, the complex was stored refrigerated at 2-8° C. for one week. The samples were reconstituted by the addition of endotoxin free water to a volume equal to that prior to lyophilization as described in Example 1.
Mice bearing DU145 xenograft tumors of at least 50 mm3 were i.v. injected 3 times over 24 hours with various complexes (freshly made preparation with 5% dextrose; freshly made preparation with 10% sucrose and a reconstituted lyophilized preparation with 10% sucrose which prior to reconstitution had been held refrigerated for 1 week at 2-8° C. all with TfRscFv as the targeting ligand). After 48 hours, the animals were sacrificed, tumor and liver excised, protein isolated and Western analysis performed using anti-EGFP Ab (COVANCE). As shown in
The stability of the lyophilized complex also was tested after one month of storage at −80° C. by targeting to pancreatic cancer xenograft tumors. The complex (the same complex and ratio as described above in Example 2) was prepared with 10% sucrose ad lyophilized as described in Example 1. Post-lyophilization the samples were stored at −80° C. for one month, then reconstituted with endotoxin free water as described in example 1.
As shown in
To increase the potential of our TfRscFv-liposome-DNA complex as a viable clinical therapeutic, a means of increasing its stability was developed, thus maintaining its tumor-targetability, and shelf-life. Some of our studies have indicated that the lyophilized complex with 10% sucrose as the excipient could be stored successfully at either −20° C., −80° C. or 2-8° C. For convenience for use in the clinic the preferred method of storage is 2-8° C. To determine the length of time the lyophilized complex can be stored at 2-8° C. without loss of biological activity, the in vitro transfection efficiency of complex lyophilized and stored at 2-8° C. for 1, 4 and 6 months was evaluated. The complex was TfRscFv-Liposome A-p53 where liposome A is DOTAP:DOPE (1:1). The ratio of the three components was 0.3 μg:14 nmoles:1 μg (TfRscFv:Liposome A:DNA) which is equivalent to 0.34 μg:10 μg:1 μg. 10% sucrose was used as the excipient. The DNA in the complex was a plasmid vector containing ˜1.7 Kb cDNA sequence coding for human wild-type p53. The complex was prepared, lyophilized and reconstituted at the appropriate time after storage at 2-8° C. as described in Example 1. Size (number parameter) and Zeta Potential were determined using a Malvern 3000H Zetasizer. Functional activity was assessed using a luciferase co-transfection assay. Human prostate cancer DU145 cells were co-transfected with BP100 plasmid DNA and with the complexes. BP100 plasmid carries the luciferase gene under the control of a wtp53 inducible promoter. Thus, the level of functional p53 in the transfected cells is reflected by the level of luciferase activity. 24 hours after transfection, the cells were lysed and luciferase activity assayed, using the Promega Luciferase Reagent according to manufacturing protocol. As shown in Table 1, the luciferase activity, size and zeta potential of the complexes are consistent between the freshly prepared complex and complexes lyophilized and stored at 2-8° C. for up to six months.
The fresh and lyophilized complexes, prepared, stored at 2-8° C. for 1, 4, or 6 months, and then reconstituted for the studies described in Example 4 were also tested in vivo for their ability to reach and transfect human prostate xenograft tumors after systemic (i.v.) administration. Athymic nude mice bearing subcutaneous human prostate tumor cell line DU145 xenograft tumors of at least 100 mm3 were i.v. injected three times over 24 hours with complex (fresh or lyophilized and reconstituted) in an amount equivalent to 40 μg of DNA per injection in a final volume of 0.8 mL. At 48 hours after the last injection the animals are humanely euthanized, the organs removed, protein isolated and expression determined by Western Analysis as described by Xu, L. et al., Tumor Targeting 4:92-104 (1999). Other methods commonly known in the art alternatively could have been used. 80 μg of total protein lysate was loaded/lane of a 12% SDS-polyacrylamide gel. After the gel was run, protein was transferred to nitrocellulose membrane and probed with an anti-p53 mouse monoclonal antibody (Oncogene Research Products).
The results of the in vivo tumor targeting in mice are shown in
It is important to establish that multiple batches of complex, prepared and lyophilized at different times on the same day and prepared and lyophilized on different days have similar sizes and levels of transfection efficiency. The complex TfRscFv-Liposome A-p53, where liposome A is DOTAP:DOPE (1:1) was prepared, lyophilized, stored and reconstituted as described in Example 1. The ratio of the components and the p53 DNA were as described In Example 4.
Functional expression of multiple TfRscFv-LipA-p53 complexes either freshly prepared or lyophilized was evaluated in prostate cancer DU145 cells. In vitro activity was assessed using the BP100 plasmid and the luciferase assay as described above in Example 4. On 5 different days at least two independent samples were prepared and lyophilized. After being stored at 2-8° C. for 2 weeks, the samples were reconstituted as in Example 1 and tested in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, the luciferase activity (RLU/μg: Relative Light units per μg of protein in cell) was assayed, using the Promega Luciferase Reagent as described in the manufacture's protocol, and the zeta potential and the particle size (number parameter)of each batch were also measured on a Malvern 3000H Zetasizer. As shown in Table 2, by number parameter, size of the majority of the preparations falls into the 400-700 nm range and the zeta potentials are all in the positive range. Thus, different complexes made on different days have consistent behavior.
The samples also have been evaluated in vivo in DU145 xenograft bearing athymic nude mice as described in Example 5. To demonstrate that the ligand-liposome-DNA complex employing TfRscFv as the targeting entity maintains tumor specificity, Western analysis was employed (
For a lyophilized complex to be useful in treating human patients it is necessary to show that the process of complex preparation in the presence of 10% sucrose could be transferred and successfully performed on a large scale by a commercial manufacturing entity. The complexes were prepared by stirring, under contract and a confidentiality agreement, by Cardinal Health, Albuquerque, N. Mex. The DNA solution was added to the TfRscFv:liposome solution while stirring at a speed where a vortex was just forming in the solution for 30 seconds to 1 minute. This solution was held at room temperature for 10-20 minutes, after which an aqueous solution of 50% sucrose was added with stirring as above for 30 seconds to 1 minute to a final concentration of 10% and held at room temperature for 10-20 minutes. The commercially prepared batches ranged in size from 50-1000 ml. The lyophilization protocol using a Hull lyophilizer at this commercial facility was as follows:
Five different batches of the TfRscFv-LipA-p53 complex were prepared by the commercial entity. An example of the in vitro luciferase activity, size and zeta potential of representative commercially prepared batches are shown in Table 3. The size zeta potential and level of luciferase activity of the commercially prepared and lyophilized complexes was comparable to that of the complex freshly prepared in the laboratory.
To compare the five batches, mice bearing DU145 xenografts were treated as described in Example 5 (at 40 μg DNA/injection in 0.8 mL). Each mouse received three i.v. injections over 24 hours. Forty-eight hours after the last injection the animals were sacrificed and organs harvested. All five batches show high levels of p53 expression by Western Analysis that were comparable to that of the freshly prepared complex and significantly higher than that observed in either untreated tumor or liver (
To further assess the stability of the lyophilized complex, the amount of uncomplexed ligand was determined after storage at 2-8° C. for up to six months. To evaluate the amount of uncomplexed TfRscFv present in the TfRscFv-LipA-p53 complex, 4%-20% gradient non-denaturing and non-reducing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by Western analysis was employed using methods commonly known to one skilled in the art (
The results indicated that approximately 10% or less of the TfRscFv initially put into the complex is present as free TfRscFv in the various fresh or lyophilized preparations of TfRscFv-LipA-p53 complex even after storage at 2-8° C. for six months. These data suggest that the amount of free, uncomplexed TfRscFv is quite consistent in all preparations, and that this level does not change after lyophilization and storage at 2-8° C. for at least six months.
The above studies used plasmid DNA in the complex. Since plasmid DNA and oligonucleotides are not always interchangeable, and can have different chemistries, experiments also were carried out to demonstrate that the lyophilization procedure could be applied to a ligand-liposome complex containing an oligonucleotides (ODN). The ODN used was a 15 mer phosphorothioated sequence specific antisense HER-2 ODN complementary to the initiation codon region of the HER-2 gene (AS HER-2) with the sequence 5′-TCC ATG GTG CTC ACT-3′. Using MDA-MB-453 human breast cancer cell line as the assay system, cell killing by the TfRscFv-lipA-AS HER-2 complex was evaluated after lyophilization with different sugars at increasing ODN concentrations. The complexes were prepared as described in Example 1 and were composed of TfRscFv, Liposome A (DOTAP:DOPE at 1:1) and the ODN at a ratio of 1 nmole to 15 nmole (ODN:liposome) and 1 pg to 30 μg (TfRscFv:liposome).
The complexes to be lyophilized were prepared to contain either 5% dextrose or 10% sucrose and compared to freshly prepared comparable complex preparations comprising 10% sucrose. The complexes were lyophilized as described in Example 1, stored overnight at 2-8° C. and reconstituted in endotoxins-free water as described in Example 1. 5×103 MDA-MB-453 cells were seeded/well of a 96-well plate. 24 hours later the cells were transfected with either the freshly prepared or lyophilized and reconstituted complexes. The cell viability XTT-based cytotoxicity assay (XTT=3′-[1-phenyl-Amino-Carbonyl)-3,4-[tetrazolium]-bis(4-methoxy-6-nitro)benzene sulfonate) was performed in triplicate 48 hours post-transfection. As shown in
To confirm that lyophilization and reconstitution in the presence of 10% sucrose was not detrimental to the efficacy of the complex, an XTT assay assessing the level of chemosensitization to Gemzar in human pancreatic cancer (PANC) 1 cells was preformed, comparing freshly prepared complexes against comparable complexes that had been lyophilized and reconstituted as described in Example 1. The ratios of the components in the complex were 1 nmole 15 nmole (ODN:liposome) and 1 μg:30 μg (TfRscFv:liposome). 4×103 PANC-1 cells were seeded/well of a 96 well plate and transfected 24 hours later with TfRscFv-LipA-AS HER-2 (0.25 μM ODN) complex that was either freshly prepared or had been mixed with sucrose to provide 10% sucrose and lyophilized, stored refrigerated overnight at 2-8° C. and reconstituted. The chemotherapeutic drug Gemzar was added 24 hours later. The cell viability XTT-based assay was performed in triplicate 72 hours after drug addition. The results are illustrated in
These studies indicate that lyophilization of the complete complex is feasible and that previous difficulties with stability and shelf life when using ODN as therapeutic molecules can be overcome.
The size, zeta potential and transfection activity of the ligand-liposome-nucleic acid complexes containing AS HER-2 ODN and prepared with 10% sucrose were examined before and after lyophilization. The size of the complex was found to be essentially the same before and after lyophilization and storage at −20° C. for up to six months. For example: Pre-lyophilization, the values for size (nm) by intensity, volume and number average for the fresh and six month lyophilized complexes prepared as described in Example 9 were 410 (I), 454 (V) and 368 (N) vs 339 (I), 427 (V) and 397 (N), respectively. In addition, another oligonucleotide that does not affect HER-2 levels (SC-ODN_ (5′-CTA GCC ATG CTT GTC-3′) was also complexed at the same ratio, lyophilized, stored for up to six months at −20° C. and reconstituted as in Example 9. Here also lyophilization and storage had no significant effect on size or zeta potential of the complex. Thus, any ODN can be complexed and lyophilized.
The zeta potentials were −43.8 (fresh) and −47.7 (lyophilized) after six months storage. The transfection efficiency of the lyophilized complex with 10% sucrose was measured by assessing the ability of the TfRscFv-lip A-AS HER-2 to down modulate HER-2 expression in vitro. After preparation, lyophilization (as in Example 4), and storage at −20° C. for up to six months, the complex AS HER-2 ODN at two different concentrations (0.3 or 0.6 μM) or SC-ODN at 0.6 μM, were used to transfect human breast cancer cell line MDA-MS-435 cells. Freshly prepared complexes carrying AS HER-2 or SC-ODN were used as controls. The SC-ODN had no effect either before or after Lyophilization. However, there was an AS HER-2 ODN dose dependent down-modulation of HER-2 expression by both freshly prepared and lyophilized complexes (
The stability of a complex of TfRscFv, Liposome A and siRNA with 10% sucrose after lyophilization was assessed by measuring the size of the complex and the zeta potential before and after lyophilization. The complex was composed of TfRscFv, Liposome A (DOTAP:DOPE at 1:1 mole ratio) and siRNA at 33.3 μg. Total volume of complex was 500 μL. The ratio of the components was 1 μg to 7 nmole (siRNA:liposome) and 1 μg to 30 μg (TfRscFv:liposome). Sucrose was added to the complex to a final concentration of 10%. The complex was prepared and lyophilized as described in Example 1. After lyophilization the complex was reconstituted as described in Example 1 and size and zeta potential were measured using a Malvern Zetasizer 3000H. The results are shown in Table 4.
Therefore, after Lyophilization there was no significant change in size or zeta potential. If anything, the size by intensity and volume are even smaller after lyophilization, making the complex more efficient for in vivo use.
To further demonstrate the general nature of this invention a complex also was prepared that contained a modified liposome. The liposome used to form the complex was bound to a peptide. The peptide comprised histidine and lysine and was a branched peptide 31 amino acids in length and was composed of a combination of histidine and non-histidine amino acids with the structure 5′-K[K(H)—K—K—K]5—K(H)—K—K—C-3′). The liposome in this study was comprised of DOTAP:DOPE (1:1). The HK peptide was covalently conjugated to the liposome through the terminal cysteine and a maleimide group in the liposome. The complex consisted of TfRscFv-HK-liposome-DNA where the ratios of the components were as follows: TfRscFv to HK-liposome (μg:μg) of 1 μg:30 μg and DNA to HK-liposome (μg:nmole) of 1 μg:14 nmole. The DNA used was p53 (see Example 4) at 18 μg DNA for 300 μL of total volume of complex. 10% sucrose was included in the final complex. The complex was prepared and lyophilized as described in Example 1. Post-lyophilization the complex was stored at 2-8° C. for 3 days and then reconstituted as described in Example 1. The size of the complex before lyophilization and after three days storage at 2-8° C. was measured on a Malvern Zetasizer 3000H. Prior to lyophilization the size (number average) was 601 nm. After storage and reconstitution it was 588. Thus, once again lyophilization of the complex using 10% sucrose did not result in any significant change in the size of the complex even with the inclusion of the HK peptide.
In addition to the Luciferase gene, a gene coding for the enhanced green fluorescence protein, and the p53 gene, a liposome complex carrying other plasmid DNA can be lyophilized and retain size and biological activity. To further demonstrate, this complex was also prepared carrying another therapeutic gene, the tumor suppressor gene RB94. The complex was TfRscFv-liposome A-RB94 where liposome A is DOTAP:DOPE (1:1). The ratio of the three components (TfRscFV:Liposome:DNA) were 0.34 μg:10 μg:1 μug. The complex also contained 30 μg of RB94 plasmid DNA in a total volume of 0.5 mL, with 10% sucrose. The complex was prepared as described in Example 1 and lyophilized using the method described in Example 1 for the size and zeta potential studies, or prepared as in Example 7 by Cardinal Health using for use the in vitro and in vivo targeting studies.
Size and Zeta Potential
The size and zeta potential of complex prepared as in Example 1 and lyophilized, stored at 2-8° C. for four days and reconstituted as in Example 1 was compared before and after lyophilization and storage using a Malvern Zetasizer 3000H. Prior to lyophilization the size (nm) was intensity and 283 (Intensity) and 392 (Volume), while afterward it was found to be 303 (Intensity) and 347 (Volume). Thus, there was no significant change in size after lyophilization and storage for four days at 2°-8° C. when 10% sucrose was included. Similarly the zeta potential showed no major difference, both being in the +20 to +30 range [19 (pre) and 30.7 (post)].
In Vitro and In Vivo Targeting
The ability of the complex to specifically target tumor cells and efficiently transfect them after lyophilization and storage at 2-8° C. for an extended period of time was also tested in cell culture using human prostate cell line DU145 and human bladder carcinoma cell line HTB-9. Both cell lines were transfected in vitro using either freshly prepared complex or complex that had been prepared and lyophilized by the commercial contractor (Example 7) and stored at 20-8° C. for approximately 4 months prior to reconstitution as in Example 1. The level of RB94 protein expression in the cells was determined by Western Analysis using standard protocols known to one skilled in the art. There was no significant difference in either human tumor cell line between the amount of protein detected after transfection with freshly prepared or lyophilized complex.
Mice carrying human bladder carcinoma HTB-9 xenograft tumors were injected systemically (i.v. via the tail vein) with the freshly prepared complex or complex that had been prepared with 10% sucrose by stirring as in Example 1, lyophilized (Example 7), and stored at 2′-8° C. for almost 5 months prior to reconstitution in Example 1. The mice received a total of three i.v. injections over 24 hours (40 μg of DNA in 0.67 mL per injection). Approximately 48 hours after the last injection the animals were humanely sacrificed, the tumors and liver excised, and protein obtained and analyzed by Western Blot using an anti-RB94 monoclonal antibody (QED Biosciences, Inc) by means of a common procedure as described by Xu, L., et al., tumor Targeting 4:92-104 (1999). As with the in vitro studies there was no significant difference in the level of RB94 protein evident in the tumors from the animals receiving the fresh or the lyophilized complexes. If anything, the expression was even higher in the tumors from the mice injected with the lyophilized complex. Moreover, there was virtually no expression in the livers in either group demonstrating that the tumor targeting ability of the complex was maintained after lyophilization in the presence of 10% sucrose and storage at 2-8° C. for at least 5 months.
This application claims priority from U.S. provisional application No. 60/475,500, filed Jun. 4, 2003 incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60475500 | Jun 2003 | US |
