Patent Grant
6924268
The present invention generally relates to methods for sterilizing animals and to methods for medically treating certain sex hormone related diseases such as, for example, cancer of the breast or prostate. More particularly, this invention relates to sterilization and medical treatment by means of chemical attack upon the pituitary gland.
Considerable interest exists with respect to the subject of sterilization of animals. This is especially true of those concerned with veterinary medicine and animal husbandry, particularly as they relate to the subject of sterilization of domestic animals such as dogs, cats, cattle, sheep, horses, pigs, and the like. Various methods have been developed over the years to accomplish sterilization. For example, with respect to male cattle, the most widely used procedure for eliminating problems of sexual or aggressive behavior is sterilization through surgical castration. This is done in various ways, e.g., crushing the spermatic cord, retaining the testes in the inguinal ring, or use of a rubber band, placed around the neck of the scrotum, to cause sloughing off of the scrotum and testes. However most of these “mechanical” castration methods have proven to be undesirable in one respect or another; for example they (1) are traumatic, (2) introduce the danger of anesthesia, (3) are apt to produce infection, and (4) require trained personnel. Moreover, all such mechanical castration methods result in complete abolition of the testes and this of course implies complete removal of the anabolic effects of any steroids which are produced by the testes and which act as stimuli to growth and protein deposition.
These drawbacks have caused consideration of various alternative sterilization techniques such as the use of chemical sterilization agents. However, the use of chemical sterilization agents has its own set of advantages and disadvantages. On the positive side, chemical sterilization eliminates the stress and danger associated with mechanical castration. Chemical sterilization also has the added advantage of allowing for retention of certain anabolic effects resulting from a continued presence of low levels of circulating testosterone. This is especially valuable in the case of animals raised for human consumption since circulating testosterone promotes growth, efficiency of feed conversion and protein deposition. Unfortunately, there are several disadvantages associated with chemical sterilization. For example chemical sterilization is often temporary rather than permanent; it also sometimes produces extremely severe, and even fatal, side effects.
Many of these chemical sterilization methods have been aimed at regulation of luteinizing hormone produced at various stages of an animal's sexual development. For example, with respect to cattle it has been established that in the case of the infantile calf, luteinizing hormone is rarely discharged and testicular production of androgens is at low levels. On the other hand, in a prepubertal calf, or an adult bull, discharges of luteinizing hormone from the anterior pituitary occur more frequently and the testes produce considerably larger amounts of testosterone and other steroids. It is thought that these conditions result from the following factors: (1) decreases in the concentration of estradiol receptors in the hypothalamus, (2) concomitant increases in the concentration of estradiol receptors in the anterior pituitary, and (3) increases the number of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors in the anterior pituitary. This increase in GnRH receptors is generally regarded as a prerequisite for an animal to pass from the infantile stage to the prepubertal and mature stages of endocrine Development. Hence, based upon these understandings of the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis, several chemical methods have been proposed to modify given animals, e.g., a bull calf, in such a way that it never enters puberty, but still receives stimuli for growth and protein deposition through the anabolic effects of steroids produced by modified testes. In any event, most of the chemicals proposed for such sterilization purposes are hormones or hormone analogs. For example U.S. Pat. No. 4,444,759 teaches the use of a class of peptides analogous to GnRH (i.e., gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and particularly luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone) are capable of inhibiting release of gonadotropins by the pituitary gland and thereby inhibiting release of the steroidal hormones, estradiol, progesterone and testosterone. It should also be noted that the terms “GnRH” (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) and “LHRH” (luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone) are sometimes used interchangeably in the literature. For the purposes of describing the prior art both terms may be employed; however, for the purposes conveying the teachings of our patent disclosure, applicants prefer the term GnRH and will use it in describing their compounds.
Be that as it may, some prior art chemical sterilization procedures are specifically adopted to alter luteinizing hormone secretion before the animal has attained the age of puberty. This is not surprising since the role of luteinizing hormone in sexual maturation is well known. Luteinizing hormone is a gonadotropic hormone found in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and, in male animals, it is known to stimulate the interstitial cells of the testes to secrete testosterone (see generally, The Merck Index, 8th edition, p. 560 (1968), Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Vol. 7, pp. 487-488 (1951)).
One approach has been to use certain chemicals to produce antibodies in an animal which exhibit cross-reactivity with the gonadotropins produced by the animal's pituitary gland. It is generally thought that with such early antigenic stimulation, formation of antibodies is more continuously stimulated by the release of endogenous hormones and that early immunization with such luteinizing hormone deters the maturation of the gonads and adnexal glands. This, in turn, is thought to inhibit spermatogenesis at the spermatogonial level. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,691,006 teaches injection of a compound having an amino acid sequence of at least 20 units for purposes of eliciting formation of antibodies which exhibit cross-reactivity with the gonadotropins produced by the animal's pituitary. With early antigenic stimulation of this kind, the formation of such antibodies is more continuously stimulated by release of endogenous hormones. Early immunization with such luteinizing hormone also deters the maturation of the gonads and adnexal glands. However, the art has also recognized that early immunization of this kind may tend to make the interstitial tissues fibroblastic. It has also been found that such early stimulation of the immunologic system leads to development of a high titered antiserum to luteinizing hormone which remains at relatively high levels. Nonetheless, periodic boosters of such compounds are often necessary even for adult animals sterilized before puberty in order to maintain high levels of the neutralizing antibodies.
Similarly, luteinizing hormone has been administered to animals after they have attained the age of puberty in order to atrophy their reproductive organs and to cause a decrease in libido (see generally, M. Tallau and K. A. Laurence, Fertility and Sterility, Vol. 22, No. 2, February 1971, pp. 113-118, M. H. Pineda, D. C. Lueker, L. C. Faulkner and M. L. Hopwood, Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, Vol. 125, No. 3, July 1967, pp. 665-668, and S. K. Quadri, L. H. Harbers, and H. G. Spies, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., Vol. 123, pp. 809-814 (1966). Such treatments also impair spermatogenesis in noncastrated adult male animals by interruption of the spermatogenic cycle.
Other chemical sterilization agents have been specifically designed for use on female animals. For example, it is well known that certain antigens will produce an antiserum against a requisite estrogen. This is accomplished by first making an antigen and then injecting said antigen into an animal for purposes of antiserum production. The animal is then bled to recover the antiserum. Any female animal of the same species as the host animal may then be injected with the antiserum at the proper time prior to ovulation and the injected antiserum will cause temporary sterilization of that animal.
Other methods of chemical sterilization have been based upon direct chemical attack upon certain cells of the pituitary itself (as opposed to chemical attacks upon the hormone products of such cells) with a view toward permanently destroying such cells. Again, this approach is suggested by the fact that follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) (sometimes referred to as gonadotropins or gonadotropic hormones) are released by the pituitary gland to regulate functioning of the gonads to produce testosterone in the testes and progesterone and estrogen in the ovaries. They also regulate the production and maturation of gametes.
Several chemical agents have been proposed for such purposes. However, it has been found that most chemical agents which are in fact capable of destroying the gonadotrophs of an animal's anterior pituitary gland also tend to produce extremely toxic side effects which can severely weaken, and sometimes kill, the treated animal. Hence, with respect to the general subject of chemical sterilization, it can be said that any chemical capable of producing sterilization without, or with minimal, toxic side effects would be of great value in the fields of animal husbandry, veterinary medicine and wildlife control.
To date, perhaps the closest concepts and/or compounds to those described in this patent disclosure are found in a publication by Myers, D. A., Murdock, W. J. and Villemez, C. L., entitled Protein-Peptide Conjugation By A Two-Phase Reaction: Biochem. J., 227:1 pg. 343 (1985). This reference teaches a sterilization procedure employing a GnRH analog comparable to that utilized by applicant in one of his more preferred GnRH/toxin conjugate compounds, namely one based upon a GnRH/diphtheria toxin conjugate. However, there are some very pronounced differences in the toxin portions of the respective molecules. These differences reside in the fact that different parts or portions of the diphtheria toxin are employed in the respective resulting compounds. More specifically, the conjugate reported by Myers et al. utilized only the toxin domain of the diphtheria toxin molecule while applicant's diphtheria toxins are characterized by their possession of the membrane translocation domain of this toxin as well as the toxic domain. The details and significance of these molecular differences are important to this patent disclosure and will be discussed at greater length in subsequent parts of this patent disclosure.
However, before leaving this discussion of the GnRH/diphtheria conjugate aspect of the prior art, it also should be noted that in addition to the article by Myers et al. noted above, Myers, on another occasion, published additional information concerning his diphtheria toxin-GnRH analog conjugate. This was done in his Ph. D. thesis at the University of Wyoming in 1987, entitled: “Hybrid toxins: An approach to cell specific toxicity.” This thesis contains basically the same information as the above-noted 1985 publication, but—of course—in much greater detail. For example, the thesis includes further information on the biological activity of the Myers conjugate. A second part of this thesis addresses modifications of Myers' diphtheria toxin in a manner similar to that described above, but using further information published by Colombatti et al. in the Journal of Biological Chemistry 261:3030 (1986).
Another reference of possible interest in this regard was recently published in the INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY 76: R5-R8 by Singh et al. entitled “Controlled release of LHRH-DT from bioerodible hydrogel microspheres.” Generally speaking, it teaches that a natural GnRH/diphtheria toxin can be used as a vaccine. In this case the LHRH-DT molecule induces production of antibodies to GnRH which then serve to inactivate endogenous LHRH in the circulation. Without the endogenous LHRH, there is no stimulation of the anterior pituitary gland to secrete LH and the gonads will cease functioning. However, as the antibody titers fall, endogenous GnRH will again stimulate the anterior pituitary gland, LH secretion and gonadal function will return. Here again, those skilled in this art will appreciate that this is an entirely different approach from the “direct chemical attack on the pituitary gland” approach taught in this patent disclosure. That is to say that—unlike Singh's antibody production approach—applicant's conjugate will not generate antibodies to GnRH and no neutralization of endogenous GnRH will occur. Instead, with applicant's approach, the cells in the anterior pituitary gland which are activated by GnRH will be destroyed by direct chemical attack thereon. Moreover, this attack results in permanent, rather than temporary sterility.
However, before going on to these details, it also should be noted that knowledge of the above noted sex hormone functions has produced several advances in the field of human medicine as well. For example, the potential for achieving chemical castration (rather than “surgical” castration) with certain luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) analogs has been reported (see for example, Javadpour, N., Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone (LHRH) in Disseminated Prostatic Cancer; 1M, Vol. 9, No. 11, November 1988). Table I below gives the structure of LHRH and the structure of certain analogs (e.g., Goserelin, Leuprolide, Buserelin and Nafarelin) of LHRH which are capable of temporarily suppressing luteinizing hormone secretion and thereby suppressing the gonads. As a consequence, these LHRH analogs have come to be regarded as a promising new class of agents for the treatment of various host-dependent diseases, especially prostatic cancer. In referring to Table I, it first should be noted that LHRH has a decapeptide structure and that substitution of certain amino acids in the sixth and tenth positions of the LHRH produce analogs which render agonists that are up to 100 times more potent than the parent LHRH compound (hence these compounds are often referred to as “superagonists”). The structures of LHRH and the most commonly known LHRH superagonists are listed below.
While these compounds represent the most promising means for palliative therapy because of their relative lack of side effects, they are particularly expensive and must be administered repeatedly. Even the newest formulations utilizing polymer encapsulated drug or other depot forms will require at least monthly administration. Improved depot forms also are presently in development, but they too are likely to be equally expensive and they too will probably require monthly administration. In response to these many drawbacks, applicants have developed a class of compounds which is capable of producing safe, inexpensive, chemical castration as an alternative to surgical castration. Such drugs also greatly simplify therapy of the generally elderly patients with prostate cancer, and could eliminate the need for surgical castration (still preferred by many urologists) as well as provide a medical alternative to oophorectomy in females with advanced breast cancer. Moreover, as a model system, the ability to eliminate pituitary gonadotrophs in vivo, which are regulated by GnRH receptors in response to ligand stimulation in a predictable fashion, is a highly appealing first step toward the more complex use of toxins conjugated to antibodies to eliminate tumor targets. Hence, use of applicants' compounds generally will fall into two major areas of use. The first is sterilization of mammals of all types; the second is chemical castration of mammals in general, and human beings in particular, for purposes of treating breast or prostate cancer by ablating those pituitary cells, namely gonadotrophs, responsible for LH secretion.
The present invention provides unique methods and compounds for regulating cells having particular hormone receptors thereon. One aspect of the present invention, described in more detail below, relates to the use of conjugates between a hormone and an agent capable of killing a cell. For example, one embodiment is directed to the use of an analog of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRHa) and compounds capable of regulating cells expressing GnRH receptors. In particular, GnRH conjugates of the present invention can be used to destroy cells expressing GnRH receptors or, alternatively, inhibit cellular function of such cells so as to regulate the continued survival of such cells and/or to regulate the secretion of particular compounds and functions of such cells. The compounds to which GnRH can be conjugated include various toxins, described in more detail below, as well as proteins capable of cleaving particular nucleic acid molecules (e.g., nucleases). In particular, the present invention includes the use of RNAse, which is capable of destroying ribonucleic acid, conjugated to GnRH. Also included within the scope of the present invention is the use of DNAse conjugated to GnRH. As described in more detail below, various linking agents can be used to conjugate GnRH molecules to desired compounds. In addition to the nucleases that can be conjugated to GnRH, the present invention includes the use of one or more of the various toxin groups conjugated to GnRH as described hereinafter, alone or in combination with GnRH/nuclease molecules.
The present invention provides a group of GnRH/toxin conjugate compounds and processes for using them to sterilize mammals (animals and humans) and/or for treating certain sex hormone related diseases such as cancer of the prostate or cancer of the breast. The active parts of these compounds or agents may be referred to as “toxic compounds”, (“T”) or “toxins” for the purposes of this patent disclosure without changing the intended scope of the herein described compounds and/or processes. In any event, the most effective, and hence most preferred, of these toxin compounds will include: diphtheria toxin, ricin toxin, abrin toxin, pseudomonas exotoxin, shiga toxin, α-amanitin, pokeweed antiviral protein (PAP), ribosome inhibiting proteins (RIP), especially the ribosome inhibiting proteins of barley, wheat, flax, corn, rye, gelonin, abrin, modeccin and certain cytotoxic chemicals such as, for example, melphalan, methotrexate, nitrogen mustard, doxorubicin and daunomycin. All of these toxins are characterized by their inability, in their own right, to chemically attack the gonadotropin-secreting cells of the anterior pituitary gland as well as by their concomitant ability to chemically attack gonadotropin-secreting cells when conjugated with GnRH molecules (and GnRH analogue molecules) according to the teachings of this patent disclosure.
Some of these toxins (e.g., bacterial toxins and certain plant toxins) can be characterized by whether or not a “whole” molecule of a given toxin is employed. For the purposes of this patent disclosure the term “whole” may be taken to mean that the molecule has at least a toxic domain, a trans-locational domain and a cell binding domain. If, however, one or more of these domains are removed from a “whole” toxin molecule, then the resulting molecule will be characterized as a “modified” toxin or “modified” molecule of that toxin. TABLE I below gives some representative “whole” and “modified” toxins. Some of these toxin types (e.g., bacterial and plant toxins) also can be further characterized by their possession of so-called “A-chain” and “B-chain” groups in their molecular structures. It also should be noted that the toxic domain is often referred to as the “A-chain” portion of the toxin molecule while the toxic domain, translocation domain and cell-binding domain are often collectively referred to as the “whole” toxin or the A-chain plus the B-chain molecules. For example, such further classifications could be made according to the attributes, categories and molecular sizes noted in TABLE I below (wherein the letters A and B represent the presence of A-chains or B-chains and the letter K designates the symbol (“kilodalton” used to designate molecular sizes of such molecules):
Applicants have also found that of all the possible toxin molecules noted above, the bacterial and plant toxins having both a toxic domain and a translocation domain (which may also be referred to as B-chain “parts”, “shortened B-chain, amino acid sequences”, etc.), but not a cell-binding domain are the most effective—and hence the most preferred—conjugate compounds for applicant's sterilization purposes. The procedures by which cell-binding domains can be deleted are of course well known to this art and need not be discussed in any great detail.
Moreover, in considering the general subject of transmembrane transport proteins, as they relate to this invention, applicants would also point out that there are a number of viral proteins, for example, which function in ways similar to the “translocation domain” functions of diphtheria toxin, ricin, and of Pseudomonas toxin. These include the Sendai virus HN and F glycoproteins, and the Adenovirus penton proteins along with similar fusogenic proteins of Semliki Forest virus. Also, lipophilic polylysines, such as poly(1-lysine) conjugated to glutarylphosphatidylethanolamine can function in this way. Consequently, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the transmembrane transport of applicants' conjugates can be enhanced by inclusion of any such fusogenic moieties into our GnRH-toxin conjugates.
However, regardless of such concerns for the presence, identity, and/or size of B-chains in certain toxin molecules, applicants have found that all of the herein described sterilization agents can be most effectively delivered to the pituitary gland if they are chemically conjugated with various peptide hormone molecules such as certain analogs of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, GnRH. Again, this conjugation is necessary because, for the most part, the above toxins, by themselves, are not capable of binding with cell membranes in general. That is to say that applicants have found that it is only when a GnRH analog of the type described herein is linked to a toxin of the types noted above does that toxin become capable of binding to cell membranes, and then only to those cells whose membranes contain receptors for GnRH (i.e., gonadotrophs in the anterior pituitary gland). Other less preferred, but still operative peptide hormone molecules (other than applicant's preferred gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues) to which the herein disclosed toxins could be so conjugated for applicant's sterilization purposes include: human chorionic gonadotropin, equine chorionic gonadotropin, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone.
At this point, it should again be emphasized that for the purposes of this patent disclosure, the term gonadotropin-releasing hormone will usually be abbreviated as “GnRH” and that, for the most part, certain hereinafter described analogs of GnRH are generally more effective carrier peptide hormone molecules for the practice of this invention than the fundamental or parent GnRH molecule. In their most generalized sense, these analogs will be abbreviated as “GnRH-A”, with the “A” designating that the resulting compound is an analog, “A” of the fundamental GnRH molecule. Again, any general toxin compound which is conjugated with a GnRH-A molecule will be abbreviated by the letter “T” for toxin. Thus, the abbreviation for a generalized conjugate of a GnRH-A analog and a toxin will be “GnRH-A-T”.
In the case of GnRH-A carrier peptide molecules, the linking or coupling of the GnRH-A molecule and the T molecule is preferably carried out at the 6 position of the GnRH-A molecule. This modification may include use of a linkage using a heterobifunctional reagent “Y” which will be described in much more detail in subsequent portions of this patent disclosure. That is to say that the most preferable technique for production of the resulting GnRH-A-T conjugate molecule will involve modification of the 6 position of the fundamental GnRH molecule. In other words, amino acid substitutions at the 6 position of the fundamental GnRH molecule will yield analogs with particularly high affinities for GnRH receptors on cells of the pituitary gland and thereby providing an improved means for introducing the toxin into the targeted cells.
The most preferred amino acids for substitution at the 6-position will include lysine, D-lysine, aspartic acid, D-aspartic acid, glutamic acid, D-glutamic acid, cysteine, D-cysteine, ornithine, D-ornithine, tyrosine, D-tyrosine as well as other amino acids having suitable side-chain functional groups such as, for example, amino groups, carboxylic groups, hydroxyl groups or sulfhydryl groups. Similarly the 10 position of the fundamental GnRH molecule can be modified to produce other analog variations useful for applicant's purposes. The substituents most preferred for this purpose will include Gly-NH2, ethylamide and AZA-Gly-NH2.
Heterobifunctional reagent Y is, most preferably, used to link a GnRH-A group or moiety to a toxic group or moiety T. Most preferably such toxic groups T and their associated GnRH-A carrier peptide molecules will be covalently linked by a linking or coupling agent selected from the group consisting of 2-iminothiolane, N-succinimidyl-3-(2-pyridyldithio) proprionate (SPDP), 4-succinimidyloxycarbonyl-α-(2-pyridyldithio)-toluene (SMPT), m-maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (MBS), N-succinimidyl(4-iodoacetyl)aminobenzoate (SIAB), succinimidyl 4-(p-maleimidophenyl)butyrate (SMPB),1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC), bis-diazobenzidine and glutaraldehyde.
Given all of these structural concerns, a generalized chemical structural diagram of an amino acid sequence of a GnRH molecule and of a group of highly preferred resulting GnRH-A-T carrier peptide molecules for the practice of this invention could be depicted as follows:
wherein X is an amino acid, Y is a linking group, Z is a chemical substituent selected from the group consisting of Gly-NH2, ethylamide and Aza-Gly-NH2 and T is a toxin group selected from the group consisting of the plant toxins: ricin, modeccin, abrin, pokeweed anti-viral protein, α-amanitin, gelonin ribosome inhibiting protein (“RIP”) barley RIP, wheat RIP, corn RIP, rye RIP and flax RIP; the bacterial toxins selected from the group consisting of: of diphtheria toxin, pseudomonas exotoxin and shiga toxin (and especially those bacterial toxins having a toxic domain and a translocation domain) and the chemical toxins selected from the group consisting of: melphalan, methotrexate, nitrogen mustard, doxorubicin and daunomycin.
Those skilled in this art will appreciate that some specific compounds falling within the above generalized structure are often referred to as “D-Lys6-GnRH.” That is, in normal peptide nomenclature, the reference to D-Lys6 before the GnRH indicates that the normal 6-position amino acid group of the GnRH molecule (i.e., a “Gly” group), has been replaced by lysine. Thus, the X, i.e., the 6-position X amino acid would in fact be lysine. Hence, the most general GnRH-A amino acid sequence could be depicted as follows:
That is to say that, applicant's molecules will be further characterized by having a generalized amino acid in the X (or 6) position. Preferably, this amino acid will be selected from the group consisting of: lysine, D-lysine, ornithine, D-ornithine, glutamic acid, D-glutamic acid, aspartic acid, D-aspartic acid, cysteine, D-cysteine, tyrosine and D-tyrosine.
Within the possibilities implicit in the general structure, a particularly preferred GnRH analog would be:
pyroGlu-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-D-Lys-Leu-Arg-Pro-ethylamide (Eq. III)
This molecule also could be referred to as [D-Lys6-des-Gly10]-GnRH-ethylamide and, regardless of nomenclature, it represents one of applicant's most preferred GnRH-A molecules.
The presence of the Y component of the most general structure (i.e., Equation I) is optional—but highly preferred. Again, if used, such Y groups are most preferably selected from the group consisting of: 2-iminothiolane, N-succinimidyl-3-(2-pyridyldithio) proprionate (SPDP), 4-succinimidyloxycarbonyl-α-(2-pyridyldithio)-toluene (SMPT), m-maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (MBS), N-succinimidyl(4-iodoacetyl)aminobenzoate (SIAB), succinimidyl 4-(p-maleimidophenyl)butyrate (SMPB), 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodimide (EDC), bis-diazobenzidine and glutaraldehyde.
The most preferred forms of these compounds will have an amino group, a carboxylic group and/or a sulfhydryl group, to aid in the Y group's performance of this GnRH-A to T linking function. In other words the T group most preferably will be attached to a GnRH-A molecule by means of an amino, carboxylic or sulfhydral group of 2-iminothiolane, N-succinimidyl-3-(2-pyridyldithio) proprionate (SPDP), 4-succinimidyloxycarbonyl-α-(2-pyridyldithio)-toluene (SMPT), m-maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (MBS), N-succinimidyl(4-iodoacetyl)aminobenzoate (SIAB), succinimidyl 4-(p-maleimidophenyl)butyrate (SMPB), 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC), bis-diazobenzidine and glutaraldehyde. Similarly, the Y group most preferably will be attached to the X group at the site of an amino group, a carboxylic group, a sulfhydryl group or a hydroxyl group of whatever amino acid group is employed at the 6-position of applicant's GnRH-A molecule.
As previously noted, the T group represents a toxin group which, first and foremost, is capable of chemically attacking the gonadotrophs of the pituitary gland when conjugated to the carrier peptide (GnRH-A) molecules described in this patent disclosure. Again, as seen in TABLE I, certain toxins T such as the bacterial toxins and plant toxins such as ricin, abrin and modeccin, can be composed of a toxic domain (also referred to as an A-chain), a translocation domain and a cell-binding domain (the latter two domains are sometimes referred to as the B-chain) and that applicants believe that, in general, use of toxins having a toxic domain plus a translocation domain, but not a cell-binding domain, will give more effective results than use of toxins having only a toxic domain (A-chain) only or a toxic domain, translocation domain and cell-binding domain (also referred to as whole toxin or A-chain plus B-chain). The ribosome-inhibiting proteins (RIP) also will be effective toxins, but here again, only after conjugating them to a GnRH analog. That is to say that by themselves, they are not toxic since they do not contain a cell membrane binding domain. However, if conjugated to one of applicant's GnRH analogs, the resulting conjugate molecule can interact with GnRH receptors and gain entry into the pituitary cell, thereby preventing protein synthesis and ultimately causing the desired effect—cell death. The RIPs of barley, corn, wheat, rye and flax will be especially useful for this purpose. Pokeweed antiviral protein is similar in nature to the RIPs noted above and hence can also be employed as the toxin T. The bacterial toxins, diphtheria toxin, pseudomonas exotoxin and shiga toxin are especially preferred. Again, these bacterial toxins are originally comprised of a toxic domain, a translocation domain and a cell-binding domain, but applicants have found that in general those having their toxic domain plus their translocation domain are generally more effective than those bacterial toxin having only a toxic domain or those comprised of the whole molecule. Chemical toxins selected from the group consisting of melphalan, methotrexate, nitrogen mustard, doxorubicin and daunomycin are particularly preferred obviously, A-chain and B-chain considerations will not be applicable to “chemical” toxins because they are not made up of amino acid groups such as those found in bacterial or plant toxins.
It should, however, also be noted that regardless of whether the toxin T is comprised of an A-chain, an A-chain plus a portion of a B-chain, or a chemical molecule which does not contain an amino acid sequence, it is preferably attached to the GnRH portion of the overall conjugate molecule via a linking Y compound selected from the group consisting of: 2-iminothiolane, N-succinimidyl-3-(2-pyridyldithio) proprionate (SPDP), 4-succinimidyloxycarbonyl-α-methyl-α-(2-pyridyldithio)-toluene (SMPT), m-maleimidoacetyl)aminobenzoate (SIAB), succinimidyl 4-(p-maleimidophenyl)butyrate (SMPB), 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC), bis-diazobenzidine and/or glutaraldehyde.
It should again be emphasized that one particularly important aspect of the herein disclosed invention is based upon applicant's finding that those appropriate (i.e., bacterial or plant) toxin moieties having both an A-chain and at least a portion of a B-chain, but not all of the B-chain, in the overall GnRH/toxin conjugate molecules are especially well suited to the herein described sterilization functions. This preference for the presence of a portion of a given toxin's B-chain in the overall conjugate molecule is important to this patent disclosure for several reasons. First, applicant's B-chain-containing compounds have proven to be generally much more effective sterilization agents than those amino acid containing toxins having only an “A-chain” portion. Moreover, such amino acid containing toxins also tend to be less toxic in their side effects.
This difference also serves to distinguish applicant's invention from those other sterilization methods using GnRH molecules in their own right or from those employing other GnRH/toxin conjugate compounds. For example, the previously noted GnRH/diphtheria toxin used in the process reported by Myers et al. utilized only the A-chain portion of the diphtheria toxin molecule. That is to say that diphtheria toxin is a 62 kilodalton protein, composed of a 21 kilodalton A chain and a 37 kilodalton B chain linked together by disulfide bonds. Myers et al, in effect, confirmed that an A-chain, diphtheria toxin can serve to inhibit protein synthesis in a cell by catalyzing the ADP-ribosylation of a cell constituent known as “elongation factor 2.” Again, in the absence of protein synthesis, a cell cannot function and eventually dies.
This follows from the fact that a cell's elongation factor 2 is located in its cytoplasm, and a toxin such as diphtheria toxin must first gain entry into the cytoplasm in order for its toxicity to be manifested. Thus, the most preferred forms of toxins for the practice of this invention (e.g., use of diphtheria toxin in applicant's resulting GnRH-A-T conjugates) will have a toxin molecule which includes the toxic domain (for cytotoxicity) and the trans-location domain that increases the ability of the overall molecule to cross cell membranes. That is to say that this translocation domain “portion” serves to greatly assists entry of the toxic domain portion of the toxin into a cell's cytoplasm and thus increases the potency of the resulting conjugate as a sterilization agent.
Applicant has, however, found that the presence of the translocation domain of a toxin such as diphtheria toxin greatly enhances the sterilization efficacy and/or nontoxicity of GnRH-A-T conjugates of the type disclosed in this patent application. Again, use of an entire toxin molecule is not preferred for applicant's purposes. That is to say that in those cases where an overall toxin molecule contains a toxic domain, a translocation domain and a cell-binding domain, applicant prefers to delete the cell-binding domain.
For example, a diphtheria B chain has two parts, a translocation domain and a cell-binding domain. These two portions are a carboxyl terminal of 8 kilodaltons which contains a cell surface binding domain that permits diphtheria toxin to attach to nearly all mammalian cells to which it is exposed and an amino terminal of 21 kilodaltons which contains several hydrophobic regions that can insert into a membrane at a low pH. The cell-binding domain of the diphtheria's B-chain is preferably cleaved away.
As previously noted, in some of the most preferred conjugate molecules, applicant has provided a diphtheria toxin portion comprised of a toxic domain and a translocation domain and additionally comprising a “spacer” group which most preferably ends in a cysteine residue. This arrangement has the advantage of providing a free sulfhydryl group that can be used to attach the toxin molecule to the GnRH analog in such a way as to minimize interference with the desired enzymatic activity (i.e., performance of the toxicity function of the toxic domain).
Again, applicant has discovered that the analogue of the GnRH molecule having the following structure:
pyroGlu-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-D-Lys-Leu-Arg-Pro-ethylamide
is particularly efficacious for conjugation and delivery of a diphtheria toxin comprised of an A-chain and a part or fragment of the diphtheria toxin molecule's B-chain amino acid sequence. As previously noted, this molecule could be referred to as the [D-Lys6-des-Gly10]-GnRH-ethylamide analogue of the GnRH molecule. Regardless of nomenclature, applicant has found this to be the most effective (and, hence, the most preferred) GnRH analogue/diphtheria toxin conjugate for applicant's sterilization methods. And, as in the more general cases noted in the previous discussion of the nature of the 6 position “X” group of the more general molecular structures, lysine, D-lysine, ornithine, D-ornithine, glutamic acid, D-glutamic acid, aspartic acid, D-aspartic acid, cysteine, D-cysteine, tyrosine and D-tyrosine could each be substituted in the amino acid #6 position of this most preferred [D-Lys6-des-Gly10]-GnRH ethylamide/diphtheria molecule. However, it also should be noted that the analogs resulting from these changes at the 6 position are generally somewhat less preferred, but still useful, for applicant's general process.
The resulting conjugates are specifically targeted to the gonadotropin-secreting cells of the anterior pituitary gland. Indeed they are the only cells to which the gonadotropin-releasing hormone portion of applicant's conjugates will bind. Hence, the toxic compounds, bound to an analog of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, serve to permanently destroy a subpopulation of the anterior pituitary cells and thereby eliminate the gland's ability to secrete gonadotropins. Applicant has termed this mechanism “direct chemical attack” to contrast it with the use of certain GnRH molecules to elicit an immune response to the gonadotropin products of the pituitary. This direct chemical attack upon the pituitary gland, in turn, causes the animal's gonads to atrophy and lose their ability to function for reproductive purposes. In other words, without functioning gonadotrophs, an animal is not able to secrete luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and thus is rendered sterile. Applicants have postulated that the compounds of this patent disclosure inhibit synthesis of LH, and presumably other proteins made by gonadotrophs, because they tend to inhibit all protein synthesis once these compounds gain entry into the pituitary cells.
Consequently, these compounds have great potential utility in human medicine as well as in veterinary medicine. This follows from the fact that there are several important biological reasons for employing castration and antifertility drugs in humans. For example, breast and prostate cancers are but two examples of sex steroid-dependent tumors which respond to such hormonal manipulation. At present, the only reliable way to inhibit steroid-dependent tumor growth is through administration of counter-regulatory hormones (e.g., DES in prostate cancer), sex-steroid hormone binding inhibitors (e.g., tamoxifen in breast cancer) or surgical castration. Thus the potential medical uses of such chemical castration compounds are vast and varied. For example, prostate cancer remains an important cause of cancer deaths and represents the second leading cancer of males. The present palliative treatment for advanced prostate cancer cases involves reduction of serum testosterone/DHT levels through use of surgical castration. It should also be noted that for purposes of disease and/or fertility control, especially in humans, it may be desirable to use applicants' compounds to ablate pituitary gonadotrophs in conjunction with other modes of treatment. For example, it is anticipated that chronic administration of progestins and estrogens to females and androgens to males might be necessary to prevent loss of secondary sex characteristics, behavior and osteoporosis. However, through judicious use of the herein disclosed compounds, especially in combination with appropriately administered sex steroids, desirable antifertility effects can be achieved. Another area of application in human medicine is treatment of endometriosis. This condition, which produces painful growth of endometrial tissue in the female peritoneum and pelvis also responds to inhibition of sex steroid synthesis. Those skilled in this art will also appreciate that the herein disclosed compounds could be used to partially reduce sex-steroid secretions, and thus reduce or eliminate certain hormone related behavior problems while retaining improved growth stimulation.
The dose/time adjustments associated with the use of these compounds can vary considerably; however, these compounds are preferably administered by injection into a mammal in concentrations of from about 0.1 to about 10 milligrams per kilogram of the mammal's body weight. Sterilization may be accomplished with as few as one injection; but multiple treatments (e.g., based upon concentrations of from about 0.03 milligrams once every 4 days to about 1 milligram per kilogram of body weight for 20 days) are alternative sterilization schemes. Furthermore, as sterilization agents, the compounds of this patent disclosure can be used before or after puberty. They too are especially useful in those areas of animal husbandry where the anabolic benefits of non-surgical sterilization techniques can contribute to meat production and/or quality. In one preferred embodiment of this invention the compounds of this invention are administered to male cattle between the ages of about 8 weeks and 20 weeks at least once and in a concentration of from about 0.1 to about 10 milligrams per kilogram of the animal's body weight.
The toxic moieties T of the herein disclosed compounds are obtainable from both natural and synthetic sources. For example, pokeweed antiviral protein can be isolated from leaves of pokeweed plants and purified by gel filtration chromatography. It can then be, by way of example, conjugated to D-Lys6-desGly10]-GnRH-ethylamide via the amino group on the lysine and through a sulfhydryl group introduced into the pokeweed antiviral protein by a heterobifunctional reagent. In any event, one of the chief advantages of these compounds is their ability to produce permanent sterilization without strong toxic side effects. Hence these compounds may be used on mammals such as human beings, domestic animals, pets or wild animals. Moreover, they can be administered as a single injection which can induce permanent and irreversible sterility in both male and female mammals. However, an alternative approach to achieve sterilization is through multiple injections at lower dosages than those employed in a single treatment or by slow release implants (i.e., biodegradable formulations).
Applicants also have postulated that the “B-chain” portion of their toxic moieties are important not only for binding to cell surfaces, but for trans-membrane translocation of their A-chain. This was particularly demonstrated for the A-chain of Diphtheria toxin, Ricin and Pseudomonas exotoxin. To this end, applicants prepared conjugates of GnRH-A to A and B chains of Diphtheria toxin as well as to a modified A-B chain which was genetically engineered to eliminate the carboxy terminal binding portion of the B-chain. These conjugates were shown to bind to pituitary cell GnRH receptors. They also were found to possess enhanced toxicity over A-chain conjugates based on improved trans-membrane transport characteristics. Given this, those skilled in the art will appreciate that numerous genetic and chemical modifications of B-chains should allow further exploitation of this approach. That is to say that, by such methods, it is possible to generate a whole series of conjugates that can be characterized as GnRH-A-A/B, GnRH-A-A, GnRH-A-A plus GnRH-B, all of which could enhance the findings described herein by simultaneous delivery of membrane active B-chains with the herein described GNRH-A-T conjugates.
Yet a further aspect of the present invention is directed to the use of bioengineered proteins conjugated with GnRH for use in regulating hormone related diseases to treat cancer, to achieve temporary and/or permanent sterilization of animals, and/or to inactivate gonadotrophs. Bioengineered or recombinant proteins, and specifically proteins having toxic moieties, offer the advantage of improved homogeneity, as compared to toxins that may be derived from other natural sources. Indeed, by using bioengineered and/or recombinant proteins having desirable cell-toxic attributes, it is believed that reduced costs of manufacture can be achieved due to the elimination of any extraction and purification procedures that would otherwise be required for recovering proteins from natural sources. In one particular aspect of the present invention, the recombinant pokeweed antiviral protein is produced and utilized which differs slightly from natural pokeweed proteins. The present inventors believe that the recombinant proteins produced by Rajamohan et al, specifically a recombinant pokeweed antiviral protein, has particular use in the present invention. Such recombinant pokeweed antiviral protein has a molecular weight of 33 kDa whereas the natural protein has a molecular weight of approximately 29 kDa. Thus, one aspect of the present invention involves the use of a hormone toxin conjugate comprised of a peptide hormone capable of binding to a GnRH receptor and at least one recombinant protein capable of inhibition of protein biosynthesis. Such recombinant proteins include, but are not limited to recombinant pokeweed antiviral protein.
Yet a further embodiment of the present invention relates to the use of a particular linking agent, namely N-[-maleinidobutyrloxy]sulfosuccinimide ester (Sulfo-GMBS).
In another embodiment, an SH group is introduced into dLys6-GnRH through the use of 2-IT, the advantage being increased solubility of the modified peptide.
One of the chief objects of this invention is to provide a class of compounds which will allow safe, inexpensive, chemical castration. As such, applicants' compounds represent an alternative to surgical castration as well as to surgery for treatment of diseases such as breast cancer or certain sex hormone related prostate cancers. In order to better define this class of compounds, Applicants conducted studies on various linking technologies as they apply to numerous toxin candidates. These studies resulted in the herein disclosed group of conjugate compounds. In general these compounds display good gonadotroph membrane binding characteristics along with retention of toxin activity.
In general, the sterilization activity of the compounds of this patent disclosure was tested in receptor binding assays (to be sure a given conjugate was still capable of interacting with the GnRH receptor cells of the pituitary), in a cell-free translation system (to insure that the toxic protein maintained its toxicity), in cell culture systems (to determine if a given toxic conjugate is capable of inhibiting synthesis of LH), and in test animals (to determine if sterility was induced). For example, one of the more effective of these sterilization agents was a [D-Lys6-des-Gly10]-GnRH-ethylamide which was conjugated to pokeweed antiviral protein using carbodiimide as the “linkage” group Y between the carrier protein molecule and the toxin moiety.
Again, a distinct advantage of each of the sterilization agents of this invention, and pokeweed antiviral protein in particular, is that they have an extremely limited ability to enter cells in an animal's body unless they are first conjugated to a carrier such as gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Such conjugation was accomplished in several ways. By way of example, pokeweed antiviral protein can be conjugated to a [D-Lys6, des-Gly10]-GnRH-ethylamide molecule via the E-amino group on the D-lysine to a sulfhydryl group on the pokeweed antiviral protein.
By way of further information, applicants found that this type of linkage reduces the ability of the [D-LyS6, des-Gly10]-GnRH-ethylamide to bind to the GnRH receptor by 99%. In addition, the conjugation procedure reduces the toxicity of the pokeweed antiviral protein by 99.5 in a cell-free translation system. However, despite large reductions in activity of both the GnRH analog and the sterilization agent by this particular conjugation procedure, some activity of each was maintained. The activity of this conjugate was also tested in a pituitary cell culture system. In this system, pituitary cells were incubated with the sterilization agent conjugated to [D-Lys6, des-Gly10]-GnRH-ethylamide for 16 hours. After incubation, the sterilization agents were removed from the incubation media by extensive washing and the cells were then cultured for an additional 24 hours. The increase in total LH, i.e., that present in the media plus that in the cells during the 24 hour period, represents the ability of the treated cells to synthesize LH. Using this system, it was established that these toxic conjugates can completely inhibit synthesis of LH by the cultured cells. Thus, by this method, it was established that the compounds of this patent disclosure can inhibit synthesis of LH and presumably other proteins made by gonadotrophs since this class of compounds has the ability to inhibit all protein synthesis once they gain entry into a cell.
Applicants also tested these compounds using an in vivo model. The test system initially chosen was the ovariectomized female rat. The parameter examined was GnRH induced secretion of LH. The results of such an experiment with rats are shown in FIG. 1A. It indicates that a single injection of a toxic conjugate (i.e., GnRH-A-T) wherein the toxic moiety (T) pokeweed antiviral protein and the GnRH-A moiety was [D-Lys6, des-Gly10]-GnRH-ethylamide. During week 1, this compound induced secretion of LH equivalent to that of GnRH-A alone. This indicated that the sterilization agent conjugate was binding to the GnRH receptor in vivo. During week 2, release of LH was reduced by 50% in the GnRH-A treated group (controls), but by >90% in the GnRH-A-T group. By the third week, the release of LH in the GnRH-A-T group had returned to the same level as that observed in the control animals. This indicated that a single treatment with the sterilization agent conjugate was probably not sufficient to completely kill the gonadotrophs in vivo. It might however be the basis for a temporary sterilization. Based upon this finding, a second experiment was conducted to examine the effect of 4 injections of a pokeweed antiviral sterilization conjugate at 3-day intervals on the ability of ovariectomized rats to release LH. In this experiment, the rats were unable to release LH in response to GnRH stimulation one month after initiation of the treatment (FIG. 1B). These data strongly indicate the ability of these conjugates to permanently inhibit reproduction in intact male and female animals.
In another set of experiments, intact rats were given 4 injections of GnRH-A-T compounds, again wherein the toxic moiety T was selected from pokeweed antiviral protein, ricin A chain, and ribosome inhibiting proteins, of certain grains (again, those of wheat, corn, barley and rye,) at 3-day intervals and their subsequent reproductive capacity was compared to rats treated with only the respective toxin T or to that of untreated rats. In this experiment, treatment of male rats with only the toxin T did not reduce their fertility compared to controls (percentage of females that became pregnant was 100%). However, fertility was greatly reduced in those males that were treated with a GnRH-A-T agent such as, for example [D-Lys6-des-Gly10]-GnRH-ethylamide conjugated to pokeweed antiviral protein, i.e., only 50% of the females exposed to males became pregnant. Moreover, fertility did not appear to increase with time after treatment. Histological examination of the testes of these rats indicated that most of the seminiferous tubules were devoid of sperm. However, 10% of the tubules appeared to still be producing sperm and probably accounted for the pregnancies observed. The weight of the testes was reduced by nearly 50% and did not recover within 6 months after the end of treatment. Thus, the effects of the treatment appeared to be permanent and dose related. Female rats treated with the toxic conjugate were sterile and remained so for at least 4 months (i.e., about 30 reproductive cycles) after the end of treatment. Most important is the fact that none of the rats treated with the toxic conjugate appeared to have any side effects.
1. Synthesis of [D-Lys6, des-Gly10]-GnRH-ethylamide. Synthesis of this analogue was accomplished using the solid phase method on hydroxymethyl resin and cleavage from the resin by ethyl amine, yielding the ethylamide. Following HF cleavage of protecting groups from side chains the peptide was purified by countercurrent distribution, purity of the peptide was assured by TLC, paper electrophoresis, and amino acid analysis of the acid hydrolysate.
2. Applicants also produced a caproic acid derivative (134.91 mg) and the lysosomal hydrolase sensitive tetrapeptide spacer Leu-Ala-Leu-Ala-D Lys6 (16.25 mg).
3. conjugation of [D-Lys6, des-Gly10]-GnRH-ethylamide to toxins using SPDP. Applicants endeavored to construct toxic conjugates of [D-Lys6, des-Gly10]-GnRH-ethylamide with the ricin A-chain. At the time these studies were initiated, Ricin A-chain was commercially available, but applicants found it to be both expensive and very unstable to temperature changes or conjugation procedures. Construction of an effective hemitoxin [D-Lys6, des-Gly10]-GnRH-ethylamide conjugate requires coupling of hemitoxin to hormone via a protein cross-linking reagent that does not block either the enzymatic activity of the hemitoxin or the binding specificity of the hormone. Therefore, applicants investigated a number of different hemitoxins in addition to ricin A and pokeweed antiviral protein and a number of different conjugation techniques. This work was largely directed at purification of certain plant hemitoxins, i.e., ribosomal inhibitory proteins, (“RIP”), a relatively recently recognized group of proteins which share the ability to enzymically inactivate mammalian ribosomes. Such toxins are potentially promising as alternatives to the more familiar A-chains of, for example, ricin in that they do not require separation from the cell-binding B-chains. The bi-functional coupling reagent most commonly used for this purpose is N-succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio) propionate (SPDP). This compound forms covalent linkages to either free amino or sulfhydryl groups on proteins, but SPDP normally is attached to amino groups in hemitoxins, partly because many hemitoxins do not contain sylfhydryls that are available for coupling.
Initial experiments examined the reaction of SPDP with both the wheat and barley hemitoxins at various SPDP: hemitoxin ratios. The reactions were carried out at pH 9 for 30 minutes at 23° C. at a protein concentration of 0.6 mg/ml. After 30 minutes a 20-fold molar excess (over SPDP) of lysine was added to react with free SPDP and the hemitoxins diluted and assayed for inhibition of polyphenylalanine synthesis on Ehrlich ascites cell ribosomes. The results are presented in FIG. 2.
4. Conjugation of [D-Lys6, des-Gly10]-GnRH-ethylamide to toxins using Carbodiimide. Applicants examined the ability of the water soluble coupling reagent, carbodiimide linkages in this class of compounds. Although carbodiimide has been used successfully for coupling polypeptide hormones to proteins, applicants are unaware of any studies reporting its use in preparing toxin-protein conjugates. However, its use turned out to be attractive since it couples through carboxyl groups on the hemitoxin rather than amino groups. It should also be noted that applicants' synthetic GnRH analogs are blocked at the carboxyl and amino termini, thus leaving, for example, D-lys6 amine as the only reactive moiety. Use of large molar ratios of GnRH favors reaction of the hemitoxin to the analog rather than to itself.
5. Conjugation of [D-Lys6, des-Gly10]-GnRH-ethylamide to toxins using 2-iminothiolane. Although 2-iminothiolane, like SPDP, reacts with free amino groups on proteins, it does not affect the activity of gelonin or PAP. Applicants have hypothesized that perhaps the reason 2-iminothiolane differs from SPDP in this regard is that it reacts with a different amino group on the protein or that it places a positive charge on the active amino group and thereby preserves enzymatic activity. In any case, applicants reacted 2-iminothiolane with barley hemitoxin at several reagent: protein ratios, separated the protein from unreacted 2-iminothiolane by gel exclusion chromatography on Sephadex G-25 and quantitated the amount of sulfhydryl groups introduced onto the hemitoxin by sulfhydryl exchange with the reactive, chromogenic disulfide 5,5′-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB). The derivatized barley hemitoxin preparations were assayed for their ability to inhibit protein synthesis in ascites cell-free extracts and were found to have retained full activity.
Conjugation between the barley hemitoxin and [D-Lys6, des-Gly10]-GnRH-ethylamide was carried out by disulfide exchange. A sulfhydryl group was introduced into [D-Lys6, des-Gly10]-GnRH-ethylamide by reacting the hormone with a 16-fold molar excess of 2-iminothiolane at 0° C. for 2 hours. Derivatized [D-Lys6, des-Gly10]-GnRH-ethylamide was separated from unreacted 2-iminothiolane by chromatography on a Bio-Gel P-2 column equilibrated with 30% acetic acid. Acetic acid was removed from the isolated hormone by rotary evaporation followed by lyophilization. A reactive disulfide was prepared from barley hemitoxin as described above by incubating the hemitoxin with a 24-fold molar excess of 2-iminothiolane, isolating the protein and reacting it with DTNB to prepare the disulfide, and separating the hemitoxin from unreacted DTNB by column chromatography on Sephadex G-25. A 12-fold molar excess of derivatized [D-Lys6, des-Gly10]-GnRH-ethylamide was added to hemitoxin disulfide and disulfide exchange permitted to occur overnight at 4° C. Hemitoxin was separated from unconjugated GnRH by Sephadex G-25 column chromatography.
The reaction products were analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under non-reducing conditions. Analysis showed that the coupling reaction had converted approximately 50% of the 29 kDa barley hemitoxin (track 5) into a 31 kDa product (tracks 1-4) corresponding to a 1:1 hemitoxin-[D-Lys6, des-Gly10]-GnRH-ethylamide conjugate. The faint band of unreacted [D-Lys6, des-Gly10]-GnRH-ethylamide that can be seen in track 1 migrating ahead of the 14 kDa marker disappeared following acetone precipitation of the hemitoxin (track 2) or gel exclusion chromatography on Sephadex G-25 (tracks 3 & 4). The mixture of conjugate and unreacted hemitoxin was not purified further but was assayed directly for pituitary cell binding and killing.
6. Conjugate Binding Studies. In order to assess whether [D-Lys6, des-Gly10]-GnRH-ethylamide toxin conjugates retain their ability to bind to receptors, the following assay was devised. Various concentrations of each conjugate were evaluated for their ability to displace 50,000 cpm 125I-D Ala6-GnRH-ethylamide from bovine pituitary membranes. After incubation for 4 hours in standard conditions at 4° C., membranes were pelleted, counted in a gamma counter to determine the bound labelled ligand, and the ability of each conjugate to displace 50% of the label (IC50 for unlabelled [D-Lys6, des-Gly10]-GnRH-ethylamide.
The data in
In Vitro Experiments.
The effect of these compounds on ovine pituitary cells in suspension culture was measured. A pituitary was removed from a ewe, sliced thinly, and dissociated with a mix of collagenase, hyaluronidase, and DNAase. The cells were washed several times and resuspended in culture medium containing 30% ram's serum. Cells were cultured in a 37° shaking water bath in 50 ml flasks under 95% O2/5% CO2. In a typical experiment, cells were divided into four groups after dissociation and cultured overnight (20 hr) with 1) culture medium only, 2) 10−8 M GnRH, 3) 3×10−9M Toxin-[D-Lys6, desGly10]-GnRH-ethylamide (molarity expressed in terms of GnRH receptor binding activity) and 4) Toxin at the same concentration as Toxin-[D-Lys6, desGly10]-GnRH-ethylamide. After pretreatment, the cells were washed 6 times, counted, and small aliquots removed for testing. The remainder were cultured in plain medium for 24 hours. To test the cells, aliquots of 500,000 cells were washed and resuspended in challenge medium containing 10−7M GnRH for 2 hours at 37° C. 3 ml of cold Gel-PBS was added to each tube, cells were centrifuged, and the media was measured for LH content. The four pretreatment groups were evaluated for their ability to synthesize and secrete LH immediately after treatment and after the 24 hour recovery period. The results of one experiment are shown in Table III.
1Cells were incubated with the various treatments for 16 hours.
2Synthesis of LH was measured during a 24 hour period of culture after the agents were removed from the cells.
These data, although obtained with the least promising of our conjugates, reveal a large and specific effect of PAP-SPDP-[D-Lys6, desGly10]-GnRH-ethylamide (ethylamide is abbreviated as “EA” in Table III) on the gonadotropes ability to synthesize and secrete LH. It is not possible to determine whether the gonadotropes were specifically killed as they comprise <10% of the total number of pituitary cells, but the data strongly suggest the conjugate disrupted their normal function.
Applicants then tested the more promising Barley-2IT-[D-Lys6, desGly10]-GnRH-ethylamide conjugate in similar assay systems. Table IV shows the results of a similar experiment. Ovine pituitary cells were again placed in culture with various agents and the total LH in the cells and media determined after a 24 hour exposure, wash, and further 24 hour culture in standard media.
These results indicate a specific killing effect of the toxin conjugate after only 24 hours of exposure. The lysosomally active agents do not potentiate this effect with the exception of chloroquine. When such experiments are combined with secondary challenge by GnRH, it appears that few gonadotropes are able to synthesize new LH after exposure to the barley toxin conjugate (data not shown).
7. In vivo Experiments. Several experiments were done to determine the effects of the pokeweed toxin (PAP)-SPDP-[D-Lys6, desGly10]-GnRH-ethylamide conjugate in adult Sprague Dawley rats. Groups of 5-7 rats were treated with 20 ng of analogue; 20 ng conjugate (receptor binding assay equivalents), saline, or a conjugate made from a protein of similar molecular weight to the pokeweed toxin (carbonic anhydrase or ovalbumin). The most effective time course was found to be weekly injections for 4 weeks. The effect of such treatment was monitored in several ways. The ability of the animals to respond to a GnRH analogue challenge by measuring LH and/or serum testosterone levels 30-90 minutes after injection was followed. No difference was found among the groups. This result might be expected, since inducible LH release in intact animals is quite small secondary to chronic feedback suppression by the testicular androgens. Secondly, applicants followed gonad weights and found the testes in the PAP-[D-Lys6, desGly10]-GnRH-ethylamide group to be decreased by 50%, although the control conjugates had similar effects. The PAP-[D-Lys6, desGly10]-GNRH and carbonic anhydrase conjugate groups were found to be infertile in breeding tests, indicating a potential effect of this enzyme on testis tissue. Interestingly, light microscopy of these animals revealed no changes in the pituitaries, but interstitial (Leydig) cell depletion in the PAP-SPDP-[D-Lys6, desGly10]-GnRH-ethylamide treated group, indicating a possible specific cellular effect on rat testicular function. This was not surprising since there are GnRH receptors on Leydig cells in the rat testis.
Applicants also tested the PAP-carbodiimide-[D-Lys6, desGly10]-GnRH-ethylamide conjugate in ovariectomized female rats. In contrast to the SPDP conjugate, and in this system where gonadal feedback is not a problem, this drug appears capable of producing a 15 fold decrease in the serum LH response to GnRH analogue challenge (
Based on the above data (with regards to LH synthesis inhibition) applicants then carried out experiments in intact male and female rats. Animals received 4 injections at 3 day intervals of PAP-CI-[D-Lys6, desGly10]-GnRH-ethylamide or of the GnRH analogue or toxin alone or saline. Conjugate treated male animals (but not control) showed a 50% reduction in fertility (i.e., 50% of females exposed to these male animals became pregnant, compared to 100% of controls). Histologic examination of the testes of experimental animals revealed residual spermatogenesis in about 10% of tubules. In conjugate treated female animals, fertility was abrogated for more than 4 months (time sufficient for about 30 reproductive cycles in normal animals) following treatment. There were no side effects noted from these injections.
To further understand the effect of hemitoxins and conjugates on non-target tissues, applicants initiated studies on the tissue distribution of 125I-toxin-conjugates and have demonstrated important differences among the toxins in (for example) concentration in the kidneys, indicating the importance of testing the various proteins to avoid potential non-target tissue toxicity. For example, applicants have found that the tissue/serum ratio of unconjugated PAP 2 hours after injection for various organs ranges from 0.03 in brain to 85.5 in kidney. In contrast, unconjugated barley hemitoxin is 8-fold less concentrated in kidney (see Table IV). Conjugation with the GnRH analogue alters these ratios considerably.
Thus these experiments produced a group of compounds capable of sterilizing (temporarily or permanently) animals by destroying the gonadotrophs of an animal's anterior pituitary gland. These compounds can be administered in the form of pharmaceutically acceptable, and otherwise nontoxic salts. It should also be noted that these compounds can be administered individually, or in combination with each other, to animals intravenously, subcutaneously, intramuscularly or orally to achieve fertility inhibition and/or control. Preferably administration will be intravenous or intramuscular in a suitable carrier such as, for example, in isotonic saline phosphate buffer solutions or the like. They also can be used in applications calling for reversible suppression of gonadal activity, such as for the management of precocious puberty or during radiation or chemotherapy. Effective dosages will vary with the form of administration and the particular species of mammal being treated. An example of one typical dosage form is a physiological saline solution containing the peptide which solution is administered to provide a dose in the range of about 0.1 to 10 mg/kg of body weight.
Conjugation of dK6-GnRH with PAP.
Fourteen moles of dK6-GnRH are dissolved in 1 ml of methanol (meOH) and then mixed (on ice) with 9.61 N,N-diisopropylethylaniine (DIPEA) The reaction is started by addition of 17 moles of 2-iminothiolane (2-IT) dissolved in 0.5 ml of MeGH. After 2 h incubation at room temperature the solution is acidified with 71 CH3COOH (100%) and dried with a stream of nitrogen. The progress of the reaction is monitored by HPLC and the product is also analyzed by MS. This reaction is faster in DMF and better yields can be achieved. MeOH is also a more convenient solvent.
Modification of PAP with N-[-maleimidobutyryloxy]sulfosuccinimide ester (Sulfo-GMBS). A 4.8 mole sample of PAP (144 mg) is dissolved in 4 ml of 0.05 M sodium phosphate, 0.1 M NaCl, 1 mMEDTA, pH 7.4. The protein solution is mixed with 14.7 moles of Sulfo-GMBS dissolved in 4 ml of the same buffer. The reaction is allowed to proceed for 40-60 minutes at room temperature.
Reaction of SH-GnRH with modified PAP. Freshly prepared SH-GnRH is dissolved in deoxygenated 0.05 M sodium phosphate, 0.1 M NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.4 and mixed with freshly prepared deoxygenated maleimibobutyryl-PAP solution. The final pH is 7.0-7.2. After incubation for 30-40 minutes at room temperature the reaction mixture is acidified to pH 4.5-5.0 with 1 M CH3COOH, spun and the supernatant applied to a BioGel P-60 or Superdex-75 column equilibrated in 0.1 M NaCl. The fraction containing GnRH-PAP conjugate is concentrated, desalted on Sephadex G-25 (in the presence of 0.05 M NH4HCO3) and then lyophilized yielding 90 mg of protein. The pH 7.0-7.4 of the reaction of PAP with Sulfo-GMBS is chosen to increase reactivity of the -amino group with respect to -amino groups. Under the same conditions a higher, 70-80%, conjugation yield is obtained with ribonuclease A.
Another aspect of the present invention involves the use of “Hormone/nuclease conjugates” formed between particular hormones and particular nucleases capable of degrading nucleic acids such as RNA and DNA. Table VI, below, lists the various hormones that can be used in the present invention. The respective endocrine gland where such hormone is produced is also indicated, as well as the major function of the designated hormones.
The nucleases suitable for use in the present invention include: ribonuclease, more specifically ribonuclease A, ribonuclease 1; ribonuclease A, oxidized; ribonuclease A, with scrambled disulfide bonds; ribonuclease S-peptide; ribonuclease S-protein; ribonuclease T1; and ribonuclease T2, ribonuclease B, ribonuclease C, ribonuclease H, ribonuclease S, ribonuclease T, ribonuclease U1 and ribonuclease U2. (The specific ribonucleases listed above are available from and listed in Sigma Chemical Company's 1995 catalogue, pgs. 907-909, P.O. Box 14508, St. Louis, Mo. 63178). In addition, other nucleases, including those sometimes referred to as restriction enzymes can be used in the present invention. In addition, DNAse can also be used as a nuclease of the present invention, conjugated to desired hormones as mentioned elsewhere herein. Angiogenin can also be used in place of one of the designated nucleases and reference to nucleases herein is meant to include the use of angiogenin. Angiogenin is known to target tRNAs and is non-toxic outside of cells.
Preferably, nucleases are used that correspond to the genus and species of animals to be treated to minimize the immunogenicity of the hormone/nuclease conjugates and to confer maximum selectiveness of nucleases within such animals. It is possible, however, to use bacterial nucleases in mammals where immunogenic concerns are of lesser importance. Glycosolation of nucleases is preferred given the ability of carbohydrate groups to be used as potential conjugation sites for hormone linkages. It is within the scope of the present invention, however, to utilize deglycosolated nucleases conjugated to particular hormones.
In a most preferred embodiment, pancreatic ribonucleases are used which, like other ribonucleases, are toxic inside a cell but not outside of a cell. As such, in comparison with toxins described herein, nucleases, such as RNAse and DNAse, are better candidates for use in humans given the reduced concern over the administration of compounds deemed dangerous by the FDA and similar governmental agencies. RNAse does not normally get inside cells but is often secreted by cells. As such, RNAse from a particular genus and species is not immunogenic in that genus and species or in closely related genus and species. Given that the hormones conjugated to the nucleases of the present invention are also endemic to animal systems, the hormones/nuclease conjugates of the present invention are far less immunogenic than the toxin conjugates elsewhere described herein.
Although the following discussion is directed to particular embodiments of the present invention, it should be understood that different hormones, (e.g., those listed on Table VI) and different nucleases can be conjugated and used in a manner similar to the particular hormone-nuclease conjugates described in detail below (e.g., doses, administration, targeting of desired cell types, etc.). In one preferred embodiment of the present invention, a GnRH analog is conjugated to RNAse, such conjugate linked together using one of the above-mentioned linking agents, or other linking agents deemed suitable by one of skill in the art based on the particular nuclease utilized. Linking agents may be capable of forming a carbon-nitrogen bond and can include the use of aldehydes, hydroxylamine, hydrazine, and derivatives thereof. Activated carboxyl groups can also be used to join nucleases to hormones. Preferably, the nucleic acid degrading agent (e.g., the RNAse and/or DNAse) is conjugated in a manner similar to that described above with respect to toxin conjugates. (See, e.g., Equation 1 above, substituting “N” (for nuclease), and more preferably RNAse and/or DNAse, for T). The GnRH/nuclease conjugate of the present invention can be administered to an animal in an effective manner according to individual dose size, number of doses, frequency of dose administration and mode of administration, as determined by particular protocols relating to the treatment of individual types of animals and based on the particular type of conditions sought to be treated. Determination of such a protocol can be accomplished by those skilled in the art without resorting to undue experimentation. An effective dose refers to a dose capable of treating a subject for a disorder as described herein, including a dose effective to achieve temporary and/or permanent sterility, a dose effective to incapacitate cells having GnRH receptors thereon, for the purpose, for example, of inhibiting the secretion of particular compounds normally secreted by such cells, and for the treatment of abnormal cellular growth, such as cancers and tumors. As described above, an effective dose can be selected that destroys and/or incapacitates cells having GnRH receptors after the receptor is bound to the conjugate described herein. Effective doses can vary depending upon, for example, the therapeutic composition used, the medical disorder being treated and the size and type of the recipient animal. Effective doses to treat a subject include doses administered over time that are capable of regulating the activity, including growth, of cells involved in a medical disorder.
In one preferred embodiment, administration of GnRHa-RNAse A conjugate is performed either intravenously or intramuscularly. As the conjugate material enters the circulation, it will be carried to cells having GnRH receptors thereon, principally, if not solely, the anterior pituitary gland, where it will bind to receptors on the gonadotrophs. After binding to the receptor, the complex is internalized. Once inside the cell, the RNAse A will degrade cellular RNA, thus resulting in inhibition of protein synthesis. The lack of protein synthesis can result in cell death or the incapacitation of the cell to function in a normal capacity. Since gonadotrophs secrete hormones that stimulate the gonads, the incapacitation (e.g., death) of such gonadotrophs leads to gonadal atrophy and can result in permanent sterility. The only location of GnRH receptors in most species is on the gonadotroph, so there is not likely to be any side effects associated with such treatment. GnRH is the major hormone controlling reproduction in both males and females and specifically, in mammalian species. Therefore, the present invention is useful for sterilizing both sexes in a variety of species.
The use of GnRH/nuclease conjugates is preferred over the use of other toxin conjugates for several reasons. For example, because preferred nucleases used in conjunction with the present invention are produced by animals to be treated, immunogenic and allergic reactions are minimized and the prospect of treating animals with potentially harmful toxins is eliminated.
In particular, the use of RNAse A instead of the toxins described above has several potential advantages including: 1) RNAse A is smaller than many toxins, especially plant and bacterial toxins, so it is easier to specifically deliver to gonadotrophs; 2) RNAse A derived from or closely related to the species being treated can be used, thereby greatly reducing the changes of anaphylactic shock in the event the animal requires more than one treatment to achieve desired results (e.g., sterility); 3) much more is known about the structure of RNAse A than other toxins, thereby facilitating the conjugation of RNAse A to GnRHA; 4) RNAse A is far more stable than many toxins; and 5) RNAse is a glycoprotein and thus provides several different sites to conjugate without interfering with enzymatic activity. Because of such stability, GnRHA-RNAse A conjugates provide an increased effectiveness of such conjugates for desired uses, such as targeting cells having GnRH receptors.
One embodiment of the present invention, therefore, relates to GnRH/nuclease conjugates, and preferably a GnRH-RNAse conjugate. The term “RNAse” as used herein refers to any ribonucleic acid degrading compound, preferably RNAse found in the same animal that is to be treated with the hormone-RNAse conjugate of the present invention. To form a conjugate between an RNAse and GnRH, various linking agents can be used as described herein.
Similarly, in another embodiment, the present invention is directed to GnRH/DNAse conjugates. The term “DNAse” as used herein refers to any deoxyribonucleic acid degrading compound. Conjugates between GnRH and DNAse can be formed using any of the above-mentioned linking agents.
Particularly preferred RNAse compounds affect RNA translation prior to any substantial amount of protein being produced by a cell. Particularly preferred DNAse compounds are capable of passing relatively easily through the nuclear membrane. It is within the scope of the present invention to utilize other agents to facilitate the transfer of a hormone/nuclease molecule across either a cell membrane or a nuclear membrane. Agents that facilitate access to cleavage sites on DNA and RNA molecules can also be used to bring about desired degradation of nucleic acid molecules.
The GnRH-RNAse conjugates of the present invention are preferably capable of crossing cell membranes of cells having GnRH receptors thereon. Such cells are principally those of the anterior pituitary gland, often referred to as gonadotrophs. Other cells having GnRH receptors, however, can be targeted using the compound of the present invention, such cells including cancer cells and undifferentiated cells that, at some stage during their life cycle, express GnRH receptors on their surface. While not bound by theory, it is believed that certain cancer cells express genes encoding for GnRH receptors and that such receptors are presented on the surface of such cells. As such, in appreciation of this fact, the present invention can be used to target cancer cells that present, at some stage during their life cycle, GnRH receptors on their surface.
As described in more detail above, the present invention can also be used to treat a variety of hormone related diseases, such as, but not limited to, diseases involving the target organs of hormones listed in Table VI, specifically including prostate cancer, fibroid tumors, breast cancer, endometriosis, Cushing's disease, acromegaly, giantism, melanomas and osteoporosis. It is within the skill of the art to select particular hormone-nuclease conjugates to treat a variety of disease states and cell types associated therewith.
The present invention also includes a method for using GnRH-RNAse compounds as a non-surgical means of sterilizing both male and female animals, including humans. At the present time, there is no method available for permanent sterilization of animals, other than surgical removal of the gonads. In addition to the use of the present invention to sterilize domestic animals, which previously required spaying or neutering of such animals, the present invention can be used to treat a large variety of animal species including domestic livestock and wildlife species, such as deer, elk, feral horses, etc. The present invention thus affords a method for controlling the population of wildlife in areas where hunting is not permitted.
Previous methods for permanently sterilizing animals have been limited to surgical castration, vasectomy and/or tubal ligation. Although chemicals have been utilized to inhibit reproductive functions in animals, such chemicals often require repeated and/or continuous administration to ensure that such animals do not have the capacity to reproduce. Moreover, immunization of animals against various components of the reproductive system has been attempted, however, such methods required that antibody titers remained high so that the reproductive system was inhibited.
Conventional surgical techniques to sterilize animals are expensive and generally require that the subject be anesthetized, thus entailing the inherent dangers of such procedures. Moreover, surgical techniques are not feasible for non-domesticated animals. One of the major problems in the use of chemical sterilants is that such chemicals are often present in the tissues of the treated animal for extended periods of time. If treated animals happen to be the prey for other species, especially endangered species, it is possible that the fertility of the endangered species that eats a treated animal may be hindered. Furthermore, chemical sterilants may not be suitable for use in animals that are used for human consumption, or in animals that are prey of endangered species. Immunization against a component of the reproductive system provides an effective means for inducing sterility in several species, however, without booster injections on periodic basis, it has been noted that fertility of such animals is very likely to return. Because yearly boosters are not feasible, for example, with wildlife species, prior methods of regulating fertility have not been deemed effective or feasible. In brief, the more often a treatment is required to inhibit fertility, the less practicable such method is and the less likely such method is to gain public acceptance. As such, the present invention satisfies a great need for a non-surgical method for sterilizing animals that can be easily administered and that results in permanent sterility of treated animals.
Another aspect of the present invention relates to a nucleic acid molecule that encodes a conjugate of the present invention comprising a hormone linked to a nuclease. The hormones most preferred are those that comprise a single continuous sequence of amino acids and having at least one of their ends (i.e, amino or carboxyl end) capable of being linked (e.g., covalently attached) to an amino acid sequence of a nuclease. These types of hormones are preferred since a single nucleic acid sequence can encode a particular hormone as well as a desired nuclease. Preferred hormones are therefore those that have a single chain, such hormones including: GnRH; prolactin, motilin, TRH, MSH, somatostatin, GHRH, CRH and ACTH. Although steroid hormones including estrogens, progestins, androgens, and corticosteroids, especially progesterone, testosterone, dihydrotestostrone, cortisol and estradiol, can be used in the present invention, they are not comprised of amino acid sequences and therefore are not encoded by nucleic acid molecules. Other hormones, however, can be transcribed from nucleic acid molecules in more than one chain, for example, FSH, TSH, LH and HCG. In addition, antagonists that bind to the same receptor as any of the above-stated hormones can also be encoded on nucleic acid molecules. The present invention therefore includes the use of more than one nucleic acid molecule that encodes a particular hormone so that such hormone can be produced within a cell, or can be produced in separate cells and later combined to form a fully functional hormone which can then be linked to a nuclease to form a hormone-nuclease conjugate of the present invention.
According to the present invention, references to nucleic acids also refer to nucleic acid molecules. A nucleic acid molecule can be DNA, RNA, or hybrids or derivatives of either DNA or RNA. Nucleic acid molecules of the present invention can include regulatory regions that control expression of the nucleic acid molecule (e.g., transcription or translation control regions), full-length or partial coding regions, and combinations thereof. Specific nucleic acid sequences of particular hormones and nucleases can be obtained from GenBank and one of ordinary skill in the art can easily select the desired hormone-nucleic acid sequences available from GenBank, or another publicly available source, and covalently link (by base pair linkage) such sequences to nucleic acid sequences of desired nucleases, as otherwise set forth herein. Similarly, the amino acid sequences of any particular hormone and/or nuclease can be obtained from GenBank and such amino acid sequences can be conjugated together using the methods taught herein to form effective hormones/nuclease conjugates. Such conjugates can then be used to treat particular disease states involving cells having receptors capable of binding particular hormones.
Nucleic acid and amino acid sequences for particular hormones and for particular nucleases can be obtained from the GenBank directory available from the National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Building 38A, 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Md. 20894. Given that the present inventors are the first to appreciate the usefulness of hormone-nuclease conjugates for the uses described herein, publicly available and enabling sequences for components of such conjugates, 3fragments.e.g., specific hormones for particular genus and species, as well as for particular nucleases, are not set forth herein because they are available from publicly accessible sources, such as GenBank, as described above. All nucleic acid and amino acid sequences for the hormones set forth in Table VI, as well as the nucleases described herein, are therefore incorporated herein by this reference.
A nucleic acid molecule of the present invention can be produced by: (1) isolating hormone and nuclease nucleic acid molecules from their natural milieu and joining them together; (2) using recombinant DNA technology (e.g., PCR amplification, cloning); or (3) using chemical synthesis methods. A nucleic acid of the present invention can include functional equivalents of natural nucleic acid molecules encoding hormone-nuclease conjugates including, but not limited to, natural allelic variants and modified nucleic acid molecules in which nucleotides have been inserted, deleted, substituted, and/or inverted in such a manner that such modifications do not substantially interfere with the nucleic acid molecule's ability to encode a hormone-nuclease conjugate of the present invention. Preferred functional equivalents include sequences capable of hybridizing under stringent conditions, to at least a portion of a full length hormone/nuclease molecule encoding nucleic acid molecule (according to conditions described in Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Labs Press, 1989, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). Preferably the length of a particular nucleic acid sequence is sufficient to encode at least 15 amino acids. As guidance in determining what particular modifications can be made to any particular nucleic acid molecule, one of skill in the art should consider several factors that, without the need for undue experimentation, permit a skilled artisan to appreciate workable embodiments of the present invention. For example, such factors include modifications to nucleic acid molecules done in a manner so as to maintain particular functional regions of the encoded proteins including, a working honnone cell binding domain, a functional nuclease domain, and in particular embodiments, a linking agent that does not substantially interfere with desired binding interactions between a particular hormone and a target cell and/or that does not compromise the enzymatic activity of a linked nuclease. Functional tests for these various characteristics (e.g., binding and/or nuclease activity studies) allows one of skill in the art to determine what modifications to nucleic acid sequences would be appropriate and which would not.
One embodiment of the present invention includes a nucleic acid molecule encoding a hormone-nuclease molecule having at least three components: (1) a hormone segment; (2) a nuclease component; and (3) a linking agent that encodes for a protein capable of conjugating a hormone segment to a nuclease component. Suitable and preferred hormone segments, nucleases, and linking agents for use in the present invention are heretofore disclosed. A nucleic acid molecule of the present invention comprises at least one nucleic acid sequence encoding a hormone, covalently attached (by base pair linkage) to at least one nucleic acid sequence encoding a nuclease component. The nucleic acid sequences are attached in such a manner that the sequences are transcribed in-frame, thereby producing a functional hormone-nuclease molecule capable of targeting specific cells having receptors for such hormones.
Preferred nucleic acid molecules encoding hormone-nuclease conjugates include: those nucleic acid molecules encoding hormones known to have at least one of their amino and/or carboxyl ends available for attachment to a nuclease amino acid sequence, wherein such attachment does not significantly affect the capability of the particular hormone to bind to cells having receptors for such a hormone. Hormones that do not undergo post-translational modification are preferred, thus enabling the transcription of one length of a nucleic acid molecule encoding a desired hormone and a desired nuclease. Most hormones have the above characteristics, although TSR, HCG, LH, FSH and GnRH are exceptions. These later hormones are thus conjugated to desired nucleases after post-translational modification of such hormones.
To facilitate production of hormone-nuclease conjugates, nucleic acid molecules encoding desired hormone-nuclease conjugates may also comprise a nucleic acid sequence that encodes for a signal or leader segment that is capable of promoting secretion of conjugates from the cell that produces them. Nucleic acid sequences encoding the leader or signal segments are covalently associated (by base pair linkage) to the 5′ end of a nucleic acid molecule. The leader or signal segments can be segments which naturally are associated with a hormone or a particular nuclease.
Another embodiment of the present invention is a fusion protein that includes a hormone-nuclease molecule containing-domain attached to a fusion segment. Inclusion of a fusion segment as part of a hormone-nuclease molecule of the present invention can enhance the molecules stability during production, storage and/or use. Furthermore, a fusion segment can function as a tool to simplify purification of a hormone-nuclease molecule, such as to enable purification of the resultant fusion protein using affinity chromatography. A suitable fusion segment can be a domain of any size that has the desired function (e.g., increased stability and/or purification tool). It is within the scope of the present invention to use one or more fusion segments. Fusion segments can be joined to amino and/or carboxyl termini of the hormone-nuclease molecule. Linkages between fusion segments and a hormone-nuclease molecule can be made to be susceptible to cleavage to enable straight-forward recovery of the hormone-nuclease molecules. Fusion proteins are preferably produced by culturing a recombinant cell transformed with a fusion nucleic acid sequence that encodes the fusion segment attached to either the carboxyl and/or amino terminal end of a hormone-nuclease conjugate.
A separate embodiment of the present invention comprises the use of particular hormones conjugated to pieces or fragments of nuclease molecules. Nuclease fragments conjugated to such hormones will be targeted to specific cells having receptors for the corresponding hormone, thus permitting the nuclease fragments to pass through the cell membrane into the cell. Once in the cell, the nuclease fragments can reassemble to form active nuclease molecules, and thus can degrade nucleic acid molecules within the cell, resulting in the incapacitation and destruction of such targeted cells. One of ordinary skill in the art will possess requisite knowledge required to determine particular enzymes that can be used to cut up nucleases, such as RNAse, in order to form the above-referenced fragments (e.g., S-peptides, etc.). The above-referenced fragments can be conjugated to hormones having particular cell binding domains in a fashion described elsewhere in the present application. Modified catalytic portions of nucleases capable of forming catalytic competent complexes can thus be conjugated to either full length hormones or the cell binding domains of particular hormones so that, once targeted to particular cells, such modified catalytic portions can reassemble to function as effective nuclease agents.
While not bound by theory, it is believed that conjugating a hormone to a nuclease may actually make the hormone conjugate more potent due to the increase in length of the molecule. Such increased length is believed to protect the molecule from being secreted from the body and thus, the clearance rate of the horrnone-nuclease conjugate should be reduced. Moreover, because the hormone-nuclease conjugates will have an increased half-life, doses of such conjugates can be drammatically reduced as compared to the doses of hormones conventionally delivered to treating individuals. The nuclease domain conjugated to the hormone is also believed to enhance the stability of the hormone, and thus the entire conjugate itself is a more stable molecule.
The present invention also includes a recombinant molecule comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a hormone-nuclease molecule operatively linked to a vector capable of being expressed in a host cell. As used herein, “operatively linked” refers to insertion of a nucleic acid sequence into an expression vector in such a manner that the sequence is capable of being expressed when transformed into a host cell. As used herein, an “expression vector” is an RNA or DNA vector capable of transforming a host cell and effecting expression of an appropriate nucleic acid sequence, preferably replicating within the host cell. Construction of desired expression vectors can be performed by methods known to those skilled in the art and expression can be in eukaryotic or prokaryotic systems. Procaryotic systems typically used are bacterial strains including, but not limited to various strains of E. coli, various strains of bacilli or various species of Pseudomonas. In prokaryotic systems, plasmids are used that contain replication sites and control sequences derived from a species compatible with a host cell. Control sequences can include, but are not limited to promoters, operators, enhancers, ribosome binding sites, and Shine-Dalgarno sequences. Expression systems useful in eukaryotic host cells comprise promoters derived from appropriate eukaryotic genes. Useful mammalian promoters include early and late promoters from SV40 or other viral promoters such as those derived from baculovirus, polyoma virus, adenovirus, bovine papilloma virus or avian sarcoma virus. Expression vectors of the present invention include any vectors that function (i.e., direct gene expression) in recombinant cells of the present invention including bacterial, yeast, other fungal, insect, and mammalian cells. Particularly preferred expression vectors of the present invention include dual promoter baculovirus transfer vectors, and vectors containing class II promoters, β-actin promoters, globin promoters, or epithelial cell specific promoters.
An expression system can be constructed from any of the foregoing control elements operatively linked to the nucleic acid sequences of the present invention using methods known to those of skill in the art. (see, for example, Sambrook et al., ibid.)
Host cells of the present invention can be: cells naturally capable of producing particular hormones; or cells that are capable of producing hormone-nucleases when transfected with a nucleic acid molecule encoding a particular hormone-nuclease. Host cells of the present invention include, but are not limited to bacterial, yeast, fungal, insect and mammalian cells.
In one aspect of the present invention, recombinant cells can be used to produce at least one hormone-nuclease molecule by culturing such cells under conditions effective to produce such molecules, and recovering the molecules. Effective conditions to produce a recombinant molecule include, but are not limited to appropriate culture media, bioreactor, temperature, pH and oxygen conditions. Depending on the expression vector used for production, resultant molecules can either remain within the recombinant cell, be retained on the outer surface of the recombinant cell, or be secreted into the culture medium.
It has also been found effective to use protein inhibitors of nucleases, in particular inhibitors of ribonuclease, to protect cells used to produce such nucleases. For example, genes for inhibitors of ribonuclease can be incorporated into host cells and expression of such genes results in the production of inhibitors to protect cells from “leaks” of nucleases that would otherwise be toxic to cells used in production systems.
As used herein, the term “recovering the conjugate” refers to collecting the fermentation medium containing the conjugate and/or recombinant cells. Recovery need not imply additional steps of separation or purification. Hormone-nuclease molecules of the present invention can be purified using a variety of standard protein purification techniques such as, but not limited to affinity chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, filtration, centrifugation, electrophoresis, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, gel filtration chromatography, chromatofocusing and differential solubilization. Isolated hormone-nuclease molecules are preferably retrieved in “substantially pure” form. As used herein, “substantially pure” refers to a purity that allows for the effective use of the molecule as a pharmaceutical composition or experimental reagent.
Soluble hormone-nuclease molecules of the present invention can be purified using, for example, immunoaffinity chromatography. Hormone-nuclease molecules anchored in a lipid-containing substrate can be recovered by, for example, density gradient centrifugation techniques.
One aspect of the present invention relates to the use of hormone-nuclease conjugates as formulations for therapeutic use, and can also be used to produce a pharmaceutical reagent. Such pharmaceutical reagents are useful for administration to patients suffering from diseases that are treatable by destroying or otherwise compromising the activity of cells that bind a particular hormone. The hormone-nuclease conjugates can also be used to sterilize individuals by destroying select cells targeted by particular hormones. For example, Sertoli cells that produce sperm bind FSH. FSH-nuclease conjugates can thus be used to destroy Sertoli cells that bind ESH-nuclease conjugates. Partial destruction of such cells may be sufficient to temporarily sterilize the male since insufficient amounts of sperm may be produced. Total destruction of such cells can be used to permanently sterilize males without detracting from otherwise normal sexual function.
Pharmaceutical reagents of the present invention can be administered to any animal, preferably to mammals, and even more preferably humans. Acceptable protocols to administer pharmaceutical formulations in an effective manner include individual dose size, number of doses, frequency of dose administration, and mode of administration. Modes of delivery can include any method compatible with prophylactic or treatment of a disease. Modes of delivery include, but are not limited to, parenteral, oral, intravenous, topical or local administration such as by aerosol or transdermally. A pharmaceutical reagent of the present invention is useful for the treatment of any hormone-related disease that is susceptible of treatment by destruction (e.g., killing of cells) that have receptors for specific hormones.
Yet another aspect of the present invention involves the use of antibodies bound to DNAse, such antibodies capable of targeting specific cells having ligands on the surfaces thereof capable of binding to such antibodies. Methods for linking or otherwise conjugating antibodies to DNAse will be appreciated by those of skill in the art. The binding of the antibodiesfDNAse molecules of the present invention by a cell will result in the incorporation of the antibody/DNAse conjugate into the cell. The DNAse thus delivered can pass through the nuclear membrane and degrade DNA, thereby resulting in the destruction or incapacitation of the antibody targeted cell.
Although the invention has been described with regard to its preferred embodiments, it will be apparent to those skilled in this art, upon reading the above detailed description and examples, that various modifications and extensions can be made thereto without departing from the spirit of the present invention and that the scope of said invention shall be limited only by the scope of the appended claims.
This patent application is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/551,933, filed Apr. 19, 2000, now issued U.S. Pat. No. 6,326,467; which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/354,295, filed Jul. 15, 1999, now issued U.S. Pat. No. 6,419,655; which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/015,729, filed Apr. 7, 1998, now issued U.S. Pat. No. 6,103,881; which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/481,128, filed Jun. 7, 1995, now issued U.S. Pat. No. 5,786,457; which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/094,625, filed Jul. 20, 1993 now issued U.S. Pat. No. 5,488,036; which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/094,250, filed Jul. 20, 1993, now issued U.S. Pat. No. 5,492,893; which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/591,917, filed Jan. 26, 1996, now issued U.S. Pat. No. 5,707,964; which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/088,434, filed Jul. 7, 1993, now issued U.S. Pat. No. 5,631,229; which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/837,639 filed Feb. 14, 1992, now issued U.S. Pat. No. 5,378,688; which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/314,653, filed Feb. 23, 1989 (now abandoned), which claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Application 60/093,087, filed Jul. 16, 1998.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 09551933 | Apr 2000 | US |
| Child | 10054552 | US | |
| Parent | 09354295 | Jul 1999 | US |
| Child | 09551933 | US | |
| Parent | 09015729 | Apr 1998 | US |
| Child | 09354295 | US | |
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| Child | 09015729 | US | |
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| Child | 08591917 | US | |
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| Child | 08481128 | US | |
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| Parent | 08088434 | Jul 1993 | US |
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| Parent | 07837639 | Feb 1992 | US |
| Child | 08088434 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
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| Parent | 07314653 | Feb 1989 | US |
| Child | 07837639 | US |
