Method for manufacturing device substrate with metal back-gate and structure formed thereby

Abstract

A method (and resultant structure) of forming a semiconductor device, includes forming a metal-back-gate over a substrate and a metal back-gate, forming a passivation layer on the metal back-gate to prevent the metal back-gate from reacting with radical species, and providing an intermediate gluing layer between the substrate and the metal back-gate to enhance adhesion.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] 1. Field of the Invention

[0004] The present invention relates to a method for forming a device substrate and more particularly to a method for forming a device substrate with a metal back-gate and the structure formed thereby.

[0005] 2. Description of the Related Art

[0006] Laminating a thin metal layer (e.g., tungsten (W)) between silicon-based materials such as a gate oxide and a buried oxide is a key step to making substrates for double-gate devices with a metal back-gate. Because of its flexibility with all kinds of materials, even if the materials are polycrystalline, amorphous, or single crystalline but with very different lattice mismatch, wafer bonding is a promising approach to make this multilayer structure.

[0007] However, for the bonding process, after the room-temperature joining step, a thermal treatment at 1100° C. is commonly used to enhance the bonding strength. Due to the weak adhesion at the interface between metals and silicon oxide as a result of their chemical and physical incompatibility such as thermal mismatch, the stacked layers are very likely to disintegrate during the high temperature bonding anneal in the form of delamination at weak interfaces. This problem has been observed experimentally and this conventional process is schematically shown in FIG. 1. In the case of tungsten bonding with silicon dioxide, tungsten reacts with oxygen from silicon dioxide to form tungsten oxide (WO3), which its volume increases dramatically (3×) and causes delamination, during high temperature bonding anneal.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0008] In view of the foregoing and other problems, disadvantages, and drawbacks of the conventional methods and structures, an object of the present invention is to provide a method (and structure formed thereby) in which a device substrate is formed with a metal back-gate.

[0009] In a first aspect of the present invention, a method for forming a device substrate having a metal back-gate, includes providing a substrate, forming a metal back-gate on the substrate and forming an intermediate “gluing” layer on the back-gate to enhance adhesion between the back-gate and the subsequent layers (e.g., especially two layers with very different chemical and physical properties).

[0010] With the unique and unobvious aspects of the present invention, making substrates for double-gate devices with a metal back-gate can be performed including using wafer bonding and despite after the room-temperature joining step, a thermal treatment at 11001° C. is used to enhance the bonding strength. That is, even with chemical and physical incompatibility of layers, the stacked layers are not likely to disintegrate during the high temperature bonding anneal, and delamination will not occur at the interfaces.

[0011] Thus, the present invention resolves the above-mentioned and other problems of delamination between W and low temperature oxide (LTO) during bonding anneal by improving the adhesion between these two incompatible materials with several innovative processes.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0012] The foregoing and other purposes, aspects and advantages will be better understood from the following detailed description of a preferred embodiment of the invention with reference to the drawings, in which:

[0013] FIG. 1 illustrates schematically a conventional processing;

[0014] FIG. 2A illustrates schematically the process of the present invention;

[0015] FIG. 2B illustrates a flow diagram of the inventive process;

[0016] FIGS. 3A-3C show the details of the process of FIG. 2;

[0017] FIG. 4 illustrates photographically a device silicon substrate with a tungsten backplane; and

[0018] FIG. 5 illustrates analytical results of the process.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

[0019] Referring now to the drawings, and more particularly to FIGS. 2-5, there are shown preferred embodiments of the method and structures according to the present invention.

[0020] As mentioned above, the present invention resolves the above-mentioned and other problems of delamination between metals (e.g., W, TiN, etc.; W will be assumed in the example described below) and low temperature oxide (LTO) during bonding anneal by improving the adhesion between these two incompatible materials with several innovative processes. As such, an 8″ device substrate with W as the back-plane has been demonstrated for the first time, as shown in FIG. 4 which is a photograph of the 8″ device substrate.

[0021] A key aspect of the method of the present invention is to use an intermediate “gluing” layer to enhance adhesion between multi-layers especially two layers with very different chemical and physical properties.

[0022] It is noted that this aspect can be well extended from a W back-gate to other metals or salicide (such as Ti-Nitride) back-gate substrates. Due to its readiness of forming silicide with metals and its compatibility with Si-based materials, a—Si is a desirable intermediate layer. Other intermediate layers may include silicon nitride, or poly-silicon. Further, it is noted that the intermediate layer could include the passivation layer as one of its layers, or the passivation layer could be used in addition to the intermediate layer(s).

[0023] The inventive process 200 is shown schematically in FIGS. 2A-2B and 3A-3C.

[0024] As described in further detail below, as shown in FIG. 2B and FIG. 3A, the method includes growing a thin gate oxide layer 302 on a SOI substrate 301 (e.g., having a thickness of about 500-750 μm in a preferred application and including a silicon substrate 301a, an oxide 301b, and a SOI layer 301c) (step 210).

[0025] Then, in step 220, a physical vapor deposited (PVD) or chemical vapor deposited (CVD) metal 303 (e.g., tungsten, TiN, etc.; for ease of explanation below, the example of tungsten will be described) layer is deposited on the gate oxide. Preferably, the PVD/CVD metal 303 has a thickness sufficient to avoid leakage current and to maintaining the integrity of the material. For example, the PVD/CVD metal 303 may have a thickness of about 20 nm to about 500 nm. Then, the PVD/CVD tungsten layer 303 is passivated. The passivation layer 305 preferably has a thickness of between about 0.2 to about 2 nm.

[0026] In step 225, intermediate gluing layer(s) 306 are formed on top of the passivated PVD/CVD W layer 303.

[0027] Thereafter, in step 230, an insulating material 304 such as a low temperature oxide (LTO) (AlOx, SiN, etc.; for ease of explanation, LTO will be assumed and described in the example below) is deposited on the W layer 303 and is smoothed with a chemical mechanical polishing (CMP).

[0028] As shown in FIG. 3B, in step 240, the polished substrate with a multilayer stack is bonded to a monitor grade Si substrate 350 (e.g., approximately 750 μm in thickness).

[0029] In step 250, the bonded structure is annealed at elevated temperatures to strengthen the bonding across the bonding interface.

[0030] The final 750 μm SOI substrate with W ground plane is shown in FIG. 3C and is achieved by polishing and wet etching processes. This composite substrate with buried tungsten ground plane can be utilized to fabricate nano-scale double gate SOI devices with metal gates.

[0031] It is noted that the PVD/CVD W layer 303 is passivated before the LTO deposition to prevent the reaction of W with oxygen and the subsequent delamination at the metal (W) 303-LTO (which has a radical species such as OH or O, etc.) interface. The passivation of the PVD/CVD W layer 303 is preferably performed as described below.

[0032] In addition to the W passivation layer, several other intermediate layers have been tried to improve the compatibility of W and LTO. With the developed W passivation layer and intermediate layers, very good adhesion between W and SiO2 layer is achieved and the multilayer structure remains intact during annealing at temperatures below 1100° C.

[0033] Thus, the inventive process contains three important aspects, as described in detail below, to achieve the above-mentioned and other advantages of the present invention.

[0034] As shown in FIGS. 2A-2B, a first important aspect is to form a thin W passivation layer after PVD/CVD W deposition (step 220).

[0035] The forming of the W passivation layer (e.g., cap) includes conducting an ultra high vacuum (UHV) desorption of native oxide on W under an atmosphere of approximately 10−9 torr for 5 mm at approximately 750° C. for about 5 min. Then, a monolayer of W—Si silicide is formed at approximately 625° C. for approximately 1.5 min. reaction with SiH4. The bare W surface reacts with Si to form a monolayer of W—Si.

[0036] Thereafter, nitridation of W—Si occurs at about 750° C. for about 30 min. with NH3. Active NH2, NH, species react with W—Si to form W—Si—N. This passivation layer has the structure of W—Si—N (e.g., see attached Auger Profile analysis results in FIG. 5), and is effective in preventing W from being oxidized in the subsequent processing steps (e.g., see associated patent disclosure of “Method to Protect Refractory Metal Thin Films” (U.S. patent application No. ______, having IBM Disclosure No. YOR8-1998-0774, incorporated herein by reference).

[0037] That is, FIG. 5 shows a plot of the molar percent to the distance (sputter equivalent Åof SiO2). As shown in FIG. 5, at the interface between the W and Co, on the surface of the passivated tungsten, there is a peak of silicon and nitrogen (Si, N, or Si—N) which prevents the reaction of tungsten with oxygen. Thus, the benefit of using W as a passivation layer is evident. The monolayer of the intermediate layers serves to passivate the W to prevent any oxygen-containing species from reacting with the W. Thus, adhesion must be improved and to do so, the invention employs a amorphous silicon layer, a silicon nitride layer or a combination thereof, such that the temperature of the monolayer structure can withstand is significantly increased.

[0038] Thus, a second important aspect is to preferably insert intermediate layers such as a—Si, Si3N4 or a combined layer of a—Si and Si3N4 on top of an encapsulated W layer before the low temperature oxide (LTO) deposition (e.g., conducted at a temperature between about 500° C. to about 750° C.). Preferably, to reduce thermal stress induced by the mismatch of thermal expansion coefficient between different materials, the fewer the number of intermediate layers, the better. Preferably, the intermediate layers have a thickness of about 3 nm to about 20 nm. These intermediate layers are more compatible with LTO layers due to their similar chemical composition than a metal material.

[0039] In addition, the thin a—Si or Si3N4 intermediate layers will react with the PVD/CVD tungsten and form tungsten silicide during high temperature anneal (e.g., preferably conducted at a temperature within a range of about 300° C. to about 600° C.). Preferably the amorphous silicon layer has a thickness of at least 5 nm. The nitride layer would preferably have a thickness of at least 2 nm. Thin films are preferable.

[0040] Therefore, these intermediate layers serve as a “gluing” layer between a metal, such as W, and silicon oxide, in addition to the W—S—N passivation layer. As a result, the adhesion between W and the LTO is significantly enhanced. The improved adhesion is supported by the fact that 8″ bonded wafers survived mechanical grinding process (e.g., approx. 320 grit on the first wheel and approx. 2000 grit on the second) and severe chemical etching (e.g., 2 hours in 25% KOH solution at 80° C.). The W passivation layer preferably has a thickness of between about 0.2 nm to about 2 nm. It is noted that while the passivation layer is discussed above as containing nitrogen, a SiCx layer or a SiNx could be employed as the passivation layer.

[0041] The passivation layer can be provided separately from the intermediate glueing layer or can be a part thereof.

[0042] A third innovation of the present invention is to reduce the bonding anneal temperature from 1100° C. to 650° C. −950° C. (e.g., performed in step 250). Low temperature bonding anneal has the combined benefits of keeping the W passivation layer intact, maintaining the integrity of other materials especially the gate oxide, and minimizing the thermal stress in the multi-layer stack.

[0043] A thin layer of a—Si or BPSG (e.g., preferably having a thickness of about 3 nm to about 10 nm) with a lower flowing temperature can be used to enhance the bonding strength at bonding temperatures lower than 1100° C. FIGS. 2A and 3A-3C illustrate the process of the invention schematically.

[0044] While the invention has been described in terms of a preferred embodiment, those skilled in the art will recognize that the invention can be practiced with modification within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.

Claims

1. A method of forming a semiconductor substrate, comprising: forming a metal back-gate over a substrate; forming a passivation layer on the metal back-gate to prevent the metal back-gate from reacting with radical species; and providing an intermediate gluing layer on said passivation layer to enhance adhesion between said metal back-gate and said substrate.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein said intermediate layer comprises one of a—Si, Si3N4 and a combined layer of a—Si and Si3N4.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein said forming of said metal back-gate includes depositing W, and said forming of said passivation layer is performed after said W deposition, said passivation layer being a thin W passivation layer.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein said depositing of said W comprises a plasma vapor deposition (PVD) of W.

5. The method of claim 3, wherein said depositing of said W comprises a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of W.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein said forming of said metal back-gate comprises: conducting UHV desorption of native oxide on W under a pressure of 10−9 torr at 750° C. for 5 minutes; forming a monolayer of W—Si silicide at 625° C. for 1.5 min. reaction with SiH4 such that a bare W surface reacts with Si to form a monolayer of W—Si; and performing nitridation of W—Si at 750° C. for 30 min. with NH3 and reacting active NH2 with W—Si to form W—Si—N.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein said metal back-gate is formed of a metal having a high melting temperature to withstand thermal treatment during semiconductor processing.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein said metal back-gate comprises one of tungsten and titanium nitride.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein said substrate comprises a silicon-on-insulator substrate having a gate oxide formed thereon.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein said metal back-gate comprises a tungsten layer, said tungsten layer being deposited on the gate oxide.

11. The method of claim 1, wherein the metal back-gate comprises a W layer, and wherein a low temperature oxide (LTO) is deposited on the W layer.

12. The method of claim 1, wherein said substrate with a multilayer stack is bonded to a silicon substrate and annealed to strengthen the bond across the bonding interface.

13. The method of claim 11, wherein said W layer is passivated before the LTO deposition to prevent the reaction of tungsten with oxygen and the delamination at the W-SiO2 interface.

14. The method of claim 1, further comprising annealing said metal back-gate and said substrate.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein said annealing occurs at temperatures below 1100° C.

16. The method of claim 15, wherein annealing conditions including any of a ramp-up rate, a ramp-down rate, a stablization temperature, and a stabilization temperature time are optimized to minimize stress induced by thermal mismatch of different materials of said metal back-gate, said substrate, said passivation layer and said intermediate gluing layer.

17. The method of claim 1, wherein said intermediate layer comprises a Si-based intermediate layer.

18. A method of forming a semiconductor substrate, comprising: forming a metal back-gate over a substrate; and providing a passivation layer between said substrate and said metal back-gate to enhance adhesion therebetween.

19. A method of forming a semiconductor substrate, comprising: growing a gate oxide on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) material; depositing a refractory metal onto said gate oxide; and forming a passivation layer on said refractory metal.

20. The method of claim 19, further comprising: depositing an insulator on said metal to form a multi-layer stack; bonding said multi-layer stack to a second substrate, to form a bonded structure; and annealing said bonded structure.

21. The method according to claim 19, wherein said insulator comprises one of a low temperature oxide, SiN and AlOx.

22. A semiconductor device, comprising: a substrate; a metal back-gate formed over said substrate; a passivation layer formed on the metal back-gate to prevent the metal from reacting with radical species; and an intermediate gluing layer formed on said passivation layer to enhance adhesion between said metal back-gate and said substrate.

23. The device of claim 22, wherein said intermediate layer comprises one of a—Si, Si3N4 and a combined layer of a—Si and Si3N4.

24. The device of claim 22, wherein said metal back-gate includes W, and said passivation layer comprises a thin W passivation layer.

25. The device of claim 23, wherein said W comprises a plasma vapor deposition (PVD) W.

26. The device of claim 23, wherein said W comprises a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) W.

27. The device of claim 22, wherein said metal back-gate comprises: an UHV desorption of native oxide on W formed under a pressure of 10−9 torr at 750° C. for 5 minutes; a monolayer of W—Si silicide formed at 625° C. for 1.5 min. reaction with SiH4 such that a bare W surface reacts with Si to form a monolayer of W—Si; and a nitridation of W—Si formed at 750° C. for 30 min. with NH3 and reacting active NH2 with W—Si to form W—Si—N.