Method for producing influenza hemagglutinin multivalent vaccines

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is generally in the area of recombinant influenza vaccines.

Epidemic influenza occurs annually and is a cause of significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Children have the highest attack rate, and are largely responsible for transmission of influenza viruses in the community. The elderly and persons with underlying health problems are at increased risk for complications and hospitalization from influenza infection. In the United States alone, more than 10,000 deaths occurred during each of seven influenza seasons between 1956 and 1988 due to pneumonia and influenza, and greater than 40,000 deaths were reported for each of two seasons (Update: Influenza Activity—United States and Worldwide, and Composition of the 1992-1993 Influenza Vaccine,

Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report,

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, 41/No. 18:315-323, 1992.) Influenza viruses are highly pleomorphic particles composed of two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). The HA mediates attachment of the virus to the host cell and viral-cell membrane fusion during penetration of the virus into the cell. The influenza virus genome consists of eight single-stranded negative-sense RNA segments of which the fourth largest segment encodes the HA gene. The influenza viruses are divided into types A, B and C bases on antigenic differences. Influenza A viruses are described by a nomenclature which includes the sub-type or type, geographic origin, strain number, and year of isolation, for example, A/Beijing/353/89. There are at least 13 sub-types of HA (H1-H13) and nine subtypes of NA (N1-N9). All subtypes are found in birds, but only H1-H3 and N1-N2 are found in humans, swine and horses (Murphy and Webster, “Orthomyxoviruses”, in

Virology

, ed. Fields, B. N., Knipe, D. M., Chanock, R. M., 1091-1152 (Raven Press, New York, (1990)).

Antibodies to HA neutralize the virus and form the basis for natural immunity to infection by influenza (Clements, “Influenza Vaccines”, in

Vaccines: New Approaches to Immunological Problems

, ed. Ronald W. Ellis, pp. 129-150 (Butterworth-Heinemann, Stoneham, Mass. 1992)). Antigenic variation in the HA molecule is responsible for frequent outbreaks to influenza and for limited control of infection by immunization.

The three-dimensional structure of HA and the interaction with its cellular receptor, sialic acid, has been extensively studied (Wilson, et al, “Structure of the hemagglutinin membrane glycoprotein of influenza virus at 3A resolution”

Nature

289:366-378 (1981); Weis, et al, “Structure of the influenza virus hemagglutinin complexed with its receptor, sialic acid”

Nature,

333:426-431 (1988); Murphy and Webster, 1990). The HA molecule is present in the virion as a trimer. Each monomer exists as two chains, HA1 and HA2, linked by a single disulfide bond. Infected host cells produce a precursor glycosylated polypeptide (HA0) with a molecular weight of about 85,000, which is subsequently cleaved into HA1 and HA2.

The presence of influenza HA-specific neutralizing IgG and IgA antibody is associated with resistance to infection and illness (Clements, 1992). Inactivated whole virus of partially purified (split subunit) influenza vaccines are standardized to the quantity of HA from each strain. Influenza vaccines usually include 7 to 25 micrograms HA from each of three strains of influenza.

The role of the other major surface glycoprotein, NA, in protective immunity of antibody or T-cell responses against influenza has not been defined. Neuraminidase is very labile to the process of purification and storage (Murphy and Webster, 1990) and the quantity of NA in the current influenza vaccines is not standardized. Purified HA but not NA vaccine prevents disease in animals challenged with influenza (Johansson, et al, “Purified influenza virus hemagglutinin and neuraminidase are equivalent in stimulation of antibody response but induce contrasting types of immunity to infection”

J. Virology,

63:1239-1246 (1989)). An experimental vaccine based on neuraminidase antigen was not found to be protective in a human trial (Orga et al,

J. Infect. Dis.

135:499-506 (1977)).

Licensed influenza vaccines consist of formalin-inactivated whole or chemically split subunit preparations from two influenza A subtype (H1N1 and H3N2) and one influenza B subtype viruses. Prior to each influenza season, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Vaccines and Related Biologicals Advisory Committee recommends the composition of a trivalent influenza vaccine for the upcoming season. The 1992-93 vaccine contained A/Texas/36/91-like (H1N1), A/Beijing/353/89-like (H3N2), and B/Panama/45/90 viruses. The FDA has advised that the 1993-94 influenza vaccine should contain the same Texas and Panama strains and a new influenza A Beijing strain (A/Beijing/32/92).

Vaccination of high-risk persons each year before the influenza season is the most effective measure for reducing the impact of influenza. Limitations of the currently available vaccines include low use rates; poor efficacy is the elderly and is young children; production in eggs; antigenic variation; and adverse reactions.

The Center for Disease Control (CDC) estimates that less than 30% of the individuals at high-risk for influenza are vaccinated each year (MMMR, 1992). The current inactivated vaccines achieve a high rate of protection against disease among normal healthy adults when the antigens of the vaccine and those of the circulating influenza viruses are closely related. Among the elderly, the rate of protection against illness is much lower, especially for those who are institutionalized (Clements, 1992). In a recent study by Powers and Belshe,

J. Inf. Dis.

167:584-592 (1993), significant antibody responses to a trivalent subviron influenza vaccine were observed in less than 30 percent of subjects 65 years old or older.

Seed viruses for influenza A and B vaccines are naturally occurring strains that replicate to high titers in the allantoic cavity of chicken eggs. Alternatively, the strain for the influenza A component is a reassortant virus with the correct surface antigen genes. A reassortant virus is one that, due to segmentation of the viral genome, has characteristics of each parental strain. When more than one influenza viral strains infect a cell, these viral segments mix to create progeny virion containing various assortments of genes from both parents.

Protection with current whole or split influenza vaccines is short-lived and wanes as antigenic drift occurs in epidemic strains of influenza. Influenza viruses undergo and antigenic drift as a result of immune selection of viruses with amino acid sequence changes in the hemagglutinin molecule. Ideally, the vaccine strains match the influenza virus strains causing disease. The current manufacturing process for influenza vaccines, however, is limited by propagation of the virus is embryonated chicken eggs. Not all influenza virus strains replicate well in eggs; thus the viruses must be adapted or viral reassortants constructed. Extensive heterogeneity occurs in the hemagglutinin of egg-grown influenza viruses as compared to primary isolates from infected individuals grown in mammalian cells (Wang, et al,

Virol.

171:275-279 (1989); Rajakumar, et al,

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA

87:4154-4158 (1990)). The changes in HA during the selection and manufacture of influenza vaccines can result in a mixture of antigenically distinct subpopulations of virus. The viruses in the vaccine may therefore differ from the variants within the epidemic strains, resulting in suboptimal levels of protection.

Immediate hypersensitivity reactions can occur in persons with severe egg allergy due to residual egg protein in the vaccine. The 1976 swine influenza vaccine was associated with an increased frequency of Guillain-Barré syndrome. Subsequent vaccines prepared from other influenza strains have, thus far, not been observed to increase the occurrence of this rare disease.

A method of producing an influenza vaccine that does not require propagation in eggs would result in a purer product that would be less likely to cause an adverse immune reaction. In addition, a purer vaccine preparation would not require virus inactivation or organic extraction of viral membrane components, thereby avoiding denaturation of antigenic epitopes and safety concerns due to residual chemicals in the vaccine.

In addition, an influenza vaccine produced in the absence of egg propagation would avoid the genetic heterogeneity that occurs during adaptation and passage through eggs. This would result in a vaccine that is better matched with influenza epidemic strains, resulting in improved efficacy.

It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a method of producing an influenza vaccine that does not require replication in eggs.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide a method of producing an influenza vaccine that is rapid and cost-efficient, highly purified and allows production of vaccines from primary sources of influenza.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A method of preparing a recombinant influenza hemagglutinin protein by expression in insect cells using a baculovirus expression system is provided. The resulting protein is useful in making a multivalent influenza vaccine based on a mixture of recombinant hemagglutinin antigens cloned from influenza viruses having epidemic potential. The recombinant hemagglutinin proteins are full length, uncleaved (HA0) glycoproteins including both the HA1 and HA2 subunits (HAO) purified under non-denaturing conditions to 95% or greater purity, preferably 99% purity.

A process for cloning influenza hemagglutinin genes from influenza A and B viruses using specially designed oligonucleotide probes and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methodology is also disclosed. In the preferred embodiment, the cloned HA genes are modified by deletion of the nucleotides encoding the natural hydrophobic signal peptide sequences and replacement with a new baculovirus signal peptide, to yield a sequence encoding the signal peptide immediately abutting the hemagglutinin. These chimeric genes are introduced into baculovirus expression vectors so that the baculovirus polyhedrin promotor directs the expression of recombinant HA proteins in infected insect cells. The 18 amino acid baculovirus signal peptide directs the translation of rHA into the insect cell glycosylation pathway and is not present on the mature rHA glycoprotein. In the preferred embodiment, a vector is designed that does not encode any intervening amino acids between the signal peptide and hemagglutinin protein.

This methodology can be extended to all types of influenza viruses, including but not limited to the prevalent A (H1N1) sub-type, the A (H3N2) sub-type, and the B type that infect humans, as well as the influenza viruses which infect other mammalian and avian species.

A general approach for the efficient extraction and purification of recombinant HA protein produced in insect cells is disclosed for the purification of rHA proteins from A sub-types and B type influenza viruses. The recombinant vaccine can be developed from primary sources of influenza, for example, nasal secretions from infected individuals, rather than from virus adapted to and cultured in chicken eggs. This allows rapid development of vaccine directly from epidemic strains of influenza and avoids the problems arising from adaptation of the virus for culture in eggs, as well as patient reaction to egg contamination in the resulting vaccine.

Examples demonstrate the formulation and clinical efficacy of vaccine in an immunizing dosage form including purified rHA antigens from strains of influenza virus recommended by the FDA for the 1993/1994 and 1994/1995 influenza epidemic seasons. Functional immunity was measured using assays that quantitate antibodies that bind to influenza hemagglutinin, that block the ability of influenza virus to agglutinate red blood cells, or that neutralize the influenza virus. Protective immune responses with rHA vaccines were measured in animals that are susceptible to influenza infection or in human challenge studies.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1

is a schematic of the cloning of HA genes from influenza A strains from purified viral RNA preparations, purification of expressed rHA, and biological characterization of rHA. Abbreviations: FDA, Food and Drug Administration; MDCK, Madin Darby Canine Kidney; TPCK, tosylphenylalanyl chloromethylketone; RNA, ribonucleic acid; cDNA, complementary deoxyribonucleic acid; HA hemagglutinin; FBS, Fetal Bovine Serum; PCR, Polymerase Chain Reaction; and BV, Baculovirus.

FIG. 2

is a more detailed schematic of the method of

FIG. 1

applied to the cloning and expression of the HA gene of the Influenza A/Texas/36/91 strain. Influenza HA gene was obtained from RNA purified from MDCK cells infected with influenza A/Texas/36/91 using reverse transcriptase followed by two rounds of PCR amplification and cloning. The universal primer shown is set forth in SEQ ID NO. 1. The 5′ and 3′ primers shown in the first round of amplification are set forth respectively in SEQ ID NO. 2 and SEQ ID NO. 3. The 5′ and 3′ primers shown in the second round of amplication are set forth respectively in SEQ ID NO. 4 and SEQ ID NO. 3. The 5′ and 3′ primers shown in the second round of amplication are set forth respectively in SEQ ID NO. 4 and SEQ ID NO. 3. A baculovirus recombination vector was constructed containing the polyhedrin promoter and a signal peptide sequence from the baculovirus 61K gene (a baculovirus gene that encodes a signal peptide having a molecular weight of approximately 61,000), followed by the complete coding sequences for the mature HA protein. This recombination vector was then used to make a baculovirus expression vector that produced HA from this strain of the virus.

FIG. 3

is a graph of the anti-HA immune response in mice, day 42, n=5, graphing antibody titer for rHA0-neat; Fluzone® vaccine, and rHA0-alum, at dosages of 0.5 μg (dark bars), 0.1 μg (shaded bars), 0.02 μg (dotted bars), and 0.04 μg (open bars).

FIGS. 4

a

,

4

b

, and

4

c

are graphs of the anti-HA immune response in mice immunized rHa or licensed trivalent vaccine, 1994-1995 formula, weeks post vaccination versus HIA titer, for HAI A/Texas/36/91 (

FIG. 4

a

), HAI A/Shangdong/9/93 (

FIG. 4

b

), and HAI B/Panama/45/90 (

FIG. 4

c

), rHA (diamonds) and FLUVIRON® attenuated vaccine cultured in eggs (squares).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

A method of preparing a recombinant influenza vaccine is described. A full length, uncleaved (HA0) hemagglutinin antigen from an influenza virus is produced with baculovirus expression vectors in cultured insect cells and purified under non-denaturing conditions. Two or more purified hemagglutinin antigens from influenza A and/or influenza B strains are mixed together to produce a multivalent influenza vaccine. The recombinant antigens may be combined with an adjuvant carrier for increased efficacy.

The use of recombinant DNA technology to produce influenza vaccines offers several advantages: a recombinant DNA influenza vaccine can be produced under safer and more stringently controlled conditions; propagation with infectious influenza in eggs is not required; recombinant HA protein can be more highly purified, virtually eliminating side effects due to contaminating proteins; purification procedures for recombinant HA do not have to include virus inactivation or organic extraction of viral membrane components, therefore avoiding denaturation of antigens and additional safety concerns due to residual chemicals in the vaccine; production of HA via recombinant DNA technology provides an opportunity to avoid the genetic heterogeneity which occurs during adaptation and passage through eggs, which should make it possible to better match vaccine stains with influenza epidemic stains, resulting in improved efficacy; and a recombinant approach may also allow for strain selection later in the year, thereby allowing time for selections based on more reliable epidemiological data.

Baculovirus Expression System

Baculoviruses are DNA viruses in the family Baculoviridae. These viruses are known to have a narrow host-range that is limited primarily to Lepidopteran species of insects (butterflies and moths). The baculovirus

Autographa californica

Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (AcNPV), which has become the prototype baculovirus, replicates efficiently in susceptible cultured insect cells. AcNPV has a double-stranded closed circular DNA genome of about 130,000 base-pairs and is well-characterized with regard to host range, molecular biology, and genetics.

Many baculoviruses, including AcNPV, form large protein crystalline occlusions within the nucleus of infected cells. A single polypeptide, referred to as a polyhedrin, accounts for approximately 95% of the protein mass of these occlusion bodies. The gene for polyhedrin is present as a single copy in the AcNPV viral genome. Because the polyhedrin gene is not essential for virus replication in cultured cells, it can be readily modified to express foreign genes. The foreign gene sequence is inserted into the AcNPV gene just 3′ to the polyhedrin promoter sequence such that it is under the transcriptional control of the polyhedrin promoter.

Recombinant baculoviruses that express foreign genes are constructed by way of homologous recombination between baculovirus DNA and chimeric plasmids containing the gene sequence of interest. Recombinant viruses can be detected by virtue of their distinct plaque morphology and plaque-purified to homogeneity.

Baculoviruses are particularly well-suited for use as eukaryotic cloning and expression vectors. They are generally safe by virtue of their narrow host range which is restricted to arthropods. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), has approved the use of three baculovirus species for the control of insect pests. AcNPV has been applied to crops for many years under EPA Experimental Use Permits.

AcNPV wild type and recombinant viruses replicate in a variety of insect cells, including continuous cell lines derived from the fall armyworm,

Spodoptera frugiperda

(Lepidoptera; Noctuidae).

S. frugiperda

cells have a population doubling time of 18 to 24 hours and can be propagated in monolayer or in free suspension cultures.

Recombinant HA proteins can be produced in, but not limited to, cells derived from the Lepidopteran species

Spodoptera frugiperda

. Other insect cells that can be infected by baculovirus, such as those from the species

Bombix mori, Galleria mellanoma, Trichplusia ni,

or

Lamanthria dispar,

could also be used as a suitable substrate to produce recombinant HA proteins.

The most preferred host cell line for protein production from recombinant baculoviruses is Sf900+. Another preferred host dell line for protein production from recombinant baculoviruses is Sf9. Sf900+ and Sf9 are non-transformed, non-tumorigenic continuous cell lines derived from the fall armyworm,

Spodoptera frugiperda

(Lepidoptera; Noctuidae). Sf900+ and Sf9 cells are propagated at 28±2° C. without carbon dioxide supplementation. The culture medium used for Sf9 cells is TNMFH, a simple mixture of salts, vitamins, sugars and amino acids, supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. Aside from fetal bovine serum, no other animal derived products (i.e., trypsin, etc.) are used in cell propagation. Serum free culture medium (available for Sf900 culture media, Gibco BRLA, Gaithersburg, Md.) can also be used to grow Sf9 cells and is preferred for propagation of Sf900+ cells.

Sf9 cells have a population doubling time of 18-24 hours and can be propagated in monolayer or in free suspension cultures.

S. frugiperda

cells have not been reported to support the replication of any known mammalian viruses.

It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the expression vector is not limited to a baculovirus expression system. The recombinant HA proteins can also be expressed in other expression vectors such as Entomopox viruses (the posviruses of insects), cytoplasmic polyhedrosis viruses (CPV), and transformation of insect cells with the recombinant HA gene or genes constitutive expression.

Isolation of Influenza strains

One or more influenza strains are isolated from individuals infected with the disease. Preferably, the influenza strains are those identified by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or CDC to have epidemic potential for the subsequent influenza season. An advantage of the method described herein is that clinical samples, such as nasal secretions, from patients infected with influenza can be used as a direct source of virus. Alternatively, they can be obtained from the FDA or CDC.

Propagation of Influenza strains

The strains are then propagated in cells producing high viral titers, such as Madin Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells (available from the American Type Culture Collection under accession number ATCC CCL34). For example, MDCK cells are infected in the presence of tosylphenylalanyl chloromethylketone (TPCK) partially inactivated trypsin and fetal bovine serum concentrations optimized to produce the highest titers of first passage virus. The MDCK cells are infected with the influenza strains at a low multiplicity of infection (0.1 to 0.5) as determined by a standard HA assay (Rosen, “Hemagglutination with Animal Viruses” in

Fundamental Techniques in Virology

, ed. K. Habel and N. P. Salzman, pp. 276-28 (Academic Press, New York 1969), the teachings of which are incorporated herein). The infected cells are incubated at 33° C. for 48 hours, and the media assayed for virus production using the hemagglutination activity assay. The conditions yielding the highest HA activity are then used to prepare large stocks of influenza virus.

Purification of Virus

Viral particles produced from the first passage are purified from the media using a known purification method such as sucrose density gradient centrifugation. For example, virus is harvested 24-48 hours post infection by centrifuging media of influenza infected MDCK cells. The resulting viral pellet is resuspended in buffer and centrifuged through a buffered sucrose gradient. The influenza virus band is harvested from the 40-45% sucrose region of the gradient, diluted with buffer and pelleted by centrifugation at 100,000×g. The purified virus pellet is resuspended in buffer and stored at −70° C.

Cloning of Influenza Hemagglutinin Genes

An overview of the methods for cloning HA genes is provided in FIG.

1

. Basically, cells are infected with the influenza strain to be cloned. Virus is harvested from the cell media and either viral RNA, for Influenza A strains, or mRNA, for Influenza B strains, is isolated. Viral RNA (-RNA) is extracted from purified virions and analyzed on formaldehyde agarose gels using standard procedures. cDNA is synthesized, using either an universal primer system for the viral RNA from the Influenza A strains or random primers for the mRNA from Influenza B strains. Plus-standard complimentary DNA (cDNA) is made using a universal oligonucleotide primer (5′-AGCAAAAGCAGG-3′ (SEQ ID NO. 1)) which s homologous to all hemagglutinin RNA segments in influenza A and B viruses (Davis et al, “Construction and characterization of a bacterial clone containing the hemagglutinin gene of the WSN strain (H0N1) of influenza virus”

Gene,

10:205-218 (1980)). Primers are designed that are homologous to conserved regions at the 5′ and 3′ end of influenza hemagglutinin genes. Both 5′ and 3′ primers also have restriction enzyme sites at the ends that are not found within the hemagglutinin genes.

The appropriate influenza A or B primers and influenza cDNA are mixed and the hemagglutinin gene segments amplified using standard PCR procedures. The resulting double-stranded DNA fragments contain entire mature hemagglutinin coding sequences. The polymerase chain reaction (“PCR”) is used to amplify the total HA gene, which is then cloned into a suitable bacterial host such

E. coli

. The 5′ ends are sequenced to identify the signal peptide of the HA genes, then PCR is used to amplify the HA genes minus the signal peptide. This is then subcloned into a plasmid transfer vector containing the AcNPV polyhedrin promoter. The resulting transfer vectors contain the following 5′-<3′ sequences: Polyhedrin promoter from the baculovirus

A californica

NPV, an ATG translational start codon, a 61K baculovirus signal peptide, the coding sequences for mature hemagglutinin, the natural hemagglutinin translational termination codon, the polyhedrin RNA polyadenylation signal, and flanking baculovirus DNA.

A purified chimeric transfer plasmid DNA containing a cloned hemagglutinin gene is then mixed with AcNPV wild type DNA, co-precipitated with calcium and transfected into

S. frugiperda

cells. Recombinant baculoviruses are selected on the basis of plaque morphology and further purified by additional rounds of plaque-purification. Cloned recombinant baculoviruses are screened for hemagglutinin expression and a single baculovirus expression vector is selected to produce a Master Virus Bank.

Influenza A Strains

HA genes from influenza A strains are cloned from purified viral RNA preparations. Viral RNA is extracted from 100-200 microliters of purified influenza A virions containing 1,000-2,000 hemagglutination units (HAU) of influenza. One HAU is the amount of virus that will agglutinate 50% of the red blood cells in the standard agglutination assay (Rosen, 1969). The virions are treated with proteinase K to digest protein, then the viral RNA is extracted with equal volumes of phenol and chloroform, and precipitated with ethanol in the presence of tRNA carrier. The viral RNA is resuspsended in buffer and digested with RNAse-free DNAse to remove any contaminating DNA, then the extraction and precipitation steps repeated. Viral RNA (vRNA) is then analyzed using formaldehyde agarose gels as described by Maniatis, et al. Molecular Cloning; A Laboratory Manual. pp. 86-96 and 366-367 (Cold Spring Harbor Lab., Cold Spring, N.Y. 1982).

Influenza B Strains

HA genes from influenza B strains are cloned from total messenger RNA (mRNA) extracted from cells infected with the influenza B-strain. Total RNA is then extracted from the infected cells. The harvested cells are lysed in the presence of guanidium thiocyanate and total cells RNA is purified, using, for example, the RNA Extraction Kit from Pharmacia Biotech Inc. (Piscataway, N.J.). Total mRNA is extracted from cellular RNA using Oligo-(dT)-cellulose spun columns, using, for example, the mRNA Purification Kit from Pharmacia Biotech Inc.

Expression and Processing of Recombinant Hemagglutinin in Insect Cells

Recombinant hemagglutinin antigens are expressed at high levels in

S. frugiperda

cells infected with AcNPV-hemagglutinin vectors. The primary gene product is unprocessed, full length hemagglutinin (rHA0) and is not secreted but remains associated with peripheral membranes of infected cells. This recombinant HA0 is a 68,000 molecular weight protein which is glycosylated with N-linked, high-mannose type glycans distinct from the glycans produced by expression of the viral proteins in mammalian or avian cells. There is evidence that rHA0 forms trimers post-translationally which accumulate in cytoplasmic membranes.

Vectors for Expression of HAO and other Proteins

HAO is a better vaccine due to its superior stability as compared to the HA1/HA2 complex, and maintains correct folding during purification and storage. The superior stability is particularly apparent with the B strains, resulting in titers that are about five fold greater than obtained with commercially available attenuated B strains.

As described below in the examples, when the HA genes were cloned in pMGS12 via restriction sites, the HA mature signal peptide was removed and replaced with the baculovirus chitinase signal peptide, referred to as the 61 kD signal peptide. Since the HA gene is connected to the chitinase signal peptide through a cleavage site, there are between three anf five amino acids, depending on the restriction site selected, between the mature HAO protein and the 61 kD signal peptide. Although not a problem with the A strains of influenza, the B strain HAO expressed with the additional amino acids did not fold properly.

Two ways to overcome this problem were developed. The first is to use a new vector, pMGS3, which does not encode the 61 kD signal peptide. HAO with its native signal peptide is cloned into the vector and expressed. When characterized by SDS-PAGE, B strain HAO expressed in this vector shows better glycosylation and processing than when expressed in pMGS12. The HAO folded so well that it can be quantitatively converted to HA1/HA2. Unfortunately, as determined by Western blotting, the yield is not as high. The second method increases the yield by using the 61 kD signal peptide is pMGS12 to guide expression where the HAO gene was inserted without the use of restriction enzymes. The new vector, including the 61 kD signal peptide and HAO gene, without sequence encoding extraneous intervening amino acids, is referred to as pMGS27.

pMGS27 can be used for cloning and expression of any gene is a baculovirus expression system. The target gene, instead of being cloned into the vector by restriction and ligation, is cloned into the vector by annealing. Reagents are available from Clontech in their PCR-direct Cloning System. pMGS27 was designed so that it can be linearized at the end of the chitinase signal peptide coding region, and two long single-stranded tails created by treating the linearized pMGS27 with T4 DNA polymerase plus dATP.

The target gene is amplified using polymerase chain reaction (“PCR”) or reverse transcriptase-PCR (“RT-PCR”) with a pair of oligonucleotides designed to create single-stranded tails that are complementary to the tails of the treated pMGS27, after the PCR fragment has been treated with T4 DNA polymerase and dTTP. A simple annealing can then combine the two molecules into a circular plasmid which is ready to transform the host. Besides being quicker and simpler than the tradition restriction-ligation method of cloning a HA gene into pMGS12, the pMGS27 has the important advantage that it does not yield extra amino acids encoded by the restriction sites created between the chitinase signal peptide and the mature HA protein. These extra amino acids can sometimes create difficulties such that signal peptidase cannot cleave the signal or that the encoded protein does not fold correctly, as in the case of the B strain HA.

Purification of Recombinant HA0

Several days post infection, rHA0 can be selectively extracted from the peripheral membranes of AcNPV-hemagglutinin infected cells with a non-denaturing, nonionic detergent or other methods known to those skilled in the art for purification of recombinant proteins from insect cells, including, but not limited to affinity or gel chromatography, and antibody binding. The detergent soluble rHA0 can be further purified using DEAE ion exchange and lentil lectin affinity chromatography, or other equivalent methods known to those skilled in the art.

In a preferred embodiment, the rHAO is purified using a procedure that is more gentle and results in higher yield of the rHAO from B strains of influenza. This procedure is generally as follows:

The HAO protein which forms an integral part of the membrane of the insect cells is separated from the soluble proteins, the peripheral membrane proteins and the majority of the DNA and RNA by extraction of the cells in a relatively viscous alkaline solution, where an alkaline pH is defined as between about 9.5 and 10.5. Viscosity is increased through the inclusion of sucrose in a concentration of approximately 250 mM. A disulfide-reducing agent, for example, β-mercaptoethanol, is included in a concentration effective to prevent disulfide linking of proteins in the mixture. The cells are suspended in the extraction buffer, homogenized, and then centrifuged. The pellet is washed by homogenization in a low ionic strength buffer containing a disulfide-reducing agent at an alkaline pH (conductivity is generally less than 1 mS, pH 10.5) and the pellet centrifuged. The HAO is then extracted from the pellet in a buffer containing between 0.3 and 1.5% detergent such as Triton, an amount of disaggregating agent effect to prevent complex formation due to charge interactions, such as between 0.3 and 1.0M betaine or paurine, at an alkaline pH (9.5 is preferred). The HAO in the supernatant is then purified by anion exchange chromatography followed by cation exchange chromatography. The HAO is applied to the anion exchange column, for example, DEAE or Q-Sepharose® (an agarose bead column with quaternary amine groups), in the same buffer as extracted but diluted at least 1:2 with additional buffer, after equilibration of the column in buffer containing approximately {fraction (1/10)}th the concentration of detergent and disulfide-reducing agent. The HAO is then eluted by lowering the pH to approximately 8.5. The eluted HAO is applied to a cation exchange column in essentially the same buffer. Contaminants are eluted by lowering the pH to approximately 7.4, then eluting the HAO by increasing the salt concentration to 0.15M NaCl.

This preferred method of purification is described in detail as follows.

Preparation of the recombinant HA-containing membrane fraction. Recombination HA expressing cells (6.2 g of cells from 0.34L of culture) are suspended at 100 mg/mL in ice-cold 100 mM sodium pyrophosphate, 100 mM sodium chloride, 250 mM sucrose, 0.1% β-mercaptoethanol, pH 10.5. The cells are disrupted using a Polytron® homogenizer (Brinkman Instruments Inc. Westbury, N.Y.) at a setting of 4 for 2 min. Alkaline pH of the homogenization medium is needed to increase the solubility of the contaminating proteins and to increase the purity of the membrane preparation. The homogenate is centrifuged for 30 min. at 9,200 g. The supernatant is discarded and the pellet collected. Preparation of the membrane fraction is followed by a low-ionic strength wash step. The pellet is resuspended to the original volume in the ice-cold 0.1% β-mercaptoethanol, 10.5, and homogenized using a Polytron® homogenizer at a setting of 4 for 2 min. The homogenate is centrifuged for 30 min. at 9,200 g. The supernatant is discarded and the pellet collected. This low-ionic strength wash removes additional portion of the peripheral membrane proteins. The preparation of the membrane fraction results in the considerable enrichment in the recombinant HA and in the removal of contaminating nucleic acids.

Extraction of the recombinant HA. The recombinant HA is then selectively extracted from the membrane pellet under conditions that do not denature the antigen. The membrane pellet is homogenized in 41 mL of ice-cold 10 mM ethanolamine pH 9.5, 1% Triton N101, 0.1% β-mercaptoethanol, 25 mM NaCl, 400 mM betaine using a Polytron homogenizer at a setting of 4 for 2 min. After incubation for 40 min. at 23° C., the mixture is centrifuged for 30 min. at 9,200 g. The supernatant containing recombinant HA is decanted and diluted two-fold with the same buffer.

Proteins are analyzed by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Samples are disrupted in a boiling water bath for 10 minutes in the presence of 2% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and 5% β-mercaptoethanol, then electrophoresed on an 11% polyacrylamide gel in the presence of 0.1% SDS, then stained with Coomassie blue.

Chromatographic purification. Chromatographic purification of the recombinant HA was simplified and expensive affinity chromatography on Lentil Lectin Sepharose was eliminated from the process by substitution with a two-step chromatographic purification process which results in a highly purified recombinant HA antigen that is non-denatured and suitable as a component of a influenza vaccine for human use. The chromatography gel matrices used are Pharmacia Q-Sepharose® Fast Flow and CM-Sepharose Fast Flow®.

Anion-exchange chromatography. All chromatography is performed at room temperature. The recombinant HA-containing extract prepared as described above is applied at 1 mL/min to Pharmacia Q-Sepharose Fast Flow® (5 mL in a C10/10 Pharmacia column) equilibrated with 10 mM ethanolamine pH 9.5, 0.1% Triton® N101, 0.01% β-mercaptoethanol, 25 mM NaCl, 400 mM betaine. The column is then washed with the equilibration buffer until the UV absorbance of the effluent returns to the baseline. Under these conditions recombinant HA binds to the column while part of the contaminants flow through. Partially purified recombinant HA is then eluted with 30 mM diethanolamine pH 8.5, 0.1% Triton® N101, 0.01% β-mercaptoethanol, 25 mM NaCl, 400 mM betaine.

Cation exchange chromatography. The Q-Sepharose eluate (23 mL) is diluted two-fold with 30 mM diethanolamine pH 8.5, 0.1% Triton® N101, 0.01% β-mercaptoethanol, 10 mM NaCl, 400 mM betaine. The column is then washed with 35 mL of 10 mM sodium phosphate pH 7.4, 0.1% Triton® N101, 0.01% β-mercaptoethanole, 10 mM NaCl, 400 mM betaine. This treatment elutes the contaminants from the column while recombinant HA remains bound to the CM Sepharose. The detergent is then removed by washing the column with 10 mM sodium phosphate pH 7.4, 10 mM NaCl until the UV absorbance of the effluent returned to the baseline. Purified recombinant HA is eluted with phosphate buffer saline, pH 7.5 (PBS).

Purified rHA0 is resuspended in an isotonic, buffered solution. Following the removal of the detergent, purified rHA0 will efficiently agglutinate red blood cells.

Structural and Biological Properties of Recombinant HA0

rHA0 is purified to at least 95% purity, more preferably 99% purity. This migrates predominantly as a single major polypeptide of 68,000 molecular weight on an SDS-polyacrylamide gel. The quaternary structure of purified recombinant HA0 antigen was examined by electron microscopy, trypsin resistance, density sedimentation analysis, and ability to agglutinate red blood cells. These data show that recombinant HA0 forms trimers, which assemble into rosettes.

Purified rHA0 does not agglutinate cells prior to removal of detergent, suggesting that the antigen must form complexes (rosettes) in order to cross-link chicken red blood cells. The quantitative ability of purified rHA0 to agglutinate cells is used as a measure of lot-to-lot consistency of the antigen. One hemagglutinin unit is defined as the quantity of antigen required to achieve 50% agglutination in a standard hemagglutinin assay with chicken red blood cells. Comparative data shows that purified rHA0 antigens agglutinate red blood cells with an efficiency comparable to that observed with whole influenza virions.

The recombinant HA0 can be cleaved at the disulfide bond, causing a conformation change that results in the formation of two chains, HA1 and HA2 as described by Carr, C. M. and Kim, P. S., “A Spring-loaded Mechanism for the Conformational Change of Influenza Hemagglutin”,

Cell

73:823-832 (1993), which is incorporated by reference herein. Cleavage of recombinant HA0 is described in more detail below in Example 6. It is believed that, upon cleavage of natural HA0 into HA1 and HA2, the chains become infectious by acquiring the ability to fuse with a cell, thereby creating an improved immune response. The processing of antigens such as influenza hemagglutin occurs by the binding of antigenic peptides to major histocompatibility (MHC) molecules. The antigen/MHC complex is recognized by T cells to initiate an immune response as described in the review by Harding and Geuze,

Current Opinion in Cell Biology

5:596-605 (1993), which is incorporated by reference herein. The rHAO produced in a baculovirus, however, is highly stable and immunogenic as the intact molecule. Comparison of the sugar molecules on the HAO expressed in insect cells shows that the glycans are different from those when the HAO is expressed in mammalian or avian cells.

Production of Fusion Proteins

Fusion proteins consisting of the HAO fused to a second antigenic protein can be made where the antigenicity of the second protein is low or there are advantages to eliciting an immunogenic response to multiple antigens. An example of a preferred second antigen is the neuraminidase produced by influenza. The antigen can consist of a cellular, viral, or bacterial protein, or antigenic portion thereof including at least five to eight amino acids. Other antigens include hepatitis B antigen, HIV antigens, and carcinoembryonic antigen. An “immune response”, as used herein, refers to either a humoral response, measured by the production of antibody to the antigen, or a cellular response, measured by the elicitation of a T cell mediated response to the antigen. In some cases a “linker” of non-antigenic amino acids may be inserted between the HA and the antigen, to further enhance antigenicity of the antigen as compared to the HA. The process involves constructing a DNA plasmid for fusing target antigen genes to full-length or fragments of the influenza virus HA gene, using oligonucleotide probes and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methodology.

The HA-target antigen fusion genes are modified for proper expression in insect cells by deletion of the natural hydrophobic signal peptide sequences and replacement with a new baculovirus signal peptide. The fusion gene is introduced into a baculovirus expression vector so that the vaculovirus polyhedrin promoter directs the transcription of the fusion proteins in infected insect cells. The 18 amino acid baculovirus signal peptide directs the translation of the HA-target antigen fusion polypeptide into the insect cell glycosylation pathway and is not present on the mature fusion protein.

For example, Plasmid pA9440, which contains the A/Beijing/32/92 strain HA gene in the pMGS12 baculovirus transfer plasmid described below, was used as a template for the amplification of the HA gene by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the protocol recommended by the supplied (Gene Amp PCR cloning kit, Perkin Elmer Cetus). The PCR reaction mixture (100 μl) contained 20 pmol of primers designed to anneal to portions of the HA gene. The 5′ and 3′ primers were designed with restriction endonuclease sites at the ends that are not found within the HA gene. The 5′ PCR primer (O-567) for the HA0 and HA1 fragments begins 52 base pairs downstream from the 5′ end of the natural HA gene coding sequences, deleting the natural signal peptide sequence, and adds a SmaI site immediately 5′ to the HA coding sequences. The 5′ PCR primer (O-651) for the HA2 fragment begins at nucleotide 1108 of the natural HA gene, immediately following the codon encoding the arginine residue that is removed during cleavage of HA0 to HA1 and HA2. The 3′ PCR primer (O-680) for the HA0 and HA2 fragments was designed to add a KpnI site immediately following the HA coding sequences, removing the natural stop codon. The 3′ PCR primer for HA1 (O-679) truncates the gene immediately prior to the arginine residue removed during HA0 cleavage. Amplification of the HA gene fragment was carried out for 30 cycles each consisting of 1 min. at 94° C. for denaturation, 2 min. at 55° C. for annealing of the primers, and 2 min. at 72° C. for extension. The resulting amplified HA gene fragments were electrophoresed on agarose gels, purified from the gel using a GeneClean kit (Bio 101, Inc.), and ligated into a plasmid designed to accept PCR-generated fragments (pCRII; Invitrogen). Thus, plasmids pB142, pB144, and pB330, which contain the HA0, HA1, or HA2 gene fragments, respectively, were obtained.

The HA gene fragments were removed from plasmids pB142, pB144, and pB330 with SmaI and KpnI restriction enzymes and then subcloned by standard recombinant DNA techniques (Sambrook et al., 1989) into the AcNPV transfer plasmid pMGS12. The pMGS12 plasmid contains, from 5′ to 3′, the AcNPV polyhedrin promoter, an ATG initiation codon, the sequence for a cleavable signal peptide from a 61,000 molecular weight baculovirus glycoprotein (61K), SmaI and KpnI restriction enzyme cloning sites, and a TAA universal stop codon sequence. Flanking these regulatory regions is DNA from the EcoRI I fragment from the AcNPV genome (Summers and Smith, “A manual of methods for baculovirus vectors and insect cell culture procedures”. Texan Agricultural Experimental Station Bulletin No. 1555 (1987). The cloned HA PCR fragments were excised from the pCRII cloning vector with SmaI and KpnI, purified with agarose gel electrophoresis and the GeneClean kit, and ligated into pMGS12 that had also been digested with SmaI and KpnI. The resulting AcNPV transfer plasmids, pB879, pB1201, and pB1205, contained the coding regions for HA0, HA1, or HA2, respectively, linked in frame with the cleavable baculovirus signal peptide from the 61K gene and the polyhedrin promoter. The pB879, pB1201, and pB1205 AcNPV transfer plasmids may b used to fuse HA0, HA1, or HA2 to any gene of interest.

The second step in the construction of HA-CEA fusion gene transfer plasmids was to insert the CEA coding sequences into the HA-encoding constructs. Restriction endonuclease recognition/cleavage sites for SmaI and KpnI were placed at both ends of the CEA gene through PCR amplification of plasmid pA9080. The 5′ PCR primer, O-649, begins 82 base pairs from the 5′ end of the gene, deleting the natural CEA signal peptide sequence. The 3′ PCR primer, O-650, was designed to delete the last 72 base pairs at the 3′ end of the gene which codes for the hydrophobic C-terminal region sequence. Amplification of the CEA gene fragment was carried out for 30 cycles, each consisting of 1 min. at 94° C. for denaturation, 2 min. at 55° C. for reannealing, and 2 min. at 72° C. for extension. The resulting amplified CEA gene fragment was electrophoresed on an agarose gel, purified with the GeneClean procedure, and ligated into pCRII (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturers' instructions. The resulting plasmid, pB806, contains the CEA gene without its natural signal peptide, C-terminal hydrophobic domain, or stop codon, but with both SmaI and KpnI sites at both ends of the gene.

A large-scale plasmid prep was performed with the pB806 plasmid, and the DNA was digested either with Sma I or Kpn I. The CEA-encoding fragments were purified with agarose gel electrophoresis and the GeneClean kit, and the purified fragments were ligated into each of the three HA-encoding constructs (pB879, pB1201, or pB1205 ) digested with the same restriction enzyme. For example, CEA-encoding fragments with SmaI-cut ends were ligated into the HA0-, HA1-, and HA2-encoding constructs (pB879, pB1201, and pB1205, respectively) cut with SmaI to create plasmids pB1250, pB1555, and pB1584, respectively. CEA-encoding fragments with KpnI-cut ends were ligated into the HA0-, HA1-, and HA2-encoding constructs cut with KpnI to create pB1264, pB1564, and pB1593. Insertion of the CEA gene at the SmaI site placed the CEA coding sequences downstream of the HA coding sequences. For all constructs, the PCR primer were designed such that the EA gene was inserted in-frame with HA, and the fusion gene translation would be terminated at the universal translation termination signal (TAATTAATTAA) (Sequence ID No. 4) in the pMGS12 vector sequences downstream of the KpnI site.

This construct may be improved by deletion of intervening amino acids, either between the signal peptide and HAO, as described below, or between the HAO and the fusion gene, to enhance folding and immunogenicity.

Formulation and Packaging of Vaccines

The rHA can be formulated and packaged, alone or in combination with other influenza antigens, using methods and materials known to those skilled in the art for influenza vaccines. In a preferred embodiment, HA proteins from two A stains and one B strain are combined to form a multivalent vaccine.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, the HAs are combined with an adjuvant, in an amount effective to enhance the immunogenic response against the HA proteins. At this time, the only adjuvant widely used in humans has been alum (aluminum phosphate or aluminum hydroxide). Saponin and its purified component Quil A, Fruend's complete adjuvant and other adjuvants used in research and veterinary applications have toxicities which limit their potential use in human vaccines. However, new chemically defined preparations such as muramyl dipeptide, monophosphoryl lipid A, phospholipid conjugates such as those described by Goodman-Snitkoff et al.

J. Immunol.

147:410-415 (1991) and incorporated by reference herein, encapsulation of the protein within a proteoliposome as described by Miller et al.,

J. Exp. Med.

176:1739-1744 (1992) and incorporated by reference herein, and encapsulation of the protein in lipid vesicles such as Novasome™ lipid vesicles (Micro Vescular Systems, Inc., Nashua, N.H.) should also be useful.

In the preferred embodiment, the vaccine is packaged in a single dosage for immunization by parenteral (i.e., intramuscular, intradermal or subcutaneous) administration or nasopharyngeal (i.e., intranasal) administration. The effective dosage is determined as described in the following examples. The carrier is usually water or a buffered saline, with or without a preservative. The antigen may be lyophilized for resuspension at the time of administration or in solution.

The carrier may also be a polymeric delayed release system. Synthetic polymers are particularly useful in the formulation of a vaccine to effect the controlled release of antigens. As early example of this was the polymerization of methyl methacrylate into spheres having diameters less than one micron to form so-called nano particles, reported by Kreuter, J.,

Microcapsules and Nanoparticles in Medicine and Pharmacology,

M. Donbrow (Ed). CRC Press, p. 125-148. The antibody response as well as the protection against infection with influenza virus was significantly between than when antigen was administered in combination with aluminum hydroxide. Experiments with other particles have demonstrated that the adjuvant effect of these polymers depends on particle size and hydrophobicity.

Microencapsulation has been applied to the injection of microencapsulated pharmaceuticals to give a controlled release. A number of factors contribute to the selection of a particle polymer for Microencapsulation. The reproducibility of polymer synthesis and the microencapsulation process, the cost of the microencapsulation materials and process, the toxicological profile, the requirements for variable release kinetics and the antigens are all factors that must be considered. Examples of useful polymers are polycarbonates, polyesters, polyurethanes, polyorthoesters and polyamides, particularly those that are biodegradable.

A frequent choice of a carrier for pharmaceuticals and more recently for antigens is poly (d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA). This is a biodegradable polyester that has a long history of medical use in erodible sutures, bone plates and other temporary prostheses, where it has not exhibited any toxicity. A wide variety of pharmaceuticals including peptides and antigens have been formulated into PLGA microcapsules. A body of data has accumulated on the adaptation of PLGA for the controlled release of antigen, for example, as reviewed by Eldridge, J. H., et al.

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology.

1989, 146: 59-66. The entrapment of antigens in PLGA microspheres of 1 to 10 microns in diameter has been shown to have remarkable adjuvant effect when administered orally. The PLGA microencapsulation process uses a phase separation of a water-in-oil emulsion. The compound of interest is prepared as an aqueous solution and the PLGA is dissolved in a suitable organic solvents such as methylene chloride and ethyl acetate. These two immiscible solutions are co-emulsified by high-speed stirring. A non-solvent for the polymer is then added, causing precipitation of the polymer around the aqueous droplets to form embryonic microcapsules. The microcapsules are collected, and stabilized with one of an assortment of agents (polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), gelatin, alginates, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), methyl cellulose) and the solvent removed by either drying in vacuo or solvent extraction.

The present invention will be further understood by reference to the following non-limiting examples.

EXAMPLE 1

Propagation and Purification of Influenza Viruses

The following influenza vaccine strains were obtained from the FDA in chicken egg allantoic fluid:

A/Beijing/353/89-like (H3N2)

A/Beijing/32/92-like (H3N

2

)

A/Texas/36/91-like (H1N

1

)

B/Panama/45/90

To propagate the original stock of influenza virus obtained from the FDA, MDCK cells were infected in the presence of TPCK-treated trypsin (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo.) and fetal bovine serum concentrations optimized to produce the highest titers of first passage virus. The MDCK cells were infected with the influenza strains at a low multiplicity of infection (0.1 to 0.5) as determined by a standard HA assay (Rosen, “Hemagglutination with Animal Viruses” in

Fundamental Techniques in Virology,

ed. K. Habel and N. P. Salzman, pp. 276-28 (Academic Press, New York 1969)). The infected cells were incubated at 33° C. for 48 h. and media was assayed for virus production using the hemagglutination activity assay. The conditions yielding the highest HA activity were used to prepared large stocks of influenza virus. The optimum concentrations of TPCK trypsin and fetal bovine serum for the above influenza viruses are listed in Table 1.

TABLE 1

Optimum Concentration of TPCK Trypsin and Fetal Bovine Serum.

A/Beijing/

A/Beijing/

A/Texas/

B/Panama/

353/89

32/92

36/91

45/90

% Fetal Bovine

0.25%

0.25%

0.25%

5.0%

Serum

Amount TPCK

45 μ/ml

45 μ/ml

45 μ/ml

3 μ/ml

Treated Trypsin

Purification of Influenza Virus: Virus was harvested 24-48 hours post infection from 10 T175 tissue culture flasks by clarifying media (1,000× g for 10 minutes) of influenza infected MDCK cells. The virus was pelleted from the media at 100,000× g for 1 hours. The resulting viral pellet was resuspended in 1 ml phosphate buffered saline (PBS) pH 7.4 and centrifuged through a 20 ml 20-60% (w/v) sucrose gradient in PBS. The influenza virus band was harvested from the 40-45% sucrose region of the gradient, diluted with PBS and pelleted at 100,000× g. The purified virus pellet was resuspended in 0.5 ml PBS stored at −70° C.

EXAMPLE 2

Cloning of Influenza A/Texas/36/91 HA Gene

A specific example of the cloning step for one of the influenza HA genes is shown in FIG.

2

. Viral RNA was extracted as described above from Influenza A/Texas/36/91, obtained from the CDC. The universal primer complementary to the 3′ end of influenza RNA segments 5′-AGCAAAAGCAGG-3′ (SEQ ID NO. 1) was used with murine Maloney Leukemia Virus (M-MuLV) reverse transcriptase to produced influenza cDNAs. Purified viral RNA or mRNA (5 μg) was used as a template to make cDNA utilizing M-MuLV reverse transcriptase supplied in the First-Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit by Pharmacia Inc. The primer used for cDNA of viral RNA from influenza A strains was a synthetic oligonucleotide primer (5′-AGCAAAAGCAGG-3′) (SEQ ID NO. 1), which is homologous to the 3′ end of all HA gene virion segments.

Amplification of HA genes from cDNA was done by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using standard reaction conditions (Gene Amp kits; Cetus/Perkin Elmer, Norwalk, Conn.). The PCR reaction mixture (100 μl) contained 20 pmol of primers specific for 5′ and 3′ ends of the HA gene of influenza A (H3) or A (H1) or influenza B strains as determined by consensus sequences found in GenBank DNA data files, as shown in Table 2. Amplification was carried out for 30 cycles with each cycle consisting of 1 minute of denaturation at 94° C. 2 minutes at 55° C. for reannealing and 3 minutes at 72° C. for extension. The PCR products were analyzed on 0.8% agarose gels for correct size before cloning.

PCR primers from the 5′ end of the HA gene: 5′-GGG GGT ACC CCC GGG AGC AAA AGC AGG GGA AAA TAA AAA-3′ (SEQ ID NO. 2) and 3′ end of the HA gene: 3′-GA AAC GTC ACG TCT TAT ACG/T TAG/T ACT CCA TGG CCC-5′ (SEQ ID NO. 3) were used in the PCR to yield the full length HA gene.

A new 5′ PCR primer was designed from the 5′ end of the gene: 5′ end minus signal sequence: 5′-GGG GGT ACC CCC GGG GAC ACA ATA TGT ATA GGC TAC CAT-3′ (SEQ ID NO. 4) and the 3′ end of the gene: 3′-GA AAC GTC ACG TCT TAT ACG/T TAG/T ACT CCA TGG CCC-5′ (SEQ ID NO. 3). These were used in PCR to yield the HA gene minus the signal peptide sequence. This was then inserted into the TA vector cleaved with KpnI. The 61K signal peptide for baculovirus expression and the polyhedrin promoter were than inserted into the TA vector containing the HA gene minus influenza signal peptide sequence. The resulting baculovirus recombination vector contains the polyhedrin promoter, 61K baculovirus signal peptide, and HA gene for Influenza A/Texas/36/91.

HA genes from influenza B strains were cloned from total messenger RNA (mRNA) extracted from MDCK cells infected with the influenza B-strain B/Panama/45/90. Total RNA was prepared from 5 T175 flasks of infected cells. The harvested cells were lysed in the presence of guanidinium thiocyanate and total cell RNA was purified as described above. Total mRNA was extracted from cellular RNA using Oligo-(dT)-cellulose spun columns as described above.

The primer used for mRNA from influenza B strains was a random oligonucleotide DNA primer (Pharmacia, Inc.).

TABLE 2

Primers Used for PCR Amplification.

A/Beijing/32/93

5′ end gene,

5′ GGG

GGA TCC GGT ACC

AGC AAA AGC AGG GGA TAA TTC TAT 3′

SEQ ID NO: 5

BamH1 Kpn1

5′ end minus HA

5′ GGG

GGT ACC CCC GGG

GAC TTT CCA GGA AAT GAC AAC AG 3′

signal peptide,

Kpn1 Sma1

SEQ ID NO: 27

3′ end,

3′ TAA TTA ATT TTT GTG GGA ACA AAG ATC CTA CTA AG

C CAT GG

C CC 5′

SEQ ID NO: 28

Kpn1

A/Texas/36/91

5′ end gene,

5′ GGG

GGT ACC CCC GGG

AGC AAA AGC AGG GGA AAA TAA AAA 3′

SEQ ID NO: 2

Kpn1 Sma1

5′ end minus HA

5′ GGG

GGT ACC CCC GGG

GAC ACA ATA TGT ATA GGC TAC CAT 3′

signal peptide,

Kpn1 Sma1

SEQ ID NO: 4

3′ end,

3′ GA AAC GTC ACG TCT TAT ACG/T TAG/T ACT

CCA TGG

CCC 5′

SEQ ID NO: 3

Kpn1

B/panama/45/90

5′ end gene,

5′ GGG

GAA TTC GGT ACC CCC GGG

AAG GCA ATA ATT GTA CTA CTC ATG GT 3′

SEQ ID NO: 29

EcoR1 Kpn1 Sma1

5′ end minus HA

5′

GGT ACC CCC GGG

GAT CGA ATC TGC ACT GGG ATA ACA 3′

signal peptide,

Kpn1 Sma1

SEQ ID NO: 30

3′ end,

3′ TG TTA CAA AGA ACA/G AGG TAG ACA GAC ACT

CCA TGG CCT AGG CTT AAG

GGG 5′

SEQ ID NO: 31

Kpn1 BamH1 EcoRI

An example of cDNA synthesis products used influenza virus A/Texas/36/91 viral RNA as a template. The location of the cDNA segments that code for the influenza proteins could be determined as follows. Purified viral RNA was combined in the reaction mixture with the universal single stranded DNA primer 5′-AGCAAAAGCAGG-3′ (SEQ ID NO.1). This primer is complementary to the 3′ end of influenza virion segments, as described above. The reaction also contained the addition of [α-

32

P] dCTP to visualize the cDNA product which were separated on 1.5% alkaline hydrolysis gel (Maniatis, et al, 1982) and exposed to X-OMAT-AR film.

EXAMPLE 3

Cloning HA Genes Into Bacterial Plasmids

The PCR amplified rHA genes were cloned into a pUC-like plasmid vector using the TA Cloning System (Invitrogen, Inc.). The presence of HA genes were verified by restriction enzyme digest analysis of plasmid DNA purified by standard procedures (Maniatis, et al, 1982). The 5′ end of the rHA genes were then analyzed by DNA sequencing and new primers were designed to remove the sequences coding for the hydrophobic signal peptides at the N-terminus HA proteins. The specific 5′ and 3′ oligonucleotide primers listed in Table 2 were then sued to amplify cDNA products by PCR and cloned into

E. coli

TA plasmid vectors (Invitrogen, Inc.) using standard cloning methods. The resulting DNA clones contained coding sequences for the mature HAs.

The rHA genes from A/Texas/36/91, A/Beijing/353/89, A/Beijing/32/92, and B/Panama/45/90 were subcloned by standard procedures (Maniatis et al, 1982) into baculovirus expression vectors. The HA genes were removed from the TA cloning plasmids with the appropriate restriction enzymes and the purified HA DNA fragment inserted into a baculovirus recombination plasmid. The resulting bacterial clones were screened for ampicillin resistance and then cut with restriction enzymes to release the inserted HA gene to confirm is presence. The recombination plasmids containing HA genes were purified on cesium chloride-ethidium bromide gradients (Maniatis, et al, 1982). The 5′ end of the plasmids were sequences to determine the presence of the correct baculovirus signals (AcNPV polyhedrin promoter, ATG translation al start signal and baculovirus signal peptide sequence) and proper HA coding sequence in the correct reading frame. The DNA sequences at the 5′ end of the HA genes and flanking AcNPV polyhedrin promoter and baculovirus signal peptide (first 18 amino acids of each amino acid sequence) are shown as SEQUENCE LISTINGS.

SEQ ID NO. 6 encodes the 5′ end sequence of the HA gene for A/Beijing/32/92 (sequence range 1-481). SEQ ID NO. 7 is the corresponding amino acid sequence (beginning at the start codon “ATG” [nucleotide 21] of SEQ ID NO. 6). The amino acid sequence of the 61K signal peptide is set forth in SEQ ID NO. 7 as amino acids 1-18.

SEQ ID NO. 8 encodes the 5′ end sequence of the HA gene for A/Texas/36/91 (sequence range 1-481). SEQ ID NO. 9 is the corresponding amino acid sequence (beginning at the start codon “ATG” [nucleotide 21] of SEQ ID NO. 8). The amino acid sequence of the 61K signal peptide is set forth in SEQ ID NO. 9 as amino acids 1-18.

SEQ ID NO. 10 encodes the 5′ end sequence of the HA gene for B/Panama/45/90 (sequence range 1-434). SEQ ID NO. 11 is the corresponding amino acid sequence (beginning at the start codon “ATG” [nucleotide 21] of SEQ ID NO. 10). The amino acid sequence of the 61K signal peptide is set forth in SEQ ID NO. 11 as amino acids 1-18.

In SEQ ID NOs 6, 8, and 10, nucleotides 1-20 are the 3′ end of the polyhedrin promoter, nucleotides 21-74 encode the 61K signal peptide, and nucleotides 75 to the end encode the 5′ end of the HA gene.

EXAMPLE 4

Expression of Recombinant HA in Insect Cells

The chimeric recombination plasmids containing cloned HA genes were purified and 2 μg was mixed with 1 μg AcNPV wild type DNA. The DNAs were co-precipitated with calcium and transfected into

S. frugiperda

cells using standard procedures (Smith, Summers, and Fraser,

Mol. and Cell. Biol.

3:2156-2165 (1983)). Recombinant baculoviruses were identified on the basis of plaque morphology then further purified by additional rounds of plaque-purification. Plaque-purified recombinant baculoviruses are screened for expression of rHA and a single baculovirus expression vector was selected for further development.

S. frugiperda

cells were infected with a baculovirus vector containing the HA gene from the Influenza strain: B/Panama/45/90. At 24, 48, and 72 hours post infection, 1×10

6

cells were pulsed with 25 μCi [

35

S]methionine for 15 minutes to label proteins being synthesized. The cells were collected and the proteins separated on an 11% polyacrylamide gel in the presence of 0.1% SDS. The radiolabeled proteins were detected by exposure to X-OMAT-AR film. The location of protein standards and their size in kilodaltons (kd) indicated that the 85 kd recombinant HA protein is one of the major proteins being synthesized in the cells at 48 hours and 72 hours post infection.

EXAMPLE 5

Production and Purification of Recombinant HA

The baculovirus expression vector A8611, which contains the gene for influenza A/Beijing/353/89, produced essentially as described above for A/Beijing/32/92 hemagglutinin under the control of the polyhedrin promoter, was used to infect

S. frugiperda

cells. Cells were grown at 27° C. to a density of 1×10

6

cells/mL in TNMFH media (Gibco BRL, Gaithersburg, Md.). supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, and infected at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 1 with the A8611 recombinant baculovirus. During infection the influenza A/Beijing/353/89 hemagglutinin is produced under the transcriptional control of the baculovirus polyhedrin promoter. Cells are harvested 72 hours post-infection by centrifugation for 15 minutes at 3,400× g, and washed by resuspension in serum-free TNMFH media followed by centrifugation for 30 minutes at 10,400× g. The supernatant is decanted, and infected cell pellets are stored at −70° C.

A process was developed in which the recombinant HA is selectively extracted from the infected cells under conditions that do not denature the antigen. Unless noted, all extraction steps are performed at 4° C. The cell pellet from 0.5 L of culture (approximately 5×10

8

cells) was disrupted for 2 minutes in 40 mL if ice-cold 30 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.4, 25 mM LiCl, 1% (v/v) Tween-20, 1 mg/mL leupeptin, using a Polytron™ homogenizer (Brinkmann Instruments Inc. Westbury, N.Y.). The homogenate was centrifuged for 30 minutes at 9,200× g. The supernatant was discarded, and the pellet collected. This step removes soluble and peripheral membrane proteins from the insect cells without extraction of integral membrane proteins like rHA. To extract the rHA the pellet was homogenized for 2 minutes at a setting of 4 in 40 mL of ice-cold 30 mM Tris, 10 mM ethanolaine, pH 11, 25 mM LiCl, 2% Tween-20. After a 60 minute incubation on ice, the pH of the homogenate was adjusted to 8.4 with 1 N HCl, and insoluble material was removed by centrifugation for 30 minutes at 9,200× g. The supernatant containing the soluble rHA was decanted, and the pH was checked and, if necessary, adjusted to 8.4 at room temperature. The insoluble material was resuspended in 40 mL of water for analysis. The HA integral membrane protein was solubilized under the high pH, Tween-20 detergent conditions and remains in solution after the pH is dropped.

Proteins were analyzed by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Samples were disrupted in a boiling water bath for 10 minutes in the presence of 2% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and 5% beta-mercaptoethanol, then electrophoresed on an 11% polyacrylamide gel in the presence of 0.1% SDS, then stained with Coomassie blue.

A chromatography purification process was developed to purify recombinant HA which results in a highly purified recombinant HA antigen that is non-denatured and suitable as a component of an influenza vaccine for human use. The following procedure was used to purify the A/Beijing/353/89 HA from

S. frugiperda

cells infected with the recombinant virus A8611.

The chromatography gel matrices used to purify HA from 0.5 L of infected

S. frugiperda

cells were 30 mL Pharmacia DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow (in a Pharmacia C16/20 column) and a 4 mL Pharmacia Lentil Lectin Sepharose 4B (in a Pharmacia C10/10 column). The outlet of the DEAE column is connected to the inlet of the lentil lectin column, and the S/N 2 cell extract prepared as described above was applied to the coupled columns at a flow rate of 1 mL/minute. The columns were washed with 30 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.4, 25 mM LiCl, 0.5% Tween-2 until the UV absorption at 280 nm of the lentil lectin effluent returns to baseline. Under these conditions most of the contaminating proteins bind to DEAE but recombinant HA flows through the column. The remaining contaminants pass through the lectin column and glycosylated rHA binds to the lentil lectin affinity matrix. The DEAE column is disconnected, and the lectin column is washed with another 40 mL of 30 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.4, 25 mM LiCl, 0.5% Tween-2. Next, the lectin column is washed with 40 mL of 30 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.4, 25 mM LiCl, 0.4% (v/v) sodium deoxycholate (DOC). This step replaces the Tween-20 detergent with a detergent, like DOC, that can be removed from the protein by dialysis. Recombinant HA is then eluted from the lectin column with approximately 20 mL of 40 mL of 30 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.4, 25 mM LiCl, 0.4% (v/v) sodium deoxycholate containing 0.3 M a-D-methyl mannoside. Results are analyzed by 11% PAGE.

Due to the genetic variability of influenza HA proteins, the details of the above purification process may vary with each unique recombinant HA protein. For example, the rHA may bind to the DEAE ion exchange column instead of flowing through. Should this occur, the rHA would be removed from the DEAE column with by washing the column with buffer containing higher concentration of LiCl, NaCl, or other salts.

To remove the DOC detergents and other buffer components, the eluate from the lectin column containing the purified rHA was dialized against phosphate buffered saline, pH 7.5 (PBS). The purified recombinant HA was at least 95% pure as determined by analysis on SDS polyacrylamide gels.

EXAMPLE 6

Analysis of rHA Protease Resistance

Mature HA assembles into trimeric structures which are resistant to a variety of proteases, including trypsin, that degrade HA monomers (Murphy and Webster, 1990). Resistance to trypsin treatment can therefore be used as an assay for functional trimer formation. The following procedure was used to study resistance of rHA to protease treatment.

Two aliquots of purified rHA (A/Beijing/353/89) at 60 μg/mL were incubated on ice for 30 minutes in 30 mM Tris-CHl, pH 8.4, 150 mM NaCl, in the presence and absence of 50 μg/mL TPCK-treated trypsin. The reaction was stopped by the addition of 57.4 mM phenyl methyl sulfonyl fluoride in isopropanol to a final concentration of 1 mM. Aliquots of each sample were denatured by boiling in 3% SDS under reducing conditions, electrophoresed on 11.5% polyacrylamide gels, and transferred to nitrocellulose filter using standard Western blotting procedures. The HA polypeptides were detected using guinea pig anti-HA serum prepared against purified rHA and a goat anti-guinea pig IgG alkaline phophatase conjugate.

Untreated rHA migrates at the size of the HA precursor (HA0). Protease treatment results in two major bands that migrate at the sizes predicted for influenza hemagglutinin HA1 and HA2. The results show that trypsin cleaves the rHA protein once to produce two polypeptides that are the sizes predicted for HA1 and HA2. No further proteolytic processing occurs. These results demonstrate that rHA purified by the above process is resistant to degradation by protease. This property is consistent with purified rHA being in the form of trimers.

EXAMPLE 7

Immunogenicity of rHA Using Standard Mouse Potency Assay

One approach to measure immunogenicity of an antigen is to determine the quantity necessary to induce a detectable antibody response in mice (mouse potency assay). A standardized mouse potency assay is used to measure the immunogenicity of rHA0 vaccine. Groups of 5-10 mice are immunized once with vaccine containing serial dilutions of rHA, i.e., 0.500 μg, 0.1 μg, 0.02 μg, and 0.004 μg purified rHA. Sera are collected 28 days post immunization and antibodies against the rHA antigen measured in a standard enzyme-linked immunological solid-phase assay (ELISA) in 96 well microtiter plates. A mouse has seroconverted if the OD450 at a 1:100 dilution of the 28 day antisera is greater than three standard deviations above the mean of the OD450 of mouse pre-immune sera. The effective dosage of vaccine needed to seroconvert 50% of the mice (ED50) is a measure of the immunogenicity of the antigen.

For example, four groups of 10 mice are immunized once with either 0.1 μg, 0.02 μg, 0.004 μg, or 0.0008 μg (5-fold dilutions) of rHA0 vaccine. Sera are collected 28 days post immunization and measured against each rHA0 antigen in the vaccine for seroconversion in an ELISA assay. The dosage needed to seroconvert 50% of the mice (ED

50

) is calculated and a minimum ED

50

established for each rHA0 antigen.

Preliminary data shows that a single dose of 0.004 μg of rHA0 will seroconvert at least 50% of the mice.

EXAMPLE 8

Administration of rHA in Combination with an Adjuvant and Comparison with Available Influenza Vaccines

The mouse potency of purified rHA from influenza A/Beijing/353/89 was tested with alum or without alum (neat) and compared to a commercial influenza vaccine, FLUZONE® (Connaught Laboratories, Inc. Swiftwater, Pa.) which contains the A/Beiging/353/89 strain of influenza. Vaccine was administered in a dosage of 0.5 μg, 0.1 μg, 0.02 μg, and 0.04 μg. The mice were boosted at day 28 with the doses of purified rHA described above. On day 42 sera were collected and titered in an ELISA assay for IgG anti-HA antibodies.

The results are shown in FIG.

3

. In the absence of adjuvant, only a dosage of 0.5 μg induced production of significant antibody titer (200,000). In the presence of adjuvant, dosages of as little as 0.004 μg of rHA0 produced significant antibody. The animals immunized with rHA (neat) produced approximately the same levels of anti-HA antibodies as the commercial vaccine. Alum increased the immunogenicity of rHA, and anti-HA titers were generated that were 10-fold or higher than without adjuvant.

In summary, comparison of the immunogenicity of purified rHA0s with an influenza whole virion vaccine, (FLUZONE®, Connaught Laboratories, Inc., Swiftwater, Pa.), demonstrates that rHA0 elicits a similar immune response in mice over a period of 42 days. Adsorption of the rHA0 to slum significantly increases the immunogenicity of the purified rHA0 in mice, as measured by the assay described in Example 7. The combination with alum elicits IgG hemagglutinin antibodies that are higher than the Fluzone® influenza vaccines.

EXAMPLE 9

Hemagglutination Inhibition Studies

Hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) antibodies bind to three of four known epitopes on hemagglutinin and block the ability of influenza to agglutinate red blood cells (Wilson et al, “Structure of the hemagglutinin membrane glycoprotein of influenza virus at 3A resolution”.

Nature

, 289:366-378 (1981)). these antigenic determinants are clustered around the sialic acid receptor binding site on hemagglutinin trimers. Antibodies against these sites will neutralize virus infectivity (Weis, et al., “Structure of the influenza virus hemagglutinin complexed with its receptor, sialic acid”,

Nature

333:426-431 (1988)). The titer and specificity of HAI antibodies are an important measure of the potential for an influenza vaccine to protect against infection with like and related strains of influenza.

Studies were conducted in mice comparing the ability of purified rHA0 from A/Beijing/353/89 and FLUZONE® (Connaught Laboratories, Inc., Swiftwater, Pa.) to clicit HAI antibodies. Groups of 5 mice were injected on days 0 and 28 with 0.5 μg, 0.1 μg, 0.02 μg, or 0.004 μg of rHA0 or three times these quantities of FLUZONE® hemagglutinin so that equal levels of recombinant or viral A/Beijing/353/89 hemagglutinin were administered. For example, mice in the highest dose group were immunized with 1.5 μg of FLUZONE® hemagglutinin (0.5 μg of hemagglutinin from each strain) and 0.5 μg rHA0. The presence of additional hemagglutinin antigen in FLUZONE® from two other influenza strains may result in some cross-reactive antibodies.

Anti-hemagglutinin antibodies (hemagglutinin IgG) were measured in a standard dilutional ELISA against purified rHA0. HAI antibodies were measured against 4 hemagglutinin units of the following antigens: whole influenza A/Beijing/353/89 virus (A/Bei), purified rHA0 A/Beijing/353/89 antigen, and FLUZONE®. The HAI titer is the reciprocal of the highest dilution of antisera which inhibits the agglutination of chicken red blood cells by 50%.

Table 3 summarizes serum hemagglutinin IgG and HAI titers in the mice at day 42. High levels of anti-hemagglutinin antibodies were produced with the recombinant rHA0 vaccine. These were about ten fold higher titers than FLUZONE®. Most significant is that the rHA0 vaccine produced good titers of antibodies that block agglutination of red blood cells by the A/Beijing/353/89 virus and rHA0 antigens. Thus, the rHA0 vaccine produced HAI antibodies that recognized equally well the immunogen and the influenza A/Beijing virus. The lower HAI titers against FLUZONE® may be due to the inability of the antisera to block agglutination by the other two strains of hemagglutinin in the FLUZONE® vaccine. In contrast, FLUZONE® immunized mice produce high HAI antibodies when measured only against itself. The HAI titers against influenza A/Beijing/353/89 virus and the rHA0 antigen were considerably reduced. Similar patterns were observed in the mice in the lower dose groups.

TABLE 3

HAI Titers against rHAO and FLUZONE ®

rHAO A/Bei (day 42)

FLUZONE ® (day 42)

HA IgG

HAI

HA IgG

HAI

Mouse #

rHAO

A/Bei

rHAO

FLUZONE

rHAO

A/Bei

rHAO

FLUZONE

1

4,096,000

1,920

960

15

256,000

<10

<10

600

2

4,096,000

480

480

15

512,000

120

120

600

3

8,192,000

1,920

960

15

256,000

60

60

300

4

4,096,000

960

960

30

128,000

30

30

400

5

4,096,000

1,920

960

60

512,000

80

80

400

MEAN

4,915,000

1,440

864

27

332,800

58

58

460

These data also suggest that there are genetic differences between the influenza A/Beijing/353/89 strain in FLUZONE® and this same strain of influenza obtained from the FDA and passaged once in eggs prior to using the HAI assay. The fact that antibodies produced in response to the recombinant HA0 cloned from influenza A/Beijing/353/89 blocks agglutination of red blood cells by this strain of influenza as well as itself is good evidence that there were no genetic changes during the cloning process that effected the sialic acid receptor binding site on the purified rHA0 antigen.

EXAMPLE 10

Formulation and Clinical Efficacy of a 1993/1994 Influenza Vaccine

A series of human clinical trials was conducted to characterize the safety and immunogenicity in humans of an experimental influenza vaccine containing recombinant HA and to obtain preliminary data regarding the protective efficacy of such a vaccine against natural infection during an epidemic season. The results demonstrate that vaccines containing the recombinant influenza hemagglutinin (rHA0), produced in accordance with the methods described herein surprisingly caused fewer local adverse reactions and provided an equivalent or superior protective immune response when compared to a commercially available, licensed attenuated flu vaccine produced in eggs.

Materials and Methods

Vaccines. The recombinant HA vaccines used in this study contained full length uncleaved HA (HA0) glycoprotein from the influenza A/Beijing/32/92 (H3N2) virus. Recombinant HA0 (rHA0) was produced in cultures of Lepidopteran (insect) cells following exposure to a baculovirus vector containing cDNA inserts encoding the HA gene. The expressed protein was purified under non-denaturing conditions to >95%, as measured by quantitative scanning densitometry of the bulk antigen electrophoresed on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. The identity of the peptide was confirmed by amino acid analysis, N-terminal sequencing and Western blot analysis with anti-influenza A/Beijing/32/92 sera. The rHA0 vaccines contained a specified amount of the synthetic Ha antigen either dissolved in a phosphate-buffered saline solution or adsorbed to aluminum phosphate (alum) adjuvant in the form of a gel suspension. The licensed trivalent subvirion vaccine used in this study contained 15 μg/dose of each the HAs from influenza A/Texas/36/91 (N1N1), A/Beijing/32/92 (H3N2) and B/Panama,45/90 viruses (FLUZONE™ attenuated flu vaccine produced in eggs, Connaught Laboratories, Swiftwater, Pa.).

Clinical Studies. Identical study protocols were approved by the Institutional Review Boards of Saint Louis University and the University of Rochester. Healthy adults aged 18 to 45 years were enrolled at both institutions. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive one of the following five vaccine preparations in a double-blinded manner: (1) 15 μg rHA0, (2) μg rHA0 plus alum, (3) 90 μg rHA0, (4) licensed trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine, or (5) saline placebo. Vaccines were administered by intramuscular injection in a volume of 0.5 ml. To allow for an initial assessment of the safety of the three vaccine preparations containing rHA0, the first 25 subjects to be vaccinated were randomized (i.e., 5 persons per study arm) independently of the other subjects and closely monitored by phone contact for 48 hours post-vaccination before proceeding with the remaining vaccinations. All subjects were instructed to fill out a daily report card of adverse reactions, including both local and systemic symptoms, during the first 6 days post-vaccination. Symptoms were self-graded as mild, moderate or severe in nature. Oral temperatures were taken and recorded by participants if they felt feverish. If present, localized swelling or erythema at the injection site was graded according to whether the area was less than or greater than the size of a quarter in diameter, respectively. All vaccinations were performed during the last week of November and first week of December, 1993. Serum specimens were obtained from each subject at the time of vaccination, 3 weeks post-vaccination, and once again in late March or April 1994 at least 2 to 3 weeks after influenza viruses were no longer circulating in the local communities. Volunteers at each institution were instructed to contact the study center if they experienced an influenza-like illness during the winter influenza epidemic season. An influenza-like illness was defined as the presence of any respiratory symptom(s) of two days or greater duration accompanied by fever and/or systemic symptoms of myalgias or chills. Subjects who reported influenza-like symptoms had nasal and pharyngeal swabs obtained for virus culture and identification. Clinical specimens were given coded identification numbers and processed in a blinded fashion.

Serology. For each type of serologic assay, all specimens from both institutions were tested in one batch by a single laboratory. Hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) antibodies to influenza A/Beijing/32/93 (H3N2) virus antigen were measured in sera by a standard microtiter assay, following removal of nonspecific inhibitor with receptor destroying enzyme and of cold agglutinins by hemadsorption at 4° C. The titer was defined as the highest serum dilution that completely prevented hemagglutination by 4 antigen units of virus, using 1:4 as the starting dilution. Serum HA-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), using purified rHA0 from influenza A/Beijing/32/92 (H3N2) as the coating antigen. The sequence of reagents from solid phase outward consisted of (1) purified rHA0 antigen, (2) serum specimen, (3) alkaline phosphatase-conjugated goat anti-human IgG, and (4) p-nitrophenyl phosphate disodium substrate. The ELISA titer was expressed as the highest dilution at which the optical density of the antigen-containing well was at least twice that of the corresponding control well without antigen. Neutralizing antibodies were measured using the microneutralization assay previously described by Treanor, J. J., and Betts, R. F. ,

J. Infect. Dis.

168:455-459 (1993). In brief, serial dilutions of heat-inactivated sera were mixed with approximately 100 TCID

50

of influenza A/Beijing/32/92 (H3N2) virus and incubated at 37° C. for 1 hr. The virus-sera mixture was then adsorbed to confluent monolayers of Madin-Darby camine kidney (MDCK) cells in 96-well plates for 1 hr at room temperature. The plates were washed to remove residual inoculum, refed serum-free Dulbecco's MEM with 2 μg/ml trypsin, and incubated in 5% CO

2

at 33° C. for 72 hr. Cells were then fixed with methanol, and viral replication was assessed using a panel of murine monoclonal antibodies specific for the matrix and nucleoproteins of influenza A virus (Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Ga.), followed by alkaline phosphatase-conjugated anti-mouse IgG. The end-point titer of the sera was defined as the highest dilution resulting in greater than 50% reduction in signal compared with nonneutralized control wells.

Virology. Viral cultures of nasopharyngeal swab specimens were performed at each institution by standard techniques. Specimens were inoculated in either MDCK or rhesus monkey kidney cells and incubated at 33° C. for 14 days. Hemadsorption of cell monolayers was tested with 0.4% guinea pig erythrocytes. Influenza viruses were identified in hemadsorption positive cultures by HAI using H3-specific antisera (Centers for Disease Control).

Statistical Analyses. Reciprocal HAI, ELISA IgG and neutralizing antibody titers were logarithmically transformed for statistical analysis. A significant response to vaccination was defined as a fourfold or greater rise in antibody titer between the pre-vaccination and 3-week post-vaccination serum specimens. Laboratory evidence of influenza A (H3N2) virus infection was defined as the isolation of virus from nasopharyngeal secretions and/or a four-fold or greater increase in serum HAI antibody titer between the 3-week post-vaccination (preseason) specimen collected in December and the corresponding postseason specimen collected the following spring. Differences between vaccine groups were analyzed using Fisher's exact test to compare the proportions of subjects with adverse reactions, significant antibody responses or laboratory-confirmed influenza illness or infection, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) to compare post-vaccination mean reciprocal log

2

antibody titers. The modified Bonferroni's inequality and Tukey-Kramer tests were applied where appropriate to account for multiple possible comparisons.

Results

Reactogenicity. the rHA0 vaccines used in this study were safe and well-tolerated. The frequency of adverse reactions did not appear to be influenced by changing the dose of rHA0 antigen from 15 μg to 90 μg, but may have been slightly increased by the addition of alum. Localized erythema, pain and tenderness at the injection site were each reported significantly more frequently by recipients of licensed subvirion vaccine than by recipients of either 15 μg or 90 μg rHA0 in saline. With the exception of one individual who experienced moderately severe pain, tenderness and stiffness in the arm following immunization with licensed vaccine, all symptoms were graded as mild in nature and were generally 1-2 days in duration. Localized erythema and/or induration, when present, was invariably less than the area of a quarter in size.

Immunogenicity. Baseline titers of serum HAI antibody to influenza A/Beijing/32/92 (H3N2) virus were less than or equal to 1:8 in 64 (50%) of the 127 subjects enrolled. Most subjects in each of the four vaccine groups had HA-specific serologic responses measured by HAI and ELISA (Table 4). Post-vaccination titers of serum HAI antibody were greater than or equal to 1:32 in all vaccine recipients with the exceptions of two persons given 15 μg rHA0 and one given the licensed vaccine. Vaccination was likewise associated with the production of neutralizing antibody in the majority of volunteers. Mean rises in antibody titers and seroconversion rates tended to be slightly lower following immunization with 15 μg rHA0 than with licensed vaccine, although these differences were not statistically significant. Antibody response to rHA0 were not enhanced by the addition of alum. Subjects immunized with 90 μg rHA0 achieved post-vaccination mean HAI and ELISA IgG antibody titers that were two- to five-fold higher than in any of the other three vaccine groups (differences were statistically significant when comparing serum HAI titers).

Protective Efficacy. During the period of surveillance, there were a total of 28 influenza-like illnesses reported by 26 subjects. Four of these individuals (three of whom had received placebo and one of who had been immunized with 15 μg rHA0) had influenza A (H3N2) virus isolated from nasopharyngeal cultures. Significant increases in HAI antibody titer to influenza A/Beijing/32/92 (H3N2) between presason and postseason serum specimens were also present in three of the four culture-confirmed cases, but not in any other individuals who reported illness. The lone rHA0 recipient who subsequently developed laboratory-confirmed influenza illness had the positive culture obtained 31 days after immunization, and had seroconverted from a prevaccination HAI titer of less than 1:4 to a post-vaccination (preseason) titer of 1:32. Two additional placebo recipients and one volunteer immunized with licensed vaccine had serologic evidence of infection with influenza A (H3N2) virus during the epidemic season in the absence of clinical illness. Compared to all vaccinated subjects (or to all subjects who received any rHA0 vaccine) as one group, a significantly larger proportion of placebo recipients had laboratory-confirmed influenza A (H3N2) illness (p<0.05) or infection (p<0.005).

The above findings indicate that influenza vaccines containing purified rHA0 antigen, prepared as described in the above-identified patent application, are well-tolerated and capable of eliciting protective immune responses in human subjects. Even at a dose of 90 μg, the rHA0 evaluated in this study was no more reactogenic than saline placebo, and caused significantly fewer local adverse reactions than did a licensed trivalent subvirion vaccine containing half as much (i.e., 45 μg) total HA antigen.

Neutralizing, HA-specific antibody responses to the 15 μg rHA0 preparation were comparable to those elicited by subvirion vaccine, and were significantly improved by raising the dose of rHA0 to 90 μg.

Overall rates of infection and illness resulting from natural exposure to the circulating epidemic strain of influenza A (H3N2) virus were significantly lower among vaccinated subjects than among placebo recipients. The data suggest that protective immunity conferred by rHA0, particularly when administered at high doses, is comparable or superior to that induced by currently available vaccines.

TABLE 4

Serum antibody responses in young adult subjects following immunization with

vaccines containing purified recombinant hemagglutinin (rHAO) from influenza

A/Beijing 32/92 (H3N2), licensed trivalent trivalent subviron containing 15 μg

HA from A/Beijing/32/92 (H3N2), or saline placebo.

HAI antibody

ELISA IgG HA antibody

Neutralizing antibody

Vaccine

% with

% with

% with

Microneutraliza-

% with

(Number

HAI titer

≧4x

post

ELISA titer

≧4x

tion titer

≧4x

in group

Pre

Post

rise

≧1:32

Pre

Post

rise

Pre

Post

rise

rHAO 15 μg

3.7 ± 0.3

9.0 ± 0.6*

85

92

8.7 ± 0.3

12.0 ± 0.3

88

5.7 ± 0.3

10.0 ± 0.4

85

(26)

rHAO 15 μg

4.3 ± 0.5

8.6 ± 0.4*

88

100

9.4 ± 0.4

11.5 ± 0.4

76

6.4 ± 0.4

9.3 ± 0.2

76

plus alum

(26)

rHAO 90 μg

3.3 ± 0.4

11.1 ± 0.3

100

100

8.5 ± 0.4

13.1 ± 0.4

100

5.7 ± 0.3

10.2 ± 0.4

96

(26)

Licensed

subviron

3.7 ± 0.4

9.3 ± 0.5

+

100

96

8.1 ± 0.4

12.0 ± 0.4

92

5.8 ± 0.3

9.9 ± 0.4

96

(26)

Placebo

3.7 ± 0.5

3.8 ± 0.5

#

0

38

9.1 ± 0.3

9.1 ± 0.3

0

5.3 ± 0.4

5.4 ± 0.4

8

(24)

HAI, hemagglutination inhibition; HA, hemagglutinin; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Postvaccination serum specimens were obtained three weeks after immunization. Antibody titers are expressed as means reciprocal log

2

± SEM. Statistical comparisons are made between the mean postvaccination HAI titer of the designated group and that of the 90 μg rHAO vaccine group by analysis of variance with Dunnett's test for multiple comparisons.

*P < 0.01;

+

P < 0.05;

#

P < 0.01

EXAMPLE 11

Method for Making an Improved HAO Cloning Vector

An improved cloning vector for expression of mature HA wherein the gene encoding the HA was located immediately downstream of the sequence encoding the chitinase signal peptide was designed.

Linear pMGS27 with Single-stranded Tails was Created

In the pMGS12 plasmid, Ha was cloned into Sma1 or Kpn1 sites immediately downstream from the chitinase signal peptide. The nucleotide and corresponding amino acid sequences shown are set forth respectively in SEQ ID NO. 22 and SEQ ID NO. 23.

This region was changed by oligo directed mutagenesis to create pMGS27. The nucleotide sequence shown is set forth in SEQ ID NO. 24, (changed bases were underlined):

5′-TGG TTA GTC GCC GTG TCCTGCAGGCCAGAGAGGCCTT GGT ACC Pst1

Plasmid pMGS27 was linearized with Pst1 cut (the nucleotide sequence shown in the top row is set forth at positions 6 through 36 of SEQ ID NO. 24, the nucleotide sequence shown in the bottom row is the complement sequence):

then treating the linear pMGS27 with T4 DNA polymerase plus dATP to create single stranded tails as shown below (the nucleotide sequence preceeded with 5′ symbol shown in the top row is set forth at positions 23 through 36 of SEQ ID NO. 24, the nucleotide sequence preceeding the 5′ symbol shown in the bottom row is set forth at positions 6 through 18 of the complement sequence of SEQ ID NO. 24):

Target HA Gene was Cloned into pMGS27

Step 1. PCR primers were synthesized. Forward oligo (SEQ ID NO. 25):

5′ GTC GCC GTG TCC AAC GCG (5═ end 20 bases of the mature HA)

Reverse oligo (complement sequence of SEQ ID NO. 36):

(3′ end 20 bases of the mature HA) ATT AA CCGGTCTCTCCGG 5′

PCR of the HA Gene

PCR of the target HA gene with the two oligos was used to obtain (SEQ ID NO. 25—mature HA—SEQ ID NO. 26 and the complement sequence are shown):

Anneal Target HA Gene into PMGS27 and Transform

E. coli

Linear pMGS27 and the T4 DNA polymerase treated PCR fragment of the HA gene were mixed. The two molecules anneal to each other, to form a circular plasmid which is ready to be used for transforming

E. coli

. The diagram includes SEQ ID NOS. 25 and 26, residues 23 through 36 of SEQ ID NO. 24 and complement residues 6 through 18 of SEQ ID NO. 24.

As shown above, there is no extra amino acid in between the signal peptide and the mature HA.

EXAMPLE 12

Preparation and Efficacy of a Trivalent Types A and B 1995-1996 Influenza Virus Vaccine

Influenza virus vaccine, purified recombinant hemagglutinin, trivalent, types A and B (A/Texas/36/92\1 (H1N1), A/Johanesburg/33/94 (H3N2), and B/Harbin/7/94) is a non-infectious subunit derived from purified, recombinant influenza hemagglutinin antigens (HA). The HA genes were cloned from the Center for Disease Control/Food and Drug Administration recommended strains of influenza A and B viruses as described above and the identity of each cloned gene determined by DNA sequence analysis. Baculovirus expression vectors containing the cloned HA genes from influenza virus strains A/Texas/36/91 (H1N1), A/Johanesburg/33/94 (H3N2), B/Harbin/7/94 were used to produce the recombinant HA antigens in cultured insect cells. The recombinant HA proteins are full length, uncleaved hemagglutinins (rHAO) with a molecular weight of approximately 69,000. The rHAO were produced in a

Spodoptera frugiperda

(Lepidopteran) cell line maintained in a serum-free culture medium. The trivalent vaccines is composed of purified (greater than 95% pure, more probably greater than 99% pure) rHAO from the two influenza A strains and one B strain mixed in equal proportions. The vaccine is supplied for clinical use as purified types A and B rHAO proteins in phosphate buffered saline solution without added preservative.

Animal studies with monovalent, bivalent and trivalent rHAO vaccines have demonstrated that they are free of significant toxicity. There are no detectable toxic or adventitious agents in the vaccine. General safety and immunogenicity studies of A/Beijing/32/92 and A/Texas/36/91 rHAO were conducted in mice and guinea pigs. No adverse reactions were noted. In mice, a single immunization with 15 micrograms of rHAO antigens without adjuvant induces in two to three weeks high levels of anti-HA IgG antibodies, hemagglutinin inhibition (HAI) antibodies and neutralizing antibodies.

In one study, groups of ten mice were immunized with 15 micrograms of purified rHAO A/Beijing/32/92 (H3N2) made in cells adapted to media containing 10% fetal bovine serum or rHAO made in insect cells adapted to media containing 10% fetal bovine serum or rHAO made in insect cells adapted to a serum-free medium (rHAO-SF). Two and three weeks post injection the mice were bled and serum samples prepared. Each sera were measured for anti-HA IgG and HAI antibodies. Both rHAO and rHAO-SF antigens elicit similar titers of anti-HA and HAI antibodies. Both RHAO and rHAO-SF antigens elicit similar titers of anti-HA and HAI antibodies. Two weeks following the single immunization, most of the mice have significant titers of HAI antobodies and by week three 8/10 mice in each group had HAI titers of 32 or greater. These and other biochemical and immunological studies demonstrate that rHAO produced in serum-free insect cell culture is indistinguishable from rHAO manufactured under serum-containing fermentation conditions.

A study was conducted to compare the 1994-1995 formulation of the trivalent rHAO influenza vaccine with a licensed purified virus surface antigen vaccine, Fluvirin® (an attenuated influenza viral vaccine produced by culturing in eggs). Each vaccine contained 15 micrograms rHAO or viral HA per 0.5 ml from A/Texas/36/91 (H1N1), A/Shangdong/9/93 (H3N2), and B/Panama/45/90 influenza strains. Both the recombinant rHAO and Fluvirin® vaccines are in phosphate buffered saline. At zero, two and three weeks post injection, groups of ten mice were bled and serum prepared. The serum samples were measured for anti-HA IgG antibodies inhibiting antibodies against egg-grown influenza virus, and for neutralizing antibodies against egg-grown influenza viruses from each virus strain.

As demonstrated by

FIGS. 4

a

,

4

b

and

4

c

, both the recombinant rHAO and licensed influenza vaccines induce high levels of serum IgG antibodies against hemagglutinins from each of the three influenza strains in the vaccines. Four to nearly ten fold higher IgG antibody titers were induced by the rHAO vaccine as compared to the licensed vaccine. Antibodies were also produced which inhibited hemagglutinin of chick red blood cells with both influenza A and the B strain viruses, as shown in Table 5. HAI titers were equivalent or higher against each of the three influenza virus strains in mice receiving the trivalent rHAO vaccine as compared to the licensed vaccine. The vaccines also induced high levels of neutralizing antibodies against the specific influenza A and B virus strains as measured in a standard microtiter virus neutralization assay. The geometric neutralizing antibody titers were approximately two fold higher in mice immunized with rHAO than with the licensed purified virus surface antigen vaccine, Fluvirin®. These results demonstrate that a trivalent formulation of rHAO vaccine based on the 1994-1995 type A and B influenza strains is equivalent or superior to a licensed subunit influenza vaccine at inducing functional HAI and neutralizing serum antibodies against all three strains of influenza in the vaccine.

TABLE 5

Comparison of trivalent rHAO vaccine with Fluvirin ®.

Trivalent rHAO

Influenza vaccine

Fluvirin ®

GMT (n = 10 mice)

GMT (n = 10 mice)

Virus strain

anti-HA IgG

anti-HA IgG

used as antigen

week 0

week 3

week 0

week 3

A/Texas/36/91 (H1N1)

<1000

103,000

<1000

11,200

A/Shangdong/32/92

<1000

162,400

<1000

41,000

(H3N2)

B/Panama/45/90

<1000

164,800

<1000

26,000

Virus strain

used as antigen

HAI

HAI

A/Texas/36/91 (H1N1)

<8

1,522

<8

1,088

A/Shangdong/32/92

<8

494

<8

435

(H3N2)

B/Panama/45/90

<8

174

<8

42

Virus strain

used as antigen

Neutralizing Ab

Neutralizing Ab

A/Texas/36/91 (H1N1)

<100

5,800

<100

2,720

A/Shangdong/32/92

<100

840

<100

360

(H3N2)

B/Panama/45/90

<100

1,300

<100

700

Modifications and variations of the methods and compositions described herein for use in preparing and using a recombinant influenza vaccine will be obvious to those skilled in the art.

12 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

DNA

Influenza virus

et al.

Davis

Construction and Characterization of a
Bacterial Clone Containing the Hemagglutinin Gene
of the WSN Strain (HON1) of Influenza Virus

Gene

205-218

1980

1
AGCAAAAGCA GG 12

39 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

DNA

unknown

2
GGGGGTACCC CCGGGAGCAA AAGCAGGGGA AAATAAAAA 39

35 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

DNA

unknown

3
CCCGGTACCT CAKATKCATA TTCTGCACTG CAAAG 35

39 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

DNA

unknown

4
GGGGGTACCC CCGGGGACAC AATATGTATA GGCTACCAT 39

39 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

DNA

unknown

5
GGGGGATCCG GTACCAGCAA AAGCAGGGGA TAATTCTAT 39

1793 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

DNA (genomic)

Influenza virus

A/Bejing/32/92 rHA

polyhedrin mRNA leader (partial)

1 to 18

coding region for AcNPV 61K protein signal
sequence

19 to 72

SmaI restriction site

76 to 81

coding region for mature rHA

73 to 1728

KpnI restriction site

1771 to 1777

BglII restriction site

1776 to 1782

unversal translation termination signal

1783 to 1793

6
TAAAAAAACC TATAAATAAT GCCCTTGTAC AAATTGTTAA ACGTTTTGTG GTTGGTCGCC 60
GTTTCTAACG CGATTCCCGG GGACTTTCCA GGAAATGACA ACAGCACAGC AACGCTGTGC 120
CTGGGACATC ATGCAGTGCC AAACGGAACG CTAGTGAAAA CAATCACGAA TGATCAAATT 180
GAAGTGACTA ATGCTACTGA GCTGGTTCAG AGTTCCTCAA CAGGTAGAAT ATGCGACAGT 240
CCTCACCGAA TCCTTGATGG AAAAAACTGC ACACTGATAG ATGCTCTATT GGGAGACCCT 300
CATTGTGATG GCTTCCAAAA TAAGGAATGG GACCTTTTTG TTGAACGCAG CAAAGCTTAC 360
AGCAACTGTT ACCCTTATGA TGTACCGGAT TATGCCTCCC TTAGGTCACT AGTTGCCTCA 420
TCAGGCACCC TGGAGTTTAT CAATGAAGAC TTCAATTGGA CTGGAGTCGC TCAGGATGGG 480
GGAAGCTATG CTTGCAAAAG GGGATCTGTT AACAGTTTCT TTAGTAGATT GAATTGGTTG 540
CACAAATCAG AATACAAATA TCCAGCGCTG AACGTGACTA TGCCAAACAA TGGCAAATTT 600
GACAAATTGT ACATTTGGGG GGTTCACCAC CCGAGCACGG ACAGAGACCA AACCAGCCTA 660
TATGTTCGAG CATCAGGGAG AGTCACAGTC TCTACCAAAA GAAGCCAACA AACTGTAACC 720
CCGAATATCG GGTCTAGACC CTGGGTAAGG GGTCAGTCCA GTAGAATAAG CATCTATTGG 780
ACAATAGTAA AACCGGGAGA CATACTTTTG ATTAATAGCA CAGGGAATCT AATTGCTCCT 840
CGGGGTTACT TCAAAATACG AAATGGGAAA AGCTCAATAA TGAGGTCAGA TGCACCCATT 900
GGCACCTGCA GTTCTGAATG CATCACTCCA AATGGAAGCA TTCCCAATGA CAAACCTTTT 960
CAAAATGTAA ACAGGATCAC ATATGGGGCC TGCCCCAGAT ATGTTAAGCA AAACACTCTG 1020
AAATTGGCAA CAGGGATGCG GAATGTACCA GAGAAACAAA CTAGAGGCAT ATTCGGCGCA 1080
ATCGCAGGTT TCATAGAAAA TGGTTGGGAG GGAATGGTAG ACGGTTGGTA CGGTTTCAGG 1140
CATCAAAATT CTGAGGGCAC AGGACAAGCA GCAGATCTTA AAAGCACTCA AGCAGCAATC 1200
GACCAAATCA ACGGGAAACT GAATAGGTTA ATCGAGAAAA CGAACGAGAA ATTCCATCAA 1260
ATCGAAAAAG AATTCTCAGA AGTAGAAGGG AGAATTCAGG ACCTCGAGAA ATATGTTGAA 1320
GACACTAAAA TAGATCTCTG GTCTTACAAC GCGGAGCTTC TTGTTGCCCT GGAGAACCAA 1380
CATACAATTG ATCTAACTGA CTCAGAAATG AACAAACTGT TTGAAAAAAC AAGGAAGCAA 1440
CTGAGGGAAA ATGCTGAGGA CATGGGCAAT GGTTGCTTCA AAATATACCA CAAATGTGAC 1500
AATGCCTGCA TAGGGTCAAT CAGAAATGGA ACTTATGACC ATGATGTATA CAGAGACGAA 1560
GCATTAAACA ACCGGTTCCA GATCAAAGGT GTTGAGCTGA AGTCAGGATA CAAAGATTGG 1620
ATCCTATGGA TTTCCTTTGC CATATCATGC TTTTTGCTTT GTGTTGTTTT GCTGGGGTTC 1680
ATCATGTGGG CCTGCCAAAA AGGCAACATT AGGTGCAACA TTTGCATTTG AGTGTATTAA 1740
TTAAAAACAC CCTTGTTTCT AGGATGATTC GGTACCAGAT CTTAATTAAT TAA 1793

570 amino acids

amino acid

single

linear

peptide

N-terminal

Influenza virus

A/Bejing/32/92 rHA

AcNPV 61K protein signal sequence

1 to 18

mature rHA

19 to 552

7
Met Pro Leu Tyr Lys Leu Leu Asn Val Leu Trp Leu Val Ala Val Ser
1 5 10 15
Asn Ala Ile Pro Gly Asp Phe Pro Gly Asn Asp Asn Ser Thr Ala Thr
20 25 30
Leu Cys Leu Gly His His Ala Val Pro Asn Gly Thr Leu Val Lys Thr
35 40 45
Ile Thr Asn Asp Gln Ile Glu Val Thr Asn Ala Thr Glu Leu Val Gln
50 55 60
Ser Ser Ser Thr Gly Arg Ile Cys Asp Ser Pro His Arg Ile Leu Asp
65 70 75 80
Gly Lys Asn Cys Thr Leu Ile Asp Ala Leu Leu Gly Asp Pro His Cys
85 90 95
Asp Gly Phe Gln Asn Lys Glu Trp Asp Leu Phe Val Glu Arg Ser Lys
100 105 110
Ala Tyr Ser Asn Cys Tyr Pro Tyr Asp Val Pro Asp Tyr Ala Ser Leu
115 120 125
Arg Ser Leu Val Ala Ser Ser Gly Thr Leu Glu Phe Ile Asn Glu Asp
130 135 140
Phe Asn Trp Thr Gly Val Ala Gln Asp Gly Gly Ser Tyr Ala Cys Lys
145 150 155 160
Arg Gly Ser Val Asn Ser Phe Phe Ser Arg Leu Asn Trp Leu His Lys
165 170 175
Ser Glu Tyr Lys Tyr Pro Ala Leu Asn Val Thr Met Pro Asn Asn Gly
180 185 190
Lys Phe Asp Lys Leu Tyr Ile Trp Gly Val His His Pro Ser Thr Asp
195 200 205
Arg Asp Gln Thr Ser Leu Tyr Val Arg Ala Ser Gly Arg Val Thr Val
210 215 220
Ser Thr Lys Arg Ser Gln Gln Thr Val Thr Pro Asn Ile Gly Ser Arg
225 230 235 240
Pro Trp Val Arg Gly Gln Ser Ser Arg Ile Ser Ile Tyr Trp Thr Ile
245 250 255
Val Lys Pro Gly Asp Ile Leu Leu Ile Asn Ser Thr Gly Asn Leu Ile
260 265 270
Ala Pro Arg Gly Tyr Phe Lys Ile Arg Asn Gly Lys Ser Ser Ile Met
275 280 285
Arg Ser Asp Ala Pro Ile Gly Thr Cys Ser Ser Glu Cys Ile Thr Pro
290 295 300
Asn Gly Ser Ile Pro Asn Asp Lys Pro Phe Gln Asn Val Asn Arg Ile
305 310 315 320
Thr Tyr Gly Ala Cys Pro Arg Tyr Val Lys Gln Asn Thr Leu Lys Leu
325 330 335
Ala Thr Gly Met Arg Asn Val Pro Glu Lys Gln Thr Arg Gly Ile Phe
340 345 350
Gly Ala Ile Ala Gly Phe Ile Glu Asn Gly Trp Glu Gly Met Val Asp
355 360 365
Gly Trp Tyr Gly Phe Arg His Gln Asn Ser Glu Gly Thr Gly Gln Ala
370 375 380
Ala Asp Leu Lys Ser Thr Gln Ala Ala Ile Asp Gln Ile Asn Gly Lys
385 390 395 400
Leu Asn Arg Leu Ile Glu Lys Thr Asn Glu Lys Phe His Gln Ile Glu
405 410 415
Lys Glu Phe Ser Glu Val Glu Gly Arg Ile Gln Asp Leu Glu Lys Tyr
420 425 430
Val Glu Asp Thr Lys Ile Asp Leu Trp Ser Tyr Asn Ala Glu Leu Leu
435 440 445
Val Ala Leu Glu Asn Gln His Thr Ile Asp Leu Thr Asp Ser Glu Met
450 455 460
Asn Lys Leu Phe Glu Lys Thr Arg Lys Gln Leu Arg Glu Asn Ala Glu
465 470 475 480
Asp Met Gly Asn Gly Cys Phe Lys Ile Tyr His Lys Cys Asp Asn Ala
485 490 495
Cys Ile Gly Ser Ile Arg Asn Gly Thr Tyr Asp His Asp Val Tyr Arg
500 505 510
Asp Glu Ala Leu Asn Asn Arg Phe Gln Ile Lys Gly Val Glu Leu Lys
515 520 525
Ser Gly Tyr Lys Asp Trp Ile Leu Trp Ile Ser Phe Ala Ile Ser Cys
530 535 540
Phe Leu Leu Cys Val Val Leu Leu Gly Phe Ile Met Trp Ala Cys Gln
545 550 555 560
Lys Gly Asn Ile Arg Cys Asn Ile Cys Ile
565 570

1766 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

DNA (genomic)

Influenza virus

A/Texas/36/91 rHA

polyhedrin mRNA leader (partial)

1 to 18

coding region for AcNPV 61K protein signal
peptide

19 to 72

SmaI restriction site

76 to 81

KpnI restriction site

82 to 87

SmaI restriction site

88 to 93

coding region for mature rHA

73 to 1734

KpnI restriction site

1744 to 1749

BglII restriction site

1750 to 1755

unversal translation termination signal

1756 to 1766

8
TAAAAAAACC TATAAATAAT GCCCTTGTAC AAATTGTTAA ACGTTTTGTG GTTGGTCGCC 60
GTTTCTAACG CGATTCCCGG GGGTACCCCC GGGGACACAA TATGTATAGG CTACCATGCG 120
AACAACTCAA CCGACACTGT TGACACAGTA CTTGAGAAGA ACGTGACAGT GACACACTCT 180
GTCAACCTAC TTGAGGACAG TCACAACGGA AAACTATGTC GACTAAAGGG AATAGCCCCA 240
CTACAATTGG GTAATTGCAG CGTTGCCGGA TGGATCTTAG GAAACCCAAA ATGCGAATCA 300
CTGTTTTCTA AGGAATCATG GTCCTACATT GCAGAAACAC CAAACCCTGA GAATGGAACA 360
TGTTACCCAG GGTATTTCGC CGACTATGAG GAACTGAGGG AGCAATTGAG TTCAGTATCA 420
TCATTCGAGA GATTCGAAAT ATTCCCCAAA GAAAGCTCAT GGCCCAACCA CACCGTAACC 480
AAAGGAGTAA CGAGATCATG CTCCCATAAT GGGAAAAGCA GTTTTTACAG AAATTTGCTA 540
TGGCTGACGG AGAAGAATGG CTTGTACCCA AATCTGAGCA AGTCCTATGT AAACAACAAA 600
GAGAAAGAAG TCCTTGTACT ATGGGGTGTT CATCACCCGT CTAACATAAG GGACCAAAGG 660
GCCATCTATC ATACAGAAAA TGCTTATGTC TCTGTAGTGT CTTCACATTA TAGCAGAAGA 720
TTCACCCCAG AAATAGCAAA AAGACCCAAA GTAAGAGATC AAGAAGGAAG AATTAACTAC 780
TACTGGACTC TGCTGGAACC CGGGGACACA ATAATATTTG AGGCAAATGG AAATCTAATA 840
GCGCCATGGT ATGCTTTCGC ACTGAGTAGA GGCTTTGGGT CAGGAATCAT CACCTCAAAC 900
GCATCAATGG ATGAATGTGA CGCGAAGTGT CAAACACCCC AGGGAGCTAT AAACAGTAGT 960
CTTCCTTTCC AGAATGTACA CCCAGTCACA ATAGGAGAGT GTCCAAAGTA TGTCAGGAGT 1020
ACAAAATTAA GGATGGTTAC AGGACTAAGG AACATCCCAT CCATTCAATC CAGAGGTTTG 1080
TTTGGAGCCA TTGCCGGTTT CATTGAAGGG GGGTGGACTG GAATGATAGA TGGATGGTAT 1140
GGTTATCATC ATCAGAATGA ACAAGGATCT GGCTATGCTG CGGACCAAAA AAGCACACAA 1200
AATGCCATTA ACGGGATTAC AAACAAGGTG AATTCTGTAA TCGAGAAAAT GAACACTCAA 1260
TTCACAGCTG TGGGCAAAGA ATTCAACAAA TTAGAAAGAA GGATGGAAAA CTTAAATAAA 1320
AAAGTTGATG ATGGATTTCT GGACATTTGG ACATATAATG CAGAATTGTT GGTTCTACTG 1380
GAAAATGGAA GGACTTTGGA TTTTCATGAC TCAAATGTGA AGAATCTGTA TGAGAAAGTA 1440
AAAAGCCAAT TGAAGAATAA TGCCAAAGAA ATAGGGAACG GGTGTTTTGA ATTCTATCAC 1500
AAGTGTAACA ATGAATGCAT GGAAAGTGTG AAAAATGGAA CTTATGACTA TCCAAAATAT 1560
TCCGAAGAAT CAAAGTTAAA CAGGGGAAAA ATTGATGGAG TGAAATTGGA ATCAATGGGA 1620
GTCTATCAGA TTCTGGCGAT CTACTCAACT GTCGCCAGTT CACTGGTGCT TTTGGTCTCC 1680
CTGGGGGCAA TCAGCTTCTG GATGTGTTCT AATGGGTCTT TGCAGTGCAG AATATGAATC 1740
TGAGGTACCA GATCTTAATT AATTAA 1766

572 amino acids

amino acid

single

linear

peptide

N-terminal

Influenza virus

A/Texas/36/91 rHA

AcNPV 61K protein signal sequence

1 to 18

mature rHA

19 to 554

9
Met Pro Leu Tyr Lys Leu Leu Asn Val Leu Trp Leu Val Ala Val Ser
1 5 10 15
Asn Ala Ile Pro Gly Gly Thr Pro Gly Asp Thr Ile Cys Ile Gly Tyr
20 25 30
His Ala Asn Asn Ser Thr Asp Thr Val Asp Thr Val Leu Glu Lys Asn
35 40 45
Val Thr Val Thr His Ser Val Asn Leu Leu Glu Asp Ser His Asn Gly
50 55 60
Lys Leu Cys Arg Leu Lys Gly Ile Ala Pro Leu Gln Leu Gly Asn Cys
65 70 75 80
Ser Val Ala Gly Trp Ile Leu Gly Asn Pro Lys Cys Glu Ser Leu Phe
85 90 95
Ser Lys Glu Ser Trp Ser Tyr Ile Ala Glu Thr Pro Asn Pro Glu Asn
100 105 110
Gly Thr Cys Tyr Pro Gly Tyr Phe Ala Asp Tyr Glu Glu Leu Arg Glu
115 120 125
Gln Leu Ser Ser Val Ser Ser Phe Glu Arg Phe Glu Ile Phe Pro Lys
130 135 140
Glu Ser Ser Trp Pro Asn His Thr Val Thr Lys Gly Val Thr Arg Ser
145 150 155 160
Cys Ser His Asn Gly Lys Ser Ser Phe Tyr Arg Asn Leu Leu Trp Leu
165 170 175
Thr Glu Lys Asn Gly Leu Tyr Pro Asn Leu Ser Lys Ser Tyr Val Asn
180 185 190
Asn Lys Glu Lys Glu Val Leu Val Leu Trp Gly Val His His Pro Ser
195 200 205
Asn Ile Arg Asp Gln Arg Ala Ile Tyr His Thr Glu Asn Ala Tyr Val
210 215 220
Ser Val Val Ser Ser His Tyr Ser Arg Arg Phe Thr Pro Glu Ile Ala
225 230 235 240
Lys Arg Pro Lys Val Arg Asp Gln Glu Gly Arg Ile Asn Tyr Tyr Trp
245 250 255
Thr Leu Leu Glu Pro Gly Asp Thr Ile Ile Phe Glu Ala Asn Gly Asn
260 265 270
Leu Ile Ala Pro Trp Tyr Ala Phe Ala Leu Ser Arg Gly Phe Gly Ser
275 280 285
Gly Ile Ile Thr Ser Asn Ala Ser Met Asp Glu Cys Asp Ala Lys Cys
290 295 300
Gln Thr Pro Gln Gly Ala Ile Asn Ser Ser Leu Pro Phe Gln Asn Val
305 310 315 320
His Pro Val Thr Ile Gly Glu Cys Pro Lys Tyr Val Arg Ser Thr Lys
325 330 335
Leu Arg Met Val Thr Gly Leu Arg Asn Ile Pro Ser Ile Gln Ser Arg
340 345 350
Gly Leu Phe Gly Ala Ile Ala Gly Phe Ile Glu Gly Gly Trp Thr Gly
355 360 365
Met Ile Asp Gly Trp Tyr Gly Tyr His His Gln Asn Glu Gln Gly Ser
370 375 380
Gly Tyr Ala Ala Asp Gln Lys Ser Thr Gln Asn Ala Ile Asn Gly Ile
385 390 395 400
Thr Asn Lys Val Asn Ser Val Ile Glu Lys Met Asn Thr Gln Phe Thr
405 410 415
Ala Val Gly Lys Glu Phe Asn Lys Leu Glu Arg Arg Met Glu Asn Leu
420 425 430
Asn Lys Lys Val Asp Asp Gly Phe Leu Asp Ile Trp Thr Tyr Asn Ala
435 440 445
Glu Leu Leu Val Leu Leu Glu Asn Gly Arg Thr Leu Asp Phe His Asp
450 455 460
Ser Asn Val Lys Asn Leu Tyr Glu Lys Val Lys Ser Gln Leu Lys Asn
465 470 475 480
Asn Ala Lys Glu Ile Gly Asn Gly Cys Phe Glu Phe Tyr His Lys Cys
485 490 495
Asn Asn Glu Cys Met Glu Ser Val Lys Asn Gly Thr Tyr Asp Tyr Pro
500 505 510
Lys Tyr Ser Glu Glu Ser Lys Leu Asn Arg Gly Lys Ile Asp Gly Val
515 520 525
Lys Leu Glu Ser Met Gly Val Tyr Gln Ile Leu Ala Ile Tyr Ser Thr
530 535 540
Val Ala Ser Ser Leu Val Leu Leu Val Ser Leu Gly Ala Ile Ser Phe
545 550 555 560
Trp Met Cys Ser Asn Gly Ser Leu Gln Cys Arg Ile
565 570

1799 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

RNA (genomic)

Influenza virus

B/Panama/45/90 rHA

polyhedrin mRNA leader (partial)

1 to 18

coding region for HA signal peptide
sequence

19 to 69

SmaI restriction site

22 to 27

coding region for mature rHA

70 to 1773

KpnI restriction site

1777 to 1782

BglII restriction site

1783 to 1788

unversal translation termination signal

1789 to 1799

10
TAAAAAAACC TATAAATAAT GCCCGGGAAG GCAATAATTG TACTACTCAT GGTAGTAACA 60
TCCAACGCAG ATCGAATCTG CACTGGGATA ACATCTTCAA ACTCACCTCA TGTGGTCAAA 120
ACAGCTACTC AAGGGGAAGT CAATGTGACT GGTGTGATAC CACTGACAAC AACACCAACA 180
AAATCTCATT TTGCAAATCT AAAAGGAACA AAGACCAGAG GGAAACTATG CCCAAACTGT 240
CTCAACTGCA CAGATCTGGA TGTGGCCTTG GGCAGACCAA TGTGTGTGGG GACCACACCT 300
TCGGCAAAAG CTTCAATACT CCACGAAGTC AGACCTGTTA CATCCGGGTG CTTTCCTATA 360
ATGCACGACA GAACAAAAAT CAGACAGCTA CCCAATCTTC TCAGAGGATA TGAAAATATC 420
AGATTATCAA CCCAAAACGT TATCAACGCA GAAAGAGCAC CAGGAGGACC CTACAGACTT 480
GGAACCTCAG GATCTTGCCC TAACGTTACC AGTAGAGACG GATTCTTCGC AACAATGGCT 540
TGGGCTGTCC CAAGGGACAA CAAAACAGCA ACGAATCCAC TAACAGTAGA AGTACCATAC 600
ATTTGTACCA AAGGAGAAGA CCAAATTACT GTTTGGGGGT TCCATTCTGA TAACAAAATC 660
CAAATGAAAA ACCTCTATGG AGACTCAAAT CCTCAAAAGT TCACCTCATC TGCCAATGGA 720
GTAACCACAC ATTATGTTTC TCAGATTGGT GGCTTCCCAA ATCAAACAGA AGACGGAGGG 780
CTACCACAAA GCGGCAGAAT TGTTGTTGAT TACATGGTGC AAAAACCTGG GAAAACAGGA 840
ACAATTGTCT ATCAAAGAGG TGTTTTGTTG CCTCAAAAGG TGTGGTGCGC AAGTGGCAGG 900
AGCAAGGTAA TAAAAGGGTC CTTGCCTTTA ATTGGTGAAG CAGATTGCCT TCACGAAAAA 960
TACGGTGGAT TAAACAAAAG CAAGCCTTAC TACACAGGAG AACATGCAAA AGCCATAGGA 1020
AATTGCCCAA TATGGGTGAA AACACCTTTG AAGCTTGCCA ATGGAACCAA ATATAGACCT 1080
CCTGCAAAAC TATTAAAGGA AAGGGGTTTC TTCGGAGCTA TTGCTGGTTT CTTAGAAGGA 1140
GGATGGGAAG GAATGATTGC AGGTTGGCAC GGATACACAT CTCATGGAGC ACATGGAGTG 1200
GCAGTGGCAG CAGACCTTAA GAGTACGCAA GAAGCCATAA ACAAGATAAC AAAAAATCTC 1260
AATTCTTTGA GTGAGCTAGA AGTAAAGAAT CTTCAAAGAC TAAGTGGTGC CATGGATGAA 1320
CTCCACAACG AAATACTCGA GCTGGATGAG AAAGTGGATG ATCTCAGAGC TGACACAATA 1380
AGCTCGCAAA TAGAGCTTGC AGTCTTGCTT TCCAACGAAG GAATAATAAA CAGTGAAGAT 1440
GAGCATCTAT TGGCACTTGA GAGAAAACTA AAGAAAATGC TGGGTCCCTC TGCTGTAGAC 1500
ATAGGGAATG GATGCTTCGA AACCAAACAC AAGTGCAACC AGACCTGCTT AGACAGGATA 1560
GCTGCTGGCA CCTTTAATGC AGGAGAATTT TCTCTTCCCA CTTTTGATTC ACTGAATATT 1620
ACTGCTGCAT CTTTAAATGA TGATGGATTG GATAATCATA CTATACTGCT CTACTACTCA 1680
ACTGCTGCTT CTAGTTTGGC TGTAACATTG ATGATAGCTA TTTTTATTGT TTATATGGTC 1740
TCCAGAGACA ATGTTTCTTG TTCCATCTGT CTGTGAGGTA CCAGATCTTA ATTAATTAA 1799

585 amino acids

amino acid

single

linear

peptide

N-terminal

Influenza virus

B/Panama/45/90 rHA

HA signal peptide

1 to 17

mature rHA

18 to 568

11
Met Pro Gly Lys Ala Ile Ile Val Leu Leu Met Val Val Thr Ser Asn
1 5 10 15
Ala Asp Arg Ile Cys Thr Gly Ile Thr Ser Ser Asn Ser Pro His Val
20 25 30
Val Lys Thr Ala Thr Gln Gly Glu Val Asn Val Thr Gly Val Ile Pro
35 40 45
Leu Thr Thr Thr Pro Thr Lys Ser His Phe Ala Asn Leu Lys Gly Thr
50 55 60
Lys Thr Arg Gly Lys Leu Cys Pro Asn Cys Leu Asn Cys Thr Asp Leu
65 70 75 80
Asp Val Ala Leu Gly Arg Pro Met Cys Val Gly Thr Thr Pro Ser Ala
85 90 95
Lys Ala Ser Ile Leu His Glu Val Arg Pro Val Thr Ser Gly Cys Phe
100 105 110
Pro Ile Met His Asp Arg Thr Lys Ile Arg Gln Leu Pro Asn Leu Leu
115 120 125
Arg Gly Tyr Glu Asn Ile Arg Leu Ser Thr Gln Asn Val Ile Asn Ala
130 135 140
Glu Arg Ala Pro Gly Gly Pro Tyr Arg Leu Gly Thr Ser Gly Ser Cys
145 150 155 160
Pro Asn Val Thr Ser Arg Asp Gly Phe Phe Ala Thr Met Ala Trp Ala
165 170 175
Val Pro Arg Asp Asn Lys Thr Ala Thr Asn Pro Leu Thr Val Glu Val
180 185 190
Pro Tyr Ile Cys Thr Lys Gly Glu Asp Gln Ile Thr Val Trp Gly Phe
195 200 205
His Ser Asp Asn Lys Ile Gln Met Lys Asn Leu Tyr Gly Asp Ser Asn
210 215 220
Pro Gln Lys Phe Thr Ser Ser Ala Asn Gly Val Thr Thr His Tyr Val
225 230 235 240
Ser Gln Ile Gly Gly Phe Pro Asn Gln Thr Glu Asp Gly Gly Leu Pro
245 250 255
Gln Ser Gly Arg Ile Val Val Asp Tyr Met Val Gln Lys Pro Gly Lys
260 265 270
Thr Gly Thr Ile Val Tyr Gln Arg Gly Val Leu Leu Pro Gln Lys Val
275 280 285
Trp Cys Ala Ser Gly Arg Ser Lys Val Ile Lys Gly Ser Leu Pro Leu
290 295 300
Ile Gly Glu Ala Asp Cys Leu His Glu Lys Tyr Gly Gly Leu Asn Lys
305 310 315 320
Ser Lys Pro Tyr Tyr Thr Gly Glu His Ala Lys Ala Ile Gly Asn Cys
325 330 335
Pro Ile Trp Val Lys Thr Pro Leu Lys Leu Ala Asn Gly Thr Lys Tyr
340 345 350
Arg Pro Pro Ala Lys Leu Leu Lys Glu Arg Gly Phe Phe Gly Ala Ile
355 360 365
Ala Gly Phe Leu Glu Gly Gly Trp Glu Gly Met Ile Ala Gly Trp His
370 375 380
Gly Tyr Thr Ser His Gly Ala His Gly Val Ala Val Ala Ala Asp Leu
385 390 395 400
Lys Ser Thr Gln Glu Ala Ile Asn Lys Ile Thr Lys Asn Leu Asn Ser
405 410 415
Leu Ser Glu Leu Glu Val Lys Asn Leu Gln Arg Leu Ser Gly Ala Met
420 425 430
Asp Glu Leu His Asn Glu Ile Leu Glu Leu Asp Glu Lys Val Asp Asp
435 440 445
Leu Arg Ala Asp Thr Ile Ser Ser Gln Ile Glu Leu Ala Val Leu Leu
450 455 460
Ser Asn Glu Gly Ile Ile Asn Ser Glu Asp Glu His Leu Leu Ala Leu
465 470 475 480
Glu Arg Lys Leu Lys Lys Met Leu Gly Pro Ser Ala Val Asp Ile Gly
485 490 495
Asn Gly Cys Phe Glu Thr Lys His Lys Cys Asn Gln Thr Cys Leu Asp
500 505 510
Arg Ile Ala Ala Gly Thr Phe Asn Ala Gly Glu Phe Ser Leu Pro Thr
515 520 525
Phe Asp Ser Leu Asn Ile Thr Ala Ala Ser Leu Asn Asp Asp Gly Leu
530 535 540
Asp Asn His Thr Ile Leu Leu Tyr Tyr Ser Thr Ala Ala Ser Ser Leu
545 550 555 560
Ala Val Thr Leu Met Ile Ala Ile Phe Ile Val Tyr Met Val Ser Arg
565 570 575
Asp Asn Val Ser Cys Ser Ile Cys Leu
580 585

1811 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

DNA (genomic)

Influenza virus

B/Netherlands/13/94 rHA

polyhedrin mRNA leader (partial)

1 to 18

coding region for AcNPV 61K protein signal
sequence

19 to 72

SmaI restriction site

76 to 81

coding region for mature rHA

73 to 1785

KpnI restriction site

1789 to 1794

BglII restriction site

1795 to 1800

unversal translation termination signal

1801 to 1811

12
TAAAAAAACC TATAAATAAT GCCCTTGTAC AAATTGTTAA ACGTTTTGTG GTTGGTCGCC 60
GTTTCTAACG CGATTCCCGG GGATCGAATC TGCACTGGGA TAACATCTTC AAAATCACCT 120
CATGTAGTCA AAACAGCTAC TCAAGGGGAG GTCAATGTGA CTGGTGTGAT ACCACTGACG 180
ACAACACCAA CAAAATCTCA TTTTGCAAAT CTCAAAGGAA CAAAGACCAG AGGGAAACTA 240
TGCCCAAACT GTCTCAACTG CACAGATCTG GATGTGGCCT TGGGCAGACC AATGTGTGTG 300
GGGATCACAC CTTCGGCAAA AGCTTCAATA CTCCACGAAG TCAGACCTGT TACATCCGGG 360
TGCTTTCCTA TAATGCATGA CAGAACAAAA ATCAGACAGC TACCCAATCT TCTCAGAGGA 420
TATGAAAACA TCAGACTATC AACCCAAAAC GTTATCAACG CAGAAAAGGC ACCAGGAGGA 480
CCCTACAGAC TTGGAACCTC AGGATCTTGC CCTAACGTTA CCAGTAGAAC CGGATTCTTC 540
GCAACAATGG CTTGGGCTGT CCCAAGGGAC AACAAAACAG CAACGAATCC ACTAACAGTA 600
GAAGTACCAT ACATTTGTAC GAAAGGAGAA GACCAAATTA CTGTTTGGGG GTTCCATTCT 660
GATAACAAAA CCCAAATGAA AAACCTCTAT GGAGACTCAA ATCCTCAAAA GTTCACCTCA 720
TCTGCCAATG GAGTAACCAC ACATTATGTT TCTCAGATTG GTGGCTTCCC AGATCAAACA 780
GAAGACGGAG GACTACCACA AAGCGGCAGA ATTGTTGTTG ATTACATGGT GCAAAAACCT 840
GGGAAAACAG GAACAATTGT CTATCAAAGA GGTATTTTGT TGCCTCAAAA GGTGTGGTGC 900
GCAAGTGGCA GGAGCAAGGT AATAAAAGGG TCCTTGCCTT TAATTGGTGA AGCAGATTGC 960
CTTCACGAAA AATACGGTGG ATTAAACAAA AGCAAGCCTT ACTACACAGG AGAACATGCA 1020
AAAGCCATAG GAAATTGCCC AATATGGGTG AAAACACCTT TGAAGCTTGC CAATGGAACC 1080
AGATATAGAC CTCCTGCAAA ACTATTAAAG GAAAGGGGTT TCTTCGGAGC TATTGCTGGT 1140
TTCTTAGAAG GAGGATGGGA AGGAATGATT GCAGGTTGGC ACGGATACAC ATCTCACGGG 1200
GCACATGGAG TGGCAGTGGC AGCAGACCTT AAGAGTACGC AAGAAGCCAT AAACAAGATA 1260
ACAAAAAATC TCAATTCTTT GAGTGAGCTA GAAGTAAAGA ACCTTCAAAG ACTAAGTGGT 1320
GCCATGGATG AACTCCACAA CGAAATACTC GAGCTGGATG AGAAAGTGGA TGATCTCAGA 1380
GCTGACACAA TAAGCTCGCA AATAGAGCTT GCAGTCTTAC TTTCCAACGA AGGAATAATA 1440
AACAGTGAAG ATGAGCATCT ATTGGCACTT GAGAGAAAAC TAAAGAAAAT GCTGGGTCCC 1500
TCTGCTGTAG ACATAGGGAA TGGATGCTTC GAAACAAAAC ACAAGTGCAA CCAGACCTGC 1560
TTAGACAGGA TAGCTGCTGG CACCTTTAAT GCAGGAGAAT TTTCTCTTCC CACTTTTGAT 1620
TCACTGAATA TTACTGCTGC ATCTTTAAAT GATGATGGAT TGGATAATCA TACTATACTG 1680
CTCTACTACT CAACTGCTGC TTCTAGTTTG GCTGTAACAT TGATGATAGC TATTTTTATT 1740
GTTTATATGG TCTCCAGAGA CAATGTTTCT TGTTCCATCT GTCTGTGAGG TACCAGATCT 1800
TAATTAATTA A 1811

589 amino acids

amino acid

single

linear

peptide

N-terminal

Influenza virus

B/Netherlands/13/94 rHA

AcNPV 61K protein signal sequence

1 to 18

mature rHA

19 to 571

13
Met Pro Leu Tyr Lys Leu Leu Asn Val Leu Trp Leu Val Ala Val Ser
1 5 10 15
Asn Ala Ile Pro Gly Asp Arg Ile Cys Thr Gly Ile Thr Ser Ser Lys
20 25 30
Ser Pro His Val Val Lys Thr Ala Thr Gln Gly Glu Val Asn Val Thr
35 40 45
Gly Val Ile Pro Leu Thr Thr Thr Pro Thr Lys Ser His Phe Ala Asn
50 55 60
Leu Lys Gly Thr Lys Thr Arg Gly Lys Leu Cys Pro Asn Cys Leu Asn
65 70 75 80
Cys Thr Asp Leu Asp Val Ala Leu Gly Arg Pro Met Cys Val Gly Ile
85 90 95
Thr Pro Ser Ala Lys Ala Ser Ile Leu His Glu Val Arg Pro Val Thr
100 105 110
Ser Gly Cys Phe Pro Ile Met His Asp Arg Thr Lys Ile Arg Gln Leu
115 120 125
Pro Asn Leu Leu Arg Gly Tyr Glu Asn Ile Arg Leu Ser Thr Gln Asn
130 135 140
Val Ile Asn Ala Glu Lys Ala Pro Gly Gly Pro Tyr Arg Leu Gly Thr
145 150 155 160
Ser Gly Ser Cys Pro Asn Val Thr Ser Arg Thr Gly Phe Phe Ala Thr
165 170 175
Met Ala Trp Ala Val Pro Arg Asp Asn Lys Thr Ala Thr Asn Pro Leu
180 185 190
Thr Val Glu Val Pro Tyr Ile Cys Thr Lys Gly Glu Asp Gln Ile Thr
195 200 205
Val Trp Gly Phe His Ser Asp Asn Lys Thr Gln Met Lys Asn Leu Tyr
210 215 220
Gly Asp Ser Asn Pro Gln Lys Phe Thr Ser Ser Ala Asn Gly Val Thr
225 230 235 240
Thr His Tyr Val Ser Gln Ile Gly Gly Phe Pro Asp Gln Thr Glu Asp
245 250 255
Gly Gly Leu Pro Gln Ser Gly Arg Ile Val Val Asp Tyr Met Val Gln
260 265 270
Lys Pro Gly Lys Thr Gly Thr Ile Val Tyr Gln Arg Gly Ile Leu Leu
275 280 285
Pro Gln Lys Val Trp Cys Ala Ser Gly Arg Ser Lys Val Ile Lys Gly
290 295 300
Ser Leu Pro Leu Ile Gly Glu Ala Asp Cys Leu His Glu Lys Tyr Gly
305 310 315 320
Gly Leu Asn Lys Ser Lys Pro Tyr Tyr Thr Gly Glu His Ala Lys Ala
325 330 335
Ile Gly Asn Cys Pro Ile Trp Val Lys Thr Pro Leu Lys Leu Ala Asn
340 345 350
Gly Thr Arg Tyr Arg Pro Pro Ala Lys Leu Leu Lys Glu Arg Gly Phe
355 360 365
Phe Gly Ala Ile Ala Gly Phe Leu Glu Gly Gly Trp Glu Gly Met Ile
370 375 380
Ala Gly Trp His Gly Tyr Thr Ser His Gly Ala His Gly Val Ala Val
385 390 395 400
Ala Ala Asp Leu Lys Ser Thr Gln Glu Ala Ile Asn Lys Ile Thr Lys
405 410 415
Asn Leu Asn Ser Leu Ser Glu Leu Glu Val Lys Asn Leu Gln Arg Leu
420 425 430
Ser Gly Ala Met Asp Glu Leu His Asn Glu Ile Leu Glu Leu Asp Glu
435 440 445
Lys Val Asp Asp Leu Arg Ala Asp Thr Ile Ser Ser Gln Ile Glu Leu
450 455 460
Ala Val Leu Leu Ser Asn Glu Gly Ile Ile Asn Ser Glu Asp Glu His
465 470 475 480
Leu Leu Ala Leu Glu Arg Lys Leu Lys Lys Met Leu Gly Pro Ser Ala
485 490 495
Val Asp Ile Gly Asn Gly Cys Phe Glu Thr Lys His Lys Cys Asn Gln
500 505 510
Thr Cys Leu Asp Arg Ile Ala Ala Gly Thr Phe Asn Ala Gly Glu Phe
515 520 525
Ser Leu Pro Thr Phe Asp Ser Leu Asn Ile Thr Ala Ala Ser Leu Asn
530 535 540
Asp Asp Gly Leu Asp Asn His Thr Ile Leu Leu Tyr Tyr Ser Thr Ala
545 550 555 560
Ala Ser Ser Leu Ala Val Thr Leu Met Ile Ala Ile Phe Ile Val Tyr
565 570 575
Met Val Ser Arg Asp Asn Val Ser Cys Ser Ile Cys Leu
580 585

1757 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

DNA (genomic)

Influenza virus

A/Shandong/9/93 rHA

polyhedrin mRNA leader (partial)

1 to 18

coding region for AcNPV 61K protein signal
sequence

19 to 72

SmaI restriction site

76 to 81

coding region for mature rHA

73 to 1728

KpnI restriction site

1735 to 1740

BglII restriction site

1741 to 1746

unversal translation termination signal

1747 to 1757

14
TAAAAAAACC TATAAATAAT GCCCTTGTAC AAATTGTTAA ACGTTTTGTG GTTGGTCGCC 60
GTTTCTAACG CGATTCCCGG GCAAGACCTT CCAGGAAATG ACAACAGCAC AGCAACGCTG 120
TGCCTGGGAC ATCATGCAGT GCCAAACGGA ACGCTAGTGA AAACAATCAC GAATGATCAA 180
ATTGAAGTGA CTAATGCTAC TGAGTTGGTT CAGAGTTCCT CAACAGGTAG AATATGCGGC 240
AGTCCTCACC GAATCCTTGA TGGAAAAAAC TGCACACTGA TAGATGCTCT ATTGGGAGAC 300
CCTCATTGTG ATGGCTTCCA AAATAAGGAA TGGGACCTTT TTGTTGAACG CAGCAAAGCT 360
TACAGCAACT GTTACCCTTA TGATGTGCCG GATTATGCCT CCCTTAGGTC ACTAGTTGCC 420
TCATCAGGCA CCCTGGAGTT TATCAATGAA GACTTCAATT GGACTGGAGT CGCTCAGGAT 480
GGGGGAAGCT ATGCTTGCAA AAGAGGATCT GTTAACAGTT TCTTTAGTAG ATTGAATTGG 540
TTGCACAAAT TAGAATACAA ATATCCAGCG CTGAACGTGA CTATGCCAAA CAATGGCAAA 600
TTTGACAAAT TGTACATTTG GGGGGTTCAC CACCCGAGCA CGGACAGTGA CCAAACCAGC 660
CTATATGTTC GAGCATCAGG GAGAGTCACA GTCTCTACCA AAAGAAGCCA ACAAACTGTA 720
ACCCCGAATA TCGGGTCTAG ACCCTGGGTA AGGGGTCAGT CCAGTAGAAT AAGCATCTAT 780
TGGACAATAG TAAAACCGGG AGACATACTT TTGATTGATA GCACAGGGAA TCTAATTGCT 840
CCTCGGGGTT ACTTCAAAAT ACGAAATGGG AAAAGCTCAA TAATGAGGTC AGATGCACCC 900
ATTGGCAACT GCAGTTCTGA ATGCATCACT CCAAATGGAA GCATTCCCAA TGACAAACCT 960
TTTCAAAATG TAAACAGAAT CACATATGGG GCCTGCCCCA GATATGTTAA GCAAAACACT 1020
CTGAAATTGG CAACAGGGAT GCGGAATGTA CCAGAGAAAC AAACTAGAGG CATATTCGGC 1080
GCAATCGCAG GTTTCATAGA AAATGGTTGG GAGGGAATGG TAGACGGTTG GTACGGTTTC 1140
AGGCATCAAA ATTCTGAGGG CACAGGACAA GCAGCAGATC TTAAAAGCAC TCAAGCAGCA 1200
ATCGACCAAA TCAACGGGAA ACTGAATAGG TTAATCGAGA AAACGAACGA GAAATTCCAT 1260
CAAATCGAAA AAGAATTCTC AGAAGTAGAA GGGAGAATTC AGGACCTCGA GAAATATGTT 1320
GAAGACACTA AAATAGATCT CTGGTCTTAC AACGCGGAGC TTCTTGTTGC CCTGGAGAAC 1380
CAACATACAA TTGATCTAAC TGACTCAGAA ATGAACAAAC TGTTTGAAAA AACAAGGAAG 1440
CAACTGAGGG AAAATGCTGA GGACATGGGC AATGGTTGCT TCAAAATATA CCACAAATGT 1500
GACAATGCCT GCATAGGGTC AATCAGAAAT GGAACTTATG ACCATGATGT ATACAGAGAC 1560
GAAGCATTAA ACAACCGGTT CCAGATCAAA GGTGTTGAGC TGAAGTCAGG ATACAAAGAT 1620
TGGATCCTAT GGATTTCCTT TGCCATATCA TGCTTTTTGC TTTGTGTTGT TTTGCTGGGG 1680
TTCATCATGT GGGCCTGCCA AAAAGGCAAC ATTAGGTGCA ACATTTGCAT TTGAGGTACC 1740
AGATCTTAAT TAATTAA 1757

571 amino acids

amino acid

single

linear

peptide

N-terminal

Influenza virus

A/Shandong/9/93 rHA

AcNPV 61K protein signal sequence

1 to 18

mature rHA

19 to 553

15
Met Pro Leu Tyr Lys Leu Leu Asn Val Leu Trp Leu Val Ala Val Ser
1 5 10 15
Asn Ala Ile Pro Gly Gln Asp Leu Pro Gly Asn Asp Asn Ser Thr Ala
20 25 30
Thr Leu Cys Leu Gly His His Ala Val Pro Asn Gly Thr Leu Val Lys
35 40 45
Thr Ile Thr Asn Asp Gln Ile Glu Val Thr Asn Ala Thr Glu Leu Val
50 55 60
Gln Ser Ser Ser Thr Gly Arg Ile Cys Gly Ser Pro His Arg Ile Leu
65 70 75 80
Asp Gly Lys Asn Cys Thr Leu Ile Asp Ala Leu Leu Gly Asp Pro His
85 90 95
Cys Asp Gly Phe Gln Asn Lys Glu Trp Asp Leu Phe Val Glu Arg Ser
100 105 110
Lys Ala Tyr Ser Asn Cys Tyr Pro Tyr Asp Val Pro Asp Tyr Ala Ser
115 120 125
Leu Arg Ser Leu Val Ala Ser Ser Gly Thr Leu Glu Phe Ile Asn Glu
130 135 140
Asp Phe Asn Trp Thr Gly Val Ala Gln Asp Gly Gly Ser Tyr Ala Cys
145 150 155 160
Lys Arg Gly Ser Val Asn Ser Phe Phe Ser Arg Leu Asn Trp Leu His
165 170 175
Lys Leu Glu Tyr Lys Tyr Pro Ala Leu Asn Val Thr Met Pro Asn Asn
180 185 190
Gly Lys Phe Asp Lys Leu Tyr Ile Trp Gly Val His His Pro Ser Thr
195 200 205
Asp Ser Asp Gln Thr Ser Leu Tyr Val Arg Ala Ser Gly Arg Val Thr
210 215 220
Val Ser Thr Lys Arg Ser Gln Gln Thr Val Thr Pro Asn Ile Gly Ser
225 230 235 240
Arg Pro Trp Val Arg Gly Gln Ser Ser Arg Ile Ser Ile Tyr Trp Thr
245 250 255
Ile Val Lys Pro Gly Asp Ile Leu Leu Ile Asp Ser Thr Gly Asn Leu
260 265 270
Ile Ala Pro Arg Gly Tyr Phe Lys Ile Arg Asn Gly Lys Ser Ser Ile
275 280 285
Met Arg Ser Asp Ala Pro Ile Gly Asn Cys Ser Ser Glu Cys Ile Thr
290 295 300
Pro Asn Gly Ser Ile Pro Asn Asp Lys Pro Phe Gln Asn Val Asn Arg
305 310 315 320
Ile Thr Tyr Gly Ala Cys Pro Arg Tyr Val Lys Gln Asn Thr Leu Lys
325 330 335
Leu Ala Thr Gly Met Arg Asn Val Pro Glu Lys Gln Thr Arg Gly Ile
340 345 350
Phe Gly Ala Ile Ala Gly Phe Ile Glu Asn Gly Trp Glu Gly Met Val
355 360 365
Asp Gly Trp Tyr Gly Phe Arg His Gln Asn Ser Glu Gly Thr Gly Gln
370 375 380
Ala Ala Asp Leu Lys Ser Thr Gln Ala Ala Ile Asp Gln Ile Asn Gly
385 390 395 400
Lys Leu Asn Arg Leu Ile Glu Lys Thr Asn Glu Lys Phe His Gln Ile
405 410 415
Glu Lys Glu Phe Ser Glu Val Glu Gly Arg Ile Gln Asp Leu Glu Lys
420 425 430
Tyr Val Glu Asp Thr Lys Ile Asp Leu Trp Ser Tyr Asn Ala Glu Leu
435 440 445
Leu Val Ala Leu Glu Asn Gln His Thr Ile Asp Leu Thr Asp Ser Glu
450 455 460
Met Asn Lys Leu Phe Glu Lys Thr Arg Lys Gln Leu Arg Glu Asn Ala
465 470 475 480
Glu Asp Met Gly Asn Gly Cys Phe Lys Ile Tyr His Lys Cys Asp Asn
485 490 495
Ala Cys Ile Gly Ser Ile Arg Asn Gly Thr Tyr Asp His Asp Val Tyr
500 505 510
Arg Asp Glu Ala Leu Asn Asn Arg Phe Gln Ile Lys Gly Val Glu Leu
515 520 525
Lys Ser Gly Tyr Lys Asp Trp Ile Leu Trp Ile Ser Phe Ala Ile Ser
530 535 540
Cys Phe Leu Leu Cys Val Val Leu Leu Gly Phe Ile Met Trp Ala Cys
545 550 555 560
Gln Lys Gly Asn Ile Arg Cys Asn Ile Cys Ile
565 570

1814 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

DNA (genomic)

Influenza virus

B/Shanhai/4/94 rHA

polyhedrin mRNA leader (partial)

1 to 18

coding region for AcNPV 61K protein signal
sequence

19 to 72

SmaI restriction site

76 to 81

KpnI restriction site

82 to 87

coding region for mature rHA

73 to 1794

unversal translation termination signal

1804 to 1814

16
TAAAAAAACC TATAAATAAT GCCCTTGTAC AAATTGTTAA ACGTTTTGTG GTTGGTCGCC 60
GTTTCTAACG CGATTCCCGG GGGTACCGAT CGAATCTGCA CTGGGATAAC ATCTTCAAAC 120
TCACCTCATG TGGTCAAAAC AGCTACTCAA GGGGAGGTCA ATGTGACTGG TGTGATACCA 180
CTGACAACAA CACCAACAAA ATCTCATTTT GCAAATCTCA AAGGAACAAA GACCAGAGGG 240
AAACTATGCC CAAACTGTCT CAACTGCACA GATCTGGATG TGGCCTTGGG CAGACCAATG 300
TGTGTGGGGA CCACACCTTC GGCAAAAGCT TCAATACTCC ACGAAGTCAG ACCTGTTACA 360
TCCGGGTGCT TTCCTATAAT GCACGACAGA ACAAAAATCA GACAGCTACC CAATCTTCTC 420
AGAGGATATG AAAATATCAG ATTATCAACC CAAAACGTTA TCAACGCAGA AAAGGCACCA 480
GGAGGACCCT ACAGACTTGG AACCTCAGGA TCTTGCCCTA ACGCTACCAG TAGAAGCGGA 540
TTTTTCGCAA CAATGGCTTG GGCTGTCCCA AGGGACAACA ACAAAACAGC AACGAATCCA 600
CTAACAGTAG AAGTACCATA CATTTGCACA AAAGGAGAAG ACCAAATTAC TGTTTGGGGG 660
TTCCATTCTG ATAACAAACC CCAAATGAAA AACCTCTATG GAGACTCAAA TCCTCAAAAG 720
TTCACCTCAT CTGCTAATGG AGTAACCACA CATTATGTTT CTCAGATTGG CGGCTTCCCA 780
GATCAAACAG AAGACGGAGG GCTACCACAA AGCGGCAGAA TTGTTGTTGA TTACATGGTG 840
CAAAAACCTG GGAAGACAGG AACAATTGTC TATCAGAGAG GTGTTTTGTT GCCTCAAAAG 900
GTGTGGTGCG CTAGTGGCAG GAGCAAAGTA ATAAAAGGGT CCTTGCCTTT AATTGGTGAA 960
GCAGATTGCC TTCACGAAAA ATACGGTGGA TTAAACAAAA GCAAGCCTTA CTACACAGGA 1020
GAACATGCAA AAGCCATAGG AAATTGCCCA ATATGGGTGA AAACACCTTT GAAGCTTGCC 1080
AATGGAACCA AATATAGACC TCCTGCAAAA CTATTAAAGG AAAGGGGTTT CTTCGGAGCT 1140
ATTGCTGGTT TCTTAGAAGG AGGATGGGAA GGAATGATTG CAGGTTGGCA CGGATACACA 1200
TCTCACGGAG CACATGGAGT GGCAGTGGCA GCAGACCTTA AGAGTACGCA AGAAGCCATA 1260
AACAAGATAA CAAAAAATCT CAATTCTTTG AGTGAGCTAG AAGTAAAGAA TCTTCAAAGG 1320
CTAAGTGGTG CCATGGATGA ACTCCACAAC GAAATACTCG AGCTGGATGA GAAAGTGGAT 1380
GATCTCAGAG CTGACACAAT AAGCTCGCAA ATAGAACTTG CAGTCTTGCT TTCCAACGAA 1440
GGAATAATAA ACAGTGAAGA TGAGCATCTA TTGGCACTTG AGAGAAAACT AAAGAAAATG 1500
CTGGGTCCCT CTGCTGTAGA CATAGGAAAT GGATGCTTCG AAACCAAACA CAAGTGCAAC 1560
CAGACCTGCT TAGACAGGAT AGCTGCTGGC ACCTTTAATG CGGGAGAATT TTCTCTTCCC 1620
ACTTTTGATT CACTGAATAT TACTGCTGCA TCTTTAAATG ATGATGGATT GGATAACCAT 1680
ACTATACTGC TCTACTACTC AACTGCTGCT TCTAGTTTGG CGGTAACATT GATGATAGCT 1740
ATTTTTATTG TTTATATGGT CTCCAGAGAC AATGTTTCTT GCTCCATCTG TCTGTGAGGA 1800
TCTTAATTAA TTAA 1814

592 amino acids

amino acid

single

linear

peptide

N-terminal

Influenza virus

B/Shanhai/4/94 rHA

AcNPV 61K protein signal peptide

1 to 18

mature rHA

19 to 574

17
Met Pro Leu Tyr Lys Leu Leu Asn Val Leu Trp Leu Val Ala Val Ser
1 5 10 15
Asn Ala Ile Pro Gly Gly Thr Asp Arg Ile Cys Thr Gly Ile Thr Ser
20 25 30
Ser Asn Ser Pro His Val Val Lys Thr Ala Thr Gln Gly Glu Val Asn
35 40 45
Val Thr Gly Val Ile Pro Leu Thr Thr Thr Pro Thr Lys Ser His Phe
50 55 60
Ala Asn Leu Lys Gly Thr Lys Thr Arg Gly Lys Leu Cys Pro Asn Cys
65 70 75 80
Leu Asn Cys Thr Asp Leu Asp Val Ala Leu Gly Arg Pro Met Cys Val
85 90 95
Gly Thr Thr Pro Ser Ala Lys Ala Ser Ile Leu His Glu Val Arg Pro
100 105 110
Val Thr Ser Gly Cys Phe Pro Ile Met His Asp Arg Thr Lys Ile Arg
115 120 125
Gln Leu Pro Asn Leu Leu Arg Gly Tyr Glu Asn Ile Arg Leu Ser Thr
130 135 140
Gln Asn Val Ile Asn Ala Glu Lys Ala Pro Gly Gly Pro Tyr Arg Leu
145 150 155 160
Gly Thr Ser Gly Ser Cys Pro Asn Ala Thr Ser Arg Ser Gly Phe Phe
165 170 175
Ala Thr Met Ala Trp Ala Val Pro Arg Asp Asn Asn Lys Thr Ala Thr
180 185 190
Asn Pro Leu Thr Val Glu Val Pro Tyr Ile Cys Thr Lys Gly Glu Asp
195 200 205
Gln Ile Thr Val Trp Gly Phe His Ser Asp Asn Lys Pro Gln Met Lys
210 215 220
Asn Leu Tyr Gly Asp Ser Asn Pro Gln Lys Phe Thr Ser Ser Ala Asn
225 230 235 240
Gly Val Thr Thr His Tyr Val Ser Gln Ile Gly Gly Phe Pro Asp Gln
245 250 255
Thr Glu Asp Gly Gly Leu Pro Gln Ser Gly Arg Ile Val Val Asp Tyr
260 265 270
Met Val Gln Lys Pro Gly Lys Thr Gly Thr Ile Val Tyr Gln Arg Gly
275 280 285
Val Leu Leu Pro Gln Lys Val Trp Cys Ala Ser Gly Arg Ser Lys Val
290 295 300
Ile Lys Gly Ser Leu Pro Leu Ile Gly Glu Ala Asp Cys Leu His Glu
305 310 315 320
Lys Tyr Gly Gly Leu Asn Lys Ser Lys Pro Tyr Tyr Thr Gly Glu His
325 330 335
Ala Lys Ala Ile Gly Asn Cys Pro Ile Trp Val Lys Thr Pro Leu Lys
340 345 350
Leu Ala Asn Gly Thr Lys Tyr Arg Pro Pro Ala Lys Leu Leu Lys Glu
355 360 365
Arg Gly Phe Phe Gly Ala Ile Ala Gly Phe Leu Glu Gly Gly Trp Glu
370 375 380
Gly Met Ile Ala Gly Trp His Gly Tyr Thr Ser His Gly Ala His Gly
385 390 395 400
Val Ala Val Ala Ala Asp Leu Lys Ser Thr Gln Glu Ala Ile Asn Lys
405 410 415
Ile Thr Lys Asn Leu Asn Ser Leu Ser Glu Leu Glu Val Lys Asn Leu
420 425 430
Gln Arg Leu Ser Gly Ala Met Asp Glu Leu His Asn Glu Ile Leu Glu
435 440 445
Leu Asp Glu Lys Val Asp Asp Leu Arg Ala Asp Thr Ile Ser Ser Gln
450 455 460
Ile Glu Leu Ala Val Leu Leu Ser Asn Glu Gly Ile Ile Asn Ser Glu
465 470 475 480
Asp Glu His Leu Leu Ala Leu Glu Arg Lys Leu Lys Lys Met Leu Gly
485 490 495
Pro Ser Ala Val Asp Ile Gly Asn Gly Cys Phe Glu Thr Lys His Lys
500 505 510
Cys Asn Gln Thr Cys Leu Asp Arg Ile Ala Ala Gly Thr Phe Asn Ala
515 520 525
Gly Glu Phe Ser Leu Pro Thr Phe Asp Ser Leu Asn Ile Thr Ala Ala
530 535 540
Ser Leu Asn Asp Asp Gly Leu Asp Asn His Thr Ile Leu Leu Tyr Tyr
545 550 555 560
Ser Thr Ala Ala Ser Ser Leu Ala Val Thr Leu Met Ile Ala Ile Phe
565 570 575
Ile Val Tyr Met Val Ser Arg Asp Asn Val Ser Cys Ser Ile Cys Leu
580 585 590

1802 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

DNA (genomic)

Influenza virus

B/Harbin/7/94 rHA

polyhedrin mRNA leader (partial)

1 to 18

coding region for HA signal peptide
sequence

19 to 69

SmaI restriction site

22 to 27

coding region for mature rHA

70 to 1776

KpnI restriction site

1780 to 1785

BglII restriction site

1786 to 1791

unversal translation termination signal

1792 to 1802

18
TAAAAAAACC TATAAATAAT GCCCGGGAAG GCAATAATTG TACTACTCAT GGTAGTAACA 60
TCCAACGCAG ATCGAATCTG CACTGGGATA ACATCTTCAA ACTCACCTCA TGTGGTCAAA 120
ACAGCTACTC AAGGGGAAGT CAATGTGACT GGTGTGATAC CACTGACAAC AACACCAACA 180
AAATCTCATT TTGCAAATCT AAAAGGAACA AAGACCAGAG GGAAACTATG CCCAAACTGT 240
CTCAACTGCA CAGATCTGGA TGTGGCCTTG GGCAGACCAA TGTGTGTGGG GACCACACCT 300
TCGGCAAAAG CTTCAATACT CCACGAAGTC AGACCTGTTA CATCCGGGTG CTTTCCTATA 360
ATGCACGACA GAACAAAAAT CAGACAGCTA CCCAATCTTC TCAGAGGATA TGAAAATATC 420
AGATTATCAA CCCAAAACGT TATCAATGCA GAAAAAGCAC CAGGAGGACC CTACAGACTT 480
GGAACCTCAG GATCTTGCCC TAACGCTACC AGTAGAAGCG GATTTTTTGC AACAATGGCT 540
TGGGCTGTCC CAAGGGACGA CAACAAAACA GCAACGAATC CACTAACAGT AGAAGTACCA 600
TACGTTTGTA CAGAAGGAGA AGACCAAATT ACTGTTTGGG GGTTCCATTC TGATAACAAA 660
GCCCAAATGA AAAACCTCTA TGGAGACTCA AATCCTCAAA AGTTCACCTC ATCTGCTAAT 720
GGAGTAACCA CACATTATGT TTCTCAGATT GGCGGCTTCC CAGATCAAAC AGAAGACGGA 780
GGGCTACCAC AAAGCGGCAG AATTGTTGTT GATTACATGG TGCAAAAACC TGGGAAAACA 840
GGAACAATTG TCTATCAAAG AGGTGTTTTG TTGCCTCAAA AGGTGTGGTG CGCGAGTGGC 900
AGGAGCAAAG TAATAAAAGG GTCCTTGCCT TTAATTGGTG AAGCAGATTG CCTTCACGAA 960
AAATACGGTG GATTAAACAA AAGCAAGCCT TACTACACAG GAGAACATGC AAAAGCCATA 1020
GGAAATTGCC CAATATGGGT GAAAACACCT TTGAAGCTTG CCAATGGAAC CAAATATAGA 1080
CCTCCTGCAA AACTATTAAA GGAAAGGGGT TTCTTCGGAG CTATTGCTGG TTTCTTAGAA 1140
GGAGGATGGG AAGGAATGAT TGCAGGTTGG CACGGATACA CATCTCACGG AGCACATGGA 1200
GTGGCAGTGG CAGCAGACCT TAAGAGTACG CAAGAAGCCA TAAACAAGAT AACAAAAAAT 1260
CTCAATTCTT TGAGTGAGCT AGAAGTAAAG AATCTTCAAA GACTAAGTGG TGCCATGGAT 1320
GAACTCCATA ACGAAATACT CGAGCTGGAT GAGAAAGTGG ATGATCTCAG AGCTGACACT 1380
ATAAGCTCGC AAATAGAACT TGCAGTCTTG CTTTCCAACG AAGGAATAAT AAACAGTGAA 1440
GATGAGCATC TATTGGCACT TGAGAGAAAA CTAAAGAAAA TGCTGGGTCC CTCTGCTGTA 1500
GACATAGGGA ATGGATGCTT CGAAACCAAA CACAAGTGCA ACCAGACCTG CTTAGACAGG 1560
ATAGCTGCTG GCACCTTTAA TGCAGGAGAA TTTTCTCTCC CCACTTTTGA TTCACTGAAT 1620
ATTACTGCTG CATCTTTAAA TGATGATGGA TTGGATAATC ATACTATACT GCTCTACTAC 1680
TCAACTGCTG CTTCTAGTTT GGCTGTAACA TTGATGATAG CTATTTTTAT TGTTTATATG 1740
GTCTCCAGAG ACAATGTTTC ATGCTCCATC TGTCTGTGAG GTACCAGATC TTAATTAATT 1800
AA 1802

586 amino acids

amino acid

single

linear

peptide

N-terminal

Influenza virus

B/Harbin/7/94 rHA

HA signal peptide

1 to 17

mature rHA

18 to 569

19
Met Pro Gly Lys Ala Ile Ile Val Leu Leu Met Val Val Thr Ser Asn
1 5 10 15
Ala Asp Arg Ile Cys Thr Gly Ile Thr Ser Ser Asn Ser Pro His Val
20 25 30
Val Lys Thr Ala Thr Gln Gly Glu Val Asn Val Thr Gly Val Ile Pro
35 40 45
Leu Thr Thr Thr Pro Thr Lys Ser His Phe Ala Asn Leu Lys Gly Thr
50 55 60
Lys Thr Arg Gly Lys Leu Cys Pro Asn Cys Leu Asn Cys Thr Asp Leu
65 70 75 80
Asp Val Ala Leu Gly Arg Pro Met Cys Val Gly Thr Thr Pro Ser Ala
85 90 95
Lys Ala Ser Ile Leu His Glu Val Arg Pro Val Thr Ser Gly Cys Phe
100 105 110
Pro Ile Met His Asp Arg Thr Lys Ile Arg Gln Leu Pro Asn Leu Leu
115 120 125
Arg Gly Tyr Glu Asn Ile Arg Leu Ser Thr Gln Asn Val Ile Asn Ala
130 135 140
Glu Lys Ala Pro Gly Gly Pro Tyr Arg Leu Gly Thr Ser Gly Ser Cys
145 150 155 160
Pro Asn Ala Thr Ser Arg Ser Gly Phe Phe Ala Thr Met Ala Trp Ala
165 170 175
Val Pro Arg Asp Asp Asn Lys Thr Ala Thr Asn Pro Leu Thr Val Glu
180 185 190
Val Pro Tyr Val Cys Thr Glu Gly Glu Asp Gln Ile Thr Val Trp Gly
195 200 205
Phe His Ser Asp Asn Lys Ala Gln Met Lys Asn Leu Tyr Gly Asp Ser
210 215 220
Asn Pro Gln Lys Phe Thr Ser Ser Ala Asn Gly Val Thr Thr His Tyr
225 230 235 240
Val Ser Gln Ile Gly Gly Phe Pro Asp Gln Thr Glu Asp Gly Gly Leu
245 250 255
Pro Gln Ser Gly Arg Ile Val Val Asp Tyr Met Val Gln Lys Pro Gly
260 265 270
Lys Thr Gly Thr Ile Val Tyr Gln Arg Gly Val Leu Leu Pro Gln Lys
275 280 285
Val Trp Cys Ala Ser Gly Arg Ser Lys Val Ile Lys Gly Ser Leu Pro
290 295 300
Leu Ile Gly Glu Ala Asp Cys Leu His Glu Lys Tyr Gly Gly Leu Asn
305 310 315 320
Lys Ser Lys Pro Tyr Tyr Thr Gly Glu His Ala Lys Ala Ile Gly Asn
325 330 335
Cys Pro Ile Trp Val Lys Thr Pro Leu Lys Leu Ala Asn Gly Thr Lys
340 345 350
Tyr Arg Pro Pro Ala Lys Leu Leu Lys Glu Arg Gly Phe Phe Gly Ala
355 360 365
Ile Ala Gly Phe Leu Glu Gly Gly Trp Glu Gly Met Ile Ala Gly Trp
370 375 380
His Gly Tyr Thr Ser His Gly Ala His Gly Val Ala Val Ala Ala Asp
385 390 395 400
Leu Lys Ser Thr Gln Glu Ala Ile Asn Lys Ile Thr Lys Asn Leu Asn
405 410 415
Ser Leu Ser Glu Leu Glu Val Lys Asn Leu Gln Arg Leu Ser Gly Ala
420 425 430
Met Asp Glu Leu His Asn Glu Ile Leu Glu Leu Asp Glu Lys Val Asp
435 440 445
Asp Leu Arg Ala Asp Thr Ile Ser Ser Gln Ile Glu Leu Ala Val Leu
450 455 460
Leu Ser Asn Glu Gly Ile Ile Asn Ser Glu Asp Glu His Leu Leu Ala
465 470 475 480
Leu Glu Arg Lys Leu Lys Lys Met Leu Gly Pro Ser Ala Val Asp Ile
485 490 495
Gly Asn Gly Cys Phe Glu Thr Lys His Lys Cys Asn Gln Thr Cys Leu
500 505 510
Asp Arg Ile Ala Ala Gly Thr Phe Asn Ala Gly Glu Phe Ser Leu Pro
515 520 525
Thr Phe Asp Ser Leu Asn Ile Thr Ala Ala Ser Leu Asn Asp Asp Gly
530 535 540
Leu Asp Asn His Thr Ile Leu Leu Tyr Tyr Ser Thr Ala Ala Ser Ser
545 550 555 560
Leu Ala Val Thr Leu Met Ile Ala Ile Phe Ile Val Tyr Met Val Ser
565 570 575
Arg Asp Asn Val Ser Cys Ser Ile Cys Leu
580 585

1757 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

DNA (genomic)

Influenza virus

A/Johannesburg/33/94 rHA

polyhedrin mRNA leader (partial)

1 to 18

coding region for AcNPV 61K protein signal
peptide

19 to 72

SmaI restriction site

76 to 81

coding region for mature rHA

73 to 1731

KpnI restriction site

1735 to 1740

BglII restriction site

1741 to 1747

unversal translation termination signal

1747 to 1757

20
TAAAAAAACC TATAAATAAT GCCCTTGTAC AAATTGTTAA ACGTTTTGTG GTTGGTCGCC 60
GTTTCTAACG CGATTCCCGG GCAGGACCTT CCAGGAAATG ACAACAGCAC AGCAACGCTG 120
TGCCTGGGAC ACCATGCAGT GCCAAACGGA ACGCTAGTGA AAACAATCAC GAATGATCAA 180
ATTGAAGTGA CTAATGCTAC TGAGCTGGTT CAGAGTTCCC CAACAGGTAG AATATGCGAC 240
AGTCCTCACC GAATCCTTGA TGGAAAGAAC TGCACACTGA TAGATGCTCT ATTGGGAGAC 300
CCTCATTGTG ATGGCTTCCA AAATAAGGAA TGGGACCTTT TTGTTGAACG CAGCAAAGCT 360
TACAGCAACT GTTACCCTTA TGATGTGCCG GATTATGCCT CCCTTAGGTC ACTAGTTGCC 420
TCATCAGGCA CCCTGGAGTT TATCAACGAA AACTTCAATT GGACTGGAGT CGCTCAGGAT 480
GGGAAAAGCT ATGCTTGCAA AAGGGGATCT GTTAACAGTT TCTTTAGTAG ATTGAATTGG 540
TTGCACAAAT TAGAATACAA ATATCCAGCG CTGAACGTGA CTATGCCAAA CAATGGCAAA 600
TTTGACAAAT TGTACATTTG GGGGGTTCAC CACCCGAGCA CGGACAGTGA CCAAACCAGC 660
CTATATGTCC GAGCATCAGG GAGAGTCACA GTCTCTACCA AAAGAAGCCA ACAAACTGTA 720
ATCCCGGATA TCGGGTATAG ACCATGGGTA AGGGGTCAGT CCAGTAGAAT AGGCATCTAT 780
TGGACAATAG TAAAACCGGG AGACATACTT TTGATTAATA GCACAGGGAA TCTAATTGCT 840
CCTCGGGGTT ACTTCAAAAT ACGAAATGGG AAAAGCTCAA TAATGAGGTC AGATGCACCC 900
ATTGGCAACT GCAGTTCTGA ATGCATCACT CCAAATGGAA GCATTCCCAA TGACAAACCT 960
TTTCAAAATG TAAACAGGAT CACATATGGG GCCTGCCCCA GATATGTTAA GCAAAACACT 1020
CTGAAATTGG CAACAGGGAT GCGGAATGTA CCAGAGAAAC AAACTAGAGG CATATTCGGC 1080
GCAATCGCAG GTTTCATAGA AAATGGTTGG GAGGGAATGG TAGACGGTTG GTACGGTTTC 1140
AGGCATCAAA ATTCTGAGGG CACAGGACAA GCTGCAGATC TTAAAAGCAC TCAAGCAGCA 1200
ATCGACCAAA TCAACGGGAA ACTGAATAGG TTAGTCGAGA AAACGAACGA GAAATTCCAT 1260
CAAATCGAAA AAGAATTCTC AGAAGTAGAA GGGAGAATTC AGGACCTCGA GAAATATGTT 1320
GAAGACACTA AAATAGATCT CTGGTCTTAC AATGCGGAGC TTCTTGTTGC TCTGGAGAAC 1380
CAACATACAA TTGATCTAAC TGACTCAGAA ATGAACAAAC TGTTTGAAAG AACAAGGAAG 1440
CAACTGAGGG AAAATGCTGA GGACATGGGC AATGGTTGTT TCAAAATATA CCACAAATGT 1500
GACAATGCCT GCATAGGGTC AATCAGAAAT GGAACTTATG ACCATGATGT ATACAGAGAC 1560
GAAGCATTAA ACAACCGGTT CCAGATCAAA GGTGTTGAGC TGAAGTCAGG ATACAAAGAT 1620
TGGATTCTAT GGATTTCCTT TGCCATATCA TGCTTTTTGC TTTGTGTTGT TTTGCTTGGG 1680
TTCATCATGT GGGCCTGCCA AAAAGGCAAC ATTAGGTGCA ACATTTGCAT TTGAGGTACC 1740
AGATCTTAAT TAATTAA 1757

571 amino acids

amino acid

single

linear

peptide

N-terminal

Influenza virus

A/Johannesburg/33/94 rHA

AcNPV 61K protein signal sequence

1 to 18

mature rHA

19 to 569

21
Met Pro Leu Tyr Lys Leu Leu Asn Val Leu Trp Leu Val Ala Val Ser
1 5 10 15
Asn Ala Ile Pro Gly Gln Asp Leu Pro Gly Asn Asp Asn Ser Thr Ala
20 25 30
Thr Leu Cys Leu Gly His His Ala Val Pro Asn Gly Thr Leu Val Lys
35 40 45
Thr Ile Thr Asn Asp Gln Ile Glu Val Thr Asn Ala Thr Glu Leu Val
50 55 60
Gln Ser Ser Pro Thr Gly Arg Ile Cys Asp Ser Pro His Arg Ile Leu
65 70 75 80
Asp Gly Lys Asn Cys Thr Leu Ile Asp Ala Leu Leu Gly Asp Pro His
85 90 95
Cys Asp Gly Phe Gln Asn Lys Glu Trp Asp Leu Phe Val Glu Arg Ser
100 105 110
Lys Ala Tyr Ser Asn Cys Tyr Pro Tyr Asp Val Pro Asp Tyr Ala Ser
115 120 125
Leu Arg Ser Leu Val Ala Ser Ser Gly Thr Leu Glu Phe Ile Asn Glu
130 135 140
Asn Phe Asn Trp Thr Gly Val Ala Gln Asp Gly Lys Ser Tyr Ala Cys
145 150 155 160
Lys Arg Gly Ser Val Asn Ser Phe Phe Ser Arg Leu Asn Trp Leu His
165 170 175
Lys Leu Glu Tyr Lys Tyr Pro Ala Leu Asn Val Thr Met Pro Asn Asn
180 185 190
Gly Lys Phe Asp Lys Leu Tyr Ile Trp Gly Val His His Pro Ser Thr
195 200 205
Asp Ser Asp Gln Thr Ser Leu Tyr Val Arg Ala Ser Gly Arg Val Thr
210 215 220
Val Ser Thr Lys Arg Ser Gln Gln Thr Val Ile Pro Asp Ile Gly Tyr
225 230 235 240
Arg Pro Trp Val Arg Gly Gln Ser Ser Arg Ile Gly Ile Tyr Trp Thr
245 250 255
Ile Val Lys Pro Gly Asp Ile Leu Leu Ile Asn Ser Thr Gly Asn Leu
260 265 270
Ile Ala Pro Arg Gly Tyr Phe Lys Ile Arg Asn Gly Lys Ser Ser Ile
275 280 285
Met Arg Ser Asp Ala Pro Ile Gly Asn Cys Ser Ser Glu Cys Ile Thr
290 295 300
Pro Asn Gly Ser Ile Pro Asn Asp Lys Pro Phe Gln Asn Val Asn Arg
305 310 315 320
Ile Thr Tyr Gly Ala Cys Pro Arg Tyr Val Lys Gln Asn Thr Leu Lys
325 330 335
Leu Ala Thr Gly Met Arg Asn Val Pro Glu Lys Gln Thr Arg Gly Ile
340 345 350
Phe Gly Ala Ile Ala Gly Phe Ile Glu Asn Gly Trp Glu Gly Met Val
355 360 365
Asp Gly Trp Tyr Gly Phe Arg His Gln Asn Ser Glu Gly Thr Gly Gln
370 375 380
Ala Ala Asp Leu Lys Ser Thr Gln Ala Ala Ile Asp Gln Ile Asn Gly
385 390 395 400
Lys Leu Asn Arg Leu Val Glu Lys Thr Asn Glu Lys Phe His Gln Ile
405 410 415
Glu Lys Glu Phe Ser Glu Val Glu Gly Arg Ile Gln Asp Leu Glu Lys
420 425 430
Tyr Val Glu Asp Thr Lys Ile Asp Leu Trp Ser Tyr Asn Ala Glu Leu
435 440 445
Leu Val Ala Leu Glu Asn Gln His Thr Ile Asp Leu Thr Asp Ser Glu
450 455 460
Met Asn Lys Leu Phe Glu Arg Thr Arg Lys Gln Leu Arg Glu Asn Ala
465 470 475 480
Glu Asp Met Gly Asn Gly Cys Phe Lys Ile Tyr His Lys Cys Asp Asn
485 490 495
Ala Cys Ile Gly Ser Ile Arg Asn Gly Thr Tyr Asp His Asp Val Tyr
500 505 510
Arg Asp Glu Ala Leu Asn Asn Arg Phe Gln Ile Lys Gly Val Glu Leu
515 520 525
Lys Ser Gly Tyr Lys Asp Trp Ile Leu Trp Ile Ser Phe Ala Ile Ser
530 535 540
Cys Phe Leu Leu Cys Val Val Leu Leu Gly Phe Ile Met Trp Ala Cys
545 550 555 560
Gln Lys Gly Asn Ile Arg Cys Asn Ile Cys Ile
565 570

39 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

DNA

unknown

22
TGGTTGGTCG CCGTTTCTAA CGCGATTCCC GGGGGTACC 39

13 amino acids

amino acid

single

linear

peptide

unknown

23
Trp Leu Val Ala Val Ser Asn Ala Ile Pro Gly Gly Thr
1 5 10

43 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

DNA

unknown

24
TGGTTAGTCG CCGTGTCCTG CAGGCCAGAG AGGCCTTGGT ACC 43

18 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

DNA

unknown

25
GTCGCCGTGT CCAACGCG 18

18 base pairs

nucleic acid

single

linear

DNA

unknown

26
TAATTGGCCA GAGAGGCC 18

38 bases

nucleic acid

single

linear

unknown

27
GGGGGTACCC CCGGGGACTT TCCAGGAAAT GACAACAG 38

44 bases

nucleic acid

single

linear

unknown

28
CCCGGTACCG AATCATCCTA GAAACAAGGG TGTTTTTAAT TAAT 44

47 bases

nucleic acid

single

linear

unknown

29
GGGGAATTCG GTACCCCCGG GAAGGCAATA ATTGTACTAC TCATGGT 47

36 bases

nucleic acid

single

linear

unknown

30
GGTACCCCCG GGGATCGAAT CTGCACTGGG ATAACA 36

50 bases

nucleic acid

single

linear

unknown

31
GGGGAATTCG GATCCGGTAC CTCACAGACA GATGGARCAA GAAACATTGT 50

Number	Name	Date
4029763	Kilbourne	Jun 1977
4289690	Pestka et al.	Sep 1981
4659669	Kleid et al.	Apr 1987
4752473	Nayak et al.	Jun 1988
4920213	Dale et al.	Apr 1990
5591823	Hung et al.	Jan 1997

	Number	Date	Country
Parent	08/120607	Sep 1993	US
Child	08/453848		US

Method for producing influenza hemagglutinin multivalent vaccines

Information

Patent Number

Date Filed

Date Issued

Inventors

Original Assignees

Examiners

Agents

CPC

US Classifications

Field of Search

US

International Classifications

Abstract

Description

Claims

Parent Case Info

US Referenced Citations (6)

Non-Patent Literature Citations (41)

Continuation in Parts (1)