Patent Application
20110166071
This invention is comprised within the field of biomedical chemistry. The invention particularly relates to a new method for chemically synthesizing thymosins by means of solid-phase peptide synthesis with high yield and purity. The method is based on incorporating pseudoproline derivatives in key positions of the thymosin sequences. The pseudoproline oxazolidine cycle prevents the structuring of the growing peptide chain anchored to the resin, preventing the aggregation of the peptidyl resin and the collapse of the synthesis during the elongation of the peptide sequence.
Thymosins are a family of biochemically and functionally different polypeptides with important physiological functions. Described for the first time in 1966 and originally isolated in the thymus, they have been subsequently identified in several tissues and cells [Goldstein, A. L., Slater, F. D., White, A., Preparation and partial purification of a thymic lymphocytopoietic factor, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1966, 56 (3), 1010-1017].
There are different families of thymosins carrying out different functions, for example, α-thymosins, having nuclear localization and involved in DNA replication and/or transcription, and β-thymosins, which are located in the cytoplasm and show great affinity for G-actin in processes involved in cell motility. α- and β-thymosins have an important role in the regulation of immune response, vascular biology and cancer pathogenesis, having a great therapeutic potential in addition to their application in diagnosis as molecular markers [Goldstein A. L.; Badamchian M., Thymosins: chemistry and biological properties in health and disease, Expert Opin. Biol. Therapy, 4 (4), 559-573]
The subfamily of α-thymosins is formed by parathymosin α, prothymosin α, thymosin α1 and thymosin α11. The most important one is thymosin α1 or thymalfasin, originally isolated from thymus tissue, and it is a peptide with 28 amino acids, acylated in the N-terminal position and with an acid group at its C-terminal end, derived from the prothymosin α1 precursor with 111 amino acids. Due to its immunoregulating properties, thymosin α1 has been used for treating diseases in which the immune system is affected; mainly in hepatitis B, C and liver carcinoma. Chronic hepatitis B is a disease related to an immune system dysfunction and entails a high risk of suffering from cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Thymosin α1 acts as an immune system modulator activating the production of NK cells in several animal and human models and increasing the production of CD3, CD4 and CD8 cells in patients with chronic hepatitis B and cancer. It also activates the production of Th1 cytokines, which are relates to a strong antiviral immune response.
A number of in vitro cell models support the therapeutic potential of thymosin α1. The treatment with thymosin α1 reduces the HIV-1 and parainfluenza virus replication in primary cell cultures [Colledge, D., Wang, Y. Tuthill C.; Locamini, S. Antiviral effects of thymosin alpha 1 versus leukocytic interferon in primary cultures of duck hepatocytes persistently infected with duck HBV in vitro, Second international conference on therapies for viral hepatitis, 1997; Kona, Hawai, Palamara, A. Bue M., Savini, P., Thymosin alpha 1 inhibits Sendai virus replication: involvement of intracellular redox state, 6th International Expert Forum of Immunotherapy and Gene Therapy; May 1998, Florence, Italy]. It further reduces oxidative stress, increasing the levels of intracellular glutathione the low concentration of which in HIV patients is related to a low survival rate [Giuliani, C., Napolitano, G., Mastino, A., Thymosin alpha-1 regulates MHC class I expression in FRTL-5 cells at transcriptional level, Eur. J. Immunol. 2000, 30, 778-786]. Thymosin α1 increases MHC class 1 expression levels, maintaining the capacity of the immune system to response to infectious agents [Herzenberg, L. A.; De Rosa, S. C.; Dubs, J. G., Glutathione deficiency is associated with impaired survival in HIV disease, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1997, 94, 1967-1972]
In animal infection models, the therapeutic potential of thymosin α1 has been shown in mice infected with several pathogens (Listeria monocitogenes, Candida albicans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens) and in mice immunosuppressed with 5-fluorouracil [Ishitsuka, H; Umeda, Y. Nakamura, J. Yagi, Y Protective activity of thymosin against opportunistic infections in animal models. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 1983, 14, 145-150]. Thus, in studies with animal models of chronic hepatitis B (woodchuck hepatitis virus) in which the animals followed a treatment with thymosin α1, the serum virus concentration was reduced by 99% [Gerin, J. L., Korba, B. E., Cote P. J., Tennant, B. C., A preliminary report of a controlled study of thymosin alpha I in the woodchuck model of hepanavirus infection. In: Block T, ed. Innovations in antiviral development and the detection of virus infection. Philadelphia, Pa: Jefferson Medical; 1992, 121-123; Tennant, B. V, Korba, B. E., Baldwin B. H., Goddard, L. A., Hombuckle W. E., Cote, P. J., Treatment of chronic woodchuck hepatitis virus infection with thymosin alpha-1 (TA 1). Antiviral Res. 1993; 20 (suppl 1), 1634], said treatment reducing the risk of death by hepatocellular carcinoma. Thymosin al also increases the survival of adult or immunosuppressed animals infected with herpes simplex virus, influenza virus or Candida albicans [Effros, R. B., Casillas, A., Wadiford, R. L., The effect of thymosin alpha 1 on immunity to influenza in aged mice. Aging: immunology and infectious disease. Vol 1. New York, N.Y.: Mary Ann Liebert, Inc; 1988; 31-40; Bistoni, F., Marconi, P., Frati, L., Bonmassar, E., Garaci, E. Increase of mouse resistance to candida albicans infection by thymosin alpha1. Infect. Immun. 1982, 36, 609-614].
The synergistic effect of thymosin α1 with other cytokines in the treatment of hepatitis C has been shown in tests with mice infected with the influenza A virus treated with a combination of thymosin al, interferon IFNα/β and the antiviral agent amantadine. The combination of the three compounds substantially improves the survival percentage [D'Agostini C., Palamara, A. T, Favalli, C. Efficacy of combination therapy with amantadine, thymosin alpha 1 and alpha/beta interferon in mice infected with influenza A virus. Int. J. Immunopharmacol. 1996, 16, 95-102].
A study in which the effect of the treatment with thymosin α1 or interferon IFN α-2b was comparatively studied in difficult-to-treat patients with a hepatitis B virus mutant shows almost twice the efficacy in eliminating the virus with thymosin al. In contrast to IFNα-2b, thymosin a1 is better tolerated and furthermore does not present significant side-effects in immunosuppressed people [Andreone, P., Cursaro, C., Gramenzi, A., A randomized controlled trial of thymosin alpha 1 versus interferon alpha treatment in patients with hepatitis B antigen antibody and hepatitis B virus DNA, positive chronic hepatitis B, Hepatology, 1996, 24, 774-777]. While interferon causes a fast response during the treatment, resistant virus strains cause the relapse of the patient, thymosin α1 has a more delayed effect related to a long-term improvement of the immune system [Garaci, E., Milanese, G., Vella, S., A randomized controlled study for the evaluation of the activity of a triple combination of zidovudine, thymosin alpha 1 and interferon alpha in HIV-infected individuals with CD4 counts between 200 and 500 cells/mm3, Antiviral Therapy, 1998, 3, 103-11].
In animal cancer models, α-thymosin has demonstrated its efficacy in the prevention of intestinal cancer [Moody, T W, Leyton, J., Zia, F., Tuthill, C., Badamchian, M. Goldstein, A. L., Thymosin alpha1 is chemopreventive for lung adenoma formation in A/J mice, Cancer Lett. 2000, 155, 121-127], breast cancer, reducing the incidence of cancer development as a result of stimulating the immune system in rats [Moody, T W, Tuthill, C., Badamchian, M., Goldstein, A. L., Thymosin alpha 1 inhibits mammary carcinogenesis in Fisher rats, Peptides, 2002, 23 (5), 1011-1014] and glioblastoma [Patent WO03049697, Thymosin-alpha1 is used as an adjuvant in combination with carmustine (BCNU) as an effective treatment for malignant glioblastoma, Wands, J. R. Of the Monte S., Rhode Island Hospital (US), 30-06-2005]. The combined therapy of interferon IFN α-2b, thymosin α1 and cyclophosphamide has given good results, reducing the size of melanoma in mice [Pica, F., Fraschetti, M., Matteucci, C., Tuthill, C., Rasi, G., High doses of thymosin alpha 1 enhance the anti-tumor efficacy of combination chemo-immunotherapy for murine B16 melanoma, Anticancer Res. 1998, 18, 3571-3578].
thymosin α1 and as potent as it in Candida albicans infections have been isolated from thymosin fraction 5 preparations: des-(25-28)-thymosin α1 and thymosin α11 [Thymosin α11: a peptide related to thymosin α1 isolated from calf thymosin fraction 5, Calderella, J, Goodall, G. J., Felix, A. M., Heimer, E. P., Salvin, S. B., Horecker, B. L., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 80, 7424-742]
The second subfamily of thymosins are β-thymosins forming a family of proteins (thymosins β-4, β-8, β-9, β-10, β-11, β-12, β-15) with a high homology in their peptide sequence (see Table 1).
Table 1 shows the thymosin sequences.
Thymosin β4 contains 43 amino acids and is expressed in embryonic development stages corresponding to heart development. This discovery, carried out in preclinical studies with animals, has emphasized the potential of thymosin β4 for treating patients which have a suffered a myocardial infarction. In preclinical studies with mice in which heart attacks were induced, the treatment with the thymosin β4 protein caused the differentiation of endothelial cells and stimulated the migration of cardiac cells, improving the capacity of said cells [Bock-Marquette, L, Saxena, A., White, M. D., DiMaio, J. M., Srivastava, D., Thymosin β4 activates integrin-linked kinase and promotes cardiac cell migration, survival and cardiac repair, Nature, 2004, 432, 466-472]
Thymosin β4 further regulates a series of inflammatory chemokines and cytokines, it controls the function of the actin protein, binding to it, and induces the production of laminin-5, a protein necessary for the correct adhesion of some types of mammalian cells and an important component in the wound healing process, thus facilitating reepithelization and inducing collagen deposition [Bubb, M. R., Thymosin beta 4 interactions, Vitam. Horm. 2003, 66, 297-316].
Other possible therapeutic applications of thymosin β4 include the increase of hair growth by activating hair follicle stem cells [Patent WO/063775 A2, Methods and compositions for the promotion of hair growth utilizing actin binding peptides]. Also for the treatment of several types of chronic dermatological indications such as chronic venous stasis ulcers, chronic pressure ulcers, epidermolysis bullosa, a group of hereditary disorders characterized by the formation of blisters in response to mechanical trauma and treatment of corneal injuries. The LKKTETQ fragment of thymosin β4, the actin binding domain, facilitates curing dermal wounds in adult animals [Philp D., Huff, D., Song Gho, Y.; Hannappel, E., Kleinman, T, The actin binding site on thymosin β4 promotes angiogenesis, FASEB J., 17, 2103-2105].
Thymosin β15 is a peptide with 44 amino acids overexpressed in prostate cancer, in which it favors tumor dissemination outside the prostate gland. This peptide is being developed as a biomarker for diagnosing said cancer, for discriminating between benign and malignant prostate tumors and for treating them suitably [Hutchinson, L. M., Chang, E. L., Becker, C. M., Ushiyama, N., Behonick, D., Shih, M. C., DeWolf, W. C., Gaston, S. M., Zetter, B. R., Development of a sensitive and specific enzyme-linked immunoassay for thymosin beta 15, a urinary biomarker of human prostate cancer, Clin. Biochem. 2005, 38 (6), 558-571]. Thymosin β15 has also been patented for its use in wound regeneration and healing and can be applied for this indicated in the near future [Patent CN1579539, Thymic hormone beta 15 to promote wound healing and generation of blood, Gan Chunyu (CN)].
Thymosin β10 is formed by 43 amino acids and is overexpressed in embryonic and tumor cells as colon adenocarcinomas [Vasile, E., Tomita, Y., Brown, L. F., Kocher, O., Dvorak, H. F., Differential expression of thymosin 6-10 by early passage and senescent vascular endothelium is modulated by VPF/VEGF: evidence for senescent endothelial cells in vivo at sites of atherosclerosis, FASEB J., 2001, 15, 458-466]. Thymosin β10 has a great homology with thymosin β4 since both of them bind to actin and inhibit its polymerization [Yu, F. X., Lin, S. C., Morrison-Bogorad, M., Atkinson, M. A., Yin, H. L., Thymosin beta 10 and thymosin beta 4 are both actin monomer sequestering proteins, J. Biol. Chem., 1993, 268 (1), 502-509]. Recent results related to the binding of the thymosin β10 to actin and the activation of the apoptotic process in ovarian cancer cells is demonstrating the potential of thymosin β10 and its derivatives in a new therapy for treating ovarian cancer [Rho, S. B., Lee, K. W, Chun, T, Lee, S—H., Park, K., Lee, J-H., The identification of apoptosis-related residues in human thymosin β-10 by mutational analysis and computational modelling, J. Biol. Chem., 280 (40), 34003-34007].
None of the β-thymosins with therapeutic potential has reached clinical phases for the moment, although the use of the thymosin β4 and the thymosin β15 for treating patients who have suffered from a myocardial infarction in regeneration of the damaged tissue will soon be submitted to the FDA for its application in clinical phase 1.
Among the different -thymosins (see Table 1), thymosin β4, thymosin β9 and -thymosin β10 are found in mammals and in contrast, thymosin β4Xen has been identified in amphibians (Xenopus) [Voelter, W, Kaiser, T., Hannappel, E, Echner, H., Synthesis of thymosin β4Xen and its companson with the natural tritetraconpeptide, J. Prakt. Chem., 1999, 341(1), 47-51] and β11 and β12 in trout (Salmo gairdneri) [Yialouiris, P. P., Coles, B., Tsitsiloni, O., Schmid, B., Howell, S., Aitken, A., Voelter, W, Haritos, A. A., The complete sequences of trout (Salmo gairdneri) thymosin β11 and its homologue thymosin β12, Biochem.J., 1992, 283, 385-389].
Thymosin β8 contains 39 amino acids and a high degree of homology (79%) with thymosin β4. Thymosin β9 has 41 amino acids and differs from thymosin β9 in additional dipeptide in the C-terminal region, having 82% homology with thymosin β4. Thymosin β11 with 42 amino acids has 78% homology in relation to thymosin β4. Thymosin β12 with 43 amino acids is 79% homologous to thymosin β4 and 84% to thymosin β11 (see Table 1).
The first patented thymosin synthesis method was for obtaining thymosin α1. This method proposed the convergent synthesis in solution of two fragments with fifteen (15) and thirteen amino acids (13) which had previously been synthesized in solid phase with the Boc/Bzl strategy [Patent U.S. Pat. No. 4,148,788, Synthesis of thymosin alpha 1, Hoffmann La Roche, 1979]. This method was subsequently implemented in a strategy carried out in solution in which seven (7) fragments were used [Patent U.S. Pat. No. 4,504,415, Intermediates for thymosin alpha 1 and desacetyl thymosin alpha 1, Hoffmann La Roche, 1985].
In these previously described methods, the strategy used to synthesize fragments in solid phase was Boc/Bzl. Another option that was also used was the use of a temporary N-terminal position protecting group, the so-called Ddz [Nguyen, T. H., Heinzel, W, Birr, C., Ddz, a highly efficient protecting group in large scale syntheses of thymosin-α1 related peptides, Pept., Proc. Eur Pept Symp., 19th, 1987].
Another method which has also been described is that of the complete synthesis of thymosin α1 according to a Boc/Bzl linear solid-phase strategy on an MBHA resin, with the use of HBr and subsequently bromotrimethylsilane to cleave the peptide from the resin [Wang, S., Wang, B. S. H., Hughes, J. L., Leopold, E. J., Wu, C. R., Tam, P., Cleavage and deprotection of peptides on MBHA-resin with hydrogen bromide, Int. J. Pept. Prot Res., 1992, 40(3-4), 344-349; Hughes, J. L., Leopold, E. J., Cleavage and deprotection of peptides from MBHA-resin with bromotrimethylsilane, Tetrahedron Lett., 1993, 34(48), 7713-7716].
In addition, there is also another patented method for the convergent synthesis in solution of fragments previously obtained in solid phase which uses temporary Moz protection instead of Boc protection, improving the yields and the purity of the end product [Patent U.S. Pat. No. 5,856,440, Solid phase process for synthesizing thymosin alpha1, Alpha 1 Biomedicals Inc., 1999].
However, the method using the orthogonal Fmoc/tBu strategy is currently the most popularly accepted one due to the elimination of the work steps with TFA for eliminating the temporary N-terminal protecting group and HF for cleaving the peptide from the resin. With the Fmoc/tBu strategy, a proposed method for synthesizing thymosin α1 includes the use of protected side chains and the coupling in solution of two fragments (1-10) and (11-28) with DCC/HOBT with a 30% yield for the last 4 steps [Felix, A. M., Heimer, E. P., Wang, C. T, Lambros, T. J., Swistok, J., Roszkowski, M., Ahmad, M., Confalone, D., Scott, J. W, Synthesis of thymosin α1 by fragment condensation using tert-butyl side chain protection, Int. J. Pept. Prot. Res., 1985, 26 (2), 130-148]. The previously described coupling step has been optimized until obtaining a 44% yield in TFE. Although the coupling yield in CHCl3 is 49%, the purity of the crude product obtained in the latter is worse [Felix, A. M., Wang, C. T., Lambros, T. J., Coupling of large protected peptide fragments in trifluoroethanol: synthesis of thymosin α1 Pept: Struct. Funct., Proc. Am. Pept Symp., 9th, 1985]. The step-by-step linear solid-phase strategy with Fmoc/tBu protectors has also been described using a p-benzyloxycarbonyl resin [Echner, H., Voelter, W, A new synthesis of thymosin α1, Liebigs Annalen der Chimie, 1988, 11, 1095-1097].
Two linear strategies have been described for obtaining thymosin β4 in solid phase: a Boc/Bzl strategy [Low, T. L. K., Wang, S. S., Goldstein, A. L., Solid-phase synthesis of thymosin β4: chemical and biological characterization of the synthetic peptide, Biochemistry, 1983, 22, 733-740] and a Fmoc/tBu strategy Izikos, C., Livaniou, E., Leondiadis, L., Ferderigos, N., Ithakissios, D. S., Evangelatos, G. P., Comparative evaluation of four trityl-type amidomethyl polystyrene resins in Fmoc solid phase peptide synthesis, J. Pept. Sci, 2003, 9(7), 419-4291 In the latter strategy, using labile chloro-trityl-type resins, thymosin β4 is obtained with a 30% yield, better than that obtained with the Boc/Bzl strategy (5-12%) but which can be improved from the industrial point of view (see Table 2, showing the comparison of yields obtained in the synthesis of beta-thymosins).
60%
One thymosin β4 variant, in which the Ser15, Ala40 and Ser41 positions of thymosin β4 are substituted with Ala, Thr and Ser respectively, is thymosin β4Xen which has already been synthesized according to a linear Fmoc/tBu strategy and from which a 48-53% purity of the crude product has been obtained [Voelter, W, Kaiser, T, Hannapel, E., Echner, H, Synthesis of thymosin β4Xen and its comparison with the natural tritetraconpeptide, J. Prakt. Chem., 1999, 341, 1, 47-51].
The solid-phase synthesis of thymosin β10 has already been described following a linear synthesis strategy with a bromo-4-cyanotrityl resin. The synthesis method includes prolonged couplings overnight, recouplings and acetylations in several positions [Leondiadis, L., Vassiliadou, I., Zikos, C., Ferderigos, N., Livaniou, E., Ithakissios, D. S., Evangelatos, G. P., Solid-phase synthesis of thymosin β10 using a p-cyanotrityl resin. Chemical characterization and immunochemical control of the synthetic peptide, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1996, 971-975]. The also described synthesis of thymosin β15 is obtained by means of a similar strategy, i.e. a linear synthesis based on the Fmoc/tBu strategy. This synthesis leads to the thymosin β15 product but also involves long and incomplete couplings including an acetylation step, the purity of the crude product obtained decreasing [Koutrafouri, V, Leondiadis, L., Ferderigos, N., Avgoustakis, K., Livaniou, E., Evangelatos, G. P., Ithakissios, D. S. Synthesis and angiogenetic activity in the chick chorioallantoic membrane model of thymosin beta-15, Peptides, 2003, 24, 107-115]. The overall yields obtained are not low (40% of thymosin β10) and (45% of thymosin β15) although the synthesis method needs to be optimized for large scale production.
In solid-phase peptide synthesis, the hydrophobic interactions of the protected growing peptide chain gives rise to low coupling yields, incomplete deprotections and to obtaining by-products. The use of pseudoprolines recently introduced into the synthesis of long peptides is a substantial improvement for the state of the art in peptides with a great tendency to be structured during the elongation of the chain.
Pseudoprolines are cyclic Ser, Thr or Cys derivatives which are useful as protecting groups for these amino acids (Formula I) and facilitate synthesizing difficult sequences, interrupting the structuring of the growing peptide chain still anchored to the resin and preventing the aggregation of the peptidyl resin and the collapse of the synthesis [Wöhr, T., Wahl, F., Nefzi, A., Rohwedder, B., Sato, T., Sun, X, Mutter, M., Pseudoprolines as a solubilizing, structure-disrupting protection technique in peptide synthesis, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1996, 118, 9218-9227]. Pseudoprolines introduce bends in the backbone of the peptide chain, their use being especially interesting in the synthesis of hydrophobic sequences or long peptides [Abedini, A., Raleigh, D. P., Incorporation of pseudoproline derivatives allows the facile synthesis of human IAPP, a highly amyloidogenic and aggregation-prone polypeptide, Organic Lett., 2005, 7(4), 693-696; White, P., Keyte, J. W, Bailey, K., Bloomberg, G., Expediting the Fmoc solid phase synthesis of long peptides through the application of dimethyloxazolidine dipeptides, J. Peptide Sci., 2004, 10, 18-26; von Eggelkraut-Gottanka, R., Machova, Z., Grouzmann, E., Beck-Sickinger, A. G., Semisynthesis and characterization of the first analogues of pro-neuropeptide Y, ChemBioChem, 2003, 4, 425-433].
Once the synthesis has ended, the sequence and native structure of the peptide are regenerated by means of the final acid treatment involving the cleavage and deprotection of the side chains and the opening of the oxazolidine cycle (Scheme 1).
Table 3 shows the thymosin sequences; the Ser and Thr which could be substituted with pseudoprolines are underlined.
As has been seen above, although the synthesis of long peptides in the academic field has already been described in the state of the art, pseudoprolines have not been applied on an industrial scale or for synthesizing thymosins, which supports the inventive novelty and capacity and step of the present invention.
The present invention describes a new synthesis method for industrially preparing and obtaining (α and β) thymosins using pseudoproline dipeptides protected in strategic positions (See Table 4). The method for synthesizing thymosins proposed in the present invention specifically describes a method consisting of the following steps:
The basic difference in relation to other already existing synthesis methods is the additional incorporation in the sequence of X-Thr and/or X-Ser in protected pseudoproline dipeptide form which leads to obtaining the end product with very good yields and high purity (see Table 2), the purity of the crude product being greater than 80%, the purity of the pure product being greater than 99% and the overall yield being greater than 50%.
Table 3 shows the thymosin sequences with all the possible positions for incorporating pseudoproline dipeptides.
The object of the present invention was developed because the synthesis of long peptides is a challenge fundamentally due to inefficient couplings and deprotections, derived from the aggregation effects which that are also found in not very long but especially hydrophobic or repetitive sequences.
The present invention intends to solve this technical drawback and to that end, it proposes a synthesis method for industrially obtaining thymosins based on solid-phase peptide synthesis, applying the Fmoc/tBu methodology on a 2-chlorotrityl-type resin, incorporating X-Ser and X-Thr in key positions as pseudoproline dipeptides.
The solid-phase synthesis of thymosins with an acid C-terminal function is carried out from a 2-chlorotrityl chloride resin [Badios K., Chatzi, O., Gatos, D., Stavropoulos, G, 2-Chlorotrityl chloride resin, Int. J. Peptide Protein Res., 1991 (37), 513-520]. This resin facilitates incorporating the first amino acid and minimizes the secondary racemization reaction. This resin further reduces the risk of diketopiperazine formation in the basic treatment with 20% piperidine in DMF after incorporating the second amino acid on the resin.
Based on a linear Fmoc/tBu synthesis strategy, as mentioned above, the present invention is characterized in that it incorporates Thr or Ser amino acids, according to the peptide sequence through or by means of adding pseudoproline dipeptides in strategic positions of the peptide sequence.
The present invention is therefore characterized in that it incorporates Thr or Ser amino acids, according to the peptide sequence, by means of adding pseudoproline dipeptides in strategic positions of the peptide sequence according to the following guidelines:
Obtaining and optimizing a synthesis process for producing thymosins on an industrial level has involved a great effort. This laboratory has unsuccessfully tackled other synthesis strategies for obtaining thymosins. Three different strategies have been studied for obtaining a profitable productive process for producing thymosin β4.
The synthesis of thymosin β4 has been tackled in a first solid-phase convergent synthesis strategy using two fragments (1-27) and (28-43)-resin. The solid-phase activation and coupling step for the protected fragment 1-27 on the protected 28-43-resin peptidyl resin gave rise to gels that blocked the reaction. The end product could not be identified with the first approach.
A second approach, the step-by-step linear solid-phase synthesis of thymosin β4 gave rise to a low purity synthesis crude product, unviable for an industrial process for producing thymosin β4 given the difficulty of the purification step and the low overall yield obtained.
Third Strategy by Means of Linear Solid-Phase Synthesis with the Fmoc/tBu Strategy, and the use of Pseudoprolines:
The third strategy has involved solving a problem, obtaining thymosins according to a competitive industrial scale process. In the present invention, the use of pseudoprolines has been incorporated in the linear solid-phase synthesis with the Fmoc/tBu strategy in order to obtain a more cost-effective and competitive synthesis process. The results obtained in the comparative synthesis between the linear synthesis strategy of thymosin β4 and the same strategy incorporating pseudoprolines has shown the great advantage involved in the incorporation of pseudoprolines, because pseudoprolines are non-natural amino acids derived from Cys, Ser or Thr with a structure similar to proline. The cyclic oxazolidine ring prevents the structuring of the growing peptide chain still anchored to the resin and blocks the aggregation of the peptidyl resin and the collapse of the synthesis. The final acid treatment of the peptidyl resin regenerates the Ser or Thr of the native sequence.
The comparison between the second and the third strategy in terms of purity of the end product is shown in
It must be considered that for conventional linear synthesis (
On the contrary, in linear synthesis with pseudoprolines (
Once the synthesis object of the present invention has been completed, with or without acetylation of the N-terminal end according to the product, the peptidyl resin is subjected to a final treatment with trifluoroacetic acid and carbocation scavengers to cleave the peptide from the resin and eliminate the protecting groups of the side chains and the pseudoproline protection. Finally, the resulting crude product is purified by RP-HPLC and the group of pure fractions are pooled and lyophilized, the end products being obtained with a purity of more than 99%, with an overall yield greater than 50%.
The success of the synthesis process is developed for the present invention as a competitive process for synthesizing thymosins on a large scale, as it as an inexpensive and fast method with a yield and purity greater than those described in the state of the art.
The abbreviations used in the present description have the following meanings:
Ac2O: Acetic anhydride.
AcOH: Acetic acid.
DIEA: N,N′-diisopropylethylamine.
HF: Hydrofluoric acid.
μL: microliters.
μmol: micromoles.
TFA: Trifluoroacetic acid.
Trt: trityl.
Asp (D): L-Aspartic acid
Glu (E): L-Glutamic acid
According to a first important aspect, the present invention relates to a method for obtaining thymosins and/or the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof by means of solid-phase synthesis on polymeric supports which comprises the following steps:
The present invention relates to a method for obtaining thymosins and/or the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof in which α-thymosins and/or the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof are obtained.
The present invention relates to a method for obtaining thymosins and/or the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof in which -thymosins and/or the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof are obtained.
The present invention relates to a method for obtaining thymosins and/or the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof in which the synthesis is carried out on polymeric supports.
The present invention relates to a method for obtaining thymosins and/or the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof wherein in step a) a chloro-trityl-type resin is used.
The present invention relates to a method for obtaining thymosins and/or the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof wherein in step a) a pMBHA-type resin is used.
The present invention relates to a method for obtaining thymosins and/or the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof wherein in step b) the incorporation of Ser or Thr is carried out additionally as pseudoproline dipeptides and/or modified Ser or Thr in pseudoproline form in the peptidyl resin.
The present invention relates to a method for obtaining thymosins and/or the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof wherein the minimal separation between two pseudoproline dipeptides or a pseudoproline and a proline is of two amino acids.
The present invention relates to a method for obtaining thymosins and/or the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof wherein the pseudoproline dipeptide is preferably added in a hydrophobic amino acid region
The present invention relates to a method for obtaining thymosins and/or the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof in which if the Met amino acid appears in the sequence after step d), a detertbutylation treatment of the crude product with AcOH is additionally carried out.
According to a second important aspect, the present invention relates to an isolated and/or purified compound obtained by the previous method comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80% identity with sequences SEQ.ID.N.1 to SEQ.ID.N.11 over its entire length.
The present invention relates to an isolated and/or purified compound obtained by the previous method consisting of an amino acid sequence chosen from the group consisting of sequences SEQ.ID.N.1 to SEQ.ID.N.11, of the complementary sequences thereof and/or of the homologous sequences thereof and/or of the functional equivalent sequences thereof.
The present invention relates to an isolated and/or purified compound obtained by the previous method including fragments of at least one amino acid sequence chosen from the group consisting of sequences SEQ.ID.N.1 to SEQ.ID.N.11, of the complementary sequences thereof, of the homologous sequences thereof and of the functional equivalent sequences thereof.
The present invention relates to an isolated and/or purified compound obtained by the previous method anterior in which any of the amino acids comprised in sequences SEQ.ID.N.1 to SEQ.ID.N.11 is selected from the group consisting of L-amino acids, D-amino acids, N-methyl amino acids, non-natural amino acids, Met-tBu or oxidized-Met.
The present invention relates to an isolated and/or purified compound obtained by the previous method including modifications in the N-terminal amino acid selected from acylations and/or pegylations.
According to a third important aspect, the present invention relates to the use of the compound obtained by the aforementioned method in the preparation of a medicinal product.
The present invention relates to the use of the compound obtained by the aforementioned method in the preparation of a medicinal product for the regulation of immune response, vascular biology and cancer pathogenesis.
The following specific examples provided in this patent document are useful for illustrating the nature of the present invention. These examples are solely included for illustrative purposes and must not be interpreted as limitations to the invention claimed in the present specification.
The Fmoc-Asn-OH C-terminal residue is incorporated on the 2-chlorotrityl resin with a shortage of amino acid for the purpose of obtaining a 0.85 mmol/g functionalization after incorporating the first amino acid. 0.8 g of amino acid (2.13 mmol, 0.5 eq.) are incorporated on 2.5 g of resin (f=1.6 mmol/g of resin, 4 mmol). The resin and the amino acid are weighed in separate containers and are allowed to dry under vacuum for at least 4 hours. The amino acid is dissolved in 25 mL of dry DCM (on a 4 Å sieve). DIEA (0.7 mL, 1.6 mmol, 1 eq.) is added and it is stirred for 5 minutes. A 1:1 solution (2.8 ml) of DIEA:DCM (1.4 mL, 3.2 mmol, 2 eq.) is prepared and is added to the reaction mixture. It is left with stirring for 40 more minutes and then 4 mL of dry MeOH are added and it is allowed to react for 10 minutes, after which the resin is filtered in a synthesis reactor equipped with a filter plate and a key and the following washings are carried out:
The next amino acids are incorporated in all the cases with an excess of 2.5 eq of amino acid, HOBT and DIPCDI in relation to the functionalization of the resin after incorporating the first amino acid (0.85 mmol/g). It is allowed to react for 40-60 min and the Fmoc group is subsequently deprotected with 20% of piperidine in DMF for 5 min 2 times and for 10 min another 2 times.
The Fmoc-Ile-Thr(ΨMe,Mepro)-OH dipeptide (corresponding to amino acids 11-12 of the thymosin (1 sequence) was incorporated using 2.5 eq. of dipeptide, HOBT and DIPCDI, allowing it to react for 1 h.
The coupling efficiency is controlled by means of the ninhydrin test. If it is positive, it is reactivated using ⅓ eq. HOBT and DIPCDI and if it is still positive after the reactivation, it is recoupled using ½ eq. of Fmoc-M-OH, HOBT and DIPCDI in relation to the equivalents used in the first coupling. If the ninhydrin test is still positive after reactivating, recoupling and reactivating again, acetylation is carried out using 2.5 eq. of Ac2O, and DIEA for 15 min.
The positions in which it was necessary to reactivate and/or recouple are detailed below: Ser (1), Ser(2), Thr(7), pseudoproline dipeptide (11-12), Lys(14), Leu(16), Lys(17), Glu(18), Lys(19).
The yield at the end of the synthesis is quantitative in obtaining Ac-Ser(tBu)-Asp(OtBu)-Ala-Ala-Val-Asp(OtBu)-Thr(tBu)-Ser(tBu)-Ser(tBu)-Glu(OtBu)-Ile-Thr(ΨMe,Mepro)-Thr(tBu)-Lys(Boc)-Asp(OtBu)-Leu-Lys(Boc)-Glu(OtBu)-Lys(Boc)-Lys(Boc)-Glu(OtBu)-Val-Val-Glu(OtBu)-Glu(OtBu)-Ala-Glu(OtBu)-Asn-resin.
7g of peptidyl resin are treated for 1 h 30 min with 80 mL of the TFA: H2O 95:5 mixture with stirring. Once the reaction has ended, the resin is separated from the product by filtration and washed with TFA. Diethyl ether (560 mL) is added to the TFA solution and the white precipitate is filtered in a P3 plate and washed with MeOH and diethyl ether. Synthesis Yield: 40%.
ESI-MS: Theoretical M=3108g/mol, Experimental M: (m/z): [M+2H]+/2=1555; [M+3H]+/3=1037, [M+4H]+/4=778, [M+5H]+/5=623.
Analytical RP-HPLC: Gradient: 5-85% B in 20 min, tr=11.7 min; Isocratic: 19% B in 30 min, tr=16.5 min (B=0.07% TFA in acetonitrile).
Thymosin β4 is synthesized using a solid-phase peptide synthesis strategy using Fmoc/tBu protectors. To incorporate the first amino acid on the 2-chlorotrityl resin (1 g, 1.6 mmol/g), the Nα-Fmoc-protected amino acid (0.5 eq) and DIEA (3 eq.) in DCM are used to achieve a 0.85 mmol/g functionalization after incorporating the first amino acid. It is left with mechanical stirring for 40 min and then 4 mL of dry MeOH are added and it is left to react for 10 min. The resin is filtered in a synthesis reactor equipped with a filter plate and a key and the following washings with DCM and DMF are carried out. The resin is treated with 5% piperidine in DMF 1×10 min and 20% piperidine in DMF 1×15 min and it is rinsed with DMF. The remaining amino acids are Na-Fmoc-protected amino acids (3 eq.), HOBT (3 eq.) and DIPCDI (3 eq.) in DMF, the equivalents being calculated in relation to the functionalization of the resin once the first amino acid has been incorporated. The following groups were chosen as protecting groups for the side chains: 2,2,4,6,7-pentamethyldihydrobenzofuran-5-sulfonyl (Pbf) for Arg, tert-butyloxycarbonyl (Boc) for the Lys, Glu and Asp side chains and tert-butyl for the Thr and Ser side chains. The temporary Fmoc protecting group is cleaved by treating with a solution of 20% piperidine in DMF (2 times for 5 min and 2 more times for 10 min). The pseudoproline dipeptides are incorporated in the synthesis as Fmoc-Lys(Boc)-Ser(ΨMe,Me pro)-OH instead of amino acids 14-15 and Fmoc-Glu(OtBu)-Thr(ΨMe,Me pro)-OH in the positions of amino acids 21-22 and 32-33. Said positions are chosen from the possible positions due to their arrangement in the peptide sequence, optimal proximity to the C-terminal position, optimal proximity to Pro residues and optimal distance between pseudoprolines.
The coupling efficiency is controlled by means of the ninhydrin test. If it is positive, it is reactivated using ⅓ eq. HOBT and DIPCDI and it is still positive after the reactivation, it is recoupled using % eq. of Fmoc-M-OH, HOBT and DIPCDI in relation to the first coupling. If the ninhydrin test is still positive after reactivating, recoupling and reactivating again, acetylation is carried out using 2.5 eq. of Ac2O, and DIEA for 15 min.
The positions in which it was necessary to reactivate are Ile(34) and Asn(26) and the latter position was also recoupled.
The yield at the end of the synthesis of Ac-Ser(tBu)-Asp(OtBu)-Lys(Boc)-Pro-Asp(OtBu)-Met-Ala-Glu(OtBu)-Ile-Glu(OtBu)-Lys(Boc)-Phe-Asp(OtBu)-Lys(Boc)-Ser(ψMe,Mepro)-Lys(Boc)-Leu-Lys(Boc)-Lys(Boc)-Thr(tBu)-Glu(OtBu)-Thr(ΨMe,Mepro)-Gln-Glu(OtBu)-Lys(Boc)-Asn-Pro-Leu-Pro-Ser(tBu)-Lys(Boc)-Glu(OtBu)-Thr(ΨMe,Mepro)-Ile-Glu(OtBu)-Gln-Glu(OtBu)-Lys(Boc)-Gln-Ala-Gly-Glu(OtBu)-Ser(tBu)-resin is quantitative.
4.8 g of peptidyl resin are treated with 24 mL of the TFA: H2O 95:5 mixture for 2 h with stirring. The suspension is filtered and the filtrate is precipitated with ether (168 mL). The crude product is filtered in a P3 plate, washed with MeOH and diethyl ether and dried under vacuum. The peptide is treated with a solution 4% AcOH in H2O for 1 h 30 min at 37° C. and is purified by preparative RP-HPLC. The end product is characterized by mass spectrometry in ESI-MS equipment and is analyzed according to specifications. Purity: 99%. Yield: 50%.
ESI-MS: Theoretical M=4962g/mol, Experimental M: (m/z): [M+4H]+/4=1242; [M+5H]+/5=994; [M+6H]+/6=828; [M+7H]+/7=710.
Analytical RP-HPLC: Gradient: 5-85% B in 20 min, tr=11.6 min; Isocratic: 20% B in 30 min, tr=19 min (B=0.07% TFA in acetonitrile).
The synthesis method is similar to that used for thymosin β4. The Fmoc-Lys(Boc)-Ser(ΨMe,Mepro)-OH dipeptide is used in the substitution of amino acids 14-15, Fmoc-Asn(Trt)-Thr(ΨMe,Mepro)-OH in the positions of amino acids 21-22 and Fmoc-Glu(OtBu)-Thr(ΨMe,Mepro)-OH in positions 32-33. A coupling was only necessary in Lys(3).
The peptidyl resin Ser(tBu)-Asp(OtBu)-Lys(Boc)-Pro-Asp(OtBu)-Leu-Ser(tBu)-Glu(OtBu)-Val-Glu(OtBu)-Thr(tBu)-Phe-Asp(OtBu)-Lys(Boc)-Ser(ΨMe,Mepro)-Lys(Boc)-Leu-Lys(Boc)-Lys(Boc)-Thr(tBu)-Asn(Trt)-Thr(ΨMe,Mepro)-Glu(OtBu)-Glu(OtBu)-Lys(Boc)-Asn-Thr(tBu)-Leu-Pro-Ser(tBu)-Lys(Boc)-Glu(OtBu)-Thr(ΨMe,Mepro)-Ile-Gln-Gln-Glu(OtBu)-Lys(Boc)-Glu(OtBu)-Tyr(tBu)-Asn-Gln-Arg(Pb)-Ser(tBu)-resin is obtained with a quantitative yield.
The peptide is cleaved from the resin by reacting it with a TFA:H2O 95:5 mixture for 1 h 30 min, it is precipitated with diethyl ether and lyophilized. The crude product is purified in a semipreparative RP-HPLC and the end product is characterized by mass spectrometry in ESI-MS equipment. Purity: 98%. Yield: 50%
ESI-MS: Theoretical M=5173g/mol, Experimental M: (m/z): [M+6H]+/6=863, [M+7H]+/7=740, [M+8H]+/8=648, [M+9H]+/9=576.
Analytical RP-HPLC: Gradient: 5-85% B in 20 min, tr=11.5 min; Isocratic: 20% B in 30 min, tr=11.5 min (B=0.07% TFA in acetonitrile).
Although the present invention has been described in relation to these particular cases, many other variations and modifications and other uses are related to those specified in the art. The present invention is thus not limited by the specific disclosure herein but only by the claims.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| P200601197 | May 2006 | ES | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/ES2007/000246 | 4/25/2007 | WO | 00 | 5/21/2009 |
