Patent Application
20050216667
The field of invention relates generally to memory caching and, more specifically but not exclusively relates to techniques for employing a memory store for memory storage and caching.
One of the most important considerations for handling network traffic is packet throughput (i.e., bandwidth). Network processors and the like are designed to efficiently process very large numbers of packets per second. In order to process a packet, the network processor (and/or switch equipment employing the network processor) needs to extract data from the packet header indicating the destination of the packet, class of service, etc., store the payload data in memory, perform various overhead functions, etc.
In general, the foregoing packet processing operations require multiple memory accesses. As a result, packet throughput is inherently related to memory (access) latencies. Ideally, all memory accesses would be via the fastest scheme possible. For example, modern on-chip (i.e., on the processor die) static random access memory (SRAM) provides access speeds of 10 nanoseconds or less. However, this type of memory is very expensive (in terms of chip real estate and chip yield), so the amount of on-chip SRAM memory is typically very small.
The next fastest type of memory is off-chip SRAM. Since this memory is off-chip, it is slower to access. Thus, a special memory bus is required for fast access. In some designs, a dedicated back-side bus (BSB) is employed for this purpose.
Typically, off-chip dynamic RAM (DRAM) is employed for most memory work. Dynamic RAM is slower than static RAM (due to physical differences in the design and operation of DRAM and SRAM cells), and must be refreshed every few clock cycles, taking up large amounts of overhead. As before, since it is off-chip, it also requires a special bus to access it. In most of today's designs, a bus such as a front-side bus (FSB) is used to enable data transfers between banks of DRAM and a processor. Under a typical design, the FSB connects the processor to a memory control unit in a platform chipset (e.g., memory controller hub (MCH)), while the chipset is connected to the memory store, such as DRAM, RDRAM or DDR DRAM (double data rate), etc. via dedicated signals.
In general, DRAM memory accesses produce significant processing latencies relative to other processing activities. In order to address this problem, various memory-caching schemes are employed. The basic concept of the caching scheme is to cache recent memory accesses (or other data based on a pre-defined caching policy) in a smaller memory device that has faster access than larger memory device in which data is usually stored (temporal locality). Also to fetch more data than needed, data that is physically close to a needed line since that data is often needed (spatial locality).
For example, under a typical scheme, on-chip SRAM is used as a first-level cache (commonly referred to as primary or “L1” cache). This memory has an extremely low latency. Off-chip SRAM is also used for a second-level cache (commonly referred to as secondary or “L2” cache. In many designs, a processor package includes both a processor die with built-in L1 cache and a separate L2 cache (contained on a separate die).
The foregoing cache schemes are common to general-purpose processors, such as those found in a personal computer or the like. In contrast, most network processors are connected directly to SRAM and DRAM, without any cache components in-between. Some modern network processor designs include both dedicated processors for packet processing and one or more general-purpose processors. However, it is impractical to provide caches such as L1- and L2-type caches on network processors without significant impact to die constraints.
The foregoing aspects and many of the attendant advantages of this invention will become more readily appreciated as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description, when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals refer to like parts throughout the various views unless otherwise specified:
a is a schematic diagram of a SRAM physical address space in which portions of the address space are allocated to respective threads hosted by a multi-threaded network processor, according to one embodiment of the invention;
b is a schematic diagram of a mapping mechanism employed for mapping threads to their corresponding address tag and data cache base addresses in accordance with the memory use scheme of
Embodiments of methods, apparatus, and systems for implementing off-chip cache memory in dual-use SRAM memory are described herein. In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments of the invention. One skilled in the relevant art will recognize, however, that the invention can be practiced without one or more of the specific details, or with other methods, components, materials, etc. In other instances, well-known structures, materials, or operations are not shown or described in detail to avoid obscuring aspects of the invention.
Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present invention. Thus, the appearances of the phrases “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments.
Embodiments of the invention described below address the memory access requirements for network processors (NPs) including general-purpose (GP) processors in a manner that supports caching for GP memory accesses (and/or other processor memory accesses) without requiring a dedicated on-chip or off-chip cache. In accordance with one aspect, the embodiments allow for the connection of a network processor to a general-purpose processor memory connection (i.e., processor bus such as FSB) by using the NP's existing SRAM as a cache array. This SRAM is therefore simultaneously used for two completely different purposes: (1) as a directly accessed, low-latency memory store (i.e., it original purpose under a conventional NP design); and 2) as a low-latency memory cache array that accesses DRAM data belonging to the DRAM shared with the GP processor.
The embodiments capitalize on the high degree of integration between processing engines and memory interfaces on network processors. SRAM is typically the fastest off-chip memory, so in some embodiments SRAM is employed as a cache memory array to hold cached data. The other fundamental component of a cache—the cache controller state machines and the cache tag array—can be directly integrated on the network processor.
Partitioning along these lines allows for rapid cache management and tag lookups while using the already integrated SRAM memory controller and off-chip SRAM to store the cached data. This enables efficient participation in a coherent general-purpose processor bus protocol as the snoop phase (i.e., tag lookup) will complete rapidly.
Network processor system architecture 100 depicts several memory stores. These include one or more banks of SRAM 122, one or more banks of RDRAM 124, and one or more banks of DRAM 126. In one embodiment, SRAM 122 is connected to network processor 102 (and internally to SRAM controller 104) via a high-speed SRAM interface 128. In one embodiment, RDRAM 124 is connected to network processor 102 (and internally to RDRAM controller 106) via a high-speed RDRAM interface 130. In one embodiment, DRAM 126 is connected to a chipset 131, which, in turn, is connected to network processor 102 (and internally to FSB controller and cache management component 110) via a front-side bus 132 and FSB interface.
As depicted herein, RDRAM-related components are illustrative of various components used to support different types of DRAM-based memory stores. These include, but are not limited to RDRAM, RLDRAM (reduced latency DRAM), DDR, DDR-2, DDR-3, and FCDRAM (fast cycle DRAM).
Further details of the partitioning of the physical address space of SRAM 122, according to one embodiment, is shown toward the left-hand side of
Overall, the general use regions 136A and 136B are used in the same manner as conventional SRAM usage as pertains to network processor operation. That is, the general use regions function as “normal” SRAM, and may be used to store various data based on the needs of the network processor. From the perspective of SRAM controller 104, the entire SRAM physical address space 134 appears contiguous, and it treats the general use regions and cache array region 138 the same.
In contrast to the general use regions, cache array region 138 is used to serve as an SRAM cache for general-purpose processor 112 and/or other processing elements. This provides an operable cache for the GP processor without requiring a separate physical cache (i.e., separate off-chip cache), bus, and chipset, as would exist with a conventional cache implementation. Furthermore, under one embodiment the size of the general use and cache array regions may be changed dynamically. Additionally, the address space allocated to the cache array regions need not be contiguous, adding flexibility to the caching scheme.
At some point during transaction processing, all memory accesses will reference a physical address. If virtual addressing is employed, a virtual-to-physical address translation will be automatically performed by either a hardware component or a software component, depending on the particular architecture design choice. For example, virtual-to-physical address translation may be performed by GP processor 112, FSB controller and cache management component 110, RDRAM controller 106, or software running on GP processor 112.
For clarity, it will be assumed for the present example that any initial virtual-to-physical address translations are handled by GP processor 112 (or software running thereon). Thus, the data transaction request will reference a particular physical starting address and optional length or physical address range.
The data transaction request is transmitted via internal interconnect to FSB controller and cache management component 110. This component performs cache management functions, in addition to supporting communications with devices connected to FSB 132. In particular, FSB controller and cache management component 110 manages the use of and access to cache array region 138, which comprises a type of “virtual” cache with respect to the fact that its size and location within SRAM physical address space 134 is not fixed. In one respect, the FSB controller and cache management component 110 comprises a hardware-based cache management solution that provides a level of flexibility that would be more commonly associated with a software solution while provided the enhanced performance of hardware-based processing.
One of the primary functions of FSB controller and cache management component 110 is cache lookup and address translation. As will be recognized by those skilled in the art, this functionality is facilitated by a cache tag array. Cache tag arrays provide a fast mechanism for: 1) determining whether an address or address range corresponding to a transaction request presently exists in a cache; and 2) performing an address translation between the physical address (or range) referenced in the request and the virtual address (i.e., physical address in SRAM physical address space 134) of the corresponding cache line or lines. In general, one of various well-known cache tag array schemes may be employed; the particular cache tag array scheme to be implemented is a design choice left to the network processor designer.
Returning to the flowchart of
In a decision block 204, a determination to whether a cache hit results or not is made. If there is an address match in the cache tag array, a cache hit results, causing the logic to proceed to a block 206. More specifically, a cache hit means the address (or address range) specified by the data transaction is already present in the cache. Accordingly, in block 206 the matched transaction address is translated (based on the cache tag architecture) to its corresponding physical address in SRAM 122 (more specifically in the cache array region 138) and the transaction is completed in a manner analogous to that used for a data transaction that is serviced by a conventional cache. For example, for a data read transaction the data is read from one or more cache lines in cache array region 138 (via control operations performed by SRAM controller 104) and returned to the transaction requestor (e.g., general-purpose processor 112) via internal interconnect 118.
Generally, there are two schemes that may be employed for write transactions. Typically, a write transaction will correspond to saving new data at a new location (in the physical address space corresponding to a destination memory device), or overwriting existing data at an existing location with new data. As such, it may or may not be advantageous to cache write transactions, depending on the particular work that is being done. For example, if data corresponding to the same objects are continuously being updated, it may be advantageous to cache write transactions as well as read transactions.
Accordingly, in one embodiment, write transactions are written to cache array region 138 and then copied to the destination memory space (e.g., DRAM 126 or RDRAM 124 for the current example). In another embodiment, cache and memory writes are performed via (substantially) concurrent operations. In yet another embodiment, the cache is bypassed, and the data are directly written to the destination memory device. In one embodiment, FSB controller and cache management component 110 include a plurality of posted write buffers (not shown), wherein temporary data writes are written to the posted write buffers, and the actual data writes to DRAM 126 via the frontside bus 132 are performed asynchronously when the FSB is clear by copying data in the posted write buffers to appropriate DRAM memory addresses.
Returning to decision block 204, if an address match is not found in the cache tag array, a cache miss results, indicating the data are not present in the cache. Thus, the data must be accessed from its storage location in memory (e.g., DRAM 126), as depicted by block 218. In a manner analogous to the aforementioned write transaction, FSB controller and cache management component 110 may include a plurality of posted read buffers, enabling read request via FSB 132 to be performed asynchronously from corresponding data forwarding operations via internal interconnect 118 used to forward the read data to the read transaction requester.
In an optional operation shown in block 210, data corresponding to a read request may be cached in cache array region 138. This comprises allocating one or more cache lines via FSB controller and cache management component 110 and loading the data into corresponding cache lines in cache array region 138. Generally, the data may be directly copied from the memory store (e.g., DRAM 126 or RDRAM 124), or may be first written to a posted read buffer and subsequently copied to the cache array region.
Most memory devices, such as DRAM 126, SRAM 128 and RDRAM 124, store and retrieve data by addressing specific memory locations. As a result, this path often becomes the limiting factor for systems that rely on fast memory access. The time required to find an item stored in memory can be reduced considerably if the stored data item can be identified for access by the content of the data itself rather than by its address. Memory that is accessed in this way is called content-addressable memory (CAM). CAM provides a performance advantage over other memory search algorithms (such as binary and tree-based searches or look-aside tag buffers) by comparing the desired information against a list of pre-stored entries simultaneously, often resulting in an order-of-magnitude reduction of search time. CAM is ideally suited for several functions, including Ethernet address lookup, data compression, pattern-recognition, cache tags, high-bandwidth address filtering, and fast lookup of routing, high-bandwidth address filtering, user privilege, security, or encryption information on a packet-by-packet basis for high-performance data switches, firewalls, bridges, and routers.
In view of the foregoing, embodiments may include a cache that may be implemented using a hardware- or software-based CAM component. For example,
The CAM component may be integrated into an existing component (i.e., network processor 102A, or may be implemented via a separate off-chip component. Generally, hardware-based CAM functionality may be provided via appropriate logic “programmed” into the integrated circuit design; these designs employ “embedded” CAM functionality. Techniques for design and fabrication of embedded CAMs are well-known in the memory arts. Accordingly, the specific details of the designs used for a particular implementation, such as the depth and width of the CAM, is an engineering design choice.
In accordance with another aspect of some embodiments, information corresponding to the cache tag array functionality is moved to the SRAM store itself. For example,
In order to access the address tag array 404, a mechanism is employed to performs a “lookup” of the tag array in a manner analogous to the operation performed in block 202 discussed above. In one embodiment, this lookup mechanism is performed by a lookup engine 406 embedded in an FSB controller 110B, which in turn is a functional block in a network processor 102B. As before, further details of network processor 102B are not depicted for clarity, but will be understood to exist in an actual embodiment. In one embodiment, the lookup engine is implemented via a set of state machine equations. Further details of how lookup engine 406 operates are described below.
As discussed above, in the embodiment illustrated in
Under typical operations, each microengine 116 will perform processing operations corresponding to a respective “thread.” In turn, each thread will have a thread context that is maintained by the microengine hosting the thread. In some embodiments, a microengine may provide support for hardware-based multi-threading, enabling each microengine to simultaneously host multiple threads.
One scheme to support multiple threads according to one embodiment of the invention is shown in
A mapping mechanism 500 is employed for mapping each thread to its corresponding cache components. In one embodiment, the mapping mechanism contains a pair of pointers for each thread's set of cache entries, including 1) a pointer to the base address of the address tag array 404N for the thread; and 2) a pointer to the base address of the data cache 402N for the thread. In one embodiment, mapping mechanism 500 comprises data that is stored in FSB controller and cache management component 110B that is accessed and/or manipulated by lookup engine 406. In another embodiment (not shown), the data in mapping mechanism 500 may be stored in a portion of SRAM physical address space 134.
In addition to supporting multiple threads from various network processors, embodiments of the invention may be implemented to share common dual-use memory spaces among multiple network processors. For instance, architecture 600 shows a shared cache scheme in which a plurality of network processors 1020-7 share memory resources, including SRAM 122, and DRAM 126. To support this sharing, each of network processors 1020-7 is coupled to SDRAM interface 128, and FSB 132.
Under the embodiment of
To support the shared cache scheme, each of network processors 1020-7 includes a respective FSB controller and cache management component 1100-7 having a local address-to-cache line map 6080-7. Each local address-to-cache line map 600 contains a list of cache lines currently “owned” (i.e., used) by its corresponding network processor 102. In general, the local address-to-cache line map may also include information concerning the portion of cache array 604 allocated to its network processor. In one embodiment, all network processors are enabled to access a common cache array address space or spaces.
If there is not a matching local map entry, an access to the cache line is broadcast to the other network processors in a block 706. In response to the request, each network processor checks to see if it owns the cache line. If one of the network processors has a cache line entry corresponding to the memory request address in its local address-to-cache line map, the appropriate cache line is found, as depicted by a decision block 710. In the event the cache line is found, that cache line is accessed in cache array 604 in a block 712 to service the memory access request. In one embodiment, the current owner of the cache line (i.e., the NP having the cache line entry in its local address-to-cache line map) gives up ownership of the cache line, as depicted by a block 714. The local address-to-cache line maps of the NP that was the previous owner and the requesting NP are then modified in a block 716 to reflect the updated cache line ownership configuration. As such, the requesting NP now owns the cache line, and there is a corresponding entry in its local address-to-cache line map.
Returning to decision block 710, if none of the NP's have an appropriate cache entry in their local address-to-cache line maps, the answer to decision block 710 is NO, and the memory access request is serviced by accessing the shared memory store in which data corresponding to the request is stored, such as DRAM 126, in a block 718. In one embodiment, a cache line is then selected to be replaced and the data that is retrieved is copied to a replacement cache line in a block 720.
In general, various types of cache replacement policies may be used, as are well-known in the art. For example, a least recently used policy may be employed, wherein the cache line that has been least recently used is replaced. In one embodiment, the replacement cache line will be one of the cache lines owned by the requesting NP, such as the least recently used cache line from among the cache lines in its local address-to-cache line map. In another embodiment, a global cache use mechanism is employed, wherein the least recently used cache line may include any of the cache lines in the cache array. For example, cache usage information could be included in a separate portion of SRAM physical address space 134 (not shown), or could be added as part of a cache line.
After the replacement cache line has been identified and filled with the copied data, modifications to the local address-to-cache line map(s) of the NP(s) involved in the ownership of the replaced cache line are made to reflect the updated cache configuration in block 716.
In general, the functional components of the network processor embodiments described above will be implemented as integrated circuits formed on a semiconductor chip. In addition, embodiments of the present description may be implemented within machine-readable media. For example, the designs described above may be stored upon and/or embedded within machine readable media associated with a design tool used for designing semiconductor devices. Examples include a netlist formatted in the VHSIC Hardware Description Language (VHDL) language, Verilog language or SPICE language. Some netlist examples include: a behavioral level netlist, a register transfer level (RTL) netlist, a gate level netlist and a transistor level netlist. Machine-readable media also include media having layout information such as a GDS-II file. Furthermore, netlist files or other machine-readable media for semiconductor chip design may be used in a simulation environment to perform the methods of the teachings described above.
The above description of illustrated embodiments of the invention, including what is described in the Abstract, is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. While specific embodiments of, and examples for, the invention are described herein for illustrative purposes, various equivalent modifications are possible within the scope of the invention, as those skilled in the relevant art will recognize.
These modifications can be made to the invention in light of the above detailed description. The terms used in the following claims should not be construed to limit the invention to the specific embodiments disclosed in the specification and the claims. Rather, the scope of the invention is to be determined entirely by the following claims, which are to be construed in accordance with established doctrines of claim interpretation.
