Patent Grant
9575422
The present invention relates to a method of producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member, a method of producing an organic device, and an emulsion for a charge transporting layer.
An organic electrophotographic photosensitive member (hereinafter, sometimes referred to as “electrophotographic photosensitive member”) containing an organic photoconductive substance has been vigorously developed as an electrophotographic photosensitive member to be mounted on an electrophotographic apparatus. In addition, at present, the organic electrophotographic photosensitive member has been a mainstream electrophotographic photosensitive member to be used in the process cartridge of an electrophotographic apparatus or in the electrophotographic apparatus, and has been put into large-scale production. Of such organic electrophotographic photosensitive members, a laminated electrophotographic photosensitive member has been frequently used. The laminated electrophotographic photosensitive member improves its features by separating functions needed for an electrophotographic photosensitive member into its respective layers.
A method involving dissolving a functional material in an organic solvent to produce an application solution and applying the solution onto a support has been generally employed as a method of producing the laminated electrophotographic photosensitive member. Of the respective layers of the laminated electrophotographic photosensitive member, a charge transporting layer is often required to have durability. Accordingly, the thickness of a coat of the application liquid for the charge transporting layer is larger than that of any other layer and hence the usage of the application liquid for the charge transporting layer is also large. As a result, the layer uses a large amount of the organic solvent. To curtail the usage of the organic solvent at the time of the production of the electrophotographic photosensitive member, the amount of the organic solvent to be used in the application liquid for the charge transporting layer is desirably curtailed. However, the production of the application liquid for the charge transporting layer requires the use of a halogen-based solvent or an aromatic organic solvent because a charge transporting substance and a resin each have high solubility in any such solvent. Accordingly, it has been difficult to curtail the usage of the organic solvent.
Patent Literature 1 reports an effort to curtail the amount of an organic solvent in a paint for forming a charge transporting layer for the purposes of reducing a volatile substance and curtailing carbon dioxide. This literature discloses that an emulsion for the charge transporting layer is produced by forming oil droplets of an organic solution, which is prepared by dissolving a substance to be incorporated into the charge transporting layer in an organic solvent, in water.
As a result of investigations conducted by the inventors of the present invention, however, in a method of producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member involving producing the emulsion disclosed in Patent Literature 1, reduction in liquid properties of the emulsion was observed after the emulsion had been left to stand still for a long time period, though a uniform emulsion state was observed immediately after the production of the emulsion.
This may be because of the following reason. The organic solution prepared by dissolving the substance to be incorporated into the charge transporting layer in the organic solvent coalesced in water after a lapse of time to make it difficult to form a stable oil droplet state, and hence the solution agglomerated and sedimented. An additional improvement in terms of compatibility between the curtailment of the usage of the organic solvent and the securement of the stability of the application liquid for the charge transporting layer has been demanded.
In view of the foregoing, the present invention is directed to providing a method of producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member, in particular, a method of producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member by which, in a method of forming a charge transporting layer, the stability of an application liquid for a charge transporting layer after its long-term storage is improved while the usage of an organic solvent to be used in the application liquid is curtailed and hence a charge transporting layer having high uniformity can be formed. The present invention is also directed to providing a method of producing an organic device. In addition, the present invention is directed to providing an application liquid (emulsion) for a charge transporting layer having high stability after its long-term storage.
The objects described above are attained by the present invention described below.
The present invention provides a method of producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member which includes a support and a charge transporting layer formed thereon,
the method including the steps of:
preparing a solution including:
a first liquid whose solubility in water under 25° C. and 1 atmosphere is 1.0 mass % or less;
a second liquid whose solubility in water under 25° C. and 1 atmosphere is 5.0 mass % or more;
a charge transporting substance; and
a binder resin;
preparing an emulsion by dispersing the solution in water;
forming a coat for the charge transporting layer by using the emulsion; and
forming the charge transporting layer by heating of the coat.
The present invention also provides a method of producing an organic device, including forming the charge transporting layer through the above-described steps.
The present invention also provides an emulsion for a charge transporting layer, including a solution dispersed in water, in which the solution includes: a first liquid whose solubility in water under 25° C. and 1 atmosphere is 1.0 mass % or less; a second liquid whose solubility in water under 25° C. and 1 atmosphere is 5.0 mass % or more; a charge transporting substance; and a binder resin.
As described above, according to the present invention, there is provided the method of producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member and the method of producing an organic device, in each of which, the stability of the emulsion after its long-term storage is improved and the charge transporting layer having high uniformity is formed. Further, according to the present invention, provided is the emulsion for a charge transporting layer having high stability after its long-term storage.
Further features of the present invention will become apparent from the following description of exemplary embodiments with reference to the attached drawing.
FIGURE is a view illustrating an example of the schematic construction of an electrophotographic apparatus including a process cartridge having an electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention.
Preferred embodiments of the present invention will now be described in detail in accordance with the accompanying drawings.
A method of producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention includes the steps of: preparing a solution containing a first liquid whose solubility in water under 25° C. and 1 atmosphere is 1.0 mass % or less, a second liquid whose solubility in water under 25° C. and 1 atmosphere is 5.0 mass % or more, a charge transporting substance, and a binder resin, followed by the dispersion of the solution in water to prepare an emulsion; and forming a coat of the emulsion on the support, followed by the heating of the coat to form the charge transporting layer.
It is preferred that the second liquid be at least one kind selected from the group consisting of tetrahydrofuran, dimethoxymethane, 1,2-dioxane, 1,3-dioxane, 1,4-dioxane, 1,3,5-trioxane, methanol, 2-pentanone, ethanol, tetrahydropyran, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, propylene glycol n-butyl ether, propylene glycol monopropyl ether, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol monoisopropyl ether, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, ethylene glycol monoisobutyl ether, ethylene glycol monoallyl ether, propylene glycol monomethyl ether, dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether, tripropylene glycol monomethyl ether, propylene glycol monobutyl ether, propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, diethylene glycol methyl ethyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, dipropylene glycol dimethyl ether, propylene glycol diacetate, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, n-propyl alcohol, 3-methoxybutanol, 3-methoxybutyl acetate, and ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate.
Hereinafter, the production method of the present invention and materials for constituting the electrophotographic photosensitive member are described.
The charge transporting substance in the present invention is a substance having hole transporting performance, and examples thereof include a triarylamine compound, a hydrazone compound, a butadiene compound, and an enamine compound. Of those, a triarylamine compound is preferably used as the charge transporting substance in terms of improvements in electrophotographic characteristics.
Specific examples of the charge transporting substance are shown below, but the charge transporting substance in the present invention is not limited thereto.
Examples of the binder resin constituting the charge transporting layer include a styrene resin, an acrylic resin, a polycarbonate resin, and a polyester resin. Of those, a polycarbonate resin or a polyester resin is preferred. A polycarbonate resin having a repeating structural unit represented by the following formula (2) or a polyester resin having a repeating structural unit represented by the following formula (3) is more preferred.
(In the formula (2): R21 to R24 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a methyl group; and X1 represents a single bond, a methylene group, an ethylidene group, a propylidene group, a phenylethylidene group, a cyclohexylidene group, or an oxygen atom.)
(In the formula (3): R31 to R34 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a methyl group; X2 represents a single bond, a methylene group, an ethylidene group, a propylidene group, a cyclohexylidene group, or an oxygen atom; and Y represents an m-phenylene group, a p-phenylene group, or a divalent group having two p-phenylene groups bonded via an oxygen atom.
Specific examples of the polycarbonate resin and the polyester resin are given below.
In the present invention, the weight-average molecular weight of the binder resin is a weight-average molecular weight in terms of polystyrene measured according to a conventional method, specifically, by a method described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2007-79555.
In addition to the charge transporting substance and the binder resin, an additive may be incorporated into the charge transporting layer. Examples of the additive constituting the charge transporting layer include an antidegradant such as an antioxidant, a UV absorber, or a light stabilizer, and releasability-providing resins. Examples of the antidegradant include a hindered phenol-based antioxidant, a hindered amine-based light stabilizer, a sulfur atom-containing antioxidant, and a phosphorus atom-containing antioxidant. Examples of releasability-providing resins include a fluorine atom-containing resin and a resin containing a siloxane structure.
The charge transporting substance and the binder resin are each soluble in the first liquid or the second liquid. The first liquid is a hydrophobic liquid whose solubility in water under 25° C. and 1 atmosphere is 1.0 mass % or less, and the second liquid is a hydrophilic liquid whose solubility in water under 25° C. and 1 atmosphere is 5.0 mass % or more. The second liquid is more preferably a hydrophilic liquid whose solubility in water under 25° C. and 1 atmosphere is 20.0 mass % or more.
Hereinafter, Table 1 shows representative examples of the hydrophobic liquid as the first liquid and Table 2 shows representative examples of the hydrophilic liquid as the second liquid, but the first liquid and the second liquid in the present invention are not limited thereto. In addition, the term “aqueous solubility” in each of Tables 1 and 2 refers to a solubility in water under 25° C. and 1 atmosphere (atmospheric pressure) represented in a mass % unit.
Of the hydrophobic liquids each serving as the first liquid, solvents each having an aromatic ring structure are preferred. Of the solvents, at least one of toluene and xylene is more preferred from the viewpoint of the stability of the emulsion.
Two or more kinds of the first liquids as hydrophobic liquids may be used as a mixture.
Of the hydrophilic liquids each serving as the second liquid, ether-based solvents are preferred. Of the solvents, at least one of tetrahydrofuran and dimethoxymethane is more preferred from the viewpoint of the stability of the emulsion.
Two or more kinds of the second liquids as hydrophilic liquids may be used as a mixture. In particular, when the coat of the emulsion is formed on the support by dip coating in the step of applying the coat onto the support to be described later, a hydrophilic liquid having a relatively low boiling point, specifically, a boiling point of 100° C. or less is more preferably used from the viewpoint of film uniformity because a dispersion medium is quickly removed in the step of forming a film by heating.
With regard to a ratio between the first liquid and the second liquid, a ratio (a/b) of the mass of the first liquid (a) to the mass of the second liquid (b) is preferably 1/9 to 9/1. Further, with regard to the ratio of the first liquid and the second liquid, the percentage of the second liquid is more preferably the higher because, in the step of preparing the emulsion to be described later, an oil droplet is reduced in diameter when emulsified and hence the emulsion is additionally stable. The ratio of the charge transporting substance and the binder resin in the solution of the first liquid and the second liquid preferably falls within such a range that the charge transporting substance and the binder resin dissolve to provide a solution, and that the solution has a proper viscosity at the time of emulsion from the viewpoint of the preparation of a stable emulsion. More specifically, the charge transporting substance and the binder resin are preferably dissolved at a ratio in the range of 10 mass % or more and 50 mass % or less in the solution of the first liquid and the second liquid. In addition, the viscosity of the solution in which the charge transporting substance and the binder resin have been dissolved preferably falls within the range of 50 mPa·s or more and 500 mPa·s or less.
Next, a method of preparing the emulsion with the solution prepared by the foregoing method and water is described.
An existing emulsification method may be employed as an emulsification method of preparing the emulsion. In addition, the emulsion contains at least the charge transporting substance and the binder resin in a state where the substance and the resin are at least partially dissolved in an emulsified particle. A stirring method and a high-pressure impact method are described below as specific emulsification methods, but the production method of the present invention is not limited thereto.
The stirring method is described. The charge transporting substance and the binder resin are dissolved in the first liquid and the second liquid to prepare a solution, and then the solution is weighed. After that, water as a dispersion medium is weighed, and then the solution and the water are mixed. After that, the mixture is stirred with a stirring machine. Here, the water to be used as the dispersion medium is preferably ion-exchanged water obtained by removing a metal ion and the like with an ion exchange resin or the like from the viewpoints of electrophotographic characteristics. The conductivity of the ion-exchanged water is preferably 5 μS/cm or less. The stirring machine is preferably a stirring machine capable of high-speed stirring because the solution can be uniformly dispersed in a short time period. Examples of the stirring machine include a homogenizer “PHYSCOTRON” manufactured by MICROTEC CO., LTD., and a circulating homogenizer “CLEARMIX” manufactured by M Technique Co., Ltd.
The high-pressure impact method is described. In the method, the emulsion can be prepared by: dissolving the charge transporting substance and the binder resin in the first liquid and the second liquid to prepare a solution; weighing the solution; weighing water as a dispersion medium; mixing the solution and the water; and causing the contents of the mixed liquid to impact with each other under high pressure. Alternatively, the emulsion may be prepared by causing the solution and the water as different liquids to impact with each other without mixing the liquids. A dispersing apparatus to be used in the method is, for example, a “Microfluidizer M-110EH” manufactured by Microfluidics in the U.S., or a “Nanomizer YSNM-2000AR” manufactured by YOSHIDA KIKAI CO., LTD.
A ratio (w/(a+b+ct+r)) of the mass of the water (w) to the total (a+b+ct+r) of the mass of the charge transporting substance (ct), the mass of the binder resin (r), the mass of the first liquid (a), and the mass of the second liquid (b) in the emulsion is preferably 3/7 to 8/2, more preferably 5/5 to 7/3 from the viewpoint of the stability of the emulsion. In addition, with regard to the ratio of the water and the organic solvents, the percentage of the water is preferably the higher from such a viewpoint that an oil droplet is reduced in diameter when emulsified and the emulsion is stable. Accordingly, the ratio can be adjusted so that an oil droplet may be reduced in diameter and the stability of the emulsion may be additionally improved to such an extent that the charge transporting substance and the binder resin dissolve in the organic solvents.
The ratio of the charge transporting substance and the binder resin in an oil droplet is preferably 10 to 50 mass % with respect to the organic solvents. A ratio between the charge transporting substance and the binder resin falls within the range of preferably 4:10 to 20:10 (mass ratio), more preferably 5:10 to 12:10 (mass ratio). The ratio between the charge transporting substance and the binder resin is adjusted so as to be such ratio. In addition, when the additive is further added to the charge transporting substance and the binder resin, its content is preferably 50 mass % or less, more preferably 30 mass % or less with respect to the solid content ratio of the charge transporting substance and the binder resin.
In addition, a surfactant may be incorporated into the emulsion of the present invention for the purpose of additionally stabilizing its emulsification. The surfactant is preferably a nonionic surfactant from the viewpoint of suppressing the deterioration of the electrophotographic characteristics. The nonionic surfactant is, for example, a surfactant whose hydrophilic portion is a nonelectrolyte, in other words, a surfactant having a hydrophilic portion that does not ionize, and specific examples thereof include a series of nonionic surfactants out of: a NOIGEN series manufactured by DAI-ICHI KOGYO SEIYAKU CO., LTD.; a NAROACTY series, an EMULMIN series, a SANNONIC series, and a NEWPOL series manufactured by Sanyo Chemical Industries, Ltd.; an EMULGEN series, a RHEODOL series, and an EMANON series manufactured by Kao Corporation; an ADEKA TOL series, an ADEKA ESTOL series, and an ADEKA NOL series manufactured by ADEKA CORPORATION; and a NEWCOL series manufactured by NIPPON NYUKAZAI CO., LTD. One kind of those surfactants may be used alone, or two or more kinds thereof may be used in combination. In addition, a surfactant having a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) in the range of 8 to 15 is preferably selected for the stability of the emulsion.
The addition amount of the surfactant is preferably as small as possible from such a viewpoint that the electrophotographic characteristics are not deteriorated, and its content in the emulsion falls within the range of preferably 0 mass % to 1.5 mass %, more preferably 0 mass % to 0.5 mass %. In addition, the surfactant may be added to the water as a dispersion medium in advance, or may be added to the organic solvents in which the charge transporting substance and the binder resin have been dissolved. Alternatively, the surfactant may be added to each of both the water and the organic solvents before the emulsification. In the present invention, the incorporation of not a hydrophobic organic solvent alone but both hydrophobic and hydrophilic organic solvents has significantly improved the stability of the emulsion as compared with that in the case where an emulsion is produced with the hydrophobic organic solvent alone. The reason for the foregoing is described later. In addition, the emulsion for a charge transporting layer may contain an additive such as a defoaming agent or a viscoelasticity modifier to such an extent that an effect of the present invention is not impaired.
The average particle diameter of the emulsified particles prepared as described above preferably falls within the range of 0.1 to 20.0 μm, and more preferably falls within the range of 0.1 to 5.0 μm from the viewpoint of the stability of the emulsion.
Next, a method of applying the coat of the emulsion prepared by the foregoing method onto the support is described.
With regard to a method involving applying the emulsion to form the coat of the emulsion on the support, any one of the existing application methods such as a dip coating method, a ring coating method, a spray coating method, a spinner coating method, a roller coating method, a Meyer bar coating method, and a blade coating method is adaptable. Of those, dip coating is preferred from the viewpoint of productivity. The emulsion of the present invention can be applied onto the support by the step.
Next, a method of heating the coat applied onto the support by the foregoing method is described.
The charge transporting layer is formed on the support by heating the coat formed by the step of forming the coat.
In the present invention, the emulsion containing at least the charge transporting substance and the binder resin is applied. Accordingly, the following is preferred from the viewpoint of the formation of a coat having high uniformity. The emulsion is formed into a film in an additionally uniform fashion by bringing emulsified particles into close contact with each other simultaneously with the removal of the dispersion medium by the heating step. Accordingly, the particle diameters of the emulsified particles are preferably reduced in an additional fashion because a thickness distribution having high uniformity is obtained quickly after the removal of the dispersion medium. A temperature for the heating is preferably 100° C. or more. Further, the heating temperature is preferably equal to or higher than the melting point of a charge transporting substance having the lowest melting point out of the charge transporting substances constituting the charge transporting layer in terms of an improvement in adhesiveness between the emulsified particles. The charge transporting substance is melted by the heating at a temperature equal to or higher than the melting point of the charge transporting substance, and then the binder resin dissolves in the melt of the charge transporting substance. As a result, a coat having high uniformity can be formed. Further, with regard to the heating temperature, the heating is preferably performed at a temperature higher than the melting point of the charge transporting substance having the lowest melting point out of the charge transporting substances constituting the charge transporting layer by 5° C. or more. In addition, the heating temperature is preferably 200° C. or less because an excessively high heating temperature causes the denaturation or the like of the charge transporting substance.
The thickness of the charge transporting layer produced by the production method of the present invention is preferably 3 μm or more and 50 μm or less, more preferably 5 μm or more and 35 μm or less.
In the present invention, the solution containing the charge transporting substance and the binder resin is prepared with the organic solvents containing both the hydrophobic and hydrophilic solvents, and then the emulsion is prepared by dispersing the solution in water. Accordingly, even when the emulsion is stored for a long time period, the agglomeration of the emulsion is suppressed, which is a result advantageous in terms of productivity. In a method involving preparing a solution containing the charge transporting substance and the binder resin with the hydrophobic organic solvent alone, and then forming an emulsion in water, substances constituting the charge transporting layer such as the charge transporting substance and the binder resin are present in an oil droplet formed of the solution present in water, but the oil droplet is formed so as to contain a large amount of the organic solvent. Accordingly, the agglomeration (coalescence) of the oil droplets is liable to occur after long-term storage of the emulsion. Although the incorporation of a large amount of a surfactant can extend the time period for which a state where the solution is dispersed is maintained, it is difficult to maintain an oil droplet state. In the present invention, in the production method of preparing the emulsion including dissolving the charge transporting substance and the binder resin with the organic solvents containing both the hydrophobic and hydrophilic solvents, and then dispersing the solution in water to prepare the emulsion, the hydrophilic organic solvent in an oil droplet quickly migrates toward an aqueous phase side and hence the oil droplet becomes additionally small, and the concentration of each of the charge transporting substance and the binder resin in the oil droplet increases. As a result, an emulsified particle adopts a form close to a fine particle of a solid and hence the occurrence of the agglomeration of oil droplets can be significantly suppressed as compared with that in the case where an emulsion is prepared with the hydrophobic solvent alone. It is also conceivable that the hydrophilic organic solvent in the organic solvents has such amphipathic property as to dissolve in both water and oil, and hence the solvent serves like a surfactant in an oil droplet particle to suppress the agglomeration (coalescence) of the oil droplets. As a result, the dispersed state can be maintained even after the long-term storage of the emulsion.
Next, the construction of an electrophotographic photosensitive member produced by the method of producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention is described.
As described above, the method of producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention is a method of producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a support, and a charge generating layer and a charge transporting layer on the support.
In general, as the electrophotographic photosensitive member, a cylindrical electrophotographic photosensitive member produced by forming a photosensitive layer on a cylindrical support is widely used, but the member may be formed into a belt or sheet shape.
The support has preferably electro-conductivity (conductive support) and a support made of a metal or an alloy such as aluminum, an aluminum alloy, or stainless steel may be used. In the case of a support made of aluminum or an aluminum alloy, the support to be used may be an ED tube or an EI tube or one obtained by subjecting the tube to cutting, electrochemical buffing, or a wet- or dry-honing process. Further, a support made of a metal or a support made of a resin having layer obtained by forming aluminum, an aluminum alloy, or an indium oxide-tin oxide alloy into a film by means of vacuum deposition may be used. In addition, a support obtained by impregnating conductive particles such as carbon black, tin oxide particles, titanium oxide particles, or silver particles in a resin or the like, or a plastic having an conductive resin may be used.
The surface of the support may be subjected to, for example, cutting treatment, roughening treatment, or alumite treatment.
An conductive layer may be provided between the support and an intermediate layer or a charge generating layer to be described later. The conductive layer is formed through the use of an application liquid for the conductive layer, which is prepared by dispersing conductive particles in a resin. Examples of the conductive particles include carbon black, acetylene black, metal or alloy powders made of, for example, aluminum, nickel, iron, nichrome, copper, zinc, and silver, and metal oxide powders made of, for example, conductive tin oxide and ITO.
In addition, examples of the resin include a polyester resin, a polycarbonate resin, a polyvinyl butyral resin, an acrylic resin, a silicone resin, an epoxy resin, a melamine resin, a urethane resin, a phenol resin, and an alkyd resin.
As a solvent to be used for the application liquid for the conductive layer, there are given, for example, an ether-based solvent, an alcohol-based solvent, a ketone-based solvent, and an aromatic hydrocarbon solvent.
The thickness of the conductive layer is preferably 0.2 μm or more and 40 μm or less, more preferably 1 μm or more and 35 μm or less, still more preferably 5 μm or more and 30 μm or less.
The intermediate layer may be provided between the support or the conductive layer and the charge generating layer.
The intermediate layer can be formed by applying an application liquid for the intermediate layer containing a resin onto the support or the conductive layer and drying or hardening the application liquid.
Examples of the resin in the intermediate layer include polyacrylic acids, methylcellulose, ethylcellulose, a polyamide resin, a polyimide resin, a polyamideimide resin, a polyamide acid resin, a melamine resin, an epoxy resin, a polyurethane resin, and a polyolefin resin. The resin in the intermediate layer is preferably a thermoplastic resin, and specifically, a thermoplastic polyamide resin or a polyolefin resin is preferred. The polyamide resin is preferably copolymer nylon with low crystallinity or no crystallinity which can be applied in a solution state. The polyolefin resin is preferably in a state where the resin can be used as a particle dispersion. It is more preferred that the polyolefin resin be dispersed in an aqueous medium.
The thickness of the intermediate layer is preferably 0.05 μm or more and 7 μm or less, more preferably 0.1 μm or more and 2 μm or less.
The intermediate layer may further contain semiconductive particles, an electron transporting substance, or an electron accepting substance.
The charge generating layer is provided on the support, conductive layer, or intermediate layer.
Examples of the charge generating substance to be used in the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention include azo pigments, phthalocyanine pigments, indigo pigments, and perylene pigments. Only one kind of those charge generating substances may be used, or two or more kinds thereof may be used. Of those, metallophthalocyanines such as oxytitanium phthalocyanine, hydroxygallium phthalocyanine, and chlorogallium phthalocyanine are particularly preferred because of their high sensitivity.
Examples of the binder resin to be used in the charge generating layer include a polycarbonate resin, a polyester resin, a butyral resin, a polyvinyl acetal resin, an acrylic resin, a vinyl acetate resin, and a urea resin. Of those, a butyral resin is particularly preferred. One kind of those resins may be used alone, or two or more kinds thereof may be used as a mixture or as a copolymer.
The charge generating layer can be formed by applying an application liquid for the charge generating layer, which is prepared by dispersing a charge generating substance together with a resin and a solvent, and then drying the application liquid. Further, the charge generating layer may also be a deposited film of a charge generating substance.
Examples of the dispersion method include one using a homogenizer, an ultrasonic wave, a ball mill, a sand mill, an attritor, or a roll mill.
A ratio between the charge generating substance and the resin falls within the range of preferably 1:10 to 10:1 (mass ratio), particularly preferably 1:1 to 3:1 (mass ratio).
The solvent to be used for the application liquid for the charge generating layer is selected depending on the solubility and dispersion stability of each of the resin and charge generating substance to be used. Examples of the solvent include organic solvents such as an alcohol-based solvent, a sulfoxide-based solvent, a ketone-based solvent, an ether-based solvent, an ester-based solvent, and an aromatic hydrocarbon solvent.
The thickness of the charge generating layer is preferably 5 μm or less, more preferably 0.1 μm or more and 2 μm or less.
Further, any of various sensitizers, antioxidants, UV absorbers, plasticizers, and the like may be added to the charge generating layer, if required. An electron transporting substance or an electron accepting substance may also be incorporated into the charge generating layer to prevent the flow of charge from being disrupted in the charge generating layer.
The charge transporting layer is provided on the charge generating layer.
The charge transporting layer is produced by the production method described in the foregoing.
A variety of additives may be added to each layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member. Examples of the additives include: an antidegradant such as an antioxidant, a UV absorber, or a light stabilizer; and fine particles such as organic fine particles or inorganic fine particles. Examples of the antidegradant include a hindered phenol-based antioxidant, a hindered amine-based light stabilizer, a sulfur atom-containing antioxidant, and a phosphorus atom-containing antioxidant. Examples of the organic fine particles include polymer resin particles such as fluorine atom-containing resin particles, polystyrene fine particles, and polyethylene resin particles. Examples of the inorganic fine particles include metal oxides such as silica and alumina.
For the application of each of the application liquids corresponding to the above-mentioned respective layers, any of the application methods may be employed, such as a dip coating method, a spraying coating method, a spinner coating method, a roller coating method, a Meyer bar coating method, and a blade coating method.
In addition, a hill-and-dale shape (hollow-shaped and/or hill-shaped unevenness) may be formed in the surface of the surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member. An existing method can be adopted as a method of forming the hollow-shaped unevenness. Examples of the forming method include: a method involving spraying the surface with abrasive particles to form the hollow-shaped unevenness; a method involving bringing a mold having the a hill-and-dale shape into press contact with the surface to form the hollow- and hill-shaped unevenness; and a method involving irradiating the surface with laser light to form the hollow-shaped unevenness. Of those, the method involving bringing the mold having the hill-and-dale shape into press contact with the surface of the surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member to form the hollow- and hill-shaped unevenness is preferred.
FIGURE illustrates an example of the schematic construction of an electrophotographic apparatus including a process cartridge having the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention.
In FIGURE, a cylindrical electrophotographic photosensitive member 1 is rotationally driven about an axis 2 in a direction indicated by an arrow at a predetermined peripheral speed.
The surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member 1 to be rotationally driven is uniformly charged to a positive or negative predetermined potential by charging unit (primary charging unit: a charging roller or the like) 3. Next, the surface receives exposure light (image exposure light) 4 output from exposing unit (not shown) such as slit exposure or laser beam scanning exposure. Thus, electrostatic latent images corresponding to a target image are sequentially formed on the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member 1.
The electrostatic latent images formed on the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member 1 are developed with toners in the developers of developing unit 5 to provide toner images. Next, the toner images formed and borne on the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member 1 are sequentially transferred onto a transfer material (such as paper) P by a transfer bias from transferring unit (such as a transfer roller) 6. It should be noted that the transfer material P is taken out of transfer material-supplying unit (not shown) and fed into a gap between the electrophotographic photosensitive member 1 and the transferring unit 6 (abutting portion) in synchronization with the rotation of the electrophotographic photosensitive member 1.
The transfer material P onto which the toner images have been transferred is separated from the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member 1 and then introduced to fixing unit 8. The transfer material P is subjected to image fixation to be printed out as an image-formed product (print or copy) to the outside of the apparatus.
The surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member 1 after the transfer of the toner images is cleaned by removal of the remaining developer (toner) after the transfer by cleaning unit (such as cleaning blade) 7. Subsequently, the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member 1 is subjected to a neutralization process with pre-exposure light (not shown) from pre-exposing unit (not shown) and then repeatedly used in image formation. It should be noted that, as illustrated in FIGURE, when the charging unit 3 is contact-charging unit using a charging roller or the like, the pre-exposure is not always required.
Of the constituents including the electrophotographic photosensitive member 1, the charging unit 3, the developing unit 5, the transferring unit 6, and the cleaning unit 7, a plurality of them may be stored in a container and integrally supported to form a process cartridge. In addition, the process cartridge may be designed so as to be detachably mountable to the main body of an electrophotographic apparatus such as a copying machine or a laser beam printer. In FIGURE, the charging unit 3, the developing unit 5, and the cleaning unit 7 are integrally supported with the electrophotographic photosensitive member 1 to provide a cartridge, and then the cartridge is used as a process cartridge 9 detachably mountable to the main body of the electrophotographic apparatus with a guiding unit 10 such as a rail of the main body of the electrophotographic apparatus.
Hereinafter, the present invention is described in more detail with reference to examples and comparative examples. However, the present invention is not limited in any way to the following examples. It should be noted that “part(s)” means “part(s) by mass” in the examples.
An emulsion containing a charge transporting substance and a resin was produced by the following method.
Parts of the compound represented by the formula (1-1) and 1 part of the compound represented by the formula (1-5) as charge transporting substances, and 5 parts of a polycarbonate resin having the repeating structure represented by the formula (2-1) (weight-average molecular weight Mw=36,000) as a binder resin were dissolved in a mixed solvent of 20 parts of toluene and 10 parts of dimethoxymethane to prepare an organic solvent liquid for a charge transporting layer (hydrophobic organic solvent/hydrophilic organic solvent=2/1). Next, 40 parts of the organic solvent liquid for a charge transporting layer prepared in the foregoing were gradually added to 60 parts of ion-exchanged water (having a conductivity of 0.2 μS/cm) for 10 minutes while the water was stirred with a homogenizer at 3,000 revolutions/min. Thus, the materials for an emulsion for a charge transporting layer (100 parts) were mixed. Further, the number of revolutions was increased to 7,000 revolutions/min and then the mixture was stirred for an additional twenty minutes. After that, the mixture was emulsified with a high-pressure impact type disperser Nanomizer (manufactured by YOSHIDA KIKAI CO., LTD.) under a pressure condition of 150 MPa. Thus, the emulsion for a charge transporting layer (100 parts) was obtained.
The resultant emulsion was evaluated for its liquid stability as described below. In the evaluation method, after the production of the emulsion by the foregoing method, the emulsion was visually observed and then evaluated for the particle diameters of its emulsified particles. Further, the prepared emulsion was left to stand still for 2 weeks (under an environment having a temperature of 23° C. and a humidity of 50%). The emulsion that had been left to stand still was stirred with a homogenizer PHYSCOTRON manufactured by MICROTEC CO., LTD. at 1,000 revolutions/min for 3 minutes. The state of the emulsion after the stirring was visually observed. In addition, the particle diameters of the emulsified particles were measured by measuring their average particle diameters before the standing and after the stirring with the homogenizer after the standing. It should be noted that, with regard to the measurement of the average particle diameters, the emulsion for a charge transporting layer was diluted with water and then the average particle diameter of the diluted liquid was measured with an ultracentrifugal, automatic particle size distribution measuring apparatus manufactured by HORIBA, Ltd. (CAPA700).
No significant change was found between the states of the emulsion obtained in Example 1 before and after the standing by visual observation. In addition, there was substantially no change between the average particle diameters before and after the standing. Accordingly, a stable emulsion was held. Table 4 shows the results of the evaluation. It should be noted that the evaluation by visual observation before and after the standing was performed in a state where the emulsion was charged into a cell measuring 1 cm by 1 cm after having been diluted with water twofold.
Emulsions were each produced by the same method as that of Example 1 except that: the kinds and ratios of the charge transporting substances and the binder resin were changed as shown in Table 3; and the ratio of the hydrophobic organic solvent to the hydrophilic organic solvent and the kinds of the organic solvents, and the ratio of water to the organic solvents were changed as shown in Table 4. Table 4 shows the results of the evaluation of the resultant emulsions for their liquid stability.
It should be noted that the melting points of the charge transporting substances used in the examples are as follows.
Formula (1-1): 145° C.
Formula (1-2): 114 to 118° C.
Formula (1-3): 83 to 87° C.
Formula (1-4): 118 to 122° C.
Formula (1-5): 169° C.
Emulsions were each produced by the same method as that of Example 1 except that: a polycarbonate resin having the repeating structures represented by the formula (2-2) and the formula (2-3) ((2-2)/(2-3)=5/5 (mass ratio), Mw=60,000) was used as a binder resin; the kinds and ratios of the charge transporting substances were changed as shown in Table 3; and the kinds and ratios of the solvents were changed as shown in Table 4. Table 4 shows the results of the evaluation of the resultant emulsions for their liquid stability.
Emulsions were each produced by the same method as that of Example 1 except that: a polyester resin having the repeating structures represented by the formula (3-1) and the formula (3-2) ((3-1)/(3-2)=5/5 (mass ratio), Mw=90,000) was used as a binder resin; the kinds and ratios of the charge transporting substances were changed as shown in Table 3; and the kinds and ratios of the solvents were changed as shown in Table 4. Table 4 shows the results of the evaluation of the resultant emulsions for their liquid stability.
Emulsions were each produced by the same method as that of Example 1 except that: a polyester resin having the repeating structure represented by the formula (3-6) (Mw=100,000) was used as a binder resin; the kinds and ratios of the charge transporting substances were changed as shown in Table 3; and the kinds and ratios of the solvents were changed as shown in Table 4. Table 4 shows the results of the evaluation of the resultant emulsions for their liquid stability.
Emulsions were each produced by the same method as that of Example 1 except that: the kinds and ratios of the charge transporting substances and the binder resin were changed as shown in Table 3; the ratio of the hydrophobic organic solvent to the hydrophilic organic solvent and the kinds of the organic solvents, and the ratio of water to the organic solvents were changed as shown in Table 4; and a surfactant was added in an amount shown in Table 4 to water. Table 4 shows the results of the evaluation of the resultant emulsions for their liquid stability. Here, the addition amount of the surfactant is represented as a ratio with respect to the entirety of an emulsion in a mass % unit.
It should be noted that the kinds of the surfactants used in the examples are as follows.
NOIGEN EA-167 (manufactured by DAI-ICHI KOGYO SEIYAKU CO., LTD., HLB=14.8) in Examples 55 to 58, 67 to 70, 186 to 212, and 240 to 242
NAROACTY CL-85 (manufactured by Sanyo Chemical Industries, Ltd., HLB=12.6) in Examples 59 to 62 and 71 to 74
EMULGEN MS-110 (manufactured by Kao Corporation, HLB=12.7) in Examples 63 to 66 and 75 to 78
An application liquid containing a charge transporting substance and a binder resin was produced by the following method based on the method described in Patent Literature 1.
Parts of the compound represented by the formula (1-5) as a charge transporting substance and 5 parts of a polycarbonate resin having the repeating structure represented by the formula (2-1) (Mw=36,000) as a binder resin were dissolved in 40 parts of toluene to produce a solution for a charge transporting layer (50 parts). Next, a NAROACTY CL-85 (1.5 parts) was added as a surfactant to 48.5 parts by mass of water, and then the solution for a charge transporting layer (50 parts by mass) was added to the mixture while the mixture was stirred with a homogenizer at a speed of 3,000 revolutions/min, followed by stirring for 10 minutes. Further, the number of revolutions was increased to 7,000 revolutions/min and then the mixture was stirred for 20 minutes. After that, the mixture was emulsified with a high-pressure impact type disperser Nanomizer (manufactured by YOSHIDA KIKAI CO., LTD.) under a pressure condition of 150 MPa. Thus, an emulsion for a charge transporting layer (100 parts) was obtained.
The emulsified application liquid for a charge transporting layer thus obtained was evaluated for its liquid stability.
In the evaluation method, the emulsion for a charge transporting layer produced by the foregoing method was left to stand still for 2 weeks (under an environment having a temperature of 23° C. and a humidity of 50%). The emulsion for a charge transporting layer that had been left to stand still was stirred with a homogenizer at 1,000 revolutions/min for 3 minutes. The state of the dispersion (emulsion) after the stirring with the homogenizer was visually observed. The average particle diameters of the emulsion before the standing and after the stirring with the homogenizer after the standing were measured by the same method as that of Example 1. Table 6 shows the results. It should be noted that the evaluation by visual observation before and after the standing was performed in a state where the emulsion was charged into a cell measuring 1 cm by 1 cm after having been diluted with water twofold.
The emulsified application liquid for a charge transporting layer obtained in Comparative Example 1 after the standing was in such a state that the sedimentation of an oil droplet component was observed and an agglomerate was observed at a bottom surface owing to the coalescence of part of the oil droplet components. The emulsion for a charge transporting layer after the stirring could not form a state of an application liquid having high uniformity because the agglomeration of the oil droplet components was observed unlike the emulsion immediately after the production of the emulsion.
An emulsion for a charge transporting layer was produced by the same method as that of Comparative Example 1 except that: the compound represented by the formula (1-3) was used as a charge transporting substance; and o-xylene was used as an organic solvent. The resultant emulsion for a charge transporting layer was evaluated for its stability by the same method as that of Comparative Example 1. Table 6 shows the results.
An emulsion for a charge transporting layer was produced by the same method as that of Comparative Example 1 except that: the amount of toluene as the organic solvent was changed to 30 parts; and 58.5 parts of water were used. The resultant emulsion for a charge transporting layer was evaluated for its stability by the same method as that of Comparative Example 1. Table 6 shows the results.
An emulsion for a charge transporting layer was produced by the same method as that of Comparative Example 2 except that: the amount of o-xylene as the organic solvent was changed to 30 parts; and 58.5 parts of water were used. The resultant emulsion for a charge transporting layer was evaluated for its stability by the same method as that of Comparative Example 1. Table 6 shows the results.
An attempt was made to produce an emulsion for a charge transporting layer by the same method as that of Comparative Example 1 except that: the amount of toluene as the organic solvent was changed to 20 parts; and 68.5 parts of water were used. The resultant mixture formed an emulsified state immediately after the stirring with the homogenizer. However, the agglomeration of oil droplets was observed, and after long-term storage, the mixture readily separated into an oil phase and an aqueous phase even when stirred with the homogenizer again. Accordingly, an emulsion for a charge transporting layer could not be produced.
An attempt was made to produce an emulsion for a charge transporting layer by the same method as that of Comparative Example 2 except that: the amount of o-xylene as the organic solvent was changed to 20 parts; 68.5 parts of water were used; and the charge transporting substance was changed as shown in Table 5. The resultant mixture formed an emulsified state immediately after the stirring with the homogenizer. However, the agglomeration of oil droplets was observed, and after long-term storage, the mixture readily separated into an oil phase and an aqueous phase even when stirred with the homogenizer again. Accordingly, an emulsion for a charge transporting layer could not be produced.
An attempt was made to produce an emulsion for a charge transporting layer by the same method as that of Comparative Example 1 except that: the amount of ethylbenzene as the organic solvent was changed to 30 parts; 60 parts of water were used; and no surfactant was added. However, the resultant mixture readily separated into an oil phase and an aqueous phase even immediately after the stirring with the homogenizer. Accordingly, an emulsion for a charge transporting layer could not be produced.
An emulsion for a charge transporting layer was produced by the same method as that of Comparative Example 1 except that: 20 parts of toluene and 10 parts of dipropylene glycol monobutyl ether (whose solubility in water under 25° C. and 1 atmosphere (atmospheric pressure) was 3.0 mass %) were used as organic solvents; and 58.5 parts of water were used. The resultant emulsion for a charge transporting layer was evaluated for its stability by the same method as that of Comparative Example 1. Table 6 shows the results.
An emulsion for a charge transporting layer was produced by the same method as that of Comparative Example 8 except that diethylene glycol monophenyl ether (whose solubility in water under 25° C. and 1 atmosphere (atmospheric pressure) was 3.4 mass %) was used instead of dipropylene glycol monobutyl ether used in Comparative Example 8. The resultant emulsion for a charge transporting layer was evaluated for its stability by the same method as that of Comparative Example 1. Table 6 shows the results.
An emulsion for a charge transporting layer was produced by the same method as that of Comparative Example 8 except that 1,4-butanediol diacetate (whose solubility in water under 25° C. and 1 atmosphere (atmospheric pressure) was 4.2 mass %) was used instead of dipropylene glycol monobutyl ether used in Comparative Example 8. The resultant emulsion for a charge transporting layer was evaluated for its stability by the same method as that of Comparative Example 1. Table 6 shows the results.
0 wt %
As can be seen from comparison between the examples and the comparative examples, in the production method of the present invention including dissolving the charge transporting substance and the binder resin with a liquid containing both the first liquid that is hydrophobic and the second liquid that is hydrophilic, and mixing the solution with water to produce an emulsion for a charge transporting layer, an emulsified state is stably maintained even in a long-term storage state and hence an emulsion similar to that at an initial stage is obtained. In the conventional emulsion for a charge transporting layer formed of a hydrophobic organic solvent and water described in Patent Literature 1, an oil droplet containing the charge transporting substance and the binder resin is relatively stable immediately after the production of the emulsion as a result of the addition of the surfactant. After long-term storage, however, oil droplets coalesce to cause agglomeration. In order that an emulsion for a charge transporting layer may be produced, the charge transporting substance and the binder resin need to be dissolved once in an organic solvent (a halogen-based solvent or an aromatic solvent) in which the substance and the resin are highly soluble. The content of an organic solvent having a low affinity for water is preferably reduced in order that the coalescence of oil droplets in emulsified states may be suppressed. However, when an attempt is made to reduce the content of the organic solvent, the concentration of each of the charge transporting substance and the binder resin in the organic solution is so high that a state where the emulsion is hard to form is established. A method involving increasing the content of the surfactant is also conceivable for suppressing the coalescence. However, the method is not preferred because the surfactant is generally liable to cause the deterioration of the characteristics of an electrophotographic photosensitive member.
In the production method of the present invention including dissolving the charge transporting substance and the binder resin with the hydrophobic organic solvent and the hydrophilic organic solvent, and mixing the solution with water to produce an emulsion for a charge transporting layer, at the time of the production of the emulsion, the second liquid as a hydrophilic liquid in an oil droplet quickly migrates toward an aqueous phase side and hence the oil droplet becomes additionally small, and the concentration of each of the charge transporting substance and the binder resin in the oil droplet increases. As a result, an emulsified particle adopts a form close to a fine particle of a solid and hence the occurrence of the agglomeration of oil droplets can be significantly suppressed as compared with that in the case where an emulsion is produced with the first liquid as a hydrophobic solvent alone. According to the method, the content of the organic solvent (a halogen-based solvent or an aromatic solvent) in which the charge transporting substance and the binder resin in the emulsion for a charge transporting layer are highly soluble can be reduced, and the long-term liquid stability of the emulsion is good. Accordingly, the emulsion is useful as an application liquid for an electrophotographic photosensitive member.
An aluminum cylinder having a diameter of 30 mm and a length of 260.5 mm was used as a support. Next, 10 parts of SnO2-coated barium sulfate (conductive particle), 2 parts of titanium oxide (pigment for controlling resistance), 6 parts of a phenol resin, and 0.001 part of silicone oil (leveling agent) were used together with a mixed solvent of 4 parts of methanol and 16 parts of methoxypropanol, to thereby prepare an application liquid for the conductive layer. The application liquid for the conductive layer was applied onto the aluminum cylinder by dip coating and hardened (thermally hardened) at 140° C. for 30 minutes, to thereby form an conductive layer having a thickness of 15 μm.
Next, 3 parts of N-methoxymethylated nylon and 3 parts of copolymer nylon were dissolved in a mixed solvent of 65 parts of methanol and 30 parts of n-butanol, to thereby prepare an application liquid for the intermediate layer. The application liquid for an intermediate layer was applied onto the conductive layer by dip coating and dried at 100° C. for 10 minutes, to thereby form an intermediate layer having a thickness of 0.7 μm.
Next, 10 parts of hydroxygallium phthalocyanine (charge generating substance) having a crystal structure showing intense peaks at Bragg angles)(2θ±0.2° of 7.5°, 9.9°, 16.3°, 18.6°, 25.1°, and 28.3° in CuKα characteristic X-ray diffraction were prepared. To the hydroxygallium phthalocyanine were added 250 parts of cyclohexanone and 5 parts of a polyvinyl butyral (product name: S-LEC BX-1, manufactured by Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd.), and the resultant mixture was dispersed by a sand mill apparatus using glass beads each having a diameter of 1 mm under a 23±3° C. atmosphere for 1 hour. After the dispersion, 250 parts of ethyl acetate were added to prepare an application liquid for the charge generating layer. The application liquid for the charge generating layer was applied onto the intermediate layer by dip coating and dried at 100° C. for 10 minutes, to thereby form a charge generating layer having a thickness of 0.26 μm.
Next, the emulsion produced in Example 1 as an application liquid for a charge transporting layer was applied onto the charge generating layer by dip coating and heated at 130° C. for 1 hour to form a charge transporting layer having a thickness of 10 μm. Thus, an electrophotographic photosensitive member was produced. Table 7 shows the emulsion used and conditions for the heating of a coat obtained by applying the emulsion.
It should be noted that the emulsion was left to stand still for 2 weeks (under a temperature of 23° C. and a humidity of 50%) and then stirred with a homogenizer at 1,000 revolutions/min for 3 minutes before the emulsion was used in the dip coating.
Next, evaluations are described.
<Evaluation of Coat Surface for Uniformity>
The surface of a position distant from an end portion of a photosensitive member by 130 mm was subjected to measurement with a surface roughness measuring instrument (SURFCORDER SE-3400 manufactured by Kosaka Laboratory Ltd.) and an evaluation in conformance with a ten-point average roughness (Rzjis) evaluation in JIS B 0601:2001 (evaluation length: 10 mm) was performed. Table 7 shows the results.
<Image Evaluation>
Before its use, a laser beam printer LBP-2510 manufactured by Canon Inc. was reconstructed so that, with regard to the charged potential (dark portion potential) of an electrophotographic photosensitive member and the exposure value (image exposure value) of a laser light source having a wavelength of 780 nm, a light quantity on the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member was 0.3 μJ/cm2. In addition, the evaluation was performed under an environment having a temperature of 23° C. and a relative humidity of 15%.
In the image evaluation, a monochromatic halftone image was output by using A4 size plain paper and the output image was evaluated by visual observation based on the following criteria. Table 7 shows the results.
Rank A: An entirely uniform image is observed.
Rank B: Extremely slight image unevenness is observed.
Rank C: Image unevenness is observed.
Rank D: Conspicuous image unevenness is observed.
Electrophotographic photosensitive members were each produced by the same method as that of Example 79 except that: an emulsion shown in Table 7 was used for a charge transporting layer; and conditions for the heating of a coat obtained by applying the emulsion were changed as shown in Table 7. The evaluations of the photosensitive members were also performed by the same methods as those of Example 79. Table 7 shows the results.
An organic electroluminescence device was produced as described below.
ITO was formed into a film having a thickness of 100 nm on a glass substrate as a support by a sputtering method. The resultant was subjected to ultrasonic washing with acetone and isopropyl alcohol (IPA) sequentially. After that, the resultant was subjected to boil washing with IPA and then dried. Further, the surface of the substrate was subjected to UV/ozone washing. Thus, an anode layer was obtained.
2 Parts of the compound (1-5) as a charge transporting substance were dissolved in 9 parts of toluene and 9 parts of tetrahydrofuran to prepare 20 parts of a solution. Next, 0.4 part of a NAROACTY CL-85 (manufactured by Sanyo Chemical Industries, Ltd., HLB=12.6) was added to 79.6 parts of ion-exchanged water (having a conductivity of 0.2 μS/cm) and then the contents were mixed. While the mixture was stirred with a homogenizer PHYSCOTRON manufactured by MICROTEC CO., LTD. at 3,000 revolutions/min, 20 parts of the prepared solution for a charge transporting layer were gradually added to the mixture for 10 minutes. After the completion of the addition, the number of revolutions of the homogenizer was increased to 5,000 revolutions/min and then the mixture was stirred for 10 minutes. After that, the mixture was subjected to dispersion with a high-pressure impact type disperser Nanomizer (manufactured by YOSHIDA KIKAI CO., LTD.) under a pressure condition of 150 MPa. Thus, an emulsion for a charge transporting layer (100 parts) was obtained.
The emulsion for a charge transporting layer was applied onto the anode layer by spin coating at 3,000 revolutions/min for 30 seconds so that a film having a thickness of 50 nm was obtained. Thus, a charge transporting layer was formed.
Next, tris(8-quinolinolato)aluminum (Alq3) was deposited from the vapor to form a light emitting layer having a thickness of 25 nm.
Next, an electron injecting layer having a thickness of 15 nm was formed by co-depositing bathophenanthroline and cesium carbonate from the vapor so that the concentration of cesium in the layer was 8.3 mass %. After that, silver (Ag) was formed into a film on the layer by a heating deposition method. Thus, a cathode layer having a thickness of 12 nm was formed.
A voltage of 6 V was applied between the anode layer and the cathode layer. As a result, it was confirmed that the device emitted light at 8,000 Cd/cm2.
An organic electroluminescence device was produced by the same method as that of Example 157 except that N,N-di(naphthalene-1-yl)-N,N-diphenylbenzidine (NPB) as a charge transporting substance was used instead of the compound (1-5) in Example 157.
A voltage of 6 V was applied between the anode layer and the cathode layer. As a result, it was confirmed that the device emitted light at 9,000 Cd/cm2.
Electrophotographic photosensitive members were each produced by the same method as that of Example 79 except that: an emulsion shown in Table 8 was used for a charge transporting layer; and conditions for the heating of a coat obtained by applying the emulsion were changed as shown in Table 8. The evaluations of the photosensitive members were also performed by the same methods as those of Example 79. Table 8 shows the results. Gentle irregularities were formed in each of the resultant electrophotographic photosensitive members and image unevenness corresponding to the irregularities was detected as an image.
Electrophotographic photosensitive members were each produced by the same method as that of Example 79 except that: a produced emulsion for a charge transporting layer was immediately used in dip coating without being left to stand still for 2 weeks; an emulsion shown in Table 8 was used; and conditions for the heating of a coat obtained by applying the emulsion were changed as shown in Table 8. The evaluations of the photosensitive members were also performed by the same methods as those of Example 79. Table 8 shows the results. Gentle irregularities were formed in each of the resultant electrophotographic photosensitive members and image unevenness corresponding to the irregularities was detected as an image.
Electrophotographic photosensitive members were each produced by the same method as that of Example 79 except that: an emulsion shown in Table 8 was used for a charge transporting layer; and conditions for the heating of a coat obtained by applying the emulsion were changed as shown in Table 8. The evaluations of the photosensitive members were also performed by the same methods as those of Example 79. Table 8 shows the results. Gentle irregularities were formed in each of the resultant electrophotographic photosensitive members and image unevenness corresponding to the irregularities was detected as an image.
As can be seen from comparison between the examples, and Comparative Examples 11 to 18 and 21 to 23, as compared with the emulsion of the present invention containing both the first liquid and the second liquid, the emulsion formed only of the first liquid having the construction described in Patent Literature 1 was poor in uniformity of a coat when the coat was formed with the emulsion that had been left to stand still for a long time period. This may be because of the following reason. The agglomeration of oil droplets occurred owing to the coalescence of the oil droplets after the long-term storage of the emulsion to impair the uniformity of an oil droplet in the emulsion, with the result that the uniformity of the surface of the coat after the formation of the coat deteriorated. In addition, increasing the heating temperature for the coat to a temperature higher than the melting point of the charge transporting substance does not lead to the acquisition of sufficient coat uniformity, though the increase shows an improvement in coat uniformity.
In addition, as can be seen from comparison between the examples, and Comparative Examples 19 and 20, the emulsion formed only of the first liquid may be unable to provide sufficient coat uniformity as compared with that of the emulsion of the present invention containing both the first liquid and the second liquid even when the emulsion is not stored for a long time period. This shows that, with the hydrophobic liquid as the first liquid alone, the particle diameter of an emulsified particle is not sufficiently reduced under a certain condition and hence it is difficult to obtain sufficient uniformity of a coat even after the formation of the coat.
In addition, it was confirmed from Examples 157 and 158 that an organic electroluminescence device produced as an organic device with the emulsion of the present invention showed good charge transporting performance.
While the present invention has been described with reference to exemplary embodiments, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the disclosed exemplary embodiments. The scope of the following claims is to be accorded the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and equivalent structures and functions.
This application claims the benefit of Japanese Patent Application No. 2011-282083, filed Dec. 22, 2011, and 2012-267389, filed Dec. 6, 2012 which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2011-282083 | Dec 2011 | JP | national |
| 2012-267389 | Dec 2012 | JP | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2012/082600 | 12/11/2012 | WO | 00 |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO2013/094548 | 6/27/2013 | WO | A |
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