The invention outlines a method for using ordinary Light Emitting Diodes (LED's) as both an illumination source, and as a sensing element to determine illumination characteristics. The invention also makes it possible for individual LED's to both produce and sense light of a specific and narrow wavelength. In addition, the invention outlines a method for utilizing Ultra-Violet (UV) Light Emitting Diodes (LED's) and UV Laser Diodes as white light illumination sources. The disclosed invention makes it possible for a “Natural” white light source to be realized by using a property known as fluorescence to convert invisible UV light to a lower, visible white light.
LED's have been used for several decades as alternative illumination sources in place of inefficient incandescent lighting. Incandescent lights are comprised of a special filament securely placed inside a glass bulb containing an ultra-high vacuum environment. The operation requires that enough power be supplied to the thin wire filament to cause it to glow to incandescence. The result is a bright illumination source at the expense of inefficient use of supplied power. Most of the wasted power is converted to heat, and cannot be utilized for lighting, only for such things as Brooders and the Easy Bake Oven. Typically the incandescent bulbs are used in homes, businesses and industries throughout the world. With the advent of the integrated circuit, and prevalence of small handheld electronic devices utilizing limited power available from tiny light weight batteries, the use of incandescent bulbs is inefficient and impractical.
LED's are small semiconductor devices that provide illumination of a specific wavelength with the application of a comparatively tiny amount of power. One would be hard pressed to examine a modern day handheld electronic device and not notice any LED's contained in it. The LED has a much greater efficiency of producing illumination verses applied power than that of an incandescent bulb. There is also little to no waste heat produced from an LED as compared to the incandescent light bulb. The only advantage an incandescent light has over the LED is that of a producing a broad spectrum of light. The incandescent light produces a broad “white” light encompassing most colors of the visible spectrum from deep red to deep violet. As any school kid knows who has ever had a basic art class, when you mix reds, greens, and blues in near equal proportions, you end up with white.
The LED on the other hand is designed to produce a very narrow wavelength of light that is virtually monochromatic. Modern day LED's have much more light output, or illumination power than LED's from only a decade ago. The current LED's have a classification known as “High Output” LED's. These LED's have a much greater light output with the same amount of applied current than older LED's. Older LED's from only a decade ago may have required 30 to 50 mA of current to produce the same light intensity as a modern day High-efficiency LED running at only 1 or 2 mA (mA or milli-Amps are equal to 10−3 Amps). The color spectrum available for contemporary LED's ranges from Far-Infrared, through the visible spectrum, and up into the Ultra-Violet portion.
By utilizing the UV LED's as an illumination source in conjunction with a phosphor coating, the invisible UV radiation will be converted to a longer wavelength “white light” source. By clustering several of these modified LED's, a practical alternative to the incandescent light bulb can be realized. If the same principle is applied to newer UV laser diodes, then a very intense “white light” source can be realized. If a suitable diffusing lens or material is placed in front of a plurality of modified UV laser diodes, then a soft, natural, highly efficient “white light” source can be realized to replace the inefficient, power hungry incandescent light.
It has long been established that LED's are highly efficient sources of illumination, but what is not as widely known is that the same LED can be used in a reciprocal manner, they can also sense light! Forrest M. Mims III made the discovery of this “dual use” of LED's as light sensors over a decade ago. Forrest wrote a paper for Applied Optics magazine in 1992, entitled “Sun Photometer with Light-Emitting Diodes as Spectrally Selective Detectors”. In this paper Forrest describes how to use LED's in a reciprocal role as a narrow band light sensor. The LED functions as a wavelength specific light detector. In traditional Sun photometers, a light detector such as a wide optical bandwidth Photo-Diode is used in conjunction with a narrow band optical filter to determine the intensity of a specific wavelength of light. In fact Forrest M. Mims III was contracted by Radio Shack® to develop a small portable multi-wavelength “Sun & Sky Monitoring Station”. The “Sun & Sky Monitoring Station” allows the user to collect very professional data related to Solar and Atmospheric conditions. All the light sensors are LED's being used in a dual role as a wavelength specific detector.
The use of ordinary LED's to produce light has long been established, and is widely known. The use of these same light producing LED's as light sensors is not as widely known. In the early 1990's, Forrest M. Mims III was experimenting with utilizing LED's as narrow wavelength detectors. When studying atmospheric haze, a wide band photodiode is used in conjunction with a narrow band optical filter. This allows the user to analyze a single, or a relatively small number of frequencies. A single frequency of light is a valuable analysis tool when measuring haze in the atmosphere. The use of LED's as selective narrow band wavelength sensors has the advantage of greater stability over the life of the device, and lower cost, since the LED does not require a narrow band filter—it IS a narrow band filter and detector.
In contemporary illumination sources for machine vision, medical imaging, digital photography, etc., an incandescent light source is commonly used, or a ring of closely spaced LED's is used. These are somewhat expensive, and can be difficult to produce to get very uniform results. Many machine vision system manufacturers use “Ring lights” composed of many individual LED's with high current pulses applied briefly to each individual LED. This allows for a much greater output of light, while not degrading the useful life of the LED in the process. If the large current pulse were applied for a longer duration, then the LED would either be destroyed, or have its useful life would be shortened. If the pulse duration is short enough, then the LED is not damaged or stressed. The problem and complexity comes in where a microcontroller is needed to precisely control the amount of current by the use of current sensors for each individual LED, or by using a suitable light sensor such as a photodiode or phototransistor. The placement and alignment of the photosensors is critical for maximum efficiency. There is also additional circuitry to convert the incident light to a value that can be understood by the microcontroller. If the LED's themselves could be utilized as not only the illumination source, but also the light sensor, a smaller, more efficient system of regulated illumination could be realized. Since the LED's are already in place, no additional sensors are needed. If only one LED, or a small minority of LED's are used at one time for light sensing, then the resultant illumination from the rest of the LED's would provide a suitable amount of light for sensor operation. In the preferred embodiment of the described invention, an initial calibration would be done utilizing an illumination target to regulate the amount of total light provided. When designing a multiple LED light source, several problems are encountered—the LED's are usually matched to provide a uniform illumination level, each individual LED is normally bent or “adjusted” to provide a uniform point of illumination, and the power supplied to each individual LED must be closely monitored and regulated. With the new and novel described invention, the LED's themselves could control the regulation of overall illumination.
The ring light assembly would have an option to be synchronized to a shutter of a digital camera, so that as the digital camera shutter is open, the LED's are illuminated. The synchronization feature would also allow for the creation of color images from utilizing a Black & White camera. When a B&W, or grayscale camera is used, the object to be imaged takes a series of images—at the minimum, it would take three pictures. While utilizing a multicolor ring light, such as one composed of red, blue and green LED's, each color of LED would be illuminated as a single wavelength group. This means that the first image that is recorded by the B&W digital camera is with all the red LED's illuminated, while the green and blue LED's are off. The B&W digital camera would then image a second image of the object with only the green LED's illuminated, while the red and blue LED's are off. The last image to be imaged by the B&W digital camera is with only the blue LED's illuminated, while the red and green LED's are off. The resulting three images are combined together on a suitable interfaced computer to render a composite color image of the object. This method would allow for an inexpensive B&W digital camera to image objects in color. The time between images of different color should be kept as short as practical, so as to keep complete image registration between multiple images.
The use of incandescent light bulbs for lighting is nothing new; using clusters or groups of solid state LED's is a relatively new concept. A low power rival to that of incandescent light bulbs is the fluorescent light bulb. Fluorescent light bulbs typically are comprised of a long hollow glass tube that can be either straight, curved, or spiraled, and have been evacuated and filled with a small amount of mercury vapor. The fluorescent bulb has two filaments inside that both heat and provide an electric potential difference. This potential difference causes the encapsulated mercury atoms to be electrically excited. When the mercury atoms are excited, they gain energy, and become unstable. To regain their stability, a small packet or “quanta” of energy is released in the form of a photon. The photon has a characteristic wavelength of a very short length. This short wavelength is above the visible portion of the spectrum, and is in the Ultra-Violet (UV) region. If used in this form, the fluorescent light bulb would emit primarily UV light, and would be a poor source of illumination, not to mention the fact that the UV radiation would pose a health hazard to anyone in its vicinity. If a thin, even layer of phosphor is placed inside the glass tube of the fluorescent bulb; the UV radiation is converted to a longer wavelength “white light”. The UV portion of the radiation is effectively removed and a safe, bright “white light” source is produced.
A diffusing lens could be added to allow for blending of the light output from several phosphor coated UV LED's or phosphor coated UV laser diodes. If a plurality of individual light sources is used, then several individual points of discrete light may be noticeable. With the addition of a diffuser, the individual light sources could be smoothly blended together to form a more well blended “white light” source.
Reference Numerals:
10 Rigid circular housing to enclose all wiring connections and hold the LED's in place.
20 Individual LED's that are used to produce and sense light.
30 Flexible wiring connection to provide power and sensing information to an external controller board.
10 Rigid circular housing to enclose all wiring connections and hold the LED's in place.
20 Individual LED's that are used to produce and sense light.
30 Grey card with a special reflective coating used to calibrate the individual LED's to provide uniform lighting.
10 Rigid circular housing to enclose all wiring connections and hold the LED's in place.
20 Individual LED's that are used to produce and sense light.
30 Plastic housing containing internal “Grey card” with a special reflective coating used to calibrate the individual LED's to provide uniform lighting.
10 Rigid circular housing to enclose all wiring connections and hold the LED's in place.
20 Individual LED's that are used to produce and sense light.
30 Flexible wiring connection to provide power and sensing information to an external controller board.
40 Plastic housing containing internal “Grey card” with a special reflective coating used to calibrate the individual LED's to provide uniform lighting.
50 “Grey card” material that is placed or coated inside the plastic housing to provide a “light tight” seal to prevent external light sources from interfering with the calibration process.
60 Assembly image of individual parts shown before they are combined together.
70 Assembly image of individual parts shown as they are combined together.
80 Light emission rays shown to indicate the pattern of light being emitted from each individual LED.
10 Rigid circular housing to enclose all wiring connections and hold the LED's in place.
20 Individual LED's that are used to produce and sense light.
30 Individual LED shown in the off state whereby it is not producing any illumination, and is being used as a light sensor.
40 Arrow indicating the direction of propagation of using each individual LED as a sensor instead of as a light source. The pattern shown here is a clockwise momentary “shutting off” of each individual LED to be used for sensing purposes to provide additional insight into overall light emission to allow for more selective control of overall light intensity. The progress is sequential starting from “A” and going through “O”. Eventually the process would return back to “A”. Although shown in an individual, sequential pattern, several LED's may be used at once, and in a random or pseudo-random order.
10 Schematic symbol of a typical Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp) used to provide amplification of the weak signal developed by the LED in response to ambient light changes.
20 Schematic symbol of a typical Light Emitting Diode (LED).
30 Schematic symbol of a typical resistor used to provide the required amount of gain for the Op-Amp so that the resulting signal will be at a usable level.
40 Schematic symbol of a typical voltmeter to indicate a voltage output when incident light of the appropriate wavelength impinges upon the LED.
50 Schematic symbol indicates a ground reference point.
60 Schematic symbol indicates a positive power point.
70 Schematic symbol indicating light rays heading towards the LED.
80 Schematic symbol of a variable resistance used to provide current limiting to the LED's to prevent damage.
90 Schematic symbol shows part of an open switch that is operationally linked to another.
100 Schematic symbol shows part of an open switch that is operationally linked to another.
110 Schematic symbol shows linkage between two switches, when one switch is activated, the other “linked” switch operates in like manor.
120 Schematic symbol shows part of a closed switch.
10 Common gas-filled fluorescent light bulb.
20 Lines indicating a cutaway section of the fluorescent light bulb.
30 Dashed circle indicating that this portion of the cutaway view of the fluorescent light bulb will be examined more closely.
40 Circle indicating magnified view of small dashed circle to show increased detail.
50 Lines indicating side-view of cutaway section of glass tube comprising the fluorescent light bulb.
60 Buildup of phosphor compounds to form a smooth layer inside the glass tube of the fluorescent light bulb.
70 Schematic representation of a mercury atom that comprises the bulk of the gas that fills the fluorescent light bulb.
80 Lines indicating emission of short wavelength, invisible UV light.
90 Lines indicating emission of long wavelength, visible wavelengths of light.
10 Dashed outline indicating a UV LED operating and producing invisible UV light.
20 Dashed outline indicating a UV LED with a phosphor coating.
30 Dashed outline indicating a UV LED with phosphor coating, operating and producing visible “white light”.
40 Main body section of LED.
50 Power leads that will be connected to a source of power for the LED.
60 Lines indicating emission of short wavelength, invisible UV light.
70 Buildup of phosphor compound used to form a smooth layer to convert the invisible UV LED radiation to a longer wavelength visible “white light”.
80 Lines indicating emission of long wavelength, visible “white light”.
10 Dashed outline indicating a UV laser diode operating and producing invisible UV light.
20 Dashed outline indicating a UV laser diode and a phosphor coated plate.
30 Dashed outline indicating a UV laser diode with phosphor coated plate, operating and producing visible “white light”.
40 Main body section of laser diode.
50 Power leads that will be connected to a source of power for the laser diode.
60 Lines indicating emission of short wavelength, coherent, invisible UV light.
70 Phosphor coated transparent plate used for the purposes of converting the invisible UV laser diode radiation to a longer wavelength visible “white light”.
80 Lines indicating emission of long wavelength, visible, semi-collimated “white light”.
Provisional Application No. 60/616,316 was filed on 5 Oct. 2004 Provisional Application No. 60/616,403 was filed on 5 Oct. 2004
Number | Date | Country | |
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60616316 | Oct 2004 | US | |
60616403 | Oct 2004 | US |