Claims
- 1. An image forming method, comprising:charging an electrostatic image-bearing member by a charging means; exposing to light the charged electrostatic image-bearing member to form an electrostatic image thereon; developing the electrostatic image with a developer to form a toner image on the electrostatic image-bearing member, said developer comprising a mixture of toner particles and inorganic fine powder having a BET surface area of at least 20 m2/g treated with an organic agent; and transferring the toner image on the electrostatic image-bearing member to an intermediate transfer member or a transfer material by a transfer means; wherein each of said toner particles comprises: (i) 100 wt. parts of a binder resin having a glass transition point (Tg) of 50-70° C., (ii) 0.2-20 wt. parts of solid wax, and (iii) colorant particles carrying a liquid lubricant, or a magnetic powder carrying a liquid lubricant, or a mixture thereof; the toner particle retaining the liquid lubricant at its surface; and wherein the liquid lubricant is an oil selected from the group consisting of fluorinated hydrocarbon, non-reactive silicone, dimethylsilicone, methylphenyl silicone and methylhydrogen silicone and the toner particles contain 0.2-5 wt. parts of the liquid lubricant per 100 wt. parts of the binder resin.
- 2. The image forming method according to claim 1, wherein said charging means is supplied with a bias voltage and is contactable with the electrostatic image-bearing member.
- 3. The image forming method according to claim 2, wherein said charging means comprises a charging roller, a charging blade or an electroconductive brush.
- 4. The image forming method according to claim 1, wherein said transfer means is supplied with a bias voltage and is a contact transfer means for contacting the electrostatic image bearing member.
- 5. The image forming method according to claim 4, wherein said transfer means comprises a transfer roller or a transfer belt.
- 6. The image forming method according to claim 1, wherein said electrostatic image-bearing member is surface-cleaned after transferring the toner image therefrom.
- 7. The image forming method according to claim 6, wherein said electrostatic image-bearing member is equipped with a cleaning blade combined with a magnetic brush, a fur brush or a cleaning roller.
- 8. The image forming method according to claim 1, wherein said colorant particles carrying a liquid lubricant are contained in the toner particles in an amount of 0.1-20 wt. parts per 100 wt. parts of the binder resin.
- 9. The image forming method according to claim 8, wherein said colorant particles comprise carbon black or an organic pigment.
- 10. The image forming method according to claim 8, wherein said colorant particles are contained in an amount of 0.2-10 wt. parts per 100 wt. parts of the binder resin.
- 11. The image forming method according to claim 1, wherein said magnetic powder carrying a liquid lubricant is contained in the toner particles in an amount of 10-200 wt. parts per 100 wt. parts of the binder resin.
- 12. The image forming method according to claim 11, wherein said magnetic powder is a silicon-containing magnetic powder.
- 13. The image forming method according to claim 11, wherein said magnetic powder is contained in an amount of 20-170 parts per 100 wt. parts of the binder resin.
- 14. The image forming method according to claim 13, wherein said magnetic powder is contained in an amount of 30-150 parts per 100 wt. parts of the binder resin.
- 15. The image forming method according to claim 1, wherein said solid wax has a heat absorption characteristic giving an onset temperature of at least 50° C. on its DSC curve.
- 16. The image forming method according to claim 15, wherein said solid wax provides a heat-absorption peak having a peak top temperature of at least 50° C. on its DSC curve.
- 17. The image forming method according to claim 16, wherein said solid wax provides a heat-absorption peak onset temperature of 50-120° C. on its DSC curve on temperature increase.
- 18. The image forming method according to claim 17, wherein said solid wax provides a heat-absorption peak onset temperature of 60-110° C. on its DSC curve on temperature increase.
- 19. The image forming method according to claim 17, wherein said solid wax provides a heat-absorption peak showing a terminal onset temperature of at least 80° C. on its DSC curve on temperature increase.
- 20. The image forming method according to claim 19, wherein said solid wax provides a heat-absorption peak showing a terminal onset temperature of 80-140° C. on its DSC curve on temperature increase.
- 21. The image forming method according to claim 16, wherein said solid wax provides a maximum heat-absorption peak having a peak top temperature of 70-130° C.
- 22. The image forming method according to claim 1, wherein said liquid lubricant has a viscosity at 25° C. of 10-200,000 cSt.
- 23. The image forming method according to claim 22, wherein said liquid lubricant has a viscosity at 25° C. of 20-50,000 cSt.
- 24. The image forming method according to claim 23, wherein said liquid lubricant has a viscosity at 25° C. of 50-20,000 cSt.
- 25. The image forming method according to claim 1, wherein said toner particles have been heat-treated.
- 26. The image forming method according to claim 1, wherein said magnetic powder comprises magnetic iron oxide particles.
- 27. The image forming method according to claim 26, wherein said magnetic iron oxide particles contain a compound selected from the group consisting of silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide, silicon hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide at the surface or inside thereof.
- 28. The image forming method according to claim 26, wherein said magnetic iron oxide particles contain silicon at the surface or inside thereof.
- 29. The image forming method according to claim 28, wherein said magnetic iron oxide particles contain 0.1-3 wt. % of silicon based on the total weight of the magnetic iron oxide particles.
- 30. The image forming method according to claim 29, wherein said magnetic iron oxide particles contain 0.2-2 wt. % of silicon based on the total weight of the magnetic iron oxide particles.
- 31. The image forming method according to claim 30, wherein said magnetic iron oxide particles contain 0.25-1.0 wt. % of silicon based on the total weight of the magnetic iron oxide particles.
- 32. The image forming method according to claim 1, wherein said magnetic powder has a BET specific surface area, without any liquid lubricant, of 1-40 m2/g.
- 33. The image forming method according to claim 32, wherein said magnetic powder has a BET specific surface area, without any liquid lubricant, of 2-30 m2/g.
- 34. The image forming method according to claim 33, wherein said magnetic powder has a BET specific surface area, without any liquid lubricant, of 3-20 m2/g.
- 35. The image forming method according to claim 1, wherein said magnetic powder, without any liquid lubricant and under a magnetic field of 10 kilo-oersted, has a saturation magnetization of 5-200 emu/g and a residual magnetization of 1-100 emu/g.
- 36. The image forming method according to claim 35, wherein said magnetic powder, without any liquid lubricant and under a magnetic field of 10 kilo-oersted, has a saturation magnetization of 10-150 emu/g and a residual magnetization of 1-70 emu/g.
- 37. The image forming method according to claim 1, wherein said magnetic powder carrying the liquid lubricant has an oil absorption capacity of at least 15 cc/100 g.
- 38. The image forming method according to claim 1, wherein said magnetic powder carrying the liquid lubricant has an oil absorption capacity of 18.5-30 cc/100 g.
- 39. The image forming method according to claim 1, wherein said magnetic powder without any liquid lubricant has a bulk density of at most 1.0 g/cm3.
- 40. The image forming method according to claim 1, wherein said binder resin comprises a styrene copolymer, a polyester resin, or a mixture thereof.
- 41. The image forming method according to claim 40, wherein the toner comprises a polyester resin as the binder resin and contains a THF-soluble component giving a molecular weight distribution on a GPC chromatogram showing a main peak in a molecular weight region of 3×103-1.5×104 and a ratio Mw/Mn between weight-average molecular weight and number-average molecular weight of at least 10.
- 42. The image forming method according to claim 1, wherein the toner contains a THF-soluble component giving a molecular weight distribution on a GPC chromatogram showing at least one peak (P1) in a molecular weight region of 3×103-5×104 and at least one peak (P2) in a molecular weight region of at least 105.
- 43. The image forming method according to claim 42, wherein the THF-soluble component has a molecular weight distribution on a GPC chromatogram showing at least one peak (P1) in a molecular weight region of 3×103-3×104 and at least one peak (P2) in a molecular weight region of 3×105-5×106.
- 44. The image forming method according to claim 43, wherein the THF-soluble component has a molecular weight distribution on a GPC chromatogram showing at least one peak (P1) in a molecular weight region of 5×103-2×104 and at least one peak (P2) in a molecular weight region of 3×105-2×106.
- 45. The image forming method according to claim 42, wherein the THF-soluble component has a molecular weight distribution on a GPC chromatogram containing at least 50% of component having a molecular weight of at most 105.
- 46. The image forming method according to claim 1, wherein said solid wax is selected from the group consisting of paraffin, montan, Fischer-Tropsch, polyolefin and carnauba waxes.
- 47. The image forming method according to claim 1, wherein said solid wax is contained in an amount of 0.5-10 wt. parts per 100 wt. parts of the binder resin.
- 48. The image forming method according to claim 1, wherein said solid wax has a penetration of at most 4.0 and a density of at least 0.93.
- 49. The image forming method according to claim 1, wherein said solid wax has a number-average molecular (Mn) of 300-1500, a weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of 500-4500, and an Mw/Mn ratio of at most 3.0.
- 50. The image forming method according to claim 49, wherein said solid wax has an Mn of 350-1200, an Mw of 550-3600, and an Mw/Mn ratio of at most 2.5.
- 51. The image forming method according to claim 50, wherein said solid wax has an Mn of 400-1000, an Mw of 600-3000, and an Mw/Mn ratio of at most 2.0.
- 52. The image forming method according to claim 49, wherein said solid wax is selected from the group consisting of polyolefin wax, Fischer-Tropsch wax and long-chain alkyl alcohol wax having up to 100 carbon atoms.
- 53. The image forming method according to claim 1, wherein said solid wax has a carbon number distribution as measured by gas chromatography giving a largest peak at a carbon number of at least 30.
- 54. The image forming method according to claim 53, wherein said solid wax has a carbon number distribution as measured by gas chromatography giving a largest peak at a carbon number of at least 40.
- 55. The image forming method according to claim 53, wherein said solid wax has a carbon number distribution as measured by gas chromatography including a principal component composed of continuous carbon numbers.
- 56. The image forming method according to claim 1, wherein said toner particles contain a positive charge control agent.
- 57. The image forming method according to claim 1, wherein said toner particles contain a negative charge control agent.
- 58. An image forming method, comprising:charging an electrostatic image-bearing member by a charging means; exposing to light the charged electrostatic image-bearing member to form an electrostatic image thereon; developing the electrostatic image with a developer to form a toner image on the electrostatic image-bearing member, said developer comprising a mixture of toner particles and an external additive; transferring the toner image on the electrostatic image-bearing member to an intermediate transfer member or a transfer material by a transfer means; wherein each of said toner particles comprises: (i) 100 wt. parts of a binder resin having a glass transition point (Tg) of 50-70° C., wherein the binder resin is selected from the group consisting of (a) a binder resin comprising a styrene homopolymer or copolymer and containing a THF-soluble component providing a molecular weight distribution on a GPC chromatogram showing at least one peak (P1) in a molecular weight region of 3×103-5×104 and at least one peak (P2) in a molecular weight region of at least 105; (b) a binder resin comprising a polyester resin and containing a THF-soluble component giving a molecular weight distribution on a GPC chromatogram showing a main peak in a molecular weight region of 3×103-1.5×104 and a ratio Mw/Mn between weight average molecular weight and number average molecular weight of at least 10; and (c) mixtures of (a) and (b); (ii) 0.2-20 wt. parts of solid wax; (iii) colorant particles, magnetic powder or a mixture thereof, and (iv) lubricating particles carrying a liquid lubricant; wherein the liquid lubricant is an oil selected from the group consisting of dimethylsilicone, methylphenylsilicone, methylhydrogen silicone, non-reactive silicones and fluorinated hydrocarbons, wherein the lubricating particles are used in a proportion of 1-3 wt. parts per. 100 wt. parts of the binder resin, and the toner particles retain the liquid lubricant at their surface.
- 59. The image forming method according to claim 58, wherein said charging means is supplied with a bias voltage and is contactable with the electrostatic image-bearing member.
- 60. The image forming method according to claim 59, wherein said charging means comprises a charging roller, a charging blade or an electroconductive brush.
- 61. The image forming method according to claim 58, wherein said transfer means is supplied with a bias voltage and is a contact transfer means for contacting the electrostatic image bearing member.
- 62. The image forming method according to claim 61, wherein said transfer means comprises a transfer roller or a transfer belt.
- 63. The image forming method according to claim 58, wherein said electrostatic image-bearing member is surface-cleaned after transferring the toner image therefrom.
- 64. The image forming method according to claim 63, wherein said electrostatic image-bearing member is equipped with a cleaning blade combined with a magnetic brush, a fur brush or a cleaning roller.
- 65. The image forming method according to claim 58, wherein said lubricating particles carry 10-90 wt. % of the liquid lubricant based on the lubricating particles.
- 66. The image forming method according to claim 58, wherein said toner particles comprise 0.1-20 wt. parts of colorant particles, 10-200 wt. parts of magnetic powder or a mixture thereof per 100 weight parts of the binder resin and wherein the lubricating particles carry 10-90 wt. % of the liquid lubricant based on the lubricating particles.
- 67. The image forming method according to claim 58, wherein said lubricating particles are inorganic compound particles carrying the liquid lubricant.
- 68. The image forming method according to claim 67, wherein said inorganic compound particles comprise particles of at least one member selected from the group consisting of SiO2 GeO2, TiO2, SnO2, Al2O3, B2O5, P2O3, silicates borates, phosphates, germanates, borosilicates, aluminosilicates, aluminoborates, aluminoborosilicates, tungstenates, molybdenates, tellurates, silicon carbide, silicon nitride and amorphous carbon.
- 69. The image forming method according to claim 68, wherein said inorganic compound particles comprise particles selected from the group consisting of SiO2, Al2O3 and TiO2.
- 70. The image forming method according to claim 67, wherein the inorganic compound particles have a particle size of 0.001-20 μm.
- 71. The image forming method according to claim 70, wherein the inorganic compound particles have a particle size of 0.005-10 μm.
- 72. The image forming method according to claim 67, wherein-the inorganic compound particles have a BET specific surface area of 5-500 m2/g.
- 73. The image forming method according to claim 72, wherein the inorganic compound particles have a BET specific surface area of 10-400 m2/g.
- 74. The image forming method according to claim 73, wherein the inorganic compound particles have a BET specific surface area of 20-350 m2/g.
- 75. The image forming method according to claim 67, wherein said liquid lubricant constitutes 20-85 wt. % of the lubricating particles.
- 76. The image forming method according to claim 75, wherein said liquid lubricant constitutes 40-80 wt. % of the lubricating particles.
- 77. The image forming method according to claim 58, wherein said lubricating particles have a particle size of at least 0.5 μm.
- 78. The image forming method according to claim 77, wherein said lubricating particles have a particle size of at least 1 μm.
- 79. The image forming method according to claim 78, wherein said lubricating particles have a particle size of at least 3 μm.
- 80. The image forming method according to claim 58, wherein said lubricating particles are porous powder carrying the liquid lubricant.
- 81. The image forming method according to claim 80, wherein said porous powder has a BET specific surface area of 10-50 m2/g.
- 82. The image forming method according to claim 58, wherein said external additive is inorganic fine powder treated with an organic agent, said fine powder comprising an inorganic compound selected from the group consisting of silica, alumina, titania, germanium oxide, zirconium oxide, silicon carbide, titanium carbide, silicon nitride and germanium nitride and said fine powder having a BET specific surface area of at least 20 m2/g prior to treatment with the organic agent.
- 83. The image forming method according to claim 82, wherein said organic agent comprises an organosilicone compound or a titanium coupling agent.
- 84. The image forming method according to claim 83, wherein said organosilicone compound comprises a nitrogen-containing silane coupling agent or silicone oil.
- 85. The image forming method according to claim 58, wherein said solid wax has a heat absorption characteristic giving an onset temperature of at least 50° C. on its DSC curve.
- 86. The image forming method according to claim 85, wherein said solid wax provides a heat-absorption peak having a peaktop temperature of at least 50° C. on its DSC curve.
- 87. The image forming method according to claim 86, wherein said solid wax provides a maximum heat-absorption peak having a peak top temperature of 70-130° C.
- 88. The image forming method according to claim 85, wherein said solid wax provides a heat-absorption peak onset temperature of 50-120° C. on its DSC curve on temperature increase.
- 89. The image forming method according to claim 88, wherein said solid wax provides a heat absorption peak onset temperature of 60-110° C. on its DSC curve on temperature increase.
- 90. The image forming method according to claim 88, wherein said solid wax provides a heat-absorption peak showing a terminal onset temperature of at least 60° C. on its DSC curve on temperature increase.
- 91. The image forming method according to claim 90, wherein said solid wax provides a heat-absorption peak showing a terminal onset temperature of 80-140° C. on its DSC curve on temperature increase.
- 92. The image forming method according to claim 58, wherein said liquid lubricant has a viscosity at 25° C. of 10-200,000 cSt.
- 93. The image forming method according to claim 92, wherein said liquid lubricant has a viscosity at 25° C. of 20-50,000 cSt.
- 94. The image forming method according to claim 93, wherein said liquid lubricant has a viscosity at 25° C. of 50-20,000 cSt.
- 95. The image forming method according to claim 58, wherein said magnetic powder is a silicon-containing magnetic powder.
- 96. The image forming method according to claim 58, wherein said toner particles have been heat treated.
- 97. The image forming method according to claim 58, wherein said magnetic powder comprises magnetic iron oxide particles.
- 98. The image forming method according to claim 97, wherein said magnetic iron oxide particles contain a compound selected from the group consisting of silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide, silicon hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide at the surface or inside thereof.
- 99. The image forming method according to claim 97, wherein said magnetic iron oxide particles contain silicon at the surface or inside thereof.
- 100. The image forming method according to claim 99, wherein said magnetic iron oxide particles contain 0.1-3 wt. % of silicon based on the magnetic iron oxide particles.
- 101. The image forming method according to claim 100, wherein said magnetic iron oxide particles contain 0.2-2 wt. % of silicon based on the magnetic iron oxide particles.
- 102. The image forming method according to claim 101, wherein said magnetic iron oxide particles contain 0.25-1.0 wt. % of silicon based on the magnetic iron oxide particles.
- 103. The image forming method according to claim 58, wherein said magnetic powder has a BET specific surface area of 1-40 m2/g.
- 104. The image forming method according to claim 103, wherein said magnetic powder has a BET specific surface area of 2-30 m2/g.
- 105. The image forming method according to claim 104, wherein said magnetic powder has a BET specific surface area of 3-20 m2/g.
- 106. The image forming method according to claim 58, wherein said magnetic powder has a saturation magnetization of 5-200 emu/g and a residual magnetization of 1-100 emu/g under magnetic field of 10 kilo-oersted.
- 107. The image forming method according to claim 58, wherein said magnetic powder has a saturation magnetization of 10-150 emu/g and a residual magnetization of 1-70 emu/g under a magnetic field of 10 kilo-oersted.
- 108. The image forming method according to claim 58, wherein said magnetic powder is contained in an amount of 20-170 parts per 100 wt. parts of the binder resin.
- 109. The image forming method according to claim 108, wherein said magnetic powder is contained in an amount of 30-150 parts per 100 wt. parts of the binder resin.
- 110. The image forming method according to claim 58, wherein said colorant particles are contained in an amount of 0.2-10 wt. parts per 100 wt. parts of the binder resin.
- 111. The image forming method according to claim 58, wherein said magnetic powder has a bulk density of at most 1.0 g/cm3.
- 112. The image forming method according to claim 58, wherein the THF-soluble component of binder resin (a) has a molecular weight distribution on a GPC chromatogram showing at least one peak (P1) in a molecular weight region of 3×103-3×104 and at least one peak (P2) in a molecular weight region of 3×105-5×106.
- 113. The image forming method according to claim 112, wherein the binder resin (a) has THF-soluble component which has a molecular weight distribution on a GPC chromatogram showing at least one peak (P1) in a molecular weight region of 5×103-2×104 and at least one peak (P2) in a molecular weight region of 3×105-2×106.
- 114. The image forming method according to claim 58, wherein the THF-soluble component of binder resin (a) has a molecular weight distribution on a GPC chromatogram containing at least 50% of component having a molecular weight of at most 105.
- 115. The image forming method according to claim 58, wherein said solid wax is selected from the group consisting of paraffin wax, montan wax, Fischer-Tropsch wax, polyolefin wax and carnauba wax.
- 116. The image forming method according to claim 58, wherein said solid wax is contained in an amount of 0.5-10 wt. parts per 100 wt. parts of the binder resin.
- 117. The image forming method according to claim 58, wherein said solid wax has a penetration of at most 4.0 and a density of at least 0.93.
- 118. The image forming method according to claim 58, wherein said solid wax has a number-average molecular (Mn) of 300-1500, a weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of 500-4500, and an Mw/Mn ratio of at most 3.0.
- 119. The image forming method according to claim 118, wherein said solid wax has an Mn of 350-1200, an Mw of 550-3600, and an Mw/Mn ratio of at most 2.5.
- 120. The image forming method according to claim 119, wherein said solid wax has an Mn of 400-1000, an Mw of 600-3000, and an Mw/Mn ratio of at most 2.0.
- 121. The image forming method according to claim 118, wherein said solid wax is selected from the group consisting of polyolefin wax, hydrocarbon wax, and long-chain alkyl alcohol wax having up to 100 carbon atoms.
- 122. The image forming method according to claim 58, wherein said solid wax has a carbon number distribution as measured by gas chromatography giving a largest peak at a carbon number of at least 30.
- 123. The image forming method according to claim 122, wherein said solid wax has a carbon number distribution as measured by gas chromatography giving a largest peak at a carbon number of at least 40.
- 124. The image forming method according to claim 122, wherein said solid wax has a carbon number distribution as measured by gas chromatography including a principal component composed of continuous carbon numbers.
- 125. The image forming method according to claim 58, wherein said toner particles contain a positive charge control agent.
- 126. The image forming method according to claim 58, wherein said toner particles contain a negative charge control agent.
- 127. The image forming method according to claim 58, wherein said external additive comprises inorganic fine powder having a BET surface area of at least 20 m2/g treated with nitrogen-containing organosilane compound and silicone oil.
Priority Claims (4)
Number |
Date |
Country |
Kind |
5-346992 |
Dec 1993 |
JP |
|
5-323424 |
Nov 1993 |
JP |
|
6-118550 |
May 1994 |
JP |
|
6-089949 |
Apr 1994 |
JP |
|
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a division of application Ser. No. 08/821,071, filed Mar. 20, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,187,496, which in turn, is a division of application Ser. No. 08/350,109, filed Nov. 29, 1994, now abandoned.
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