Wash water, produced in the making of concrete, poses a significant problem in terms of use and/or disposal. Methods and compositions to better manage concrete wash water are needed.
In one aspect the invention provides methods.
In certain embodiments, the invention provides a method of preparing a concrete mix comprising (i) adding concrete materials to a mixer; (ii) adding mix water to the mixer, wherein the mix water comprises carbonated concrete wash water; and (iii) mixing the water and the concrete materials to produce a concrete mix. In certain embodiments, the carbonated concrete wash water comprises at least 10% of the total mix water. In certain embodiments, the carbonated concrete mix water comprises at least 40% of the total mix water. In certain embodiments, the mix water comprises a first portion of water that is not carbonated mix water and a second portion of mix water that comprises carbonated mix water, wherein the first batch of mix water is added to the concrete materials before the second batch of mix water. The first portion of water can added at a first location and the second portion of water can added at a second location, e.g., the drum of a ready-mix truck, wherein the first and second locations are different. In certain embodiments, the second portion of mix water is added at least 2 minutes after the first portion. In certain embodiments, the carbonated concrete wash water has a density of at least 1.10 g/cm3. In certain embodiments, the carbonated concrete wash water has been held for at least 1 day. In certain embodiments, the carbonated concrete wash water has been held for at least 3 days. In certain embodiments, the concrete mix is sufficiently workable for its intended use, and the carbonated wash water is of an age that the same mix made with the wash water of the same age in the same proportions would not be sufficiently workable for its intended use. In certain embodiments, the mix water comprises carbonated wash water in an amount that results in a concrete mix that is at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, or 50%, for example 5%, stronger at a time after pouring—e.g., 1 day, 7 days, 28 days, or any combination thereof—than the same concrete mix made without carbonated wash water. In certain embodiments, the mix water comprises carbonated wash water in an amount that allows the concrete mix to contain at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 25, 30, 40, or 50%, for example at least 5%, less cement than, and retain a compressive strength after pouring of within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, or 50%, for example at least 5%, of the same concrete mix made without carbonated wash water and with the extra (normal mix) percentage cement.
In another aspect, the invention provides apparatus.
In certain embodiments, the invention provides an apparatus for carbonating wash water produced in the production of concrete in a wash water operation wherein the wash water comprises cement and/or supplementary cementitious materials (SCM), comprising (i) a source of carbon dioxide; (ii) a first conduit operably connected to the source of carbon dioxide that runs to a wash water container, wherein (a) the wash water container contains wash water from a concrete production site; (b) the conduit has one or more openings positioned to deliver carbon dioxide at or under the surface of the wash water in the container to produce carbonated wash water; (iii) a system to transport the carbonated wash water to a concrete mix operation where the carbonated wash water is used as mix water in a concrete mix. The apparatus can further include (iv) a controller that determines whether or not, and/or how, to modify delivery of carbon dioxide to the wash water, or another characteristic of the wash water operation, or both, based on the one or more characteristics of the wash water or wash water operation. The characteristic can be, e.g., at least one, at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five, or at least six, of pH of the wash water, rate of delivery of carbon dioxide to the wash water, total amount of wash water in the wash water container, temperature of the wash water, specific gravity of the wash water, concentration of one or more ions in the wash water, age of the wash water, circulation rate of the wash water, timing of the circulation of the wash water, or timing of circulation of the wash water. In certain embodiments, the apparatus may further include (v) one or more sensors that monitor one or more characteristics of the wash water and/or the carbonation of the wash water in the container, wherein the one or more sensors is operably connected to the controller and delivers information regarding the characteristic of the wash water and/or wash water operation to the controller. In certain embodiments, the apparatus includes at least one, two, three, four, five, or six of sensors for (a) pH of the wash water, (b) rate of delivery of carbon dioxide to the wash water, (c) total amount of wash water in the wash water container, (d) temperature of the wash water, (e) specific gravity of the wash water, (f) concentration of one or more ions in the wash water, (g) age of the wash water, (h) circulation rate of the wash water, (i) timing of circulation of the wash water, or any combination thereof. The apparatus may further include (iii) one or more actuators operably connected to the controller to modify delivery of carbon dioxide to the wash water, or another characteristic of the wash water operation, or both.
In certain embodiments, the invention provides an apparatus for preparing a concrete mix comprising (i) a first mixer for mixing concrete materials and water; (ii) a second mixer for mixing concrete materials and water; (iii) a first water container holding water that comprises carbonated concrete wash water; (iv) a second water container, different from the first, holding water that is not carbonated concrete wash water; (iv) a first system fluidly connecting the first water container with the second mixer and a second system fluidly connecting the second water container with the first mixer. The first and second mixers can be the same mixer; in certain embodiments, they are different mixers. In certain embodiments, the first mixer is the drum of a ready-mix truck. In certain embodiments, the apparatus further includes a controller configured to add a first amount of the water in the second water container to the first mixer at a first time and to add a second amount of the water in the first water container to the second mixer at a second time, wherein the first and second times are different and wherein the first time is before the second time.
In certain embodiments, the invention provides an apparatus for preparing a concrete mix comprising (i) a mixer for mixing concrete materials and water; (ii) a first water container holding water that comprises carbonated concrete wash water; (iii) a second water container, different from the first, holding water that is not carbonated concrete wash water; (iv) a third container, fluid connected to the first and second water containers and to the mixer, for receiving a first portion of the water in the first container and a second portion of the water in the second container, mixing them to form mixed waters, and sending a third portion of the mixed waters to the mixer.
All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent, or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.
The novel features of the invention are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. A better understanding of the features and advantages of the present invention will be obtained by reference to the following detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments, in which the principles of the invention are utilized, and the accompanying drawings of which:
Wash water, also called grey water herein, is produced as a byproduct of the concrete industry. This water, which may contain suspended solids in the form of sand, aggregate and/or cementitious materials, is generated through various steps in the cycle of producing concrete structures. Generally a large volume of concrete wash water is produced by the washing-out of concrete mixer trucks following the delivery of concrete. This water is alkaline in nature and requires specialized treatment, handling and disposal.
While this water can be suitable for reuse in the production of concrete, it has been documented that the wash water can result in negative impacts on the properties of concrete, namely set acceleration and loss of workability. Wash water is mainly a mixture of cement and, in many cases, supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) in water. It becomes problematic as a mix water because as the cement hydrates it changes the chemistry of the water. These changes in chemistry, along with the hydration products, cause a host of issues when the water is used as mix water, such as acceleration, increased water demand, reduced 7-day strength, and the like. These issues generally worsen as the amount of cement in the water increases, and/or the water ages.
The methods and compositions of the invention utilize the application of CO2 to concrete wash water to improve its properties for reuse in the production of concrete. Thus, wash water that has a cement content (e.g., specific gravity) and/or that has aged to a degree that would normally not allow its use as mix water can, after application of carbon dioxide, be so used.
Without being bound by theory, it is thought that by carbonating wash water, several results may be achieved that are beneficial in terms of using the water as part or all of mix water for subsequent batches of concrete:
1) Maintain a pH of ˜7: This effectively dissolves the cement due to the acidity of CO2. This helps deliver a grey water of consistent chemistry and removes the “ageing effects”.
2) Precipitate any insoluble carbonates: CO2 actively forms carbonate reaction products with many ions. This removes certain species from solution, such as calcium, aluminum, magnesium and others. This is another step that helps provide a grey water of consistent chemistry.
3) Change solubility of cement ions: The solubilities of many ions depend on pH. By maintaining the pH at ˜7 with CO2 the nature of the water chemistry is changed, potentially in a favorable direction.
4) Shut down pozzolanic reactions: By maintaining the pH around 7 no Ca(OH)2 is available to react with slag and/or fly ash in the grey water. This can mean that these SCMs are unaltered through the treatment and reuse of the grey water, thus reducing the impact of the grey water substantially.
5) Reduce amount of anions behind: The formation of carbonate precipitates using CO2 is advantageous over other common acids, like HCl or H2SO4 whose anions, if left soluble in the treated water, can adversely impact the chemistry of the grey water for concrete batching.
6) Cause retardation: By saturating the grey water with CO2/HCO3-retardation can be achieved when used as batch water.
7) Nature of precipitates: The process may potentially be altered to form precipitates that have less effects on the water demand of concrete prepared with grey water. In particular, conditions of carbonation may be used that produce nanocrystalline carbonates, such as nanocrystalline calcium carbonate, that are known to be beneficial when used in concrete products.
In certain embodiments, the invention provides a method of providing a mix water for a batch of concrete, where the mix water comprises wash water from one or more previous batches of concrete that has be exposed to carbon dioxide in an amount above atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, to carbonate the wash water (“carbonated wash water.”. The mix water may contain at least 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95, 99, or 99.5% carbonated wash water. Alternatively or additionally, the mix water may contain no more than 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95, 99, 99.5, or 100% carbonated wash water. In certain embodiments, the mix water is 100% carbonated wash water. In certain embodiments, the mix water is 1-100% carbonated wash water. In certain embodiments, the mix water is 1-80% carbonated wash water. In certain embodiments, the mix water is 1-50% carbonated wash water. In certain embodiments, the mix water is 1-30% carbonated wash water. In certain embodiments, the mix water is 10-100% carbonated wash water. In certain embodiments, the mix water is 20-100% carbonated wash water. In certain embodiments, the mix water is 50-100% carbonated wash water. In certain embodiments, the mix water is 70-100% carbonated wash water. In certain embodiments, the mix water is 90-100% carbonated wash water.
In certain embodiments, a first portion of mix water that is plain water, e.g., not wash or other water that has been carbonated, such as plain water as normally used in concrete mixes, is mixed with concrete materials, such as cement, aggregate, and the like, and then a second portion of mix water that comprises carbonated water, which can be carbonated plain water or, e.g., carbonated wash water is added. The first portion of water may be such that an acceptable level of mixing is achieved, e.g., mixing without clumps or without substantial amounts of clumps. For example, the first portion of mix water that is plain water may be 1-90%, or 1-80%, or 1-75%, or 1-70%, or 1-65%, or 1-60%, or 1-55%, or 1-50%, or 1-45%, or 1-40%, or 1-30%, or 1-20%, or 1-10% of the total mix water used in the concrete mix, while the remainder of the mix water used in the concrete mix is the second portion, i.e., carbonated mix water. The first portion of water may be added at one location and the second portion at a second location. For example, in a ready mix operation, the first portion may be added to concrete materials which are mixed, then the mixed materials are transferred to a drum of a ready-mix truck, where the second portion of water is added to achieve carbonation of the concrete in the drum of the ready-mix truck. However, it is also possible that both the first and the second locations are the same location, e.g., a mixer prior to deposit into a ready-mix truck, or the drum of the ready-mix truck. The second portion of water may be added at any suitable time after the addition of the first portion. In general, the second portion of water is added at least after the first portion and the concrete materials have mixed sufficiently to achieve mixing without clumps or without substantial amounts of clumps. In certain embodiments, the second portion of water is added at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, or 60 minutes after the first portion of water.
The wash water may be carbonated at any suitable time, for example, right after its production, at some time after production, or just before use in the concrete, or any combination thereof. For example, in certain embodiments, carbonation of wash water can commence no later than 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 150, 180, 240, 300, 360, 420, or 480 minutes after formation of the wash water, and/or no sooner than 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 150, 180, 240, 300, 360, 420, 480, or 540 minutes after formation of the wash water. The carbonation can continue for any suitable period of time, for example, in certain embodiments wash water is continuously exposed to carbon dioxide for a period of time after carbonation commences. Alternatively or additionally, wash water can be carbonated just before its use as mix water, for example, no more than 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 150, 180, 240, 300, 360, 420, or 480 minutes before its use as mix water (e.g., before contacting the concrete mixture), and/or no sooner than 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 150, 180, 240, 300, 360, 420, 480, or 540 minutes before its use as mix water.
In certain embodiments, the wash water is circulated before its use as a mix water. For example, part or all of the wash water that is carbonated may be circulated (e.g., run through one or more loops to, e.g., aid in mixing and/or reactions, or agitated, or stirred, or the like). This circulation may occur continuously or intermittently as the water is held prior to use. In certain embodiments the wash water is circulated for at least 5, 10, 20, 50, 70, 80, 90, 95, or 99% of the time it is held prior to use as mix water.
It will be appreciated that many different wash waters are typically combined and held, for example, in a holding tank, until use or disposal. Carbonation of wash water may occur before, during, or after its placement in a holding tank, or any combination thereof. Some or all of the wash water from a given operation may be carbonated. It is also possible that wash water from one batch of concrete may be carbonated then used directly in a subsequent batch, without storage.
Any suitable method or combination of methods may be used to carbonate the wash water. The wash water may be held in a container and exposed to a carbon dioxide atmosphere while mixing. Carbon dioxide may be bubbled through mix water by any suitable method; for example, by use of bubbling mats, or alternatively or additionally, by introduction of carbon dioxide via a conduit with one or a plurality of openings beneath the surface of the wash water. The conduit may be positioned to be above the sludge that settles in the tank and, in certain embodiments, regulated so as to not significantly impede settling. Catalysts may also be used to accelerate one or more reactions in the carbonating wash water.
In certain cases, mix water, e.g., wash water may be treated with carbon dioxide in such a manner that the carbon dioxide content of the water increases beyond normal saturation, for example, at least 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 70, 100, 150, 200, or 300% beyond normal saturation, compared to the same water under the same conditions that is normally saturated with carbon dioxide. Normal saturation is, e.g., the saturation achieved by, e.g., bubbling carbon dioxide through the water, e.g., wash water, until saturation is achieved, without using manipulation of the water beyond the contact with the carbon dioxide gas. For methods of treating water to increase carbon dioxide concentration beyond normal saturation levels, see, e.g., U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0202579.
In certain embodiments, the invention allows the use of wash water substantially “as is,” that is, without settling to remove solids. Carbonation of the wash water permits its use as mix water, even at high specific gravities.
This technology can allow the use of grey water as mix water, where the grey water is at specific gravities of at least 1.01, 1.02, 1.03, 1.04, 1.05, 1.06, 1.07, 1.08, 1.09, 1.10, 1.11, 1.12, 1.13, 1.14, 1.15, 1.16, 1.17, 1.18, 1.19, 1.20, 1.22, 1.25, 1.30, 1.35, 1.40, or 1.50, and/or not more than 1.02, 1.03, 1.04, 1.05, 1.06, 1.07, 1.08, 1.09, 1.10, 1.11, 1.12, 1.13, 1.14, 1.15, 1.16, 1.17, 1.18, 1.19, 1.20, 1.22, 1.25, 1.30, 1.35, 1.40, 1.50 or 1.60; e.g., 1.0-1.2, or 1.0 to 1.3, or 1.0 to 1.18, or 1.0 to 1.16, or 1.0 to 1.15, or 1.0 to 1.14, or 1.0 to 1.13, or 1.0 to 1.12, or 1.0 to 1.10, or 1.0 to 1.09, or 1.0 to 1.08, or 1.0 to 1.07, or 1.0 to 1.06, or 1.0 to 1.05, or 1.0 to 1.04, or 1.0 to 1.03, or 1.0 to 1.02, 1.01-1.2, or 1.01 to 1.3, or 1.01 to 1.18, or 1.01 to 1.16, or 1.01 to 1.15, or 1.01 to 1.14, or 1.01 to 1.13, or 1.01 to 1.12, or 1.01 to 1.10, or 1.01 to 1.09, or 1.01 to 1.08, or 1.01 to 1.07, or 1.01 to 1.06, or 1.01 to 1.05, or 1.01 to 1.04, or 1.01 to 1.03, or 1.01 to 1.02, or 1.02-1.2, or 1.02 to 1.3, or 1.02 to 1.18, or 1.02 to 1.16, or 1.02 to 1.15, or 1.02 to 1.14, or 1.02 to 1.13, or 1.02 to 1.12, or 1.02 to 1.10, or 1.02 to 1.09, or 1.02 to 1.08, or 1.02 to 1.07, or 1.02 to 1.06, or 1.02 to 1.05, or 1.02 to 1.04, or 1.02 to 1.03, or 1.03-1.2, or 1.03 to 1.3, or 1.03 to 1.18, or 1.03 to 1.16, or 1.03 to 1.15, or 1.03 to 1.14, or 1.03 to 1.13, or 1.03 to 1.12, or 1.03 to 1.10, or 1.03 to 1.09, or 1.03 to 1.08, or 1.03 to 1.07, or 1.03 to 1.06, or 1.03 to 1.05, or 1.03 to 1.04, or 1.05-1.2, or 1.05 to 1.3, or 1.05 to 1.18, or 1.05 to 1.16, or 1.05 to 1.15, or 1.05 to 1.14, or 1.05 to 1.13, or 1.05 to 1.12, or 1.05 to 1.10, or 1.05 to 1.09, or 1.05 to 1.08, or 1.05 to 1.07, or 1.05 to 1.06. In certain embodiments the methods and compositions of the invention allow the use of grey (wash) water as mix water, where the grey water has a specific gravity of at least 1.01, 1.02, 1.03, 1.04, 1.05, 1.06, 1.07, 1.08, 1.09, 1.10, 1.11, 1.12, 1.13, 1.14, 1.15, 1.16, 1.17, 1.18, 1.19, or 1.20.
The use of wash water in a concrete mix, especially carbonated wash water, often results in enhanced strength of the resulting concrete composition at one or more times after pouring, for example, an increase in compressive strength, when compared to the same concrete mix without carbonated wash water, of at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, or 25% at 1-day, 7-days, and/or 28-days. This increase in early strength often allows the use of less cement in a mix that incorporates carbonated wash water than would be used in the same mix that did not incorporate carbonated wash water; for example, the use of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 22, 25, 30, 35, or 40% less cement in the mix where the mix retains a compressive strength at a time after pouring, e.g., at 1, 7, and/or 28-days, that is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 20, 30, 40, or 50% of the compressive strength of the mix that did not incorporate carbonated wash water, e.g., within 5%, or within 7%, or within 10%.
In addition, the carbonation of wash water can allow the use of wash water at certain ages that would otherwise not be feasible, e.g., wash water that has aged at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, or 15 days. Wash water that has been carbonated may be used in concrete at an age where it would otherwise produce a concrete mix without sufficient workability to be used.
The CO2 treatment produces carbonate reaction products that likely contain some amount of nano-structured material. Of the carbonated products in the wash water, e.g., calcium carbonate, at least 1, 2, 5, 7, 10, 12, 15, 20, 25, 30, 25, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, or 90% may be present as nano-structured materials, and/or not more than 5, 7, 10, 12, 15, 20, 25, 30, 25, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95, or 100% may be present as nano-structured material. A “nano-structured material,” as that term used herein, includes a solid product of reaction of a wash water component with carbon dioxide whose longest dimension is no more than 500 nm, in certain embodiments no more than 400 nm, in certain embodiment no more than 300 nm, and in certain embodiments no more than 100 nm.
The CO2 treatment has the further benefit of sequestering carbon dioxide, as the carbon dioxide reacts with components of the wash water (typically cement or supplementary cementitious material), as well as being present as dissolved carbon dioxide/carbonic acid/bicarbonate which, when the wash water is added to a fresh concrete mix, further reacts with the cement in the mix to produce further carbon dioxide-sequestering products. In certain embodiments, the carbon dioxide added to the wash water results in products in the wash water that account for at least 1, 2, 5, 7, 10, 12, 15, 20, 25, 30, 25, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, or 90% carbon dioxide by weigh cement (bwc) in the wash water, and/or not more than 5, 7, 10, 12, 15, 20, 25, 30, 25, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95, or 100% carbon dioxide by weigh cement (bwc) in the wash water.
Embodiments include applying CO2 immediately after the wash water is generated, in a tank, and/or as the grey water is being loaded for batching.
Alternatively or additionally, carbonation of grey (wash) water can allow use of aged wash water as mix water, for example, wash water that has aged at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 days.
The source of the carbon dioxide can be any suitable source. In certain embodiments, some or all of the carbon dioxide is recovered from a cement kiln operation, for example, one or more cement kiln operations in proximity to the concrete production facility, e.g., one or more cement kiln operations that produce cement used in the concrete production facility.
Compositions of the invention include an apparatus for carbonating concrete wash water in a wash water operation that includes a source of carbon dioxide operably connected to a conduit that runs to a wash water container containing wash water from a concrete production site, where one or more openings of the conduit are positioned to deliver carbon dioxide at or under the surface of wash water in the container, or both, and a system to transport the carbonated wash water to a concrete mix operation where the carbonated wash water is used as mix water in a concrete mix, e.g. a second conduit that can be positioned to remove carbonated wash water from the wash water container and transport it to a concrete mix operation, where the carbonated wash water is used as part or all of mix water for concrete batches. Generally, the carbon dioxide will be delivered directly to the wash water tank as described elsewhere herein, though in some embodiments carbonation may occur outside the tank and the carbonated water returned to the tank. The apparatus may further include a controller that determines whether or not to modify the delivery of carbon dioxide based at least in part on one or more characteristics of the wash water or wash water operation. The characteristics may include one or more of pH of the wash water, rate of delivery of carbon dioxide to the wash water, total amount of wash water in the wash water container, temperature of the wash water, specific gravity of the wash water, concentration of one or more ions in the wash water, age of the wash water, circulation rate of the wash water, timing of circulation of the wash water, or any combination thereof. One or more sensors may be used for monitoring one or more characteristics of the wash water; additionally, or alternatively, manual measurements may be made periodically, e.g., manual measurements of specific gravity, pH, or the like. The apparatus may further comprise one or more actuators operably connected to the controller to modify delivery of carbon dioxide to the wash water, or another characteristic of the wash water, or both. The apparatus may include a system for moving the wash water, such as by circulating or agitating the wash water, either continuously or intermittently. The composition may further include a delivery system for delivering carbon dioxide to the source of carbon dioxide, where some or all of the carbon dioxide is derived from a cement kiln operation in proximity to the concrete production site, for example, a cement kiln operation that produces some or all of cement used in the concrete production site.
Samples of grey (wash) water were prepared in the lab. Lab grey water was made by mixing cement with potable water. Specific gravity (SG) range of lab grey water was 1.025 to 1.100. Grey water was allowed to age for either 1 or 4 days before being used as mix water in the preparation of mortar samples. Set time of mortar was measured via penetrometer as per ASTM C403.
Set Time.
In
A CO2 treatment was applied to grey water samples in same age and SG range as previous set. As with untreated samples, acceleration is plotted relative to the set time for a sample made with potable water (SG=1.000) (
Treatment of the grey water with CO2 resulted in two main improvements: 1) Reduced acceleration: the amount of initial set acceleration was greatly reduced by the CO2 treatment of the grey water; and 2) Reduction in age effects: the set time acceleration was not significantly influenced by aging of the CO2 treated grey water samples
The reduction in acceleration and age effects helps address two of the primary obstacles associated with grey water reuse. First, the CO2 treatment opens the potential to correlate impacts of the grey water directly to the SG value of the sample regardless of age, and second, the reduction in the scale of the acceleration allows for simple modifications to admixture loadings to fine-tune set time.
This Example demonstrates that treatment of concrete wash water (grey water) with carbon dioxide improves set, workability, and other characteristics of concrete made using the wash water, and allows the use of wash water at higher specific gravity than the typical maximum allowed.
In a first set of tests, samples of wash water were produced in the lab by adding known amounts of cementitious materials to potable water sources. The samples of wash water were allowed to age for up to 6 days before being used as mix water in the preparation of mortar samples. Certain samples were subjected to CO2 treatment, which included vigorous mixing and aging of the wash water under a CO2 atmosphere. Typically the exposure to CO2 was initiated in the timeframe of 30-120 minutes after preparation of the wash water and continued until the wash water was used for mortar preparation. Variations on the CO2 treatment were deployed wherein a sample of wash water was only exposed to CO2 once: either directly before use as mix water or in the time frame of 30-120 minutes after the wash water was prepared. The CO2 treatments presented would result in CO2 uptake on the order of 10-40% by weight of cement.
The proportions and properties of wash water prepared for this study are presented in Table 1, below. The density of cement was taken as 3.15 g/mL while the density of slag and class F fly ash were both taken as 2.2 g/mL. Grey water samples were prepared at additional specific gravity values using the same logic presented within this table.
The concrete wash water samples produced in the lab were used to produce mortar samples and assessed for their impact on fresh properties. The wash water samples were used to prepare mortar samples by combining with 1350 g sand and 535 g of cement in a bench-top paddle style mixer. Set time was measured in accordance with ASTM C403 using the penetrometer method. Calorimetry was collect using a Calmetrix iCal8000. Set time and slump results were compared to mortar samples prepared with potable water
Set and Workability. All statements apply to both EF50 and 100% OPC grey water compositions
Set Time.
In all cases the CO2 treatment greatly reduced the acceleration caused by increases solid contents in the wash water (
Workability. In all cases the CO2 treatment greatly reduced the loss of workability caused by increases aging of the wash water (
Calorimetry.
The CO2 treatment has a marked impact on the hydration of cement in mortars prepared with grey water, returning the onset and intensity of features to the same region as the control sample made with potable water.
Carbon Dioxide Exposure Variables.
In a second set of tests, three different modes of CO2 exposure were tested: Continuous—the grey water was exposed to CO2 starting at approximately 2 hours after mixing until use; Treatment at 2 hours—the grey water was exposed to CO2 once at approximately 2 hours after mixing and untreated until use as mix water; Treatment before use—the grey water was untreated until approximately 15 minutes before use. These three variations were meant to mimic timeframes when CO2 could foreseeably be applied to grey water in an industrial setting. The choice of 2 hours was meant to begin the CO2 treatment after the grey water had been prepared, but before any significant cement hydration had occurred. In practice this timeframe could be anywhere from 15-180 minutes.
Continuous treatment offered the best improvement of set time after 1 day of aging while CO2 treatment before use offered the best improvement after 6 days of aging (
Strength Assessment.
See
Sample of grey water were used to prepare 2″×2″×2″ mortar cubes for assessment of compressive strength development. All grey water was aged for 1 day and prepared at a specific gravity of 1.1. Compressive strength tests were performed at 24 hours after mixing. The samples were prepared as follows: A control made with potable water; EF50 grey water without CO2 treatment; EF50 grey water with CO2 treatment; 100% OPC grey water without CO2 treatment; 100% OPC grey water with CO2 treatment; Control with additional EF50 powder; Control with additional 100% OPC powder. Where the additional solids in the grey water are cementitious in nature samples 6 and 7 were prepared with the same amount of solids as in the grey water. In all cases this was introduced as additional anhydrous binder.
In all cases the samples performance was equivalent or better than a control produced with potable water (
Cooling.
Samples of grey water with two different compositions (EF50 and 100% OPC) were prepared at a specific gravity of 1.1 and stored at one of two temperatures: Low temperature=40° F.; Room temperature=approximately 65° F. A combination of cooling and CO2 treatment provided a synergistic improvement in mortar set time, see
Binder powder was added to samples of water and allowed to age either 1 or 7 days. The binder powder for a given water sample matched the composition of the binder for the mortar later produced from the water; e.g., if the mortar were to be made with 100% OPC, binder powder for wash water was 100% OPC; if the mortar were to be made with 75/25 OPC/class F fly ash, a 75/25 OPC/class F fly ash was used. Water was either left untreated, or treated with CO2 consistently over the aging period. An excess of CO2 was supplied to allow thorough carbonation. Following aging of the mix water mortar samples were prepared according to the following recipe: 1350 g EN Sand, 535 g cement. Set time was measured from calorimetry as the thermal indicator of set (the hydration time to reach a thermal power of 50% of the maximum value of the main hydration peak, ASTM C1679).
The results are shown in
This Example describes the effects of duration of exposure of wash water to carbon dioxide.
Binder powder was added to samples of water to create simulated wash water at specific gravity of 1.1. The water samples were mixed for varying durations, starting about 30 minutes after they were first produced. The water was either left untreated, or treated with CO2 consistently over the mixing period. An excess of CO2 was supplied to allow thorough carbonation. The pH of the water and CO2 uptake of the solids was measured. Water samples were allowed to age either 1 or 7 days. Following aging of the mix water mortar samples were prepared according to the standard recipe. 1350 g EN Sand, 535 g cement.
As expected, CO2 uptake of wash water solids increased with treatment time (
Cemex Demopolis cement was used as wash water solids (100% cement), added to potable water until specific gravity 1.10, then aged 1 or 7 days, with and without CO2 treatment. Control mortar cubes were produced using potable water, reference cubes were produced using potable water and additional cement equivalent to the solids contained within the wash water.
Lab wash water samples were produced through additions of neat cement and slag into potable water. After aging for 1 or 7 days the solids and liquids were separated via suction filtration for further analysis. Solids were rinsed with isopropyl alcohol to remove any residual water and allowed to dry. Dried solids were submitted for analysis via X-ray diffraction (XRD), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Filtrate was passed through a 0.20 μm filter and submitted for chemical analysis via ICP-OES.
ICP-OES
Analysis of filtrate passing 0.20 μm filter shows distinct changes in ions concentrations depending on the water treatment. The following ions were found to be present in lower concentrations following CO2 treatment of the lab-produced wash water: Calcium, Potassium, Sodium, Strontium (
SEM.
For 100% OPC wash water, at 250 magnification (
For 75% OPC+25% Slag wash water: At 250 magnification (
XRD:
Untreated WW—Large contribution in the XRD pattern from Ca(OH)2 with smaller contributions from various calcium silicates and hydration product. CO2 treated Wash Water—Large contribution in the XRD pattern from CaCO3 with smaller contributions from various calcium silicates and hydration products. No contribution from Ca(OH)2. All CaCO3 is present as calcite, as indicated by large contribution at ˜29° All Ca(OH)2 is present as portlandite, as indicated by large contribution at ˜18°. See
NMR (
Silicon is present in cement and slag. Unreacted cement phases present in all samples, giving peaks around −70 ppm. Unreacted slag phases are present in all samples, giving peaks around −75 ppm. As the silicates react the silicon signal shifts to more negative values due to polymerization. Untreated WW: Silicon environment in untreated WW changes giving more contribution to signal from −75 to −90, increasing with age. This suggests a microstructure that is changing with time. CO2 Treated WW: Silicon environment in CO2 treated WW changes dramatically, giving more contribution to signal from −80 to −120, centered around −100
CO2 treated silicon environment displays less change from 1-7 days as compared to untreated case. This suggests different levels of Si polymerization in the CO2 treated case and less “change” from 1-7 days in the CO2 treated case.
Aluminum:
Aluminum is present in cement and slag. Untreated WW: Al environment in untreated WW produces sharp peak around 10 ppm that changes with sample age. Some signal from unreacted cement Al is visible at 1 day in the 100% OPC case. This suggests a microstructure that is changing with time. CO2 Treated WW: CO2 treatment completely modifies Al environment. CO2 treated Al environment displays less change from 1-7 days as compared to untreated case. This suggests different Al local environment in the CO2 treated case compared to the untreated case. The untreated case has Al in normal hydration products, like ettringite, while the CO2 treatment seems to incorporate Al ions into amorphous C-A-S-H phases. The CO2 treated case demonstrates less “change” in the Al local environment from 1-7 days.
Various wash waters that matched the corresponding mortar mix were either untreated or subject to continuous agitation, with and without carbon dioxide treatment, and the performance of mortar cubes made with the wash water, as described elsewhere herein, was measured.
Lab scale concrete production compared concrete batches made with potable water, untreated wash water and wash water treated with carbon dioxide. The wash water was used at two ages (1 day and 5 days old). The sample production included three different control batches, each at a different w/c. This allows for interpretations of compressive strength if there is a variation in w/b among the test batches.
The wash water was sourced from a ready mixed truck through washing it after it had emptied its load. The collected wash water was sieved past a 80 μm screen and then was bottled (2 L plastic bottles). If appropriate, the wash waster was carbonated in the same manner as wash water for the mortar testing (given an excess of CO2 achieved through periodic topping up and under agitation). The specific gravity of the wash water during carbonation was between 1.20 and 1.25. When used in concrete the water was diluted to a specific gravity of about ˜1.08.
The batches were produced with a total binder loading of 307 kg/m3 including the cement, fly ash, and solids contained within the wash water. The batches with lower and higher w/b ratios deviated from this binder loading. In terms of w/b the binder fraction included the cement, fly ash and solids contained in the wash water. The binder batches was 80% cement and 20% fly ash. Batch comparisons are made relative to the baseline of the Control M batch.
The wash water batches included less cement and fly ash (each reduced 6%) in a proportion equivalent to the suspended solids contained within the wash water.
The fresh properties were measured and compared relative to the Control M batch.
The effects of various treatments on set acceleration of mortar cubes made with the wash waters are shown in
The effects of various treatments on strength of mortar cubes made with the wash waters are shown in
It appeared that the air content may have been impacted by the wash water. While there was no apparent impact when using 1 old day wash water, both the batches of concrete made with 5 day old wash water (both untreated and CO2 treated) had an air content about 20 to 30% lower than the control. Unit mass and normalized unit mass (normalized for air differences) were consistent among the batches.
While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions will now occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the invention. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention described herein may be employed in practicing the invention. It is intended that the following claims define the scope of the invention and that methods and structures within the scope of these claims and their equivalents be covered thereby.
This application is a continuation of PCT Application No. PCT/CA2017/050445, filed on Apr. 11, 2017, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/321,013, filed Apr. 11, 2016, which application is incorporated herein by reference.
Number | Name | Date | Kind |
---|---|---|---|
128980 | Rowland | Jul 1872 | A |
170594 | Richardson | Nov 1875 | A |
461888 | Richardson | Oct 1891 | A |
1932150 | Tada | Oct 1933 | A |
2254016 | Melton et al. | Aug 1941 | A |
2259830 | Osborne | Oct 1941 | A |
2329940 | Ponzer | Sep 1943 | A |
2496895 | Staley | Feb 1950 | A |
2498513 | Cuypers | Feb 1950 | A |
2603352 | Tromp | Jul 1952 | A |
3002248 | Willson | Oct 1961 | A |
3184037 | Greaves et al. | May 1965 | A |
3356779 | Schulze | Dec 1967 | A |
3358342 | Spence | Dec 1967 | A |
3442498 | Noah | May 1969 | A |
3468993 | Knud | Sep 1969 | A |
3492385 | Branko | Jan 1970 | A |
3667242 | Kilburn | Jun 1972 | A |
3752314 | Brown et al. | Aug 1973 | A |
3757631 | McManus et al. | Sep 1973 | A |
3917236 | Hanson | Nov 1975 | A |
3957203 | Bullard | May 1976 | A |
3976445 | Douglas et al. | Aug 1976 | A |
4068755 | Parkes et al. | Jan 1978 | A |
4069063 | Ball | Jan 1978 | A |
4076782 | Yazawa et al. | Feb 1978 | A |
4093690 | Murray | Jun 1978 | A |
4117060 | Murray | Sep 1978 | A |
4257710 | Delcoigne et al. | Mar 1981 | A |
4266921 | Murray | May 1981 | A |
4275836 | Egger | Jun 1981 | A |
4350567 | Moorehead et al. | Sep 1982 | A |
4362679 | Malinowski | Dec 1982 | A |
4375755 | Barbini et al. | Mar 1983 | A |
4420868 | McEwen et al. | Dec 1983 | A |
4427610 | Murray | Jan 1984 | A |
4436498 | Murray | Mar 1984 | A |
4526534 | Wollmann | Jul 1985 | A |
4588299 | Brown et al. | May 1986 | A |
4609303 | Shumaker | Sep 1986 | A |
4613472 | Svanholm | Sep 1986 | A |
4746481 | Schmidt | May 1988 | A |
4772439 | Trevino-Gonzalez | Sep 1988 | A |
4789244 | Dunton et al. | Dec 1988 | A |
4846580 | Oury | Jul 1989 | A |
4881347 | Mario et al. | Nov 1989 | A |
4917587 | Alpar et al. | Apr 1990 | A |
4944595 | Hodson | Jul 1990 | A |
5051217 | Alpar et al. | Sep 1991 | A |
5141363 | Stephens | Aug 1992 | A |
5158996 | Valenti | Oct 1992 | A |
5162402 | Ogawa et al. | Nov 1992 | A |
5203919 | Bobrowski et al. | Apr 1993 | A |
5220732 | Lee | Jun 1993 | A |
5232496 | Jennings et al. | Aug 1993 | A |
5244498 | Steinke | Sep 1993 | A |
5257464 | Trevino-Gonzales | Nov 1993 | A |
5298475 | Shibata et al. | Mar 1994 | A |
5352035 | Macaulay et al. | Oct 1994 | A |
5356579 | Jennings et al. | Oct 1994 | A |
5358566 | Tanaka et al. | Oct 1994 | A |
5360660 | Nohlgren | Nov 1994 | A |
5393343 | Darwin et al. | Feb 1995 | A |
5419632 | Stephens | May 1995 | A |
5427617 | Bobrowski et al. | Jun 1995 | A |
5451104 | Kleen et al. | Sep 1995 | A |
5453123 | Burge et al. | Sep 1995 | A |
5458470 | Mannhart et al. | Oct 1995 | A |
5494516 | Drs et al. | Feb 1996 | A |
5505987 | Jennings et al. | Apr 1996 | A |
5518540 | Jones, Jr. | May 1996 | A |
5583183 | Darwin et al. | Dec 1996 | A |
5609681 | Drs et al. | Mar 1997 | A |
5612396 | Valenti et al. | Mar 1997 | A |
5624493 | Wagh | Apr 1997 | A |
5633298 | Arfaei et al. | May 1997 | A |
5643978 | Darwin et al. | Jul 1997 | A |
5650562 | Jones, Jr. | Jul 1997 | A |
5660626 | Ohta et al. | Aug 1997 | A |
5661206 | Tanaka et al. | Aug 1997 | A |
5665158 | Darwin et al. | Sep 1997 | A |
5667298 | Musil et al. | Sep 1997 | A |
5668195 | Leikauf | Sep 1997 | A |
5669968 | Kobori et al. | Sep 1997 | A |
5674929 | Melbye | Oct 1997 | A |
5676905 | Andersen et al. | Oct 1997 | A |
5690729 | Jones, Jr. | Nov 1997 | A |
5703174 | Arfaei et al. | Dec 1997 | A |
5725657 | Darwin et al. | Mar 1998 | A |
5728207 | Arfaei et al. | Mar 1998 | A |
5744078 | Soroushian et al. | Apr 1998 | A |
5752768 | Assh | May 1998 | A |
5753744 | Darwin et al. | May 1998 | A |
5798425 | Albrecht et al. | Aug 1998 | A |
5800752 | Charlebois | Sep 1998 | A |
5803596 | Stephens | Sep 1998 | A |
5804175 | Ronin et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
5840114 | Jeknavorian et al. | Nov 1998 | A |
5873653 | Paetzold | Feb 1999 | A |
5882190 | Doumet | Mar 1999 | A |
5885478 | Montgomery et al. | Mar 1999 | A |
5912284 | Hirata et al. | Jun 1999 | A |
5935317 | Soroushian et al. | Aug 1999 | A |
5947600 | Maeda et al. | Sep 1999 | A |
5965201 | Jones, Jr. | Oct 1999 | A |
6008275 | Moreau et al. | Dec 1999 | A |
6023941 | Rhoades | Feb 2000 | A |
6042258 | Hines et al. | Mar 2000 | A |
6042259 | Hines et al. | Mar 2000 | A |
6063184 | Leikauf et al. | May 2000 | A |
6066262 | Montgomery et al. | May 2000 | A |
6113684 | Kunbargi | Sep 2000 | A |
6136950 | Vickers, Jr. et al. | Oct 2000 | A |
6187841 | Tanaka et al. | Feb 2001 | B1 |
6264736 | Knopf et al. | Jul 2001 | B1 |
6267814 | Bury et al. | Jul 2001 | B1 |
6284867 | Vickers, Jr. et al. | Sep 2001 | B1 |
6290770 | Moreau et al. | Sep 2001 | B1 |
6310143 | Vickers, Jr. et al. | Oct 2001 | B1 |
6318193 | Brock et al. | Nov 2001 | B1 |
6334895 | Bland | Jan 2002 | B1 |
6372157 | Krill, Jr. et al. | Apr 2002 | B1 |
6387174 | Knopf et al. | May 2002 | B2 |
6418948 | Harmon | Jul 2002 | B1 |
6451105 | Turpin, Jr. | Sep 2002 | B1 |
6463958 | Schwing | Oct 2002 | B1 |
6517631 | Bland | Feb 2003 | B2 |
6648551 | Taylor | Nov 2003 | B1 |
6682655 | Beckham et al. | Jan 2004 | B2 |
6871667 | Schwing et al. | Mar 2005 | B2 |
6890497 | Rau et al. | May 2005 | B2 |
6936098 | Ronin | Aug 2005 | B2 |
6960311 | Mirsky et al. | Nov 2005 | B1 |
6997045 | Wallevik et al. | Feb 2006 | B2 |
7003965 | Auer et al. | Feb 2006 | B2 |
7201018 | Gershtein et al. | Apr 2007 | B2 |
7390444 | Ramme et al. | Jun 2008 | B2 |
7399378 | Edwards et al. | Jul 2008 | B2 |
7419051 | Damkjaer et al. | Sep 2008 | B2 |
7549493 | Jones | Jun 2009 | B1 |
7588661 | Edwards et al. | Sep 2009 | B2 |
7635434 | Mickelson et al. | Dec 2009 | B2 |
7704349 | Edwards et al. | Apr 2010 | B2 |
7735274 | Constantz et al. | Jun 2010 | B2 |
7736430 | Barron et al. | Jun 2010 | B2 |
7771684 | Constantz et al. | Aug 2010 | B2 |
7815880 | Constantz et al. | Oct 2010 | B2 |
7879146 | Raki et al. | Feb 2011 | B2 |
7906086 | Comrie | Mar 2011 | B2 |
7914685 | Constantz et al. | Mar 2011 | B2 |
7922809 | Constantz et al. | Apr 2011 | B1 |
7950841 | Klein et al. | May 2011 | B2 |
7966250 | Constantz et al. | Jun 2011 | B2 |
8006446 | Constantz et al. | Aug 2011 | B2 |
8043426 | Mohamed et al. | Oct 2011 | B2 |
8105558 | Comrie | Jan 2012 | B2 |
8114214 | Constantz et al. | Feb 2012 | B2 |
8114367 | Riman et al. | Feb 2012 | B2 |
8118473 | Cooley et al. | Feb 2012 | B2 |
8137455 | Constantz et al. | Mar 2012 | B1 |
8157009 | Patil et al. | Apr 2012 | B2 |
8177909 | Constantz et al. | May 2012 | B2 |
8192542 | Virtanen | Jun 2012 | B2 |
8235576 | Klein et al. | Aug 2012 | B2 |
8272205 | Estes et al. | Sep 2012 | B2 |
8287173 | Khouri | Oct 2012 | B2 |
8311678 | Koehler et al. | Nov 2012 | B2 |
8313802 | Riman et al. | Nov 2012 | B2 |
8333944 | Constantz et al. | Dec 2012 | B2 |
8470275 | Constantz et al. | Jun 2013 | B2 |
8491858 | Seeker et al. | Jul 2013 | B2 |
8503596 | Sheets | Aug 2013 | B2 |
8518176 | Silva et al. | Aug 2013 | B2 |
8584864 | Lee et al. | Nov 2013 | B2 |
8708547 | Bilger | Apr 2014 | B2 |
8709960 | Riman et al. | Apr 2014 | B2 |
8721784 | Riman et al. | May 2014 | B2 |
8746954 | Cooley et al. | Jun 2014 | B2 |
8845940 | Niven et al. | Sep 2014 | B2 |
8989905 | Sostaric et al. | Mar 2015 | B2 |
9028607 | Ramme | May 2015 | B2 |
9061940 | Chen et al. | Jun 2015 | B2 |
9108803 | Till | Aug 2015 | B2 |
9108883 | Forgeron et al. | Aug 2015 | B2 |
9376345 | Forgeron et al. | Jun 2016 | B2 |
9388072 | Niven et al. | Jul 2016 | B1 |
9429558 | Boncan et al. | Aug 2016 | B2 |
9448094 | Downie et al. | Sep 2016 | B2 |
9463580 | Forgeron et al. | Oct 2016 | B2 |
9492945 | Niven et al. | Nov 2016 | B2 |
9738562 | Monkman et al. | Aug 2017 | B2 |
9758437 | Forgeron et al. | Sep 2017 | B2 |
9790131 | Lee et al. | Oct 2017 | B2 |
10246379 | Niven et al. | Apr 2019 | B2 |
10350787 | Forgeron et al. | Jul 2019 | B2 |
10392305 | Wang et al. | Aug 2019 | B2 |
10570064 | Monkman et al. | Feb 2020 | B2 |
10683237 | Lee et al. | Jun 2020 | B2 |
10927042 | Monkman et al. | Feb 2021 | B2 |
11090700 | Camell | Aug 2021 | B1 |
20020019459 | Albrecht et al. | Feb 2002 | A1 |
20020047225 | Bruning et al. | Apr 2002 | A1 |
20020179119 | Harmon | Dec 2002 | A1 |
20030070448 | Gasteyer et al. | Apr 2003 | A1 |
20030122273 | Fifield | Jul 2003 | A1 |
20050131600 | Quigley et al. | Jun 2005 | A1 |
20050219938 | Rigaudon et al. | Oct 2005 | A1 |
20050219939 | Christenson et al. | Oct 2005 | A1 |
20070114178 | Coppola et al. | May 2007 | A1 |
20070170119 | Mickelson et al. | Jul 2007 | A1 |
20070171764 | Klein et al. | Jul 2007 | A1 |
20070185636 | Cooley et al. | Aug 2007 | A1 |
20070215353 | Barron | Sep 2007 | A1 |
20080092957 | Rosaen | Apr 2008 | A1 |
20080174041 | Firedman et al. | Jul 2008 | A1 |
20080183523 | Dikeman | Jul 2008 | A1 |
20080202389 | Hojaji et al. | Aug 2008 | A1 |
20080245274 | Ramme | Oct 2008 | A1 |
20080264872 | Konishi et al. | Oct 2008 | A1 |
20080275149 | Ladely et al. | Nov 2008 | A1 |
20080308133 | Grubb et al. | Dec 2008 | A1 |
20080316856 | Cooley et al. | Dec 2008 | A1 |
20090044832 | Leonardich | Feb 2009 | A1 |
20090093328 | Dickinger et al. | Apr 2009 | A1 |
20090103392 | Bilger | Apr 2009 | A1 |
20090143211 | Riman et al. | Jun 2009 | A1 |
20090292572 | Alden et al. | Nov 2009 | A1 |
20090294079 | Edwards et al. | Dec 2009 | A1 |
20100086983 | Gellett et al. | Apr 2010 | A1 |
20100132556 | Constantz et al. | Jun 2010 | A1 |
20100239487 | Constantz et al. | Sep 2010 | A1 |
20100246312 | Welker et al. | Sep 2010 | A1 |
20110023659 | Nguyên et al. | Feb 2011 | A1 |
20110067600 | Constantz et al. | Mar 2011 | A1 |
20110165400 | Quaghebeur et al. | Jul 2011 | A1 |
20110198369 | Klein et al. | Aug 2011 | A1 |
20110249527 | Seiler et al. | Oct 2011 | A1 |
20110262328 | Wijmans et al. | Oct 2011 | A1 |
20110277670 | Self et al. | Nov 2011 | A1 |
20110281333 | Brown et al. | Nov 2011 | A1 |
20110289901 | Estes et al. | Dec 2011 | A1 |
20110303551 | Gilliam et al. | Dec 2011 | A1 |
20110320040 | Koehler et al. | Dec 2011 | A1 |
20120031303 | Constantz et al. | Feb 2012 | A1 |
20120153153 | Chang et al. | Jun 2012 | A1 |
20120238006 | Gartner et al. | Sep 2012 | A1 |
20120290208 | Jiang et al. | Nov 2012 | A1 |
20120298011 | Silva et al. | Nov 2012 | A1 |
20120312194 | Riman et al. | Dec 2012 | A1 |
20130025317 | Terrien et al. | Jan 2013 | A1 |
20130036945 | Constantz et al. | Feb 2013 | A1 |
20130122267 | Riman et al. | May 2013 | A1 |
20130125791 | Fried et al. | May 2013 | A1 |
20130139727 | Constantz et al. | Jun 2013 | A1 |
20130167756 | Chen et al. | Jul 2013 | A1 |
20130284073 | Gartner | Oct 2013 | A1 |
20130305963 | Fridman | Nov 2013 | A1 |
20140034452 | Lee et al. | Feb 2014 | A1 |
20140050611 | Warren et al. | Feb 2014 | A1 |
20140069302 | Saastamoinen et al. | Mar 2014 | A1 |
20140083514 | Ding | Mar 2014 | A1 |
20140090415 | Reddy et al. | Apr 2014 | A1 |
20140096704 | Rademan et al. | Apr 2014 | A1 |
20140104972 | Roberts et al. | Apr 2014 | A1 |
20140107844 | Koehler et al. | Apr 2014 | A1 |
20140116295 | Niven et al. | May 2014 | A1 |
20140127450 | Riman et al. | May 2014 | A1 |
20140197563 | Niven et al. | Jul 2014 | A1 |
20140208782 | Joensson et al. | Jul 2014 | A1 |
20140212941 | Lee | Jul 2014 | A1 |
20140216303 | Lee et al. | Aug 2014 | A1 |
20140327168 | Niven et al. | Nov 2014 | A1 |
20140373755 | Forgeron et al. | Dec 2014 | A1 |
20150023127 | Chon et al. | Jan 2015 | A1 |
20150069656 | Bowers et al. | Mar 2015 | A1 |
20150197447 | Forgeron et al. | Jul 2015 | A1 |
20150202579 | Richardson et al. | Jul 2015 | A1 |
20150232381 | Niven et al. | Aug 2015 | A1 |
20150247212 | Sakaguchi et al. | Sep 2015 | A1 |
20150274537 | Myers et al. | Oct 2015 | A1 |
20150298351 | Beaupré | Oct 2015 | A1 |
20150345034 | Sundara et al. | Dec 2015 | A1 |
20150355049 | Ait et al. | Dec 2015 | A1 |
20160001462 | Forgeron et al. | Jan 2016 | A1 |
20160107939 | Monkman et al. | Apr 2016 | A1 |
20160185662 | Niven et al. | Jun 2016 | A9 |
20160272542 | Monkman et al. | Sep 2016 | A1 |
20160280610 | Forgeron et al. | Sep 2016 | A1 |
20160340253 | Forgeron et al. | Nov 2016 | A1 |
20160355441 | Tregger et al. | Dec 2016 | A1 |
20160355442 | Niven et al. | Dec 2016 | A1 |
20170015598 | Monkman et al. | Jan 2017 | A1 |
20170028586 | Jordan et al. | Feb 2017 | A1 |
20170036372 | Sandberg et al. | Feb 2017 | A1 |
20170043499 | Forgeron et al. | Feb 2017 | A1 |
20170158549 | Yamada et al. | Jun 2017 | A1 |
20170158569 | Lee et al. | Jun 2017 | A1 |
20170165870 | Niven et al. | Jun 2017 | A1 |
20170217047 | Leon et al. | Aug 2017 | A1 |
20170252714 | Bennett et al. | Sep 2017 | A1 |
20180022654 | Forgeron et al. | Jan 2018 | A1 |
20180029934 | Monkman et al. | Feb 2018 | A1 |
20180118622 | Monkman et al. | May 2018 | A1 |
20180252444 | Nelson et al. | Sep 2018 | A1 |
20180258000 | Lee et al. | Sep 2018 | A1 |
20190168416 | Monkman et al. | Jun 2019 | A1 |
20200165170 | Niven et al. | May 2020 | A1 |
20200223760 | Monkman et al. | Jul 2020 | A1 |
20200282595 | Monkman et al. | Sep 2020 | A1 |
20220001578 | Forgeron et al. | Jan 2022 | A1 |
20220013196 | Monkman et al. | Jan 2022 | A1 |
20220065527 | Forgeron et al. | Mar 2022 | A1 |
20220194852 | Thomas et al. | Jun 2022 | A1 |
Number | Date | Country |
---|---|---|
2397377 | Oct 1978 | AU |
504446 | Oct 1979 | AU |
2017249444 | Nov 2018 | AU |
2018288555 | Jan 2020 | AU |
970935 | Jul 1975 | CA |
1045073 | Dec 1978 | CA |
1072440 | Feb 1980 | CA |
1185078 | Apr 1985 | CA |
2027216 | Apr 1991 | CA |
2343021 | Mar 2000 | CA |
2362631 | Aug 2000 | CA |
2598583 | Sep 2006 | CA |
2646462 | Sep 2007 | CA |
2630226 | Oct 2008 | CA |
2659447 | Dec 2008 | CA |
2703343 | Apr 2009 | CA |
2705857 | May 2009 | CA |
2670049 | Nov 2009 | CA |
2668249 | Dec 2009 | CA |
2778508 | Jun 2011 | CA |
2785143 | Jul 2011 | CA |
2501329 | Jun 2012 | CA |
2829320 | Sep 2012 | CA |
2837832 | Dec 2012 | CA |
2943791 | Oct 2015 | CA |
3019860 | Oct 2017 | CA |
3068082 | Dec 2018 | CA |
1785744 | Dec 2019 | CL |
2055815 | Apr 1990 | CN |
1114007 | Dec 1995 | CN |
1267632 | Sep 2000 | CN |
2445047 | Aug 2001 | CN |
1357506 | Jul 2002 | CN |
2575406 | Sep 2003 | CN |
2700294 | May 2005 | CN |
2702958 | Jun 2005 | CN |
2748574 | Dec 2005 | CN |
1735468 | Feb 2006 | CN |
1916332 | Feb 2007 | CN |
2893360 | Apr 2007 | CN |
2913278 | Jun 2007 | CN |
200961340 | Oct 2007 | CN |
101099596 | Jan 2008 | CN |
101319512 | Dec 2008 | CN |
101538813 | Sep 2009 | CN |
101551001 | Oct 2009 | CN |
201325866 | Oct 2009 | CN |
101844826 | Sep 2010 | CN |
203357623 | Dec 2013 | CN |
105102370 | Nov 2015 | CN |
104045251 | Jun 2016 | CN |
105174766 | May 2017 | CN |
107814530 | Mar 2018 | CN |
106746828 | May 2019 | CN |
110590260 | Dec 2019 | CN |
1817001 | Nov 1970 | DE |
3139107 | Apr 1983 | DE |
19506411 | Aug 1996 | DE |
20305552 | Oct 2003 | DE |
0047675 | Mar 1982 | EP |
0218189 | Apr 1987 | EP |
0151164 | May 1988 | EP |
0218189 | May 1988 | EP |
0629597 | Dec 1994 | EP |
0639650 | Feb 1995 | EP |
0573524 | May 1996 | EP |
0701503 | Aug 2000 | EP |
1429096 | Jun 2004 | EP |
1785245 | May 2007 | EP |
2012149 | Jan 2009 | EP |
2012150 | Jan 2009 | EP |
2039589 | Mar 2009 | EP |
2040135 | Mar 2009 | EP |
2042326 | Apr 2009 | EP |
2043169 | Apr 2009 | EP |
2048525 | Apr 2009 | EP |
2096498 | Sep 2009 | EP |
2098362 | Sep 2009 | EP |
2116841 | Nov 2009 | EP |
2123700 | Nov 2009 | EP |
2123942 | Apr 2011 | EP |
2123465 | Jul 2011 | EP |
2042317 | Aug 2011 | EP |
2162639 | Sep 2011 | EP |
2162640 | Sep 2011 | EP |
2042535 | Oct 2011 | EP |
2042324 | Jun 2012 | EP |
2039393 | Aug 2012 | EP |
1749629 | May 2013 | EP |
2123441 | Jul 2013 | EP |
2107000 | Sep 2013 | EP |
2031010 | Apr 2014 | EP |
2123808 | May 2014 | EP |
2887651 | Jun 2015 | EP |
2036952 | Apr 2016 | EP |
3013544 | May 2016 | EP |
2387551 | Jul 2016 | EP |
1985754 | Aug 2016 | EP |
3081842 | Oct 2016 | EP |
3129126 | Feb 2017 | EP |
3129126 | Nov 2018 | EP |
3442761 | Feb 2019 | EP |
3642170 | Mar 2021 | EP |
2140302 | Feb 2000 | ES |
1259819 | Apr 1961 | FR |
2121975 | Aug 1972 | FR |
2281815 | Mar 1976 | FR |
2503135 | Oct 1982 | FR |
2513932 | Apr 1983 | FR |
2735804 | Dec 1996 | FR |
2805532 | Aug 2001 | FR |
2969997 | Mar 2015 | FR |
217791 | Jun 1924 | GB |
574724 | Jan 1946 | GB |
644615 | Oct 1950 | GB |
851222 | Oct 1960 | GB |
1167927 | Oct 1969 | GB |
1199069 | Jul 1970 | GB |
1337014 | Nov 1973 | GB |
1460284 | Dec 1976 | GB |
1549633 | Aug 1979 | GB |
2106886 | Apr 1983 | GB |
2192392 | Jan 1988 | GB |
2300631 | Nov 1996 | GB |
2302090 | Jan 1997 | GB |
2392502 | Mar 2004 | GB |
2467005 | Jul 2010 | GB |
201817042016 | Apr 2017 | IN |
201917054847 | Dec 2019 | IN |
S56115423 | Sep 1981 | JP |
S5850197 | Mar 1983 | JP |
S60187354 | Sep 1985 | JP |
S1050654 | Mar 1986 | JP |
S62122710 | Jun 1987 | JP |
S1026403 | Jan 1989 | JP |
H0218368 | Jan 1990 | JP |
H0254504 | Apr 1990 | JP |
H05116135 | May 1993 | JP |
H05116135 | May 1993 | JP |
H05117012 | May 1993 | JP |
H0624329 | Feb 1994 | JP |
H06144944 | May 1994 | JP |
H06263562 | Sep 1994 | JP |
H0748186 | Feb 1995 | JP |
H07275899 | Oct 1995 | JP |
H0835281 | Feb 1996 | JP |
H0960103 | Mar 1997 | JP |
H09124099 | May 1997 | JP |
H10194798 | Jul 1998 | JP |
H11303398 | Nov 1999 | JP |
H11324324 | Nov 1999 | JP |
2000203964 | Jul 2000 | JP |
2000247711 | Sep 2000 | JP |
2000281467 | Oct 2000 | JP |
2001026418 | Jan 2001 | JP |
2001170659 | Jun 2001 | JP |
2002012480 | Jan 2002 | JP |
2002127122 | May 2002 | JP |
3311436 | Aug 2002 | JP |
2003326232 | Nov 2003 | JP |
2005023692 | Jan 2005 | JP |
2005273720 | Oct 2005 | JP |
2007326881 | Dec 2007 | JP |
2008096409 | Apr 2008 | JP |
3147769 | Jan 2009 | JP |
2009115209 | May 2009 | JP |
2009136770 | Jun 2009 | JP |
4313352 | Aug 2009 | JP |
2010125386 | Jun 2010 | JP |
2011073891 | Apr 2011 | JP |
2014213479 | Nov 2014 | JP |
2017074552 | Apr 2017 | JP |
2020524103 | Aug 2020 | JP |
20020006222 | Jan 2002 | KR |
20020042569 | Jun 2002 | KR |
20020090354 | Dec 2002 | KR |
20030004243 | Jan 2003 | KR |
20060064557 | Jun 2006 | KR |
100766364 | Oct 2007 | KR |
100950009 | Mar 2010 | KR |
20110048266 | May 2011 | KR |
2018012464 | Aug 2019 | MX |
2019015651 | Dec 2019 | MX |
183790 | Sep 1980 | NZ |
2168412 | Jun 2001 | RU |
2212125 | Sep 2003 | RU |
2351469 | Apr 2009 | RU |
8002613 | Mar 1982 | SE |
451067 | Aug 1987 | SE |
11201810010 | Dec 2018 | SG |
11201912759 | Jan 2020 | SG |
1031728 | Jul 1983 | SU |
I257330 | Jul 2006 | TW |
WO-7900473 | Jul 1979 | WO |
WO-8500587 | Feb 1985 | WO |
WO-9105644 | May 1991 | WO |
WO-9215753 | Sep 1992 | WO |
WO-9319347 | Sep 1993 | WO |
WO-9427797 | Dec 1994 | WO |
WO-2001064348 | Sep 2001 | WO |
WO-0190020 | Nov 2001 | WO |
WO-2004033793 | Apr 2004 | WO |
WO-2004074733 | Sep 2004 | WO |
WO-2005025768 | Mar 2005 | WO |
WO-2006040503 | Apr 2006 | WO |
WO-2006100550 | Sep 2006 | WO |
WO-2006100693 | Sep 2006 | WO |
2008057275 | May 2008 | WO |
WO-2008149389 | Dec 2008 | WO |
WO-2008149390 | Dec 2008 | WO |
WO-2009078430 | Jun 2009 | WO |
WO-2009089906 | Jul 2009 | WO |
WO-2009132692 | Nov 2009 | WO |
2010048457 | Apr 2010 | WO |
WO-2010074811 | Jul 2010 | WO |
WO-2012079173 | Jun 2012 | WO |
WO-2012081486 | Jun 2012 | WO |
WO-2013011092 | Jan 2013 | WO |
WO-2014021884 | Feb 2014 | WO |
WO-2014026794 | Feb 2014 | WO |
WO-2014063242 | May 2014 | WO |
WO-2014121198 | Aug 2014 | WO |
2014154741 | Oct 2014 | WO |
WO-2014205577 | Dec 2014 | WO |
WO-2015123769 | Aug 2015 | WO |
2015154162 | Oct 2015 | WO |
WO-2015154174 | Oct 2015 | WO |
WO-2015154162 | Oct 2015 | WO |
WO-2016041054 | Mar 2016 | WO |
2016082030 | Jun 2016 | WO |
WO-2016082030 | Jun 2016 | WO |
WO-2016082030 | Jun 2016 | WO |
WO-2017000075 | Jan 2017 | WO |
WO-2017041176 | Mar 2017 | WO |
2017177324 | Oct 2017 | WO |
WO-2017177324 | Oct 2017 | WO |
2018232507 | Dec 2018 | WO |
WO-2018232507 | Dec 2018 | WO |
Entry |
---|
Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/249,012, filed Jan. 16, 2019. |
U.S. Appl. No. 15/184,219 Office Action dated Feb. 4, 2019. |
U.S. Appl. No. 15/240,954 Ex Parte Quayle Office action dated Feb. 5, 2019. |
Abanades, et al. Conversion limits in the reaction of CO2 with lime. Energy and Fuels. 2003; 17(2):308-315. |
Author Unknown, “Splicing Solution,” Quarry Management, Oct. 2002, 3 pages. |
Bhatia, et al. Effect of the Product Layer on the kinetics of the CO2-lime reaction. AlChE Journal. 1983; 29(1):79-86. |
Chang, et al. The experimental investigation of concrete carbonation depth. Cement and Concrete Research. 2006; 36(9):1760-1767. |
Chen, et al. On the kinetics of Portland cement hydration in the presence of selected chemical admixtures. Advances in Cement Research. 1993; 5(17):9-13. |
Cheung et al. Impact of admixtures on the hydration kinetics of Portland cement. Cement and Concrete Research 41:1289-1309 (2011). |
“Clear Edge Filtration—Screen and Filter, Process Belts, and Screen Print,” Mining-Techology.com, no date, [retrieved on May 25, 2010], Retrieved from: http/www.mining-technology.com/contractors/filtering/clear-edge/, 2 pages. |
Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 15/911,573, filed Mar. 5, 2018. |
Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 15/649,339, filed Jul. 13, 2017. |
Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 62/083,784, filed Nov. 24, 2014. |
Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 62/086,024, filed Dec. 1, 2014. |
Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 62/096,018, filed Dec. 23, 2014. |
Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 62/146,103, filed Apr. 10, 2015. |
Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 62/160,350, filed May 12, 2015. |
Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 62/165,670, filed May 22, 2015. |
Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 62/215,481, filed Sep. 8, 2015. |
Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 62/240,843, filed Oct. 13, 2015. |
Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 62/321,013, filed Apr. 11, 2016. |
Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 62/522,510, filed Jun. 20, 2017. |
Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 62/554,830, filed Sep. 6, 2017. |
Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 62/558,173, filed Sep. 13, 2017. |
Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 62/559,771, filed Sep. 18, 2017. |
Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 62/560,311, filed Sep. 19, 2017. |
Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 62/570,452, filed Oct. 10, 2017. |
Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 62/573,109, filed Oct. 16, 2017. |
Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 62/652,385, filed Apr. 4, 2018. |
Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 62/675,615, filed May 23, 2018. |
Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 61/423,354, filed Sep. 15, 2010. |
Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 61/760,319, filed Feb. 4, 2013. |
Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 61/839,312, filed Jun. 25, 2013. |
Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 61/847,254, filed Jul. 17, 2013. |
Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 61/879,049, filed Sep. 17, 2013. |
Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 61/925,100, filed Jan. 8, 2014. |
Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 61/938,063, filed Feb. 10, 2014. |
Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 61/941,222, filed Feb. 18, 2014. |
Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 61/976,360, filed Apr. 7, 2014. |
Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 61/980,505, filed Apr. 16, 2014. |
Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 61/992,089, filed May 12, 2014. |
Dewaele, et al. Permeability and porosity changes associated with cement grout carbonation. Cement and Concrete Research. 1991; 21(4):441-454. |
Dorbian “Nova Scotia-based CArbonCure garners $3.5 min in Series B funds,” Reuters PE HUB, Dec. 11, 2013, 6 pages, found at http://www.pehub.com/2013/12/nova-scotia-based-carboncure-garners-3-5-mln-in-series-b-funds/. |
EP15862209.2 Partial Supplementary European Search Report dated Jun. 20, 2018. |
Estes-Haselbach. The greenest concrete mixer—carbon sequestration in freshly mixed concrete. Sep. 25, 2012. |
European search report dated Nov. 7, 2017 for EP Application No. 15776706. |
European search report with written opinion dated Feb. 2, 2017 for EP2951122. |
European search report with written opinion dated Nov. 14, 2017 for EP Application No. 15777459. |
European search report with written opinion dated Nov. 29, 2017 for EP15780122. |
European search report with written opinion dated Jan. 20, 2017 for EP14818442. |
European search report and search opinion dated Jan. 14, 2015 for EP 11849437.6. |
Fernandez-Bertos, et al. A review of accelerated carbonation technology in the treatment of cement-based materials and sequestration of CO2. Journal of Hazardous Materials B112. 2004; 193-205. |
Fluid Hole and Size. Newton: Ask a Scientist. Jan. 24, 2005. Retrieved from http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/eng99/eng99365.htm on Jul. 13, 2013. |
Freedman, S. Carbonation Treatment of Concrete Masonry Units. Modern Concrete. 1969; 33(5):33-6. |
Gager, “Trumbull Corp.: Charleroi Lock & Dam,” Construction Today, 2010, [retrieved on May 25, 2010], Retrieved from http://www.construction-today.com/cms1/content/view/1909/104/, 2 pages. |
“GLENIUM® 3400 NV: High-Range Water-Reducing Admixture,” BASF, Product Data, Jun. 2010, 2 pages. |
Goodbrake, et al. Reaction of Hydraulic Calcium Silicates with Carbon Dioxide and Water. Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 1979; 62(9-10):488-491. |
Goto, et al. Calcium Silicate Carbonation Products. Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 1995; 78(11):2867-2872. |
Goto. Some mineralo-chemical problems concerning calcite and aragonite, with special reference to the genesis of aragonite. Contribution from the department of geology and mineralogy. Faculty of Science. Hokkaido University. 1961. http://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2115/35923/1/10(4)_571-640.pdf. |
Hesson, et al. Flow of two-phase carbon dioxide through orifices. AlChE Journal 4.2 (1958): 207-210. |
Huijgen, et al. Mineral CO2 sequestration by steel slag carbonation. Environmental Science and Technology. 2005; 39(24):9676-9682. |
Huntzinger, et al. Carbon dioxide sequestration in cement kiln dust through mineral carbonation. Environ Sci Technol. Mar. 15, 2009;43(6):1986-92. |
Hurst. Canadian cement plant becomes first to capture CO2 in algae. Earth and Industry. Pond Biofuels press release. Mar. 19, 2010. |
Iizuka, et al. Development of a new CO2 sequestration process utilizing the carbonation of waste cement. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. 2004; (43)24:7880-7887. |
International search report and written opinion dated Jan. 25, 2016 for PCT Application No. PCTCA2015/051220. |
International search report and written opinion dated Mar. 6, 2012 for PCT Application No. CA2011/050774. |
International search report and written opinion dated May 4, 2015 for PCT/CA2015/050118. |
International search report and written opinion dated Jul. 16, 2015 for PCT Application No. PCT/CA2015/000158. |
International search report and written opinion dated Jul. 16, 2015 for PCT Application No. PCT/CA2015/050318. |
International search report and written opinion dated Jul. 18, 2013 for PCT Application No. CA2013/050190. |
International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Aug. 30, 2016 for International application No. PCT/CA2016/050773. |
International search report and written opinion dated Sep. 18, 2014 for PCT/CA2014/050611. |
International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Oct. 19, 2016 for International Application No. PCT/CA2016/051062. |
International search report dated May 16, 2014 for PCT Application No. PCT/US14/14447. |
International search report with written opinion dated Jun. 15, 2017 for PCT/CA2017/050445. |
International search report with written opinion dated Jul. 3, 2016 for PCT/CA2015/050195. |
Kashef-Haghighi, et al. Accelerated Concrete Carbonation, a CO2 Sequestration Technology. 8th World Congress of Chemical Engineering WCCE8. Aug. 24, 2009. |
Kashef-Haghighi, et al. CO2 sequestration in concrete through accelerated carbonation curing in a flow-through reactor. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2010; 49:1143-1149. |
Kawashima, et al. Dispersion of CaCO3 Nanoparticles by Sonication and Surfactant Treatment for Application in Fly Ash-Cement Systems. Materials and Structures. May 28, 2013. DOI 10.1617/S11527-013-0110-9. |
Kim, et al. Properties of cement-based mortars substituted by carbonated fly ash and carbonated under supercritical conditions. IJAER. 9(24), 25525-25534 (2014). |
Lange, et al. Preliminary investigation into the effects of carbonation on cement-solidified hazardous wastes. Environmental Science and Technology. 1996; 30(1):25-30. |
Le et al. Hardened properties of high-performance printing concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 42, No. 3, Mar. 31, 2012, pp. 558-566. |
Lobo et al. Recycled Water in Ready Mixed Concrete Operations. Concrete in Focus, Spring 2003 (2003). 10 pages. |
Logan, C. Carbon dioxide absorption and durability of carbonation cured cement and concrete compacts. Thesis. Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University. Montreal, QC, Canada. 2006. |
Lomboy, et al. Atom Probe Tomography for Nanomodified Portland Cement. Nanotechnology in Construction. Springer International Publishing, 2015. 79-86. |
Mass. Premixed Cement Paste. Concrete International 11(11):82-85 (Nov. 1, 1989). |
“MB-AETM 90: Air-Entraining Admixture” BASF, Product Data, Apr. 11, 2 pages, found at http://www.basf-admixtures.com/en/products/airentraining/mbae_90/Pages/default.aspx. |
Mehta. “Concrete Carbonation”. Materials World Magazine. Oct. 1, 2008 [Retrieved on Jul. 13, 2013] Retrieved from http://www.iom3.org/news/concrete-carbonation. |
Monkman, et al. Assessing the Carbonation Behavior of Cementitious Materials. J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 2006; 18(6), 768-776. |
Monkman, et al. Carbonated Ladle Slag Fines for Carbon Uptake and Sand Substitute. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering. Nov. 2009;657-665. |
Monkman, et al. Carbonation Curing of Slag-Cement Concrete for Binding CO2 and Improving Performance. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering. Apr. 2010; 296-304. |
Monkman, et al. Integration of carbon sequestration into curing process of precast concrete. Can. J. Civ. Eng. 2010; 37:302-310. |
Monkman, G. S. Investigating Carbon Dioxide Sequestration in Fresh Ready Mixed Concrete. International Symposium on Environmentally Friendly Concrete—ECO-Crete 13.-15. Aug. 2014, Reykjavik, Iceland. |
Monkman, S. Maximizing carbon uptake and performance gain in slag-containing concretes through early carbonation. Thesis. Department of Civil Engineering and Applied Mechanics, McGill University. Montreal, QC, Canada. 2008. |
Niven, et al. Carbon Dioxide Uptake Rate and Extent during Accelerated Curing of Concrete. International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement 2007. ICCC 2007. |
Niven. Industrial pilot study examining the application of precast concrete carbonation curing. Cardon Sense Solutions Inc. Halifax, Canada. ACEME 2008. |
Niven. Physiochemical investigation of CO2 accelerated concrete curing as a greenhosue gas mitigation technology. These from the Department of Civil Engineering and Applied Mechanics. McGill University, Montreal, Canada. Oct. 2006. |
Notice of allowance dated Feb. 26, 2016 for U.S. Appl. No. 14/642,536. |
Notice of allowance dated Mar. 29, 2016 for U.S. Appl. No. 14/701,456. |
Notice of allowance dated Apr. 14, 2017 for U.S. Appl. No. 15/157,205. |
Notice of allowance dated Apr. 22, 2014 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/660,447. |
Notice of allowance dated Apr. 24, 2015 for U.S. Appl. No. 14/249,308. |
Notice of allowance dated Apr. 24, 2017 for U.S. Appl. No. 15/161,927. |
Notice of allowance dated Apr. 25, 2016 for U.S. Appl. No. 14/642,536. |
Notice of allowance dated May 6, 2016 for U.S. Appl. No. 14/796,751. |
Notice of allowance dated May 11, 2016 for U.S. Appl. No. 14/701,456. |
Notice of allowance dated Jun. 15, 2017 for U.S. Appl. No. 15/157,205. |
Notice of allowance dated Jun. 22, 2017 for U.S. Appl. No. 15/161,927. |
Notice of allowance dated Jun. 24, 2015 for U.S. Appl. No. 14/249,308. |
Notice of allowance dated Jun. 30, 2017 for U.S. Appl. No. 15/434,429. |
Notice of allowance dated Jul. 5, 2016 for U.S. Appl. No. 14/282,965. |
Notice of allowance dated Jul. 28, 2017 for U.S. Appl. No. 15/434,429. |
Notice of allowance dated Aug. 2, 2017 for U.S. Appl. No. 15/161,927. |
Notice of allowance dated Aug. 5, 2016 for U.S. Appl. No. 14/796,751. |
Notice of allowance dated Aug. 16, 2016 for U.S. Appl. No. 14/796,751. |
Notice of allowance dated Sep. 14, 2016 for U.S. Appl. No. 14/796,751. |
Notice of Allowance dated Dec. 21, 2016 for U.S. Appl. No. 15/161,927. |
Notices of allowance dated Mar. 3, 2016 and Mar. 17, 2016 for U.S. Appl. No. 14/701,456. |
Office action dated Jan. 25, 2016 for U.S. Appl. No. 14/701,456. |
Office action dated Feb. 27, 2017 for U.S. Appl. No. 14/171,350. |
Office action dated Mar. 7, 2016 for U.S. Appl. No. 14/796,751. |
Office action dated Mar. 7, 2017 for U.S. Appl. No. 15/434,429. |
Office action dated Mar. 10, 2015 for U.S. Appl. No. 14/249,308. |
Office action dated Mar. 14, 2017 for U.S. Appl. No. 15/228,964. |
Office action dated Mar. 28, 2013 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/660,447. |
Office action dated Apr. 26, 2016 for U.S. Appl. No. 14/950,288. |
Office action dated May 10, 2017 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/994,681. |
Office Action dated Jun. 16, 2016 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/994,681. |
Office action dated Jul. 3, 2017 for U.S. Appl. No. 14/171,350. |
Office action dated Jul. 15, 2013 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/660,447. |
Office action dated Jul. 30, 2015 for U.S. Appl. No. 14/282,965. |
Office action dated Aug. 12, 2016 for U.S. Appl. No. 14/950,288. |
Office action dated Aug. 14, 2015 for U.S. Appl. No. 14/701,456. |
Office action dated Aug. 18, 2015 for U.S. Appl. No. 14/642,536. |
Office action dated Aug. 22, 2016 for U.S. Appl. No. 15/161,927. |
Office action dated Sep. 2, 2016 for U.S. Appl. No. 15/228,964. |
Office action dated Sep. 28, 2016 for U.S. Appl. No. 15/157,205. |
Office action dated Oct. 5, 2015 for U.S. Appl. No. 14/701,456. |
Office action dated Oct. 19, 2017 for U.S. Appl. No. 15/228,964. |
Office Action dated Nov. 3, 2016 for U.S. Appl. No. 15/161,927. |
Office action dated Dec. 2, 2015 for U.S. Appl. No. 14/282,965. |
Office action dated Dec. 7, 2015 for U.S. Appl. No. 14/796,751. |
Office Action dated Dec. 29, 2016 for U.S. Appl. No. 15/157,205. |
Office Action dated Dec. 30, 2016 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/994,681. |
Papadakis, et al. A reaction engineering approach to the problem of concrete carbonation. AlChE Journal. 1989; 35(10):1639-1650. |
Papadakis, et al. Fundamental Modeling and Experimental Investigation of Concrete Carbonation. ACI Materials Journal. 1991; 88(4):363-373. |
PCT Application No. PCT/CA2014/050611 as filed Jun. 25, 2014. |
PCT/CA2018/050750 International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Sep. 6, 2018. |
Phipps and MacDonald. Sustainability Leads to Durability in the New I-35W Bridge. Concrete International. Feb. 2009; vol. 31 Issue 2, p. 27-32. |
“POZZOLITH® 200N: Water-Reducing Admixture,” BASF, Product Data, Sep. 2010, 2 pages, found at http://www.basf-admixtures.com/en/products/waterreducingretarding/pozzolith200n/Pages/default.aspx. |
“POZZOLITH® 322 N: Water-Reducing Admixture,” BASF, Product Data, Mar. 2007, 2 pages. |
Preliminary Amendment dated Nov. 1, 2013 for U.S. Appl. No. 13/994,681. |
Reardon, et al. High pressure carbonation of cementitious grout. Cement and Concrete Research. 1989; 19(3):385-399. |
Sato, et al. Effect of Nano-CaCO3 on Hydration of Cement Containing Supplementary Cementitious Materials. Institute for Research in Construction, National Research Council Canada. Oct. 2010. |
Sato, et al. Seeding effect of nano-CaCO3 on the hidration of tricalcium silicate, Transportation Research Record. 2010; 2141:61-67. |
Shao, et al. A new CO2 sequestration process via concrete products production. Department of civil engineering. McGill University, Montreal, Canada. 2007. |
Shao, et al. CO2 sequestration using calcium-silicate concrete. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering. 2006;(33)6:776-784. |
Shao, et al. Market analysis of CO2 sequestration in concrete building products. Second International Conference on Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies. Jun. 28-30, 2010. |
Shao, et al. Recycling carbon dioxide into concrete: a feasibility study. Concrete Sustainability Conference. 2010. |
Shi, et al. Studies on some factors affecting CO2 curing of lightweight concrete products. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2008; (52)8-9:1087-1092. |
Shideler, J. Investigation of the moisture-volume stability of concrete masonry units. Portland Cement Association. 1955. (D3). |
Shih, et al. Kinetics of the reaction of Ca(OH)2 with CO2 at low temperature. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research. 1999; 38(4):1316-1322. |
Sorochkin, et al. Study of the possibility of using carbon dioxide for accelerating the hardening of products made from Portland Cement. J. Appl. Chem. USSR. 1975; 48:1271-1274. |
EP15862209.2 Extended European Search Report dated Oct. 8, 2018. |
U.S. Appl. No. 15/304,208 Office Action dated Jan. 24, 2019. |
U.S. Appl. No. 15/170,018 Notice of Allowance dated Dec. 19, 2018. |
U.S. Appl. No. 15/170,018 Office Action dated Oct. 16, 2018. |
U.S. Appl. No. 15/184,219 Office Action dated Oct. 16, 2018. |
U.S. Appl. No. 15/240,954 Office Action dated Oct. 23, 2018. |
Steinour, H. Some effects of carbon dioxide on mortars and concrete-discussion. Journal of the American Concrete Institute. 1959; 30:905-907. |
Technology Roadmap: Cement. International Energy Agency. Dec. 2009 [Retrieved on Jul. 13, 2013], Retrieved from http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/name,3861,en.html. |
Teir, et al. Carbonation of Finnish magnesium silicates for CO2 sequestration . Fifth Annual Conference on Carbon Capture and Sequestration. May 8-11, 2006. National Energy Technology Laboratory, Department of Energy, USA. |
The Vince Hagan Co., “Stationary, Radial Stacking, and Wet Belt Converyors—Product Brochure,” 4 pages. |
Toennies, et al. Artificial carbonation of concrete masonry units. American Concrete Institute Journal. 1960; 31(8):737-755. |
Tri-Cast literature, Dry cast machine. Besser Company. Sioux, Iowa, USA. 06-09. |
Van Balen, K. Carbonation reaction of lime, kinetics at ambient temperature. Cement and Concrete Research. 2005; 35(4):647-657. |
Venhuis, et al. Vacuum method for carbonation of cementitious wasteforms. Environ Sci Technol. Oct. 15, 2001;35(20):4120-5. |
Weber, et al. Find carbon dioxide gas under pressure an efficient curing agent for cast stone. Concrete. Jul. 1941; 33-34. |
Yelton, R. Treating Process Water. The Concrete Producer. pp. 441-443. Jun. 1, 1997. |
Young, et al. Accelerated Curing of Compacted Calcium Silicate Mortars on Exposure to CO2. Journal of the American Ceramic Society . . . 1974; 57(9):394-397. |
Younsi, et al. Performance-based design and carbonation of concrete with high fly ash content. Cement and Concrete Composites, Elsevier Applied Science, Barking, GB, vol. 33, No. 1, Jul. 14, 2011. pp. 993-1000. |
EP14746909.2 Summons to Attend Oral Proceedings dated Jun. 19, 2019. |
U.S. Appl. No. 15/184,219 Notice of Allowance dated Aug. 19, 2019. |
U.S. Appl. No. 15/240,954 Notice of Allowance dated Mar. 5, 2019. |
U.S. Appl. No. 15/284,186 Office Action dated Jun. 14, 2019. |
U.S. Appl. No. 15/304,208 Office Action dated Oct. 25, 2019. |
U.S. Appl. No. 15/650,524 Office Action dated Sep. 17, 2019. |
U.S. Appl. No. 15/828,240 Office Action dated Jul. 22, 2019. |
Cornerstone Custom Concrete, LLC. “How Much Does Concrete Weigh?” Retrieved Jul. 15, 2019. <web.archive.org/web/ 20130124160823/http://www.minneapolis-concrete.com/how-much-does-concrete-weigh.html>. One page. (Year: 2013). |
Google Patents Translation of EP1785245. pp. 1-2. Retrieved Jul. 17, 2019. (Year: 2007). |
U.S. Appl. No. 15/184,219 Notice of Allowance dated Oct. 10, 2019. |
U.S. Appl. No. 15/184,219 Notice of Allowance dated Sep. 18, 2019. |
ASTM International, “Standard Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic-Cement Concrete,” Designation: C143/C143M—15a, Revised 5.1.1., Dec. 15, 2015, 4 pages. |
Canadian Intellectual Property Office, Canadian Office Action for Application No. 2,943,791 dated Apr. 22, 2021, 3 pages. |
Canadian Intellectual Property Office, Canadian Office Action for Application No. 2,943,791 dated May 27, 2022, 3 pages. |
Canadian Intellectual Property Office, Canadian Office Action for Application No. 2,943,791 dated Nov. 25, 2021, 4 pages. |
Canadian Intellectual Property Office, Canadian Office Action for Application No. 2,945,060, dated Jan. 20, 2022, 4 pages. |
Canadian Intellectual Property Office, Canadian Office Action for Application No. 2,979,471 dated Jul. 10, 2020, 3 pages. |
Canadian Intellectual Property Office, Canadian Office Action for Application No. 3,120,472 dated Apr. 22, 2022, 3 pages. |
Canadian Patent Office, Examination Search Report for CA 2,968,246, dated Aug. 18, 2022, 3 pages. |
Chile Patent Office, First Office Action and Translation for Application No. 3376-2020, dated Nov. 18, 2021, 34 Pages. |
Chile Patent Office, First Office Action for Application No. 3804-2019, dated Mar. 30, 2021, 24 Pages. |
Chile Patent Office, Second Examination Report with English Transmittal for Application No. 3376-2020, dated Jun. May 16, 2022, 21 Pages. |
Chinese International Search Report for Application No. 2019800306982, dated Mar. 25, 2022, 2 pages. |
Corrected First Office Action for Chilean Application No. 3804-2019, dated Aug. 31, 2021, 51 pages. |
European Communication for European Application No. 17781677.4, dated May 9, 2022, 5 pages. |
Examination Report and translation for Brazilian Application No. 112017010897-6 dated Nov. 23, 2021; 7 pages. |
Examination Report for Australian Application No. 2017249444 dated Jul. 28, 2021, 6 pages. |
Examination Report for Australian Application No. 2018288555 dated Feb. 20, 2021, 5 pages. |
Examination Report for Canadian Application No. 2945060 dated Apr. 19, 2021, 3 pages. |
Examination Report for Canadian Application No. 2968246 dated Oct. 22, 2021, 4 pages. |
Examination Report for EP 15777459.7 dated Apr. 17, 2020, 7 pages. |
Examination Report for European Application No. 17781677.4 dated May 9, 2022; 5 pages. |
Examination Report for Indian Application No. 201817042016 dated Mar. 4, 2021, 5 pages. |
Examination Report for Indian Application No. 201917054847 dated Apr. 20, 2021, 7 pages. |
Examination Report for Japanese Application No. JP 2019-571536 dated Aug. 26, 2021, 86 pages. |
Examination Report for Singapore Application No. 11201912759R dated Dec. 18, 2021, 5 pages. |
Extended European Search Report dated Aug. 18, 2020, for European patent application No. 19207508.3, 9 pages. |
Extended European Search Report dated Oct. 8, 2018, for European patent application No. EP15862209.2, 10 pages. |
Extended European Search Report for EP 19894565.1, dated Aug. 3, 2022. |
Extended European Search Report for European Application No. 18820477.0 dated Feb. 5, 2021, 11 pages. |
First Written Opinion, issued by the Intellectual Property Office of Singapore, dated Mar. 3, 2020, for Singapore patent application No. 11201810010P, 8 pages. |
Ghacham, “Valorization of waste concrete through CO2 mineral carbonation: optimizing parameter and improving reactivity using concrete separation”. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2019, vol. 166, pp. 1-10. |
Ho et al., “CO2 Utilization via Direct Aqueous Carbonation of Synthesized Concrete Fines under Atmospheric Pressure”. ACS Omega, Jun. 22, 2020 (Jun. 22, 2020), vol. 5, pp. 15877-15890. |
International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Jan. 13, 2021 for PCT Application No. PCT/US20/54625, 6 pages. |
International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Oct. 19, 2021 for PCT Application No. PCT/US21/40764, 11 pages. |
International Search Report and Written Opinion dated May 14, 2020 for PCT application No. PCT/US2019/066407, 11 pages. |
International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Jul. 22, 2020 for PCT/IB2020/053953, 12 pages. |
International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Mar. 29, 2022 for PCT Application No. PCT/IB2021/000718. |
International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Aug. 25, 2021 for PCT Application No. PCT/IB2021/055223. |
International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Sep. 6, 2018 for PCT/CA2018/050750, 13 pages. |
Japanese Patent Application No. 2019-571536, Notice of Reasons for Rejection, (Translation) dated Jun. 8, 2022, 5 pages. |
Liang et al., “Utilization of CO2 curing to enhance the properties of recycled aggregate and prepared concrete: A review”. Cement and Concrete Composites, Nov. 1, 2019 (Jan. 11, 2019), vol. 105, pp. 1-14 * Abstract;* Section 1.0;* Section 2.2.4;* Fig. 4(d). |
Liu, J. et al., “Development of a Co2 solidification method for recycling autoclaved lightweight concrete waste”, Journal of Materials Science Letters 20,2001, pp. 1791-1794. |
Lu et al., “Carbon Dioxide Sequestration on Recycled Aggregates,” Carbon Dioxide Sequestration in Cementitious Construction Materials, Woodhead Publishing Series in Civil and Structural Engineering, 2018, pp. 247-277. |
Lu et al., “Effects of Carbonated Hardened Cement Paste Powder on Hydration and Microstructure of Portland Dement,” Construction and Building Materials, 186, pp. 699-708 (2018). |
Morocco Patent Application No. 53762 Search Report with Opinion on Patentability, dated Jul. 1, 2022, pages. |
Office Action for Chilean Application No. 03376-2020 dated Nov. 18, 2021, 34 pages. |
Ozcan et al., “Process integration of a Ca-looping carbon capture process in a cement plant”, International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 2013, vol. 19, pp. 530-540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2013.10 009). |
Shi et al. “Performance Enhancement of Recycled Concrete Aggregate—A Review,” Journal of Cleaner Production, 112, pp. 466-472 (2006). |
Summons to Attend Oral Proceedings for EP 15777459.7 dated Aug. 27, 2021, 7 pages. |
Zhan et al. “Carbonation Treatment of Recycled Concrete Aggregate: Effect on Transport Properties and Steel Corrosion of Recycled Aggregate Concrete,” Cement and Concrete Composites, 104, p. 1 8 (Jul. 4, 2019). |
Canadian Intellectual Property Office, Canadian Office Action for Application No. 3,120,472 dated Oct. 12, 2022, 4 pages. |
Examination Report for Australian Application No. 2018288555 dated Aug. 9, 2021, 5 pages. |
Republic of Columbia [translation]; First Exam Report for No. NC2021/0009084, dated Aug. 5, 2022, 13 pages. |
Singapore, Invitation to Respond to Written Opinion for Application No. 11221062015, dated Oct. 18, 2022, 2 pages. |
Singapore, Written Opinion for Application No. 11221062015, dated Oct. 18, 2022, 8 pages. |
India, Examination Report for Application No. 202127030664 dated Dec. 15, 2022, 7 pages. |
Mexican Office Action for Application No. MX/a/2017/006746 dated Dec. 1, 2022, 5 pages. |
Indonesia Application No. P00202105311 Substantive Examination Results Stage I dated Jan. 11, 2023. |
Canadian Office Action for Application No. 3,019,860 dated Mar. 2, 2023, 3 pages. |
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
20190168416 A1 | Jun 2019 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
62321013 | Apr 2016 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
Parent | PCT/CA2017/050445 | Apr 2017 | US |
Child | 16155013 | US |