Patent Grant
7795381
1. Technical Field
The invention relates to polypeptides. More particularly, the invention relates to gp100-derived polypeptides that contain both a helper T-cell epitope and a cytotoxic T-cell epitope.
2. Background Information
For some time many groups have been actively identifying cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes for various tumor-associated antigens (TAA) and synthetic polypeptides representing these epitopes have been used to prepare therapeutic vaccines to treat cancer patients (Marchand M P et al., Int J of Cancer 63:883 (1995); Jager E et al., Int J of Cancer 67:54 (1996); Weber J et al., J Immunother 22:431 (1999); Rosenberg S A et al., Nat Med 4:321 (1998); and Zaks T Z et al., Cancer Res 58:4902 (1998)). However, therapeutic effects of these vaccines are far from optimal.
Several TAA are possible targets for developing T-cell immunotherapy against malignant melanoma (Boon, T et al., J Exp Med 183:725 (1996) and Wang R F et al., Immunol Rev 170:85 (1999)). Amongst these, the melanocyte-related antigen gp100 is currently being evaluated in the clinic (Rosenberg S A et al., Nat Med 4:321 (1998) and Kawakami Y et al., J Immunol 154:3961 (1995)). Numerous CTL epitopes restricted by the MHC class I alleles HLA-A2, -A3, -A11, -A24 and Cw8 have been reported (Kawakami Y et al., J Immunol 154:3961 (1995); Cox A L et al., Science 264:716 (1994); Tsai V. et al., J Immunol 158:1796 (1997); Kawashima I et al., 1998. Int J Cancer 78:518 (1998); Skipper J C et al., J Immunol 157:5027 (1996); Kawakami Y et al., J Immunol 161:6985 (1998); Robbins P F et al, J Immunol 159:303 (1997); and Castelli C et al, J Immunol 162:1739 (1999)). On the other hand, only one HTL epitope, which is restricted by the HLA-DR*0401 MHC class II allele, expressed in approximately one fourth of the population, has been described (Li K, et al., Cancer Immunol Immunother 47:32 (1998) and Touloukian C E et al., J Immunol 164:3535 (2000)).
The invention provides gp100-derived polypeptides that contain a CTL epitope and an HTL epitope. Such gp100-derived polypeptides can be used to induce anti-tumor responses in melanoma patients. Because a concurrently induced HTL response can facilitate the induction and persistence of a CTL response, the materials and methods provided herein offer advantages over current approaches. In some embodiments of the invention, gp100-derived polypeptides bind more than one MHC class II allele (e.g., HLA-DR-53 or HLA-DQw6). Such polypeptides can be used more broadly to induce anti-tumor responses in melanoma patients.
In general, the invention features a polypeptide containing an HTL epitope and a CTL epitope, where the polypeptide is 13 to 30 amino acids long, and where the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide is at least 90% identical to a gp100 amino acid sequence. The polypeptide can contain an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, or 16. The polypeptide can bind more than one MHC class II allele (e.g., HLA-DR-53 or HLA-DQw6). The CTL epitope can contain MLGTHTMEV (SEQ ID NO: 17), VSNDGPTLI (SEQ ID NO: 18), or ALNFPGSQK (SEQ ID NO: 19).
In another embodiment, the invention features a method for inducing an anti-tumor response in a mammal. The method includes administering a polypeptide to the mammal, where the polypeptide contains an HTL epitope and a CTL epitope, where the polypeptide is 13 to 30 amino acids long, and where the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide is at least 90% identical to a gp100 amino acid sequence. The polypeptide can contain an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, or 16. The polypeptide can bind more than one MHC class II allele (e.g., HLA-DR-53 or HLA-DQw6). The CTL epitope can contain MLGTHTMEV (SEQ ID NO:17), VSNDGPTLI (SEQ ID NO:18), or ALNFPGSQK (SEQ ID NO:19).
Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention pertains. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, suitable methods and materials are described below. All publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control. In addition, the materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting.
Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description, and from the claims.
The invention provides polypeptides such as gp100-derived polypeptides that contain both an HTL epitope and a CTL epitope. The invention also provides methods for using such gp100 derived polypeptides to induce anti-tumor CTL and HTL responses in melanoma patients. Some polypeptides of the invention can bind to several MHC class II alleles, making them more broadly useful for inducing HTL and CTL anti-tumor responses in melanoma patients.
Polypeptides, and polypeptide segments, are contiguous sequences of 2 or more amino acids linked one to the other by peptide bonds. Polypeptides suitable for the present invention are between about 15 amino acids and about 30 amino acids long (e.g., about 15 to about 20 amino acids long, about 15 to about 25 amino acids long, about 20 to 25 amino acids long, and about 25 to 30 amino acids long).
Polypeptides of the invention are substantially pure (i.e., substantially free of other naturally occurring viral, bacterial, parasitic, tumor, or self polypeptides and fragments thereof). Polypeptides of the invention can have a CTL epitope (i.e., a polypeptide segment that can elicit a CTL response). Polypeptides of the invention can also have an HTL epitope (i.e., a polypeptide segment that can elicit an HTL response). In one embodiment, more than one MHC class II allele recognizes the polypeptide.
HTL and CTL epitopes of the polypeptides can be present in the configuration naturally found in a gp100 or gp100-derived melanoma tumor associated antigen. HTL and CTL epitopes of a polypeptide can also be present in a different configuration than naturally found in a gp100 or gp100-derived melanoma tumor associated antigen. HTL and CTL epitopes of a polypeptide can be discrete, where no amino acid of the HTL epitope is part of the CTL epitope. HTL and CTL epitopes of a polypeptide can also comprise common amino acids, where one or more amino acids of an HTL epitope is also part of a CTL epitope.
Polypeptides suitable for the compositions and methods of the present invention need not be identical to specific polypeptides disclosed. Thus, the polypeptides may be subject to various changes, such as insertions, deletions, and substitutions, either conservative or nonconservative, where such changes might provide for certain advantages in their use. Conservative substitutions result in the replacement of an amino acid residue with another that is biologically and/or chemically similar, e.g., one hydrophobic residue for another, or one polar residue for Ala; Val, Ile, Leu; Asp, Glu; Asn, Gln; Ser, Thr; Lys, Arg; and Phe, Tyr. Typically, the portion of the sequence that is intended to act as an CTL or HTL epitope will not differ by more than about 20% from the corresponding sequence of a native gp100 or gp100-derived antigen, except where additional amino acids may be added at either terminus for the purpose of modifying the physical or chemical properties of the polypeptide for, e.g., ease of linking or coupling, and the like.
Exemplary polypeptides include, without limitation:
The polypeptides of the invention can be prepared in a wide variety of ways. Because of their relatively short size, the polypeptides can be synthesized in solution or on a solid automatic synthesizer in accordance with known protocols. See, for example, Stewart and Young, Solid Phase Polypeptide Synthesis, 2d. ed., Pierce Chemical Co. (1984); Tam et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 105:6442 (1983); Merrifield, The Polypeptides, Gross and Meienhofer, ed., academic Press, New York, pp. 1-284 (1979).
Alternatively, recombinant DNA technology can be used wherein a nucleotide sequence which encodes a polypeptide of interest is inserted into an expression vector, introduced (e.g., by transformation or transfection) into an appropriate host cell, and cultivated under conditions suitable for expression. These procedures are generally known in the art, as described generally in Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1982), and Ausubel et al., (ed.) Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York (1987), and U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,237,224; 4,273,875; 4,431,739; 4,363,877; and 4,428,941, for example.
As the coding sequence for polypeptides of the length contemplated herein can be synthesized by chemical techniques, for example the phosphotriester method of Matteucci et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 103:3185 (1981), modification can be made simply by substituting the appropriate base(s) for those encoding the native polypeptide sequence. The coding sequence can then be provided with appropriate linkers and ligated into expression vectors commonly available in the art, and the vectors used to transform suitable hosts to produce the desired fusion polypeptide. A number of such vectors and suitable host systems are now available. For expression of the polypeptides, the coding sequence will typically be provided with operably linked start and stop codons, promoter and terminator regions and a replication system to provide an expression vector for expression in a suitable cellular host (e.g., bacterial, yeast or mammalian cells).
Polypeptides can be administered to mammals, particularly humans, to induce melanoma-specific anti-tumor CTL and HTL responses. Polypeptides can be administered intravenously, subcutaneously, intradermally, or intramuscularly, topically, orally or locally. Compositions for parenteral (i.e., intravenous, subcutaneous, intradermal, or intramuscular) administration comprise an HTL and CTL stimulatory polypeptide dissolved or suspended in an acceptable carrier, preferably an aqueous carrier. A variety of aqueous carriers can be used, e.g., water, buffered water, 0.4% saline, 0.3% glycine, hyaluronic acid, and the like. These compositions can be sterilized by conventional sterilization techniques. The resulting aqueous solutions can be packaged for use as is or lyophilized—the lyophilized preparation being combined with a sterile solution prior to administration. The compositions can contain pharmaceutically acceptable auxiliary substances as required to approximate physiological conditions, such as pH adjusting and buffering agents, tonicity adjusting agents, wetting agents and the like, for example, sodium acetate, sodium lactate, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, sorbitan monolaurate, triethanolamine oleate, methanol, and dissolving agents such as DMSO. The amount HTL and CTL stimulatory polypeptide in a pharmaceutical formulations can vary widely, i.e., from less than about 1%, usually at or at least about 10% to as much as 20 to 50% or more by weight, and will be selected primarily by fluid volumes, viscosities, etc., in accordance with the particular mode of administration selected. Actual methods for preparing parenterally administrable compounds will be known or apparent to those skilled in the art and are described in more detail in for example, Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17th ed., Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa. (1985), which is incorporated herein by reference.
Polypeptides can also be administered via liposomes, which can target the polypeptides to a particular tissue, such as lymphoid tissue, or targeted selectively to tumor cells, as well as increase the half-life of the polypeptide composition. Liposomes can include, without limitation, emulsions, foams, micelles, isoluble monolayers, liquid crystals, phospholipid dispersions, lamellar layers, and the like. In these preparations, the polypeptide to be delivered can be incorporated as part of a liposome, alone or in conjunction with a molecule which bonds to, e.g., a receptor prevalent among lymphoid cells, such as monoclonal antibodies which bind to the CD45 antigen, or with other therapeutic or immunogenic compositions. Thus, liposomes filled with a desired polypeptide can be directed to the site of lymphoid cells, where the liposomes then deliver the selected therapeutic/immunogenic polypeptide compositions. Liposomes for use in the invention can be formed from standard vesicle-forming lipids, which generally include neutral and negatively charged phospholipids and a sterol, such as cholesterol. The selection of lipids is generally guided by consideration of, e.g., liposome size and stability of the liposomes in the blood stream. A variety of methods are available for preparing liposomes, as described in e.g., Szoka et al., Ann. Rev. Biophys. Bioeng. 9:467 (1980), U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,235,871; 4,501,728; 4,837,028; and 5,019,369. For targeting to the immune cells, a ligand to be incorporated into the lipsome can include, e.g., antibodies or fragments thereof specific for cell surface determinants of the desired immune system cells. A liposome suspension containing a polypeptide can be administered, for example, intravenously, locally, topically, in a dose that can vary according to, among other things, the manner of administration, the polypeptide being delivered, and the progression of the disease.
For solid compositions, conventional nontoxic solid carriers can be used which include, for example, pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharin, talcum, cellulose, glucose, sucrose, magnesium carbonate, and the like. For oral administration, a pharmaceutically acceptable nontoxic composition is formed by incorporating any of the normally employed excipients, such as those carriers previously listed, and generally 10-95% of the active ingredient, that is, one or more polypeptide compositions of the invention, and more preferably at a concentration of 25%-75%.
For aerosol administration, an HTL and CTL stimulatory polypeptide can be provided in finely divided form along with a surfactant and propellant. Typical percentages of polypeptides are 0.01%-20% by weight, preferably 1%-10%. The surfactant is typically nontoxic and is typically soluble in the propellant. Representative surfactants include esters or partial esters of fatty acids containing from 6 to 22 carbon atoms, such as caproic, octanoic, lauric, palmitic, stearic, linoleic, linolenic, olesteric and oleic acids with an aliphatic polyhydric alcohol or its cyclic anhydride. Mixed esters, such as mixed or natural glycerides can be employed. Surfactant can constitute 0.1%-20% by weight of the composition, preferably 0.25-5%. The balance of the composition is ordinarily propellant. A carrier such as lecithin, for one example, can also be included for intranasal delivery.
An HTL and CTL stimulatory polypeptide can be introduced into a mammalian host, including humans, linked to its own carrier or as a homopolymer or heteropolymer of active polypeptide units. Such a polymer can elicit increase immunological reaction and, where different polypeptides are used to make up the polymer, the additional ability to induce antibodies and/or T cells that react with different antigenic determinants of the melanoma tumor. Useful carriers known in the art include, for example, thyroglobulin, albumins such as human serum albumin, tetanus toxoid, polyamino acids such as poly(D-lysine:D-glutamic acid), influenza polypeptide, and the like. Adjuvants such as incomplete Freunds adjuvant, GM-CSF, aluminum phosphate, aluminum hydroxide, alum, or montanide can also be used in the administration of an HTL and CTL stimulatory polypeptide.
The invention will be further described in the following examples, which do not limit the scope of the invention described in the claims.
Potential HLA-DR promiscuous CD4+ T-cell epitopes capable of binding to more than one MHC class II allele were selected from the amino acid sequence of the gp100 antigen using the algorithm tables for three HLA-DR alleles (DRB1*0101, DRB1*0401, and DRB1*0701) published by Southwood, et al (J Immunol 160:3363 (1998). A computer program based on Microsoft Excel was created for each of the HLA-DR alleles. For each position of a 9-mer core, a value was assigned for each possible specific amino acid taking the tables published by Southwood, et al (J Immunol 160:3363 (1998). The computer program calculated the average binding (ARB) values for each possible 9mer of the gp 100 sequence. The higher the ARB value, the more likely the polypeptide will bind to the corresponding HLA-DR allele. The data in
Polypeptides gp10074-89, gp100175-189 and gp100576-590 were tested for their capacity to stimulate CD4+ T cells obtained from four healthy, MHC-typed individuals in primary in vitro cultures using polypeptide-pulsed autologous dendritic cells (DC). The method used to generate tumor antigen-reactive HTL lines and clones using polypeptide-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was recently described in detail (Kobayashi H et al., Cancer Res 60:5228 (2000)). Briefly, DC were generated in tissue culture from adherent monocytes that were cultured for 7 days in the presence of GM-CSF and IL-4. A total of (1×104) polypeptide-pulsed DC (10 μg/ml for 2 hr) were irradiated (4,200 rad) and co-cultured with 3×104 autologous purified CD4+ T cells (using magnetic microbeads from Miltenyi Biotech) in each well of a 96-round bottom well culture plate. Seven days later, the cultures were restimulated with polypeptide-pulsed irradiated autologous PBMC and two days later, human rIL-2 was added at a final concentration of 10 IU/ml. After 7 days, the microcultures were tested for their proliferative responses to polypeptide as described below. Those micro-wells showing a proliferative response to polypeptide (at least 2.5 fold over background) were expanded in 24 or 48-well plates by weekly restimulation with polypeptides and irradiated autologous PBMC. In some instances T-cell lines were cloned by limiting dilution and used for further studies. Culture medium for all procedures consisted of RPMI-1640 supplemented with 5% human male AB serum, 0.1 mM MEM nonessential amino acids, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 2 mM L-glutamine, and 50 μg/ml gentamicin.
Polypeptides gp10074-89 and gp100576-590 induced proliferative responses in CD4+ T-cells that were restricted by the HLA-DR7 allele (
Two separate T-cell clones reactive with polypeptide gp100175-189 were isolated from two normal individuals and studied in more detail for their proliferative response to antigen. The data presented in
Recognition of naturally processed antigen by polypeptide-reactive T-cells can be an important parameter to determine whether a predicted T-cell epitope can be used to elicit an immune response against tumor cells. HTL may recognize polypeptide/MHC class II complexes directly on tumor cells that are MHC class II positive and as a consequence the T-cells will become activated and produce cytokines that provide help to CTL or cytokines that may inhibit tumor cell growth.
T cells (3×104/well) were mixed with irradiated APC in the presence of various concentrations of antigen (polypeptides, tumors or tumor lysates), in 96-well culture plates. APC consisted of either PBMC (1×105/well), HLA-DR-expressing L-cells (3×104/well), EBV-LCL or melanoma tumor cells (3×104/well), pretreated with IFN-γ (500 U/ml for 48 h) to enhance MHC expression. Proliferation assays were incubated at 37° C. in a 5% CO2 incubator for 72 h and during the last 16 h, each well was pulsed with 0.5 μCi/well of [3H]-thymidine (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Piscataway, N.J.). In some cases, culture supernatants were collected before the addition of [3H]-thymidine for the determination of lymphokine production using ELISA kits (Pharmingen, San Diego, Calif.). The radioactivity incorporated into DNA, which correlates with cell proliferation, was measured in a liquid scintillation counter after harvesting the cell cultures onto glass fiber filters. To determine MHC restriction molecules involved in antigen presentation, blocking of the antigen-induced proliferative response was investigated by adding anti-HLA-DR mAb L243 (IgG2a, prepared from hybridoma supernatants obtained from the (American Type Culture Collection) or anti-HLA-DQ mAb SPVL3 (IgG2a, Beckman Coulter, Inc., Fullerton, Calif.). Both antibodies were used at a final concentration of 10 μg/ml throughout the 72 h assay. The specificity of these antibodies and their capacity to specifically inhibit T helper responses has been determined in our laboratory in numerous occasions. All assessments of proliferative responses were carried out at least in triplicate and results correspond to the means. The stimulation index (SI) was calculated by dividing the mean radioactivity (cpm) obtained in the presence of antigen by the mean radioactivity (cpm) obtained in the absence of antigen but in the presence of APC.
a demonstrates that the HLA-DR7-restricted T-cell line (10B1) induced with polypeptide gp10074-89 was efficient at recognizing tumor cell lysates from a gp100+ melanoma tumor (697 mel), but not control tumor lysates (Jurkat), presented by autologous APC. For these experiments, the lysates were prepared using a DR7 negative melanoma (697 mel) to ensure that the autologous APC were indeed capturing the gp100 antigen from the lysate to process and present the epitope to the helper T-cells. Furthermore, these HTL were also effective in recognizing antigen presented directly by HLA-DR7+ melanoma tumors (HT-144), and this recognition could be inhibited with anti-HLA-DR antibodies (
The two HTL lines reactive with polypeptide gp100175-189 were also tested for their ability to recognize naturally processed antigen. HTL clone 5D10 (HLA-DR53-restricted) was unable to recognize melanoma cell lysates presented by autologous APC. However, the HTL were very effective in recognizing intact HLA-DR53 positive melanomas, but not DR53 negative melanomas or DR53 positive lymphoblastoid cells that do not produce gp100+ (M35-EBV), unless pulsed with polypeptide (
Thus, HTL reactive to gp100175-189 and HTL reactive to gp10074-89 were capable of recognizing naturally processed antigen in MUC class II positive melanomas or in APC fed with tumor lysates. On the other hand, HTL that were induced using polypeptide gp100576-590 did not proliferate or produce lymphokines when interacting with MHC class II positive melanomas or tumor lysates presented by APC.
In some cases, HTL exhibit cytotoxicity towards antigenic MHC class II tumors. See, Manici et al., J Exp Med 189:871 (1999); Fujita et al., Eur J Immunol 28:305 (1998); Zarour et al., Cancer Res 60:4946 (2000); Touloukian et al., J Immunol 164:3535 (2000); Zarour et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:400 (2000); Yasukawa et al., Blood 92:3355 (1998). Polypeptide gp100175-189, which generated DR53- and DQw6-restricted HTL capable of recognizing naturally processed antigen, includes a potent HLA-A2-restricted CTL epitope (gp100177-186). Polypeptide gp100177-186 is very effective in inducing anti-tumor CTL responses by in vitro immunization of PBMC from normal individuals using polypeptide-pulsed DC.
The capacity of HTL lines and clones to kill tumor cells expressing the appropriate polypeptide/MHC complexes was evaluated using the JAM assay (Matzinger P, J Immunol Methods 145:185 (1991)), which measures the DNA retained by target living cells after incubation with effector T-cells. Briefly, target cells were labeled with of [3H]-thymidine for 18 hrs in tissue culture. After washing and counting the cells, they were incubated at various effectors to target ratio in 96-well round-bottomed plates for 36 hours. The cultures were then harvested onto glass fiber filters, and the amount of radioactivity retained in DNA is measured in a scintillation counter. The percent cytotoxicity was calculated by the ratio of cpm obtained in the absence of T-cells over the cpm obtained in the presence of different amounts of T-cells X 100. All determinations were done in triplicates.
The other gp100-reactive HTL lines exhibited lower levels of cytotoxicity against melanoma cell lines. Polypeptide gp10074-89, which stimulated an HLA-DR7-restricted HTL response, partially overlaps (in its carboxyl end) with another CTL epitope, but this one is restricted by the HLA-A3 and -A11 alleles (gp10087-95; ALNFPGSQK; SEQ ID NO:19). Thus, a synthetic polypeptide of 22 residues (gp10074-95) can be used to elicit anti-tumor CTL and HTL responses in patients expressing HLA-A3 (or -A11) and HLA-DR7. Polypeptide gp10074-89 also overlaps in its amino terminal end with another CTL epitope (gp10070-78), this one being restricted by HLA-Cw8. Thus, a synthetic polypeptide of 20 residues (gp10070-89) can be used to elicit anti-tumor CTL and HTL responses in patients expressing HLA-Cw8 and HLA-DR7.
To assess polypeptides of the invention, the following study is performed. Metastatic melanoma HLA-A2 positive patients are immunized with an immunodominant peptide derived from gp-100. The immunization is performed in the presence of GM-CSF and IFA as immune-adjuvants and goals include quantification of specific CTL responses and observation for therapeutic efficacy. Of particular interest is the comparison of the efficacy of immunization in patients that share the class II HLA antigens specific for the peptide relative to those that do not. This will provide preliminary data for the need of T helper cell participation with shared epitopes recognized by CTLs.
In the proposed study, the efficacy of immunization measured by the following is examined: specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity against melanoma tumor cells; frequency of peptide-specific T cells determined by fluorescent tetramer analysis; levels of activation of tetramer-specific T cells measured by cellular cytokine production; in vivo delayed type hypersensitivity reactions to peptide challenge after immunization; and, whenever possible, measurement of numbers/function of tumor related/infiltrating T cells. We will collect preliminary data relating to the efficacy of treatment is collected by following changes in tumor size for the duration of the clinical trial.
Goals
Determine the immunologic effects of immunization using a HLA class I and II specific gp-100-derived peptide suspended in IFA in the presence or absence of GM-CSF.
Define the safety and toxicity profile of the immunization protocol.
Collect preliminary data on:
Required Characteristics
Platelets ≧100,000×109/L
Creatinine ≦2.5×ULN
Contraindications
1100 cc of peripheral blood will be collected for immunologic studies.
2Only if immunization site regional lymph node is clinically enlarged
3For women of childbearing potential only. Must be done ≦7 days prior to registration
4Before treatments for cycles # 3 and 6.
5May be done up to 6 months before registration.
6Measure vaccine injection sites maximum diameter of erythema and induration (i.e. gp-100 (Feb. 12, 2001): E = 5.3 cm, I = 2.0 cm). Code each vaccine site in sequence of injection (site of 1st injection, etc.) and record erythyma/induration for each site at each time point. See Appendix IV for documentation form.
7Optional.
Stratification Factor:
Treatment Schedule:
1Hold treatment until level of toxicity is grade 2 or less before proceeding with therapy at 50% decreased dose. If patient does not recover to grade 2 toxicity or less after a 4-week delay in therapy, remove from study.
Ancillary Treatment
If the measurable disease is restricted to a solitary lesion, its neoplastic nature is confirmed by cytology/histology.
These techniques can be used to differentiate between partial response and complete response in rare cases, for example, residual lesions in tumor types such as germ cell tumors, where known residual benign tumors can remain.
The cytological confirmation of the neoplastic origin of any effusion that appears or worsens during treatment when the measurable tumor has met criteria for response of stable disease is mandatory to differentiate between response or stable disease (an effusion may be a side effect of the treatment) and progressive disease.
Measurement of Effect
Target Lesions
Response Criteria
Confirmation
Evaluation of Best Overall Response
Duration of Response
Patients in whom disease has not progressed and who have experienced acceptable toxicity are eligible for re-treatment at the same dose level for the duration of the study until 24 weeks. After 25 weeks, continual treatment every 3 months up to 18 months post randomization is at the discretion of the clinician.
Patients in whom disease has not progressed and who have experienced unacceptable toxicity are eligible for re-treatment at a lower dose (see Section 8.0) until week 24 of the study. After 25 weeks, continued treatment every 3 months for up to 18 months post randomization is at the discretion of the clinician. Re-treatment of patients with grade 3 or 4 toxicities, other than those identified in the dose modification table, is discussed with the study chair before receiving further protocol therapy.
Those patients with progression of disease or who refuse further treatment will go to the event-monitoring phase. Tumor progression and death is monitored every 3 months until death or 3 years post randomization. No follow-up is required after 3 years post randomization.
Re-treatment of patients: Decisions regarding re-treatment of any patient is based upon the type, severity, duration, and reversibility of the toxic reactions. In general, patients who show improvement or stability of their disease continues to receive treatment beyond the 24-week duration of the study. Immunizations are performed at 3-month intervals. Patients having objective progression of disease or clinical deterioration will not continue to receive treatment on this study.
If a patient fails to complete the initial cycle of therapy (defined as drug administration and 3 weeks observation) for reasons other than toxicity, the patient is regarded as treatment intolerant and an additional patient is treated at the current dose level; however, all toxicity information will be utilized in the analysis. For these instances, a specific notation is made for review by a study committee.
Pharmacologic/Ancillary Studies
Immunological Assays: The principal objective of monitoring the CTL response to gp-100 is to estimate the effect of in vivo priming with peptides in conjunction with administration of GM-CSF on the frequency of CTLs specific for these peptides. Such estimates can not be accurately derived from standard assays of CTL function, i.e. target lysis, but rather require methods that actually estimate the frequency of CTLs. Two relatively new approaches to estimating CTL frequency are promising for this purpose: (1) staining with class I tetramers and (2) intracellular staining for cytokine production. Class I tetramers are comprised of monomeric class I heavy chains that have been folded with β2-microglobulin (β2M) and specific immunogenic peptides; these monomers are then biotinylated at sites on their carboxy ends for conjugation into tetramers with PE-avidin. Such tetramers have increased valency and can be mixed with FITC-labeled anti-CD8 antibody to stain peptide-specific CTLs for enumeration by flow cytometry. Intracellular staining for cytokines provides a complementary approach in which CTLs are boosted in vitro with peptide-sensitized stimulator cells in the presence of Brefeldin A that blocks transport such that cytokines accumulate in the responding cells. Stimulated cells are then permeabilized and stained with anti-cytokine and anti-CD8 antibodies to estimate the frequency of specifically responding CD8+ T cells by flow cytometry. Both approaches can be used to estimate the effect of in vivo peptide priming on the frequency of specific CTLs.
One hundred milliliters of blood is drawn prior to initiation of peptide immunization and at 7 d after each immunization. Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) are enriched by flotation in Ficoll gradients and frozen in 10% DMSO for storage. PBLs from each blood draw are tested with a panel of monoclonal antibodies to estimate the percentages of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells as well as B cells, monocytes, and dendritic cells.
In addition, assays are performed to estimate T cell responses to polyclonal stimulus (PHA), recall antigens (tetanus toxoid), and HLA alloantigens. These two sets of experiments are used for evaluation of overall T cell responsiveness.
PBLs are stimulated with the melanoma peptide to stimulate and expand CTLs specific for the vaccine gp100 peptide and influenza (GILGFVFTL; SEQ ID NO:20) peptides. Briefly, PBLs are diluted to 2.5×106 cells/ml and incubated at 37° C./5% CO2 in the presence of 100 μg peptide in round bottom microtiter wells. After 3 d of culture, recombinant IL-2 is added to a concentration of 20 U/ml. Responder T cells are harvested after 6-7 d of culture and mixed in a standard cell mediated lympholysis (CML) assay at varying ratios with 51Cr-labelled target cells sensitized with titrated concentrations of peptide. Target cells include T2 and 221.A2 cells and sensitizing peptides include the specific target peptide as well as a negative control. These assays are used to identify those PBL samples that include CTLs specific for the melanoma peptide and provide a first-order comparison of CTL function.
More definitive estimates of specific CTL frequency are generated through tetramer analysis. The plasmid vectors for synthesis of human β2M and HLA-A2 heavy chains were obtained. The laboratory successfully folded HLA-A2 heavy chain monomers that include melanoma peptides. A2 heavy chain molecules are mixed with b2M and gp100 and influenza peptides. Folded monomers are biotinylated with BirA enzyme and conjugated with PE-avidin. Each tetramer preparation is tested with specific CTLs to confirm activity. The CTL lines were generated by repeated stimulation of PBLs collected from normal HLA-A2+ donors with the specific peptide.
Double staining with PE-labeled tetramers and FITC-labeled anti-CD8 monoclonal antibody are performed in the presence of Fc receptor-specific antibody to block non-specific staining. Stained cells are analyzed by flow cytometry and estimates of the percentages of doubly stained CTLs are obtained. Pre-immunization PBLs are compared with PBLs collected after each of the successive peptide immunizations to assess the efficiency of peptide immunization on CTL frequency. Tetramers are also used to specifically sort CD8+ CTLs for functional assays. Sorting is performed to purify tetramer/CD8 double positive cells that are expanded 10 d with ConA and IL-2; these expanded CTLs are tested with peptide-sensitized targets in a standard CML assay to confirm that the sorted CTLs exhibit lytic function.
Estimates of peptide-specific CTLs are also be obtained by intracellular staining for cytokines following in vitro stimulation with peptide-sensitized stimulator cells. Pre- and post-immunization PBLs are stimulated with individual peptides as outlined above. After 7 d of culture, cells are diluted and stimulated with T2 cells pulsed with peptide for 5-6 hr in the presence of Brefeldin A. Responder cells are then fixed, permeabilized, and stained with anti-CD8 antibody in conjunction with antibodies specific for IFN and GM-CSF for flow cytometric analysis. These assays yield the frequencies of CTLs that are responsive to peptide stimulation through cytokine release.
Estimates of peptide-specific, IFN-gamma-producing CTLs and Th cells are obtained by Elispot assays following in vitro stimulation with peptide-sensitized stimulator cells. CD8+ (CTLs) and CD4+ (Th cells) are purified from pre- and post-immunization PBLs by magnetic bead separation. These responder cells are stimulated with autologous CD8−/CD4− PBLs pulsed with the gp 100 peptide. After 7 d of culture, cells will be diluted, titrated and stimulated with T2 cells pulsed with peptide for 16-24 hr in microtiter wells coated with anti-IFN-gamma capture antibody. The test peptides include the gp100 peptide and a negative control peptide (influenza). The wells are then washed and treated with ALP-conjugated detection antibody for estimation of the number of spots observed for each responder cell titration. The difference between the frequency of spots obtained with gp 100 and influenza peptide stimulation is the estimate of the frequency of gp 100 peptide-specific, IFN-gamma-producing T cells with either the CD8+ or CD4+ phenotype. In parallel, CD8+ and CD4+ T cells are stimulated with T2 cells pulsed with gp100 and influenza peptide and harvested after 6 hr for total RNA extraction. Quantitative, competitive RT-PCR is performed to estimate the numbers of copies of IFN-gamma message/ng total RNA. These three assays are used to evaluate the effects of peptide immunization on (1) the frequency of CTLs that recognize the gp100 peptide, (2) the frequencies of CTLs and Th cells that produce IFN-gamma in response to the gp100 peptide, and (3) the total amount of IFN-gamma message produced by CTLs and Th cells in response to the gp100 peptide.
Delayed-type Hypersensitivity (DTH) Testing: General cell-mediated immunity is functionally assessed by DTH testing prior to the initiation at the conclusion of therapy. A standard antigen series, including Candida, mumps and tetanus is applied to the left or right volar forearm of each patient. 0.1 ml of a standard, commercial preparation of each antigen is injected intradermally. Forty-eight hours later, each injection site is visually observed and the extent of erythema and induration recorded on a scale of 0-4. The number of positive test sites is compared before and after therapy. If the patient demonstrates energy (no positive test sites) prior to initiation of therapy, he/she will still be eligible for enrollment.
Patients are also tested to the individual peptide antigens at a dose of 10 μg peptide saline solution. Initial testing is performed prior to initiation of therapy and also prior to cycle 7. Extent of erythema and induration is recorded in an identical manner as the standard antigen battery.
Tuberculin syringes pre-loaded with 10 μg of peptide in 100 μL of IFA are injected intradermally in the extremities/areas of the body away from sites of prior immunizations with the peptide vaccines.
Lymph node aspiration: If there is clinical evidence of lymph node enlargement in the region of immunization, a fine needle aspiration biopsy of the lymph nodes is performed. The collected specimens are studied for frequency of CTLs directed against the peptide vaccine.
1Only if node is clinically enlarged.
Sample Preparation: Peripheral blood is collected in purple top Vacutainer tubes. A special study refer card is generated to identify these specimens. The samples are kept at room temperature until use, which will be within 2 hours of collection.
Vaccine Information
Melanoma Peptides
Storage and Stability:
Store intact vials frozen at −10° to −20° C. The Tyrosinase peptide is labeled for refrigerated storage, but can be frozen to allow storage with the other peptides; freezing does not negatively effect the stability of the solution. Thawed vials may be stored for up to 6 hours at refrigerated temperatures. Once thawed, the peptide is used within 3 hours when kept at room temperature. Long-term stability of the peptides in intact vials is under evaluation through an on-going stability testing program.
Montanide ISA 51 Adjuvant (Incomplete Freund's Adjuvant, IFA)
Montanide ISA 51, NSC 675756, is an oil-based adjuvant product similar to Incomplete Freund's Adjuvant which, when mixed with a water-based solution on 1:1 w/w ratio, forms a water-in-oil emulsion. It consists of a highly purified oil, Drakol VR, and a surfactant, mannide oleate. Montanide ISA 51 is manufactured by Seppic, Inc., and is provided in amber glass ampoules containing 3 mL of the solution. Montanide ISA 51 is provided through the Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, NCI. Montanide ISA 51 is an Investigational New Drug.
Mode of Action:
Acts to enhance immune response to vaccination.
Storage and Stability:
The solution is stored at controlled room temperature. Exposure to cold temperatures may result in a clouded solution, which should be discarded. An expiration date is printed on the ampoule label.
Compatibility Notes:
This solution can be filtered as it's being withdrawn from the glass ampoule to remove any glass particles. The oil will break down the rubber tip of the plunger on syringes; it is advisable to use a different syringe for each ampoule. Do not allow the Montanide ISA 51 to be in direct contact with the rubber tip of the plunger for more time than is necessary to withdraw the solution and inject it into the peptide vial. Fresh syringes can be used to withdraw the emulsified vaccine from the vaccine vial. Once the emulsion is made, there is less interaction of the oil directly with the rubber tip of the plunger.
GM-CSF (Leukine®, sargramostatin)
For this protocol, the lyophillized version of Leukine is used. Each vial contains 250 mcg of sargramostim, 40 mg mannitol, 10 mg sucrose, NF and 1.2 mg tromethamine.
Preparation and Storage:
Aseptically reconstitute a 250 mcg vial with 1.0 mL Bacteriostatic Water for Injection, USP. During reconstitution, the diluent is directed at the side of the vial and the contents gently swirled to avoid foaming. Do not agitate or shake. The reconstituted Leukine solution is clear, colorless, isotonic with a pH of 7.4±0.3, and contains 250 mcg/ml of sargramostim. When reconstituted in this manner, the solution is stable for up to 20 days when stored at 4-8° C. Do not freeze. Unused vials should be stored as per the manufacturer's direction.
Vaccine Preparation Instructions
General Vaccine Preparation Information
Emulsify each peptide or peptide/GM-CSF mixture individually with Montanide ISA-51. Prepare the vials as directed for each group below. Place the vials upside down in a tube platform holder of a vortex machine and vortex at highest speed for 12 minutes. This will minimize the amount of emulsion adhering to the inside surface of the vial. Because neither the peptide solution nor the Montanide ISA-51 contain preservatives or bacteriostatics, the prepared peptide vaccines should be administered as soon as possible.
Group A
Remove the peptide vial from the freezer and allow thawing at room temperature. Once thawed, add 1.2 mL of Montanide ISA to the vial and vortex.
Group B
Remove one vial of the peptide from the freezer and allow thawing at room temperature. Reconstitute a vial of GM-CSF (sargramostatin), 250 mcg, with 1 mL Bacteriostatic Water for Injection, USP, yielding a concentration of 250 mcg/mL. Add 0.25 mL of this solution (62.5 mcg) to the peptide vial. Add 1.25 mL of Montanide ISA 51 to the peptide vial. Load two tuberculin syringes with equal volumes of this solution prior to use. Discard unused GM-CSF.
Group C
Remove one vial of the peptide from the freezer and allow thawing at room temperature. Reconstitute a vial of GM-CSF (sargramostatin), 250 mcg, with 1 mL Bacteriostatic Water for Injection, USP, yielding a concentration of 250 mcg/mL. Add 0.4 mL of this solution (100 mcg) to the peptide vial. Add 1.25 mL of Montanide ISA 51 to the peptide vial. Load two tuberculin syringes with equal volumes of this solution prior to use. Discard unused GM-CSF.
Vaccine Administration Information
Dose Specifics:
Each peptide vaccine will consist of a total volume of 1-1.5 mL containing 1 mg of the peptide, 1 mL of Montanide ISA 51 (1.0 mL) and, for Group B, ˜50 μg GM-CSF (1.25 mL), or, for Group C, ˜100 μg GM-CSF (1.5 mL).
Administration:
Vaccinations are given on day 0 of each treatment cycle. Due to the large volume, each peptide vaccine is administered in 2 shots in a contiguous location (a total of 2 shots per vaccination session). The peptide vaccines should be injected in the vicinity of one of the major nodal basins. This basin must not have been dissected. Subsequent immunizations should be rotated among available nodal basins (both arms or thighs).
Site and date of administration are recorded in the treatment record.
Nursing Implication:
Inform patient of possible side effects. Answer any questions.
Do not premedicate unless absolutely necessary. Acetaminophen is the preferred analgesic if needed, but nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents or aspirin may be used. Diphenhydramine may be used to reduce erythema if needed.
Monitor for acute reactions. Outpatients may need to be observed for 1-2 hours after receiving first dose.
Vaccine Side Effects
Because of the low dose of GM-CSF used and the slow-release nature of the vaccine emulsion, side effects normally seen with systemic treatment doses of GM-CSF should not play a factor in this vaccination treatment. Expected side effects are related to the peptides (vitiligo) and Montanide ISA 51. It is possible that the GM-CSF may potentiate the reaction seen at the injection site.
Dermatology/Skin: Injection site reaction, rare granuloma formation, possible development or worsening of pre-existing vitiligo, rash.
Hepatic: Transient rises in liver transaminases.
Constitutional: Low-grade fever.
Ocular/Visual: Possible damage to the eye (no reported incidences to date).
Statistical Considerations and Methodology:
Study design: This is a pilot study designed to determine the immunological effects of tumor vaccine (differentiation antigen peptide) challenge in the presence of various concentrations of immune adjuvants GM-CSF and incomplete Freund's adjuvant. The secondary goals of the study examine the toxicity profile of each treatment combination and report the number of objective responses observed.
The study design chosen for this proposal is a stratified randomized design with type of dominant disease (see section 5.0) as the sole stratification factor. This design was chosen rather than that of a traditional phase I design as the dose levels of each reagent are quite low (GM-CSF doses are below 10% of commonly used doses). At these levels, the anticipated number of toxicities and their severity are thought to be minimal. Toxicities will be carefully monitored and accrual will be suspended if 2 or more of the first six patients experience a grade 4 hematologic toxicity lasting for 5 or more days or a rise in serum creatinine to levels 2 or more times that of their baseline value.
Accrual: Ten patients with stage 1V malignant melanoma are randomized to each one of the 3 treatment combinations. The total number of eligible patients to be accrued is 30. Patients are allocated to each dose level using a dynamic allocation procedure that balances the marginal distribution of type of dominant disease between treatment combinations.
Endpoints: The primary end points for this pilot study are the changes in tumor antigen peptide specific immune responses (in vitro and DTH) from pretreatment levels. PBLs are tested with a panel of monoclonal antibodies to estimate the percentage of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, B cells, monocytes, and dendritic cells. Double staining with PE-labeled tetramers and FITC-labeled anti-CD8 monoclonal antibody is performed in the presence of Fc receptor specific antibody and the percentage of double stained CTLs will be obtained. Forty-eight hours after injection, each injection sight is inspected for the extent of erythema and induration.
Secondary end points include the number and severity of hematologic and non-hematologic toxicities observed and the proportion of objective responses observed. All patients meeting the eligibility criteria who have signed a consent form and who have begun treatment are considered evaluable for the estimation of the objective response proportion. The objective response proportion is estimated by the number of patients with an objective status of complete response or partial response on two consecutive tumor evaluations at least 6 weeks apart divided by the total number of patients evaluable for response.
Analysis plan: No formal hypothesis testing is performed in this study. Agreement between the two methods used to estimate CTL frequency is assessed using the graphical methods proposed by Bland and Altman. The analysis plan for the gp-100 peptide antigen and GM-CSF is as follows: Plots are constructed of the of the percent of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, B cells, monocytes, dendritic cells and double stained CTLs present against time. Also, plots of the percent change in these factors from their pretreatment levels against time will be constructed. These plots enable visual assessment of patterns of change and variability within a treatment regimen and between treatment regimens. The extent of erythema and induration 48 hours after injection is plotted against time for the peptide antigen and GM-CSF to assess whether extent of erythema and induration is a function of the number of injections or peptide antigen/GM-CSF pair.
Optimal immunization strategies are those which produce a 5 fold increase from pretreatment level 6 in most of these variables, which is maintained at least 6 weeks in 7 out of 10 patients treated at that level, with little toxicity and a small degree of erythema/induration.
It is to be understood that while the invention has been described in conjunction with the detailed description thereof, the foregoing description is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the invention, which is defined by the scope of the appended claims. Other aspects, advantages, and modifications are within the scope of the following claims.
This application is divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/474,521, filed May 12, 2004, which is a National Stage application under 35 U.S.C. §371 that claims the benefit of PCT/US02/10583, filed Apr. 5, 2002, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional application Ser. No. 60/282,633, filed Apr. 9, 2001.
This invention was made with government support under the National Institute of Health (Grants CA80782 and CA82677). The government has certain rights in the invention.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20080119636 A1 | May 2008 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60282633 | Apr 2001 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 10474521 | US | |
| Child | 12018022 | US |
