Patent Grant
7211254
This invention relates to modulating activities associated with the IL-9 pathway for the treatment of atopic allergies and related disorders such as asthma.
Inflammation is a complex process in which the body's defense system combats foreign entities. While the battle against foreign entities may be necessary for the body's survival, some defense systems respond to foreign entities, even innocuous ones, as dangerous and thereby damage surrounding tissue in the ensuing battle.
Atopic allergy is an ecogenetic disorder, where genetic background dictates the response to environmental stimuli. The disorder is generally characterized by an increased ability of lymphocytes to produce IgE antibodies in response to ubiquitous antigens. Activation of the immune system by these antigens leads to allergic inflammation and may occur after ingestion, penetration through the skin or after inhalation. When this immune activation occurs and is accompanied by pulmonary inflammation and bronchial hyperresponsiveness, this disorder is broadly characterized as asthma. Certain cells are important in this inflammatory reaction and they include T cells and antigen-presenting cells, B cells that produce IgE, basophils that bind IgE and eosinophils. These inflammatory cells accumulate at the site of allergic inflammation and the toxic products they release contribute to tissue destruction related to these disorders.
While asthma is generally defined as an inflammatory disorder of the airways, clinical symptoms arise from intermittent air flow obstruction. It is a chronic, disabling disorder that appears to be increasing in prevalence and severity (Gergen et al., 1992). It is estimated that 30–40% of the population suffer with atopic allergy and 15% of children and 5% of adults in the population suffer from asthma (Gergen et al., 1992). Thus, an enormous burden is placed on health-care resources.
Interestingly, while most individuals experience similar environmental exposures, only certain individuals develop atopic allergy and asthma. This hypersensitivity to environmental allergens known as “atopy” is often indicated by elevated serum IgE levels or abnormally intense skin test response to allergens in atopic individuals as compared to nonatopics (Marsh et al., 1982). Strong evidence for a close relationship between atopic allergy and asthma is derived from the fact that most asthmatics have clinical and serologic evidence of atopy (Clifford et al., 1987; Gergen, 1991; Burrows et al., 1992; Johannson et al., 1972; Sears et al., 1991; Halonen et al., 1992). In particular, younger asthmatics have a high incidence of atopy (Marsh et al., 1982). In addition, immunologic factors associated with an increase in total serum IgE levels are very closely related to impaired pulmonary function (Burrows et al., 1989).
Both the diagnosis and treatment of these disorders are problematic (Gergen et al., 1992). The assessment of inflamed lung tissue is often difficult and frequently the source of the inflammation cannot be determined. It is now generally accepted that failure to control pulmonary inflammation leads to significant loss of lung function over time.
Current treatments suffer their own set of disadvantages. The main therapeutic agents, β agonists, reduce the symptoms thereby transiently improving pulmonary function, but do not affect the underlying inflammation so that lung tissue remains in jeopardy. In addition, constant use of β agonists results in desensitization which reduces their efficacy and safety (Molinoff et al., 1995). The agents that can diminish the underlying inflammation, such as anti-inflammatory steroids, have their own list of disadvantages that range from immunosuppression to bone loss (Molinoffet al., 1995).
Because of the problems associated with conventional therapies, alternative treatment strategies have been evaluated. Glycophorin A (Chu et al., 1992), cyclosporin (Alexander et al., 1992; Morely, 1992) and a nonapeptide fragment of interleukin 2 (IL-2) (Zavyalov et al., 1992) all inhibit potentially critical immune functions associated with homeostasis. What is needed in the art is a treatment for asthma that addresses the underlying pathogenesis. Moreover, these therapies must address the edisodic nature of the disorder and the close association with allergy and intervene at a point downstream from critical immune functions.
In the related patent applications mentioned above, applicants have demonstrated that interleukin 9 (IL-9), its receptor and activities effected by IL-9 are the appropriate targets for therapeutic intervention in atopic allergy, asthma and related disorders.
Mediator release from mast cells by allergen has long been considered a critical initiating event in allergy. IL-9 was originally identified as a mast cell growth factor and it has been demonstrated that IL-9 up-regulates the expression of mast cell proteases including MCP-1, MCP-2, MCP-4 (Eklund et al., 1993) and granzyme B (Louahed et al., 1995). Thus, IL-9 appears to serve a role in the proliferation and differentiation of mast cells. Moreover, IL-9 up-regulates the expression of the alpha chain of the high affinity IgE receptor (Dugas et al., 1993). Elevated IgE levels are considered to be a hallmark of atopic allergy and a risk factor for asthma. Furthermore, both in vitro and in vivo studies have shown IL-9 to potentiate the release of IgE from primed B cells (Petit-Frere et al., 1993).
There is substantial support for the role of IL-9 gene in asthma. First, linkage homology between humans and mice suggests that the same gene is responsible for producing biologic variability in response to antigen in both species. Second, differences in expression of the murine IL-9 candidate gene are associated with biologic variability in bronchial responsiveness. In particular, reduced expression of IL-9 is associated with a lower baseline bronchial response in B6 mice. Third, recent evidence for linkage disequilibrium in data from humans suggests IL-9 may be associated with atopy and bronchial hyperresponsiveness consistent with a role for this gene in both species (Doull et al., 1992). Moreover, a genetic alteration in the human gene appears to be associated with loss of cytokine function and lower IgE levels. Fourth, the pleiotropic functions of this cytokine and its receptor in the allergic immune response strongly support a role for the IL-9 pathway in the complex pathogenesis of asthma. Fifth, in humans, biologic variability in the IL-9 receptor also appears to be associated with atopic allergy and asthma. Finally, despite the inherited loss of IL-9 receptor function, these individuals appear to be otherwise healthy. Thus, nature has demonstrated in atopic individuals that the therapeutic down-regulation of IL-9 and IL-9 receptor genes or genes activated by IL-9 and its receptor is likely to be safe.
While the role of the IL-9 gene, its receptor and their functions in atopic allergy, asthma and related disorders has been elucidated, a specific need in the art exists for elucidation of the role of genes which are regulated by IL-9 in the etiology of these disorders. Furthermore, most significantly, based on this knowledge, there is a need for the identification of agents that are capable of regulating the activity of these genes or their gene products for treating these disorders.
Cystic fibrosis is yet another disease which effects the lung and is associated with thick secretions resulting in airway obstruction and subsequent colonization and infection by inhaled pathogenic microorganisms (Eng et al., 1996). Cystic fibrosis airway epithelia exhibit a spectrum of ion transport properties that differ from normal, including not only defective cAMP-mediated chloride secretion, but also increased sodium absorption and increased calcium-mediated chloride secretion (Johnson et al., 1995). The increase in calcium-mediated chloride secretion is presumably an attempt to compensate for the overall decrease in chloride secretion due to the defect in cAMP-mediated chloride secretion. It does not adequately compensate for this defect, however, because normal chloride gradients are not maintained. Thus, potential therapeutic remedies for cystic fibrosis rely on mechanisms which increase chloride secretion in airway epithelial cells to compensate for defective cAMP-mediated chloride secretion. Such mechanisms are capable of restoring the cellular chloride gradient thereby alleviating sodium hyperabsorption associated with decreased chloride secretion. A specific need in the art therefore exists for identification of agents capable of enhancing calcium-dependent chloride secretion in cystic fibrosis airway epithelial cells.
The present invention includes new genes from the calcium activated chloride channel gene family designated ICACC (IL-9 Induced Calcium Activated Chloride Channel), particularly the mouse (SEQ ID NO:1) and human (SEQ ID NO:3 and SEQ ID NO:5) ICACC genes. The ICACC-1 genes are selectively up-regulated by IL-9 and therefore part of the IL-9 signaling pathway. The present invention also includes the protein products of the ICACC genes, particularly, the mouse (SEQ ID NO:2) and human (SEQ ID NO:4 and NO:6) ICACC genes.
The inventors have satisfied the need for diagnosis and treatment of atopic allergy, asthma and related disorders by demonstrating the role of ICACC-1 in the pathogenesis of these disorders. Therapies for these disorders are derived from the down-regulation of ICACC-1 as a member of the IL-9 pathway.
The identification of ICACC-1 has led to the discovery of compounds that are capable of down-regulating its activity. Activity is defined here as any alteration in either chloride channel function or expression of ICACC-1. Molecules that down-regulate ICACC-1 are therefore part of the invention. Down-regulation is defined here as a decrease in activation, function or synthesis of ICACC-1, its ligands or activators. It is further defined to include an increase in the degradation of ICACC-1 gene, its protein product, ligands or activators. Down-regulation is therefore achieved in a number of ways. For example, administration of molecules that can destabilize the binding of ICACC-1 with its ligands. Such molecules encompass polypeptide products, including those encoded by the DNA sequences of the ICACC-1 gene or DNA sequences containing various mutations. These mutations may be point mutations, insertions, deletions or spliced variants of the ICACC-1 gene. This invention also includes truncated polypeptides encoded by the DNA molecules described above. These polypeptides being capable of interfering with interaction of ICACC-1 with its ligand and other proteins.
A further embodiment of this invention includes the down-regulation of ICACC-1 function by altering expression of the ICACC-1 gene, the use of antisense gene therapy being an example. Down-regulation of ICACC-1 expression is accomplished by administering an effective amount of antisense oligonucleotides. These antisense molecules can be fashioned from the DNA sequence of the ICACC-1 gene or sequences containing various mutations, deletions, insertions or spliced variants. Another embodiment of this invention relates to the use of isolated RNA or DNA sequences derived from the ICACC-1 gene. These sequences containing various mutations such as point mutations, insertions, deletions or spliced variant mutations of ICACC-1 gene and can be useful in gene therapy.
Molecules that increase the degradation of the ICACC-1 protein may also be used to down-regulate its functions and are within the scope of the invention. Phosphorylation of ICACC-1 may alter protein stability, therefore kinase inhibitors may be used to down-regulate its function. Down-regulation of ICACC-1 may also be accomplished by the use of polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies or fragments thereof directed against the ICACC-1 protein. Such molecules are within the claimed invention. This invention further includes small molecules with the three-dimensional structure necessary to bind with sufficient affinity to block ICACC-1 interactions with its ligands or block function of the chloride channel. ICACC-1 blockade resulting in deregulation of calcium and chloride flux and other processes of proinflammatory cells where it is expressed make these small molecules useful as therapeutic agents in treating inflammation associated with atopic allergy, asthma and related disorders. In a further embodiment, aminosterol compounds are assessed for their ability to block ICACC-1 induction by IL-9 or antigen as a means of determining their usefulness in treating atopic allergies and related disorders.
The agents discussed above represent various effective therapeutic compounds in treating atopic allergies, asthma and other related disorders. Applicants have thus provided antagonists and methods of identifying antagonists that are capable of down-regulating ICACC-1. Applicants also provide methods for down-regulating the activity of ICACC-1 by administering truncated protein products, chloride channel blockers, aminosterols and the like.
Applicants also provide a method for the diagnosis of susceptibility to atopic allergy, asthma and related disorders by describing a method for assaying the induction of ICACC-1, its functions or downstream activities. In a further embodiment, Applicants provide methods to monitor the effects of ICACC-1 down-regulation as a means to follow the treatment of atopic allergy and asthma. Applicants also provide a method for diagnosing autoimmune type diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) where suppression of TH2-associated responses (such as the biologic responses associated with IL-9) are a common molecular feature. The constitutive expression of ICACC-1 in the small intestine and colon suggest that this is a useful marker for monitoring treatment of TH1 associated disease states such as IBD, where down regulated expression of ICACC-1 will be associated with the disease.
In a further embodiment, Applicants identify a disease state, which can be treated through the up-regulation of ICACC-1. Applicants provide a method for treating the defect in cAMP-mediated chloride secretion in cystic fibrosis airway epithelia by further increasing calcium-dependent chloride secretion through up-regulation of ICACC-1. This up-regulation of ICACC-1 resulting in increased chloride secretion and thus restoration of the cellular chloride gradient resulting in normal airway epithelial cell function. Applicants provide a method for treating inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with local delivery of ICACC-1 via gene therapy or up regulation of ICACC-1 to enhance TH2-associated responses for suppressing the TH1-associated IBD autoimmune disease.
The accompanying figures, which are incorporated in and constitute apart of this specification, illustrate several embodiments of the invention and together with the description, serve to explain the principle of the invention.
FIGS. 4A1 to 4A3 show the nucleotide (SEQ ID NO: 3) and amino acid (SEQ ID NO: 4) sequence of the human ICACC-2 cDNA.
FIGS. 4B1 to 4B3 show the nucleotide (SEQ ID NO:5) and amino acid (SEQ ID NO:6) sequence of the human ICACC-1 cDNA.
The inventors have resolved a crucial need in the art by elucidating critical genes in the IL-9 pathway and compositions affecting that pathway which may be used in the diagnosis, prevention or treatment of atopic allergy including asthma and related disorders. Asthma encompasses inflammatory disorders of the airways with reversible airflow obstruction. Atopic allergy refers to atopy and related disorders including asthma, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, rhinitis, urticaria, allergic inflammatory disorders of the bowel and various forms of eczema. Atopy is a hypersensitivity to environmental allergens expressed as the elevation of serum total IgE or abnormal skin test responses to allergens as compared to controls. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness is a heightened broncho constrictor response to a variety of stimuli.
A. ICACC Proteins
The present invention provides isolated ICACC protein, allelic variants of the protein, and conservative amino acid substitutions of the protein. As used herein, the ICACC protein or polypeptide includes a protein that has the murine amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or the human amino acid sequence depicted in SEQ ED No.4 or SEQ ID No.6. The invention includes naturally occurring allelic variants and proteins that have a slightly different amino acid sequence than that specifically recited above. Allelic variants, though possessing a slightly different amino acid sequence than those recited above, will still have the same or similar biological functions associated with the ICACC protein.
As used herein, the family of proteins related to the ICACC protein refer to proteins that have been isolated from organisms in addition to humans or mice. The methods used to identify and isolate other members of the family of proteins related to the human and/or murine ICACC proteins are described below.
The proteins of the present invention are preferably in isolated form. As used herein, a protein is said to be isolated when physical, mechanical or chemical methods are employed to remove the protein from cellular constituents that are normally associated with the protein. A partially isolated protein, as used herein, includes ICACC proteins isolated in membrane fragments, including cellular membrane fragments containing a recombinantly expressed ICACC protein. A skilled artisan can readily employ standard purification methods to obtain an isolated protein.
The proteins of the present invention further include conservative variants of the proteins herein described. As used herein, a conservative variant refers to alterations in the amino acid sequence that do not adversely affect the biological functions of the protein. A substitution, insertion or deletion is said to adversely affect the protein when the altered sequence prevents or disrupts a biological function associated with the protein. For example, the overall charge, structure or hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties of the protein may be altered without adversely affecting a biological activity. Accordingly, the amino acid sequence can be altered, for example to render the peptide more hydrophobic or hydrophilic, without adversely affecting the biological activities of the protein.
Ordinarily, the allelic variants, the conservative substitution variants, and the members of the protein family, will have an amino acid sequence having at least about 55%, at least about 75% amino acid sequence identity with the murine sequence set forth in SEQ ID No.2 or the human sequences of SEQ ID NO: 4 or SEQ ID No.6, more preferably at least 80%, even more preferably at least 90%, and most preferably at least 95%. Identity or homology with respect to such sequences is defined herein as the percentage of amino acid residues in the candidate sequence that are identical with the known peptides, after aligning the sequences and introducing gaps, if necessary, to achieve the maximum percent homology, and not considering any conservative substitutions as part of the sequence identity. N-terminal, C-terminal or internal extensions, deletions, or insertions into the peptide sequence shall not be construed as affecting homology.
Thus, the proteins of the present invention include molecules having the amino acid sequence disclosed in SEQ ID Nos. 2, 4 or 6; fragments thereof having a consecutive sequence of at least about 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 or more amino acid residues of the ICACC protein; amino acid sequence variants of such sequence wherein an amino acid residue has been inserted N- or C-terminal to, or within, the disclosed sequence; and amino acid sequence variants of the disclosed sequence, or their fragments as defined above, that have been substituted by another residue. Contemplated variants further include those containing predetermined mutations by, e.g., homologous recombination, site-directed or PCR mutagenesis, and the corresponding proteins of other animal species, including but not limited to rabbit, rat, porcine, bovine, ovine, equine and non-human primate species, and the alleles or other naturally occurring variants of the family of proteins; and derivatives wherein the protein has been covalently modified by substitution, chemical, enzymatic, or other appropriate means with a moiety other than a naturally occurring amino acid (for example a detectable moiety such as an enzyme or radioisotope).
As described below, members of the family of proteins can be used: 1) to identify agents which modulate at least one activity of the protein; 2) in methods of identifying binding partners for the protein; and 3) as an antigen to raise polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies.
B. Nucleic Acid Molecules
The murine ICACC-1 gene was identified by subtractive cDNA cloning experiments that were performed in order to identify genes specifically induced by IL-9. A schematic diagram of the subtractice cDNA cloning method is provided in
The murine ICACC-1 gene displayed significant homology (˜50%) with a member of the bovine calcium activated chloride channel family (
Expression of murine ICACC-1 was undetectable using standard commercial tissue blots but elevated expression of ICACC-1 was observed in lung, lymph node, colon, spleen, stomach, uterus and ovary derived from IL-9 transgenic mice (
To further understand which cell type is capable of expressing ICACC-1, Applicants tested human lung epithelial cells for their responsiveness to IL-9 as determined by ICACC-1 induced gene expression. As shown in
The nucleic acid molecules of the present invention include nucleic acid molecules that encode the proteins having SEQ ID No.2, SEQ ID No.4, SEQ ID NO: 6 and the related proteins herein described, preferably in isolated form. As used herein, “nucleic acid” is defined as RNA or DNA that encodes a protein or peptide as defined above, or is complementary to nucleic acid sequence encoding such peptides, or hybridizes to such nucleic acid and remains stably bound to it under appropriate stringency conditions, or encodes a polypeptide sharing at least 55% sequence identity, 75% sequence identity, preferably at least 80%, and more preferably at least 85%, with the peptide sequences. Specifically contemplated are genomic DNA, cDNA, mRNA and antisense molecules, as well as nucleic acids based on alternative backbones or including alternative bases whether derived from natural sources or synthesized. Such hybridizing or complementary nucleic acids, however, are defined further as being novel and unobvious over any prior art nucleic acid including that which encodes, hybridizes under appropriate stringency conditions, or is complementary to nucleic acid encoding a protein according to the present invention.
Homology or identity is determined by BLAST (Basic Local Aligment Search Tool) analysis using the algorithm employed by the programs blastp, blastn, blastx, tblastn and tblastx (Karlin, et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87: 2264–2268 (1990) and Altschul, S. F. J. Mol. Evol. 36: 290–300 (1993), fully incorporated by reference) which are tailored for sequence similarity searching. The approach used by the BLAST program is to first consider similar segments between a query sequence and a database sequence, then to evaluate the statistical significance of all matches that are identified and finally to summarize only those matches which satisfy a preselected threshold of significance. For a discussion of basic issues in similarity searching of sequence databases, see Altschul et al. (Nature Genetics 6: 119–129 (1994)) which is fully incorporated by reference. The search parameters for histogram, descriptions, alignments, expect (i.e., the statistical significance threshold for reporting matches against database sequences), cutoff, matrix and filter are at the default settings. The default scoring matrix used by blastp, blastx, tblastn, and tblastx is the BLOSUM62 matrix (Henikoff, et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 10915–10919 (1992), fully incorporated by reference). For blastn, the scoring matrix is set by the ratios of M (i.e., the reward score for a pair of matching residues) to N (i.e., the penalty score for mismatching residues), wherein the default values for M and N are 5 and −4, respectively.
“Stringent conditions” are those that (1) employ low ionic strength and high temperature for washing, for example, 0.015M NaCl/0.0015M sodium titrate/0.1% SDS at 50° C., or (2) employ during hybridization a denaturing agent such as formamide, for example, 50% (vol/vol) formamide with 0.1% bovine serum albumin/0.1% Ficoll/0.1% polyvinylpyrrolidone/50 mM sodium phosphate buffer at pH 6.5 with 750 mM NaCl, 75 mM sodium citrate at 42° C. Another example is use of 50% formamide, 5×SSC (0.75M NaCl, 0.075 M sodium citrate), 50 mM sodium phosphate (pH 6.8), 0.1% sodium pyrophosphate, 5× Denhardt's solution, sonicated salmon sperm DNA (50 μg/ml), 0.1% SDS, and 10% dextran sulfate at 42° C., with washes at 42° C. in 0.2×SSC and 0.1% SDS. A skilled artisan can readily determine and vary the stringency conditions appropriately to obtain a clear and detectable hybridization signal.
The present invention further provides fragments of the encoding nucleic acid molecule. As used herein, a fragment of an encoding nucleic acid molecule refers to a small portion of the entire protein encoding sequence. The size of the fragment will be determined by the intended use. For example, if the fragment is chosen so as to encode an active portion of the protein, the fragment will need to be large enough to encode the function region(s) of the protein or may encode regions of homology between the ICACC proteins in
Fragments of the encoding nucleic acid molecules of the present invention (i.e., synthetic oligonucleotides) that are used as probes or specific primers for the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or to synthesize gene sequences encoding proteins of the invention can easily be synthesized by chemical techniques, for example, the phosphotriester method of Matteucci, et al., (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 103:3185–3191, 1981) or using automated synthesis methods. In addition, larger DNA segments can readily be prepared by well known methods, such as synthesis of a group of oligonucleotides that define various modular segments of the gene, followed by ligation of oligonucleotides to build the complete modified gene.
The encoding nucleic acid molecules of the present invention may further be modified so as to contain a detectable label for diagnostic and probe purposes. A variety of such labels are known in the art and can readily be employed with the encoding molecules herein described. Suitable labels include, but are not limited to, biotin, radiolabeled nucleotides and the like. A skilled artisan can employ any of the art known labels to obtain a labeled encoding nucleic acid molecule.
Modifications to the primary structure itself by deletion, addition, or alteration of the amino acids incorporated into the protein sequence during translation can be made without destroying the activity of the protein. Such substitutions or other alterations result in proteins having an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleic acid falling within the contemplated scope of the present invention.
C. Isolation of Other Related Nucleic Acid Molecules
As described above, the identification of the murine nucleic acid molecule having SEQ ID NO:1 and the human nucleic acid molecules having SEQ ID No.3 or SEQ ID No 5 allows a skilled artisan to isolate nucleic acid molecules that encode other members of the ICACC protein family in addition to the murine or human sequences herein described.
Essentially, a skilled artisan can readily use the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4 or 6 to generate antibody probes to screen expression libraries prepared from appropriate cells. Typically, polyclonal antiserum from mammals such as rabbits immunized with the purified protein (as described below) or monoclonal antibodies can be used to probe a mammalian cDNA or genomic expression library, such as lambda gtll library, to obtain the appropriate coding sequence for other members of the protein family. The cloned cDNA sequence can be expressed as a fusion protein, expressed directly using its own control sequences, or expressed by constructions using control sequences appropriate to the particular host used for expression of the enzyme.
Alternatively, a portion of the coding sequence herein described can be synthesized and used as a probe to retrieve DNA encoding a member of the protein family from any mammalian organism. Oligomers containing approximately 18–20 nucleotides (encoding about a 6–7 amino acid stretch) are prepared and used to screen genomic DNA or cDNA libraries to obtain hybridization under stringent conditions or conditions of sufficient stringency to eliminate an undue level of false positives.
Additionally, pairs of oligonucleotide primers can be prepared for use in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to selectively clone an encoding nucleic acid molecule. A PCR denature/anneal/extend cycle for using such PCR primers is well known in the art and can readily be adapted for use in isolating other encoding nucleic acid molecules.
D. rDNA Molecules Containing a Nucleic Acid Molecule
The present invention further provides recombinant DNA molecules (rDNAs) that contain a ICACC coding sequence. As used herein, a rDNA molecule is a DNA molecule that has been subjected to molecular manipulation in situ. Methods for generating rDNA molecules are well known in the art, for example, see Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning (1989). In the preferred rDNA molecules, a coding DNA sequence is operably linked to expression control sequences and/or vector sequences.
The choice of vector and/or expression control sequences to which one of the protein family encoding sequences of the present invention is operably linked depends directly, as is well known in the art, on the functional properties desired, e.g., protein expression, and the host cell to be transformed. A vector contemplated by the present invention is at least capable of directing the replication or insertion into the host chromosome, and preferably also expression, of the structural gene included in the rDNA molecule.
Expression control elements that are used for regulating the expression of an operably linked protein encoding sequence are known in the art and include, but are not limited to, inducible promoters, constitutive promoters, secretion signals, and other regulatory elements. Preferably, the inducible promoter is readily controlled, such as being responsive to a nutrient in the host cell's medium.
In one embodiment, the vector containing a coding nucleic acid molecule will include a prokaryotic replicon, i.e., a DNA sequence having the ability to direct autonomous replication and maintenance of the recombinant DNA molecule extrachromosomally in a prokaryotic host cell, such as a bacterial host cell, transformed therewith. Such replicons are well known in the art. In addition, vectors that include a prokaryotic replicon may also include a gene whose expression confers a detectable marker such as a drug resistance. Typical bacterial drug resistance genes are those that confer resistance to ampicillin or tetracycline.
Vectors that include a prokaryotic replicon can further include a prokaryotic or bacteriophage promoter capable of directing the expression (transcription and translation) of the coding gene sequences in a bacterial host cell, such as E. coli. A promoter is an expression control element formed by a DNA sequence that permits binding of RNA polymerase and transcription to occur. Promoter sequences compatible with bacterial hosts are typically provided in plasmid vectors containing convenient restriction sites for insertion of a DNA segment of the present invention. Typical of such vector plasmids are pUC8, pUC9, pBR322 and pBR329 available from Biorad Laboratories, (Richmond, Calif.), pPL and pKK223 available from Pharmacia, Piscataway, N.J.
Expression vectors compatible with eukaryotic cells, preferably those compatible with vertebrate cells, can also be used to form a rDNA molecules that contains a coding sequence. Eukaryotic cell expression vectors are well known in the art and are available from several commercial sources. Typically, such vectors are provided containing convenient restriction sites for insertion of the desired DNA segment Typical of such vectors are pSVL and pKSV-10 (Pharmacia), pBPV-1/pML2d (International Biotechnologies, Inc.), pTDT1 (ATCC, #31255), the vector pCDM8 described herein, and the like eukaryotic expression vectors.
Eukaryotic cell expression vectors used to construct the rDNA molecules of the present invention may further include a selectable marker that is effective in an eukaryotic cell, preferably a drug resistance selection marker. A preferred drug resistance marker is the gene whose expression results in neomycin resistance, i.e., the neomycin phosphotransferase (neo) gene. (Southern et al., J. Mol. Anal. Genet. 1:327–341, 1982.) Alternatively, the selectable marker can be present on a separate plasmid, and the two vectors are introduced by co-transfection of the host cell, and selected by culturing in the appropriate drug for the selectable marker.
E. Host Cells Containing an Exogenously Supplied Coding Nucleic Acid Molecule
The present invention further provides host cells transformed with a nucleic acid molecule that encodes an ICACC protein, preferably an ICACC-1 protein, of the present invention. The host cell can be either prokaryotic or eukaryotic. Eukaryotic cells useful for expression of a protein of the invention are not limited, so long as the cell line is compatible with cell culture methods and compatible with the propagation of the expression vector and expression of the gene product. Preferred eukaryotic host cells include, but are not limited to, yeast, insect and mammalian cells, preferably vertebrate cells such as those from a mouse, rat, monkey or human cell line. Preferred eukaryotic host cells include Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells available from the ATCC as CCL61, NIH Swiss mouse embryo cells NH/3T3 available from the ATCC as CRL 1658, baby hamster kidney cells (13HK), and the like eukaryotic tissue culture cell lines.
Any prokaryotic host can be used to express a rDNA molecule encoding a protein of the invention. The preferred prokaryotic host is E. coli.
Transformation of appropriate cell hosts with a rDNA molecule of the present invention is accomplished by well known methods that typically depend on the type of vector used and host system employed. With regard to transformation of prokaryotic host cells, electroporation and salt treatment methods are typically employed, see, for example, Cohen et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 69:2110, 1972; and Maniatis et al., Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Mammal, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1982). With regard to transformation of vertebrate cells with vectors containing rDNAs, electroporation, cationic lipid or salt treatment methods are typically employed, see, for example, Graham et al., Virol. 52:456, 1973; Wigler et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76:1373–76, 1979.
Successfully transformed cells, i.e., cells that contain a rDNA molecule of the present invention, can be identified by well known techniques including the selection for a selectable marker. For example, cells resulting from the introduction of an rDNA of the present invention can be cloned to produce single colonies. Cells from those colonies can be harvested, lysed and their DNA content examined for the presence of the rDNA using a method such as that described by Southern, J. Mol. Biol. 98:503, 1975, or Berent et al., Biotech. 3:208, 1985 or the proteins produced from the cell assayed via an immunological method.
F. Production of Recombinant Proteins Using a rDNA Molecule
The present invention further provides methods for producing an ICACC protein of the invention using nucleic acid molecules herein described. In general terms, the production of a recombinant form of a protein typically involves the following steps:
First, a nucleic acid molecule is obtained that encodes a protein of the invention, such as the nucleic acid molecule depicted in SEQ ID NOS.1, 3 or 5 or the open reading frames of these molecules. If the encoding sequence is uninterrupted by introns, it is directly suitable for expression in any host.
The nucleic acid molecule is then preferably placed in operable linkage with suitable control sequences, as described above, to form an expression unit containing the protein open reading frame. The expression unit is used to transform a suitable host and the transformed host is cultured under conditions that allow the production of the recombinant protein. Optionally the recombinant protein is isolated from the medium or from the cells; recovery and purification of the protein may not be necessary in some instances where some impurities may be tolerated.
Each of the foregoing steps can be done in a variety of ways. For example, the desired coding sequences may be obtained from genomic fragments and used directly in appropriate hosts. The construction of expression vectors that are operable in a variety of hosts is accomplished using appropriate replicons and control sequences, as set forth above. The control sequences, expression vectors, and transformation methods are dependent on the type of host cell used to express the gene and were discussed in detail earlier. Suitable restriction sites can, if not normally available, be added to the ends of the coding sequence so as to provide an excisable gene to insert into these vectors. A skilled artisan can readily adapt any host/expression system known in the art for use with the nucleic acid molecules of the invention to produce recombinant protein.
G. Methods to Identify Binding Partners
Another embodiment of the present invention provides methods for use in isolating and identifying binding partners of proteins of the invention In detail, a protein of the invention is mixed with a potential binding partner or an extract or fraction of a cell under conditions that allow the association of potential binding partners with the protein of the invention. After mixing, peptides, polypeptides, proteins or other molecules that have become associated with a protein of the invention are separated from the mixture. The binding partner that bound to the protein of the invention can then be removed and further analyzed. To identify and isolate a binding partner, the entire protein, for instance a ICACC protein of SEQ D No.2, SEQ ID No. 4 or SEQ ID NO: 6 can be used. Alternatively, a fragment of the protein or a membrane fragment containing the protein may be used.
As used herein, a cellular extract refers to a preparation or fraction which is made from a lysed or disrupted cell. The preferred source of cellular extracts are cells derived from human tissues or cells.
A variety of methods can be used to obtain an extract of a cell. Cells can be disrupted using either physical or chemical disruption methods. Examples of physical disruption methods include, but are not limited to, sonication and mechanical shearing. Examples of chemical lysis methods include, but are not limited to, detergent lysis and enzyme lysis. A skilled artisan can readily adapt methods for preparing cellular extracts in order to obtain extracts for use in the present methods.
Once an extract of a cell is prepared, the extract is mixed with the protein of the invention under conditions in which association of the protein with the binding partner can occur. A variety of conditions can be used, the most preferred being conditions that closely resemble conditions found in the cytoplasm of a human cell. Features such as osmolarity, pH, temperature, and the concentration of cellular extract used, can be varied to optimize the association of the protein with the binding partner.
After mixing under appropriate conditions, the bound complex is separated from the mixture. A variety of techniques can be utilized to separate the mixture. For example, antibodies specific to a protein of the invention can be used to immunoprecipitate the binding partner complex. Alternatively, standard chemical separation techniques such as chromatography and density/sediment centrifugation can be used.
After removal of non-associated cellular constituents found in the extract, the binding partner can be dissociated from the complex using conventional methods. For example, dissociation can be accomplished by altering the salt concentration or pH of the mixture. To aid in separating associated binding partner pairs from the mixed extract, the protein of the invention can be immobilized on a solid support. For example, the protein can be attached to a nitrocellulose matrix or acrylic beads. Attachment of the protein to a solid support aids in separating peptide/binding partner pairs from other constituents found in the extract. The identified binding partners can be either a single protein or a complex made up of two or more proteins. Alternatively, binding partners may be identified using a Far-Western assay according to the procedures of Takayama et al. (1997) Methods Mol. Biol. 69:171–84 or Sauder et al. J Gen. Virol. 77(5):991–6 or identified through the use of epitope tagged proteins or GST fusion proteins.
Alternatively, the nucleic acid molecules of the invention can be used in a yeast two-hybrid system, preferably systems for screening binding partners of membrane proteins. The yeast two-hybrid system has been used to identify other protein partner pairs and can readily be adapted to employ the nucleic acid molecules herein described.
H. Methods to Identify Agents that Modulate the Expression a Nucleic Acid Encoding and ICACC Protein.
Another embodiment of the present invention provides methods for identifying agents that modulate the expression of a nucleic acid encoding a protein of the invention such as a protein having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 or SEQ ID NO:6. Such assays may utilize any available means of monitoring for changes in the expression level of the nucleic acids of the invention. As used herein, an agent is said to modulate the expression of a nucleic acid of the invention, for instance a nucleic acid encoding the protein having the sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 or SEQ ID NO:6 if it is capable of up- or down-regulating expression of the nucleic acid in a cell.
Agents of the invention may relate to antisense or gene therapy. It is now known in the art that altered DNA molecules can be tailored to provide a selected effect, when provided as antisense or gene therapy. The native DNA segment coding for ICACC-1 has two strands; a sense strand and an antisense strand held together by hydrogen bonds. The mRNA coding for the receptor has a nucleotide sequence identical to the sense strand, with the expected substitution of thymidine by uridine. Thus, based upon the knowledge of the receptor sequence, synthetic oligonucleotides can be synthesized. These oligonucleotides can bind to the DNA and RNA coding for ICACC-1. The active fragments of the invention, which are complementary to mRNA and the coding strand of DNA, are usually at least about 15 nucleotides, more usually at least 20 nucleotides, preferably 30 nucleotides and more preferably may be 50 nucleotides or more. The binding strength between the sense and antisense strands is dependent upon the total hydrogen bonds. Therefore, based upon the total number of bases in the mRNA, the optimal length of the oligonucleotide sequence may be easily calculated by the skilled artisan.
The sequence may be complementary to any portion of the sequence of the mRNA. For example, it may be proximal to the 5′-terminus or capping site or downstream from the capping site, between the capping site and the initiation codon and may cover all or only a portion of the non-coding region or the coding region. The particular site(s) to which the antisense sequence binds will vary depending upon the degree of inhibition desired, the uniqueness of the sequence, the stability of the antisense sequence, etc.
In the practice of the invention, expression of ICACC-1 is down-regulated by administering an effective amount of antisense oligonucleotide sequences described above. The oligonucleotide compounds of the invention bind to the mRNA coding for human ICACC-1 thereby inhibiting expression (translation) of these proteins. The isolated DNA sequences, containing various mutations such as point mutations, insertions, deletions or spliced mutations of ICACC-1 are useful in gene therapy as well.
In one assay format for agents, cell lines that contain reporter gene fusions between the open reading frame and any assayable fusion partner may be prepared. Numerous assayable fusion partners are known and readily available including the firefly luciferase gene and the gene encoding chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (Alam et al. (1990) Anal. Biochem. 188:245–254). Cell lines containing the reporter gene fusions are then exposed to the agent to be tested under appropriate conditions and time. Differential expression of the reporter gene between samples exposed to the agent and control samples identifies agents which modulate the expression of a nucleic acid encoding an ICACC-1 protein.
Additional assay formats may be used to monitor the ability of the agent to modulate the expression of a nucleic acid encoding a protein of the invention, such as the protein having SEQ ID NO:2 or SEQ ID NO:6. For instance, mRNA expression may be monitored directly by hybridization to the nucleic acids of the invention. Cell lines are exposed to the agent to be tested under appropriate conditions and time and total RNA or mRNA is isolated by standard procedures such those disclosed in Sambrook et al. (Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Ed. Clod Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989). Probes to detect differences in RNA expression levels between cells exposed to the agent and control cells may be prepared from the nucleic acids of the invention. It is preferable, but not necessary, to design probes which hybridize only with target nucleic acids under conditions of high stringency. Only highly complementary nucleic acid hybrids form under conditions of high stringency. Accordingly, the stringency of the assay conditions determines the amount of complementarity which should exist between two nucleic acid strands in order to form a hybrid. Stringency should be chosen to maximize the difference in stability between the probe:target hybrid and potential probe:non-target hybrids.
Probes may be designed from the nucleic acids of the invention through methods known in the art. For instance, the G+C content of the probe and the probe length can affect probe binding to its target sequence. Methods to optimize probe specificity are commonly available in Sambrook et al. (Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Approach, Cold Spring Harbor Press, NY, 1989) or Ausubel et al. (Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Greene Publishing Co., NY, 1995).
Hybridization conditions are modified using known methods, such as those described by Sambrook et al. and Ausubel et al. as required for each probe. Hybridization of total cellular RNA or RNA enriched for polyA RNA can be accomplished in any available format. For instance, total cellular RNA or RNA enriched for polyA RNA can be affixed to a solid support and the solid support exposed to at least one probe comprising at least one, or part of one of the sequences of the invention under conditions in which the probe will specifically hybridize. Alternatively, nucleic acid fragments comprising at least one, or part of one of the sequences of the invention can be affixed to a solid support, such as a porous glass wafer. The glass wafer can then be exposed to total cellular RNA or polyA RNA from a sample under conditions in which the affixed sequences will specifically hybridize. Such glass wafers and hybridization methods are widely available, for example, those disclosed by Beattie (WO 95/11755). By examining for the ability of a given probe to specifically hybridize to an RNA sample from an untreated cell population and from a cell population exposed to the agent, agents which up or down regulate the expression of a nucleic acid encoding an ICACC protein, preferably an ICACC-1 protein, are identified.
Hybridization for qualitative and quantitative analysis of mRNAs may also be carried out by using a RNase Protection Assay (i.e., RPA, see Ma et al. (1996) Methods 10: 273–238). Briefly, an expression vehicle comprising cDNA encoding the gene product and a phage specific DNA dependent RNA polymerase promoter (e.g., T7, T3 or SP6 RNA polymerase) is linearized at the 3′ end of the cDNA molecule, downstream from the phage promoter, wherein such a linearized molecule is subsequently used as a template for synthesis of a labeled antisense transcript of the cDNA by in vitro transcription. The labeled transcript is then hybridized to a mixture of isolated RNA (i.e., total or fractionated mRNA) by incubation at 45° C. overnight in a buffer comprising 80% formamide, 40 mM Pipes, pH 6.4, 0.4 M NaCl and 1 mM EDTA. The resulting hybrids are then digested in a buffer comprising 40 μg/ml ribonuclease A and 2 μg/ml ribonuclease. After deactivation and extraction of extraneous proteins, the samples are loaded onto urea/polyacrylamide gels for analysis.
In another assay format for agents which effect the expression of the instant gene products, cells or cell lines would first be identified which express said gene products physiologically (e.g., see the Figures for tissue distribution). Cell and/or cell lines so identified would be expected to comprise the necessary cellular machinery such that the fidelity of modulation of the transcriptional apparatus is maintained with regard to exogenous contact of agent with appropriate surface transduction mechanisms and/or the cytosolic cascades. Further, such cells or cell lines would be transduced or transfected with an expression vehicle (e.g., a plasmid or viral vector) construct comprising an operable non-translated 5′-promoter containing end of the structural gene encoding the insant gene products fused to one or more antigenic fragments, which are peculiar to the instant gene products, wherein said fragments are under the transcriptional control of said promoter and are expressed as polypeptides whose molecular weight can be distinguished from the naturally occurring polypeptides or may further comprise an immunologically distinct tag. Such a process is well known in the art (see Maniatis). Cells may be exposed to IL-9.
Cells or cell lines transduced or transfected as outlined above would then be contacted with agents under appropriate conditions; for example, the agent comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and is contacted with cells comprised in an aqueous physiological buffer such as phosphate buffered saline (PBS) at physiological pH, Eagles balanced salt solution (BSS) at physiological pH, PBS or BSS comprising serum or conditioned media comprising PBS or BSS and/or serum incubated at 37° C. Said conditions may be modulated as deemed necessary by one of skill in the art. Subsequent to contacting the cells with the agent, said cells will be disrupted and the polypeptides of the disruptate are fractionated such that a polypeptide fraction is pooled and contacted with an antibody to be further processed by immunological assay (e.g., ELISA, immunoprecipitation or Western blot). The pool of proteins isolated from the “agent contacted” sample will be compared with a control sample where only the excipient is contacted with the cells and an increase or decrease in the immunologically generated signal from the “agent contacted” sample compared to the control will be used to distinguish the effectiveness of the agent.
I. Methods to Identify Agents that Modulate at Least One Activity of an ICACC Protein.
Another embodiment of the present invention provides methods for identifying agents that modulate at least one activity of a protein of the invention, such as a protein having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.2, SEQ ID NO:4 or SEQ ID No.6 and preferably, an ICACC-1 protein. Such methods or assays may utilize any means of monitoring or detecting the desired activity.
Specific assays may be based on monitoring the cellular functions of ICACC-1. Antagonists of the invention include those molecules that interact or bind to ICACC-1 and inactivate this receptor. To identify other allosteric, inverse or weak antagonists of the invention, one may test for binding to ICACC-1. The present invention includes antagonists of ICACC-1 that block activation of this receptor. Antagonists are compounds that are themselves devoid of pharmacological activity but cause effects by preventing the action of an agonist. To identify an antagonist of the invention, one may test for competitive binding with natural ligands of ICACC-1. Assays of antagonistic binding and activity can be derived from monitoring ICACC-1 functions for down-regulation as described herein and in the cited literature. The binding of the antagonist may involve all known types of interactions including ionic forces, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, van der Waals forces and covalent bonds. In many cases, bonds of multiple types are important in the interaction of an agonist or antagonist with a molecule like ICACC-1.
In a further embodiment, these compounds may be analogues of ICACC-1 or its ligands. ICACC-1 analogues may be produced by point mutations in the isolated DNA sequence for the gene, nucleotide substitutions and/or deletions which can be created by methods that are all well described in the art (Simoncsits et al., 1994). This invention also includes spliced variants of ICACC-1 and discloses isolated nucleic acid sequences of ICACC-1, which contain deletions of one or more of its exons. The term “spliced variants” as used herein denotes a purified and isolated DNA molecule encoding human ICACC-1 comprising at least one exon. There is no evidence of naturally expressed spliced mutants in the art. It must be understood that these exons may contain various point mutations.
Structure-activity relationships may be used to modify the antagonists of the invention. For example, the techniques of X-ray crystallography and NMR may be used to make modifications of the invention. For example, one can create a three-dimensional structure of human ICACC-1 that can be used as a template for building structural models of deletion mutants using molecular graphics. These models can then be used to identify and construct a ligand for ICACC-1 which alters normal chloride channel function. In still another embodiment, these compounds may also be used as dynamic probes for ICACC-1 structure and to develop ICACC-1 antagonists using cell lines or other suitable means of assaying ICACC-1 activity.
In addition, this invention also provides compounds that prevent the synthesis or reduce the biologic stability of ICACC-1. Biologic stability is a measure of the time between the synthesis of the molecule and its degradation. For example, the stability of a protein, peptide or peptide mimetic (Kauvar, 1996) therapeutic may be prolonged by using D-amino acids or shortened by altering its sequence to make it more susceptible to enzymatic degradation.
In another embodiment, antagonists of the invention are antibodies to ICACC-1. The antibodies to ICACC-1 may be either monoclonal or polyclonal, made using standard techniques well known in the art (See Harlow & Lane's Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1988). They can be used to block ICACC-1 activation by binding to extracellular regions of the protein required for ligand binding or activation. In one embodiment, the antibodies interact with ICACC-1, in another they interact with the ligands for ICACC-1. The ICACC-1 used to elicit these antibodies can be the ICACC-1 protein or any of the ICACC-1 variants or fragments discussed above. Antibodies are also produced from peptide sequences of ICACC-1 using standard techniques in the art (see Protocols in Immunology, John Wiley & Sons, 1994).
In one assay format, the relative amounts of ICACC-1 protein of the invention between a cell population that has been exposed to the agent to be tested compared to an un-exposed control cell population may be assayed. In this format, probes such as specific antibodies are used to monitor the differential expression of the protein in the different cell populations. Cell lines or populations are exposed to the agent to be tested under appropriate conditions and time. Cellular lysates may be prepared from the exposed cell line or population and a control, unexposed cell line or population. The cellular lysates are then analyzed with the probe.
Antibody probes are prepared by immunizing suitable mammalian hosts in appropriate immunization protocols using the peptides. polypeptides or proteins of the invention if they are of sufficient length, or, if desired, or if required to enhance immunogenicity, conjugated to suitable carriers. Methods for preparing immunogenic conjugates with carriers such as BSA, KLH, or other carrier proteins are well known in the art. In some circumstances, direct conjugation using, for example, carbodiimide reagents may be effective; in other instances linking reagents such as those supplied by Pierce Chemical Co., Rockford, Ill., may be desirable to provide accessibility to the hapten. The hapten peptides can be extended at either the amino or carboxy terminus with a Cys residue or interspersed with cysteine residues, for example, to facilitate linking to a carrier. Administration of the immunogens is conducted generally by injection over a suitable time period and with use of suitable adjuvants, as is generally understood in the art. During the immunization schedule, titers of antibodies are taken to determine adequacy of antibody formation.
While the polyclonal antisera produced in this way may be satisfactory for some applications, for pharmaceutical compositions, use of monoclonal preparations is preferred. Immortalized cell lines which secrete the desired monoclonal antibodies may be prepared using the standard method of Kohler and Milstein or modifications which effect immortalization of lymphocytes or spleen cells, as is generally known. The immortalized cell lines secreting the desired antibodies are screened by immunoassay in which the antigen is the peptide hapten, polypeptide or protein. When the appropriate immortalized cell culture secreting the desired antibody is identified, the cells can be cultured either in vitro or by production in ascites fluid.
The desired monoclonal antibodies are then recovered from the culture supernatant or from the ascites supernatant. Fragments of the monoclonals or the polyclonal antisera which contain the immunologically significant portion can be used as antagonists, as well as the intact antibodies. Use of immunologically reactive fragments, such as the Fab, Fab′, of F(ab′)2 fragments is often preferable, especially in a therapeutic context, as these fragments are generally less immunogenic than the whole immunoglobulin.
The antibodies or fragments may also be produced, using current technology, by recombinant means. Antibody regions that bind specifically to the desired regions of the protein can also be produced in the context of chimeras with multiple species origin. Agents that are assayed in the above method can be randomly selected or rationally selected or designed. As used herein, an agent is said to be randomly selected when the agent is chosen randomly without considering the specific sequences involved in the association of the a protein of the invention alone or with its associated substrates, binding partners, etc. An example of randomly selected agents is the use a chemical library or a peptide combinatorial library, or a growth broth of an organism.
As used herein, an agent is said to be rationally selected or designed when the agent is chosen on a nonrandom basis which takes into account the sequence of the target site and/or its conformation in connection with the agent's action.
The agents of the present invention can be, as examples, peptides, small molecules, vitamin derivatives, as well as carbohydrates. A skilled artisan can readily recognize that there is no limit as to the structural nature of the agents of the present invention. The peptide agents of the invention can be prepared using standard solid phase (or solution phase) peptide synthesis methods, as is known in the art. In addition, the DNA encoding these peptides may be synthesized using commercially available oligonucleotide synthesis instrumentation and produced recombinantly using standard recombinant production systems. The production using solid phase peptide synthesis is necessitated if non-gene-encoded amino acids are to be included.
Another class of agents of the present invention are antibodies immunoreactive with critical positions of proteins of the invention. Antibody agents are obtained by immunization of suitable mammalian subjects with peptides, containing as antigenic regions, those portions of the protein intended to be targeted by the antibodies.
J. Uses for Agents that Modulate at Least One Activity of an ICACC Protein.
Further evidence defining the role of ICACC-1 in the pathogenesis of atopic allergy, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, asthma and related disorders is derived directly from the Applicants observation that IL-9 selectively induces ICACC-1. Thus, the pleiotropic role for IL-9, which is important to a number of antigen induced responses is dependent in part, on the up-regulation of ICACC-1 in cells critical to atopic allergy. When the functions of IL-9 are down-regulated by antibody pretreatment prior to aerosol challenge with antigen, animals can be completely protected from the antigen induced responses. These responses include: bronchial hyperresponsiveness, eosinophilia and elevated cell counts in bronchial lavage, histologic changes in lung associated with inflammation and elevated serum IgE. The suppression of IL-9 and asthmatic-like responses is associated with down regulated expression of ICACC-1 (
The involvement of chloride channels in IL-9 biologic responses is addressed by in vitro primary lung cultures that produce secreted eotaxin protein upon IL-9 stimulation (
Applicants also teach the down-regulation of ICACC-1 by administering antagonists of ICACC-1. The skilled artisan will recognize that all molecules containing the requisite three-dimensional structural conformation critical for activation of, or ligand binding to ICACC-1 are within the scope of this invention.
The demonstration of an IL-9 sequence associated with an asthma-like phenotype and one associated with the absence of an asthma-like phenotype, indicates that the inflammatory response to antigen in the lung is IL-9 dependent. Down-regulating ICACC-1, which is selectively induced downstream in the IL-9 pathway, will therefore protect against this antigen induced response.
In addition to the direct regulation of the ICACC-1 gene, this invention also encompasses methods of inhibiting the intracellular signaling by ICACC-1. It is known in the art that highly exergonic phosphoryl-transfer reactions are catalyzed by various enzymes known as kinases. In other words, a kinase transfers phosphoryl groups between ATP and a metabolite. Included within the scope of this invention are specific inhibitors of protein kinases. Thus, inhibitors of these kinases are useful in the down-regulation of ICACC-1 and are therefore useful in the treatment of atopic allergies and asthma.
In still another aspect of the invention, surprisingly, aminosterol compounds were found to be useful in the inhibition of ICACC-1 induction by IL-9. Aminosterol compounds which are useful in this invention are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/290,826 and its related application Ser. Nos. 08/416,883 and 08/478,763 as well as in Ser. No. 08/483,059 and its related application Ser. Nos. 08/483,057, 08/479,455, 08/479,457, 08/475,572, 08/476,855, 08/474,799 and 08/487,443, which are specifically incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
While a therapeutic potential for ICACC-1 down-regulation has been identified, Applicants have also recognized a therapeutic potential for up-regulation of ICACC-1 as well. Patients with cystic fibrosis are hampered by lung disease characterized by thick secretions, which cause airway obstruction and subsequent colonization and infection by inhaled pathogenic microorganisms (Eng et al., 1996). Airway epithelia from cystic fibrosis patients exhibit a broad spectrum of ion transport properties that differ from normal, including not only defective cAMP-mediated chloride secretion, but also increased sodium absorption and increased calcium-mediated chloride secretion (Johnson et al., 1995). Restoration of overall chloride secretion in primary cystic fibrosis airway epithelial cells leads to correction of sodium hyperabsorption and normal airway epithelial cell function (Johnson et al., 1995). Applicants therefore provide a method for treating cystic fibrosis by further increasing calcium-dependent chloride secretion in these cells through up-regulation of ICACC-1 activity in airway epithelia. In this manner, the decrease in chloride secretion due to the defect in cAMP-mediated chloride secretion is compensated for through up-regulation of ICACC-1. The result being a restoration of the cellular chloride gradient and normal airway epithelial cell function. In another indication, up regulation of ICACC-1 will be useful for treating autoimmune associated diseases such as IBD.
As provided in the Examples, the proteins and nucleic acids of the invention, such as the ICACC-1 proteins having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOS: 2 or 6, are induced by IL-9. Agents that modulate or down-regulate the expression of the protein or agents such as agonists or antagonists of at least one activity of the protein may be used to modulate biological and pathologic processes associated with the protein's function and activity. As used herein, a subject can be any mammal, so long as the mammal is in need of modulation of a pathological or biological process mediated by a protein of the invention.
The term “mammal” is meant an individual belonging to the class Mammalia. The invention is particularly useful in the treatment of human subjects.
Pathological processes refer to a category of biological processes which produce a deleterious effect. For example, expression of a protein of the invention may be associated with atopic allergy, asthma and/or cystic fibrosis. As used herein, an agent is said to modulate a pathological process when the agent reduces the degree or severity of the process. For instance, atopic allergy, asthma and/or cystic fibrosis may be prevented or disease progression modulated by the administration of agents which reduce or modulate in some way the expression or at least one activity of a protein of the invention.
The agents of the present invention can be provided alone, or in combination with other agents that modulate a particular pathological process. For example, an agent of the present invention can be administered in combination with anti-asthma agents. As used herein, two agents are said to be administered in combination when the two agents are administered simultaneously or are administered independently in a fashion such that the agents will act at the same time.
The agents of the present invention can be administered via parenteral, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, transdermal, or buccal routes. Alternatively, or concurrently, administration may be by the oral route or directly to the lungs. The dosage administered will be dependent upon the age, health, and weight of the recipient, kind of concurrent treatment, if any, frequency of treatment, and the nature of the effect desired.
The compounds used in the method of treatment of this invention may be administered systemically or topically, depending on such considerations as the condition to be treated, need for site-specific treatment, quantity of drug to be administered and similar considerations.
Topical administration may be used. Any common topical formation such as a solution, suspension, gel, ointment or salve and the like may be employed. Preparation of such topical formulations are well described in the art of pharmaceutical formulations as exemplified, for example, by Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. For topical application, these compounds could also be administered as a powder or spray, particularly in aerosol form. The active ingredient may be administered in pharmaceutical compositions adapted for systemic administration. As is known, if a drug is to be administered systemically, it may be confected as a powder, pill, tablet or the like or as a syrup or elixir for oral administration. For intravenous, intraperitoneal or intra-lesional administration, the compound will be prepared as a solution or suspension capable of being administered by injection. In certain cases, it may be useful to formulate these compounds in suppository form or as an extended release formulation for deposit under the skin or intramuscular injection. In a preferred embodiment, the compounds of this invention may be administered by inhalation. For inhalation therapy the compound may be in a solution useful for administration by metered dose inhalers or in a form suitable for a dry powder inhaler.
An effective amount is that amount which will down-regulate ICACC-1. A given effective amount will vary from condition to condition and in certain instances may vary with the severity of the condition being treated and the patient's susceptibility to treatment. Accordingly, a given effective amount will be best determined at the time and place through routine experimentation. However, it is anticipated that in the treatment of atopic allergy and asthma-related disorders in accordance with the present invention, a formulation containing between 0.001 and 5 percent by weight, preferably about 0.01 to 1%, will usually constitute a therapeutically effective amount. When administered systemically, an amount between 0.01 and 100 mg per kg body weight per day, but preferably about 0.1 to 10 mg/kg, will effect a therapeutic result in most instances.
The invention also includes pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds of the invention together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers can be sterile liquids, such as water and oils, including those of petroleum, animal, vegetable or synthetic origin, such as peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil sesame oil and the like. Water is a preferred carrier when the pharmaceutical composition is administered intravenously. Saline solutions and aqueous dextrose and glycerol solutions can also be employed as liquid carriers, particularly for injectable solutions. Suitable pharmaceutical carriers are described in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, 1995. In addition to the pharmacologically active agent, the compositions of the present invention may contain suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers comprising excipients and auxiliaries which facilitate processing of the active compounds into preparations which can be used pharmaceutically for delivery to the site of action. Suitable formulations for parenteral administration include aqueous solutions of the active compounds in water-soluble form, for example, water-soluble salts. In addition, suspensions of the active compounds as appropriate oily injection suspensions may be administered. Suitable lipophilic solvents or vehicles include fatty oils, for example, sesame oil, or synthetic fatty acid esters, for example, ethyl oleate or triglycerides. Aqueous injection suspensions may contain substances which increase the viscosity of the suspension include, for example, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sorbitol, and/or dextran. Optionally, the suspension may also contain stabilizers. Liposomes can also be used to encapsulate the agent for delivery into the cell.
The pharmaceutical formulation for systemic administration according to the invention may be formulated for enteral, parenteral or topical administration. Indeed, all three types of formulations may be used simultaneously to achieve systemic administration of the active ingredient.
Suitable formulations for oral administration include hard or soft gelatin capsules, pills, tablets, including coated tablets, elixirs, suspensions, syrups or inhalations and controlled release forms thereof.
In practicing the methods of this invention, the compounds of this invention may be used alone or in combination, or in combination with other therapeutic or diagnostic agents. In certain preferred embodiments, the compounds of this invention may be coadministered along with other compounds typically prescribed for these conditions according to generally accepted medical practice. The compounds of this invention can be utilized in vivo, ordinarily in mammals, preferably in humans.
In still another embodiment, the compounds of the invention may be coupled to chemical moieties, including proteins that alter the functions or regulation of ICACC-1 for therapeutic benefit in atopic allergy and asthma (Kreitman et al., 1994). These proteins may include in combination other inhibitors of cytokines and growth factors including anti-IL-4, anti-IL-5, anti-L3, anti-IL-2, anti-IL-13, anti-IL-11 and anti-IL-10 that may offer additional therapeutic benefit in atopic allergy and asthma. In addition, the molecules of the invention may also be conjugated through phosphorylation to biotinylate, thioate, acetylate, iodinate using any of the cross-linking reagents well known in the art.
K. Diagnostics
Also included in the invention are methods of diagnosing susceptibility to atopic allergy and related disorders and for treating these disorders based on the relationship between IL-9, its receptor and ICACC-1.
These disorders also include the monitoring of ICACC-1 gene expression for the diagnosis of autoimmune disease of the bowel such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In the case of IBD the lack or suppression of ICACC-1 gene expression would be a diagnostic marker for the disease and the ability to follow ICACC-1 levels would aid in monitoring treatment.
One diagnostic embodiment involves the recognition of variations in the DNA sequence of ICACC-1. One method involves the introduction of a nucleic acid molecule (also known as a probe) having a sequence complementary to ICACC-1 of the invention under sufficient hybridizing conditions, as would be understood by those in the art. In one embodiment, the sequence will bind specifically to one allele of ICACC-1 or a fragment thereof and in another embodiment will bind to both alleles. Another method of recognizing DNA sequence variation associated with these disorders is direct DNA sequence analysis by multiple methods well known in the art (Ott, 1991). Another embodiment involves the detection of DNA sequence variation in the ICACC-1 gene associated with these disorders (Schwengel et al., 1993; Sheffield et al., 1993; Orita et al., 1989; Sarkar et al., 1992; Cotton, 1989). These include the polymerase chain reaction, restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and single stranded conformational analysis.
The practice of the present invention will employ the conventional terms and techniques of molecular biology, pharmacology, immunology and biochemistry that are within the ordinary skill of those in the art. For example, see Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1985.
Without further description, it is believed that one of ordinary skill in the art can, using the preceding description and the following illustrative examples, make and utilize the compounds of the present invention and practice the claimed methods. The following working examples therefore, specifically point out preferred embodiments of the present invention, and are not to be construed as limiting in any way the remainder of the disclosure.
Lungs extracted from transgenic IL-9 mice (Tg5) were used to isolate IL-9 induced genes. Tg5 is a FVB mouse overexpressing the IL-9 gene as previously described (Renauld et al., 1994). This strain has been shown to overexpress IL-9 in most tissues of the mouse. In order to identify specific IL-9 induced genes, suppressive PCR cDNA difference analysis was performed on mRNA from lungs of Tg5 mice and parental FVB mice using a commercially available PCR-select cDNA subtraction kit (Clonetech).
cDNA synthesis. Total RNA was prepared from lungs of FVB and Tg5 mice using Trizol as described by the manufacturer (Gibco/BRL). Lungs were removed from euthanized mice and frozen in liquid nitrogen. Frozen lungs were then placed in Trizol and pulverized using a tissue grinder. Polyadenylated RNA was purified from total RNA with oligo(dT) cellulose columns (Pharmacia). Double stranded cDNA was prepared using Superscript II reverse transcriptase and an oligo(dT) primer as suggested by the manufacturer (Clonetech). cDNA was then prepared by phenol-chloroform extraction and ethanol precipitation. Products were resuspended in nuclease-free water and analyzed on agarose gels to determine quality of products as described below.
cDNA difference analysis protocol. Differential cDNA analysis of Tg5 and FVB lungs was carried out following the manufacturers protocol (Clonetech) as depicted in
ICACC-1 probes as described in Example 1 were used to probe a murine lung cDNA library (Clonetech) according to the manufacturers recommendation. One million recombinant clones were screened and several overlapping phage were identified. Subsequent screens enabled identification and isolation of a single plaque containing a phagemid which was then transformed into a double-stranded plasmid by phage rescue according to the manufacturers protocol. Recombinant clones were prepared and sequenced using primers directed to the plasmid vector as well as internal sequences identified from the partially subtracted probe. Clones were then aligned and contiged to generate the full-length sequence.
The 2931 bp cDNA isolated contained an open reading frame encoding a protein of 925 amino acids.
To confirm that ICACC-1 is induced by IL-9 in the lung, RNA from the lungs of Tg5 and FVB mice were isolated as described in Example 1. cDNA was generated using random hexamers (Phrmacia) and Superscript II (Gibco/BRL) as suggested by the manufacturer. Message was analyzed by PCR as described (Nicolaides et al., 1995) and via Northern blot. Primers used to generate murine ICACC-1 message were; sense 5′-CCAGATCCACACCAAAACGAGAAG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:7) (nucleotides 689–712) and antisense 5′-CACTGTCAAAGGTCACCATCCCGA-3′ (SEQ ID NO:8) (nucleotides 1041–1064) which produce a gene product of 376 bp. DHFR was assayed as an internal control to measure for cDNA integrity using primers previously described (Nicolaides et al., 1991). Amplification conditions used were 95° C. for 30 seconds, 58° C. for 1.5 minutes and 72° C. for 1.5 minutes for 35 cycles. For Northern blot analysis, total RNA derived from Tg5 or FVB lungs was electrophoresed on 1.5% formaldehyde gels, transferred to nylon membranes and probed with a DNA fragment comprising the murine ICACC-1 cDNA.
The results of the expression studies demonstrated that ICACC-1 is specifically expressed in the lung of the IL-9 transgenic mouse but not in the parental strain (
ICACC-1 gene expression was assessed in vivo using the C57B6 mouse (bronchial hyporesponsive) which does not express detectable levels of IL-9 and the DBA mouse (bronchial hyperresponsive) which expresses robust levels of IL-9 (Nicolaides et al., 1997). RT-PCR and Northern blot analysis of ICACC-1 from these lungs demonstrated that ICACC-1 was expressed in the lung of mice which naturally express high levels of IL-9 (DBA) but not in those with low levels of IL-9 (C57B6) (
To confirm that the expression of IL-9 was critically related to the expression of ICACC-1 and to control for genetic background specifically, recombinant murine IL-9 was introduced into the lung of murine strain C57B6. Recombinant IL-9 was instilled into the trachea of anesthetized mice by addition of 50 μl of a 0.1 mg/ml IL-9 solution or vehicle alone (0.1% bovine serum albumin) daily for ten days. After ten days, the mice were euthanized and lungs extracted for either RNA expression analysis using Trizol as described by the manufacturer (Gibco/BRL) or Western blot analysis to determine levels of IL-9 instilled. The Western blot analysis for IL-9 demonstrated that direct addition of IL-9 to the lung resulted in an increase of overall amount of IL-9 in the lung while none was observed in the mouse instilled with vehicle alone.
Expression of ICACC-1 RNA was measured as described in Example 3. RT-PCR analysis for ICACC-1 RNA expression indicated that expression increased when recombinant IL-9 was administered to the lungs of the C57B6 mice, while no expression was observed in the lungs of mice treated with vehicle only (
To address the possibility that ICACC-1 expression occurs only in the presence of IL-9 expression, various organs were extracted from Tg5 mice and analyzed for RNA expression via Northern blot. BALBc mice were used as a control because they express low levels of IL-9 in the lung when compared to Tg5 mice. Tissue blots derived from BALBc murine organs were commercially obtained (Clonetech) while tissue blots for Tg5 murine organs were prepared by extracting organs followed by freezing in liquid nitrogen. Total RNA was extracted from each of these organs using Trizol as described by the manufacturer (Gibco/BRL). RNA was gel electrophoresed and analyzed as described in Example 4. Lanes were standardized by probing with β-actin as an internal control.
Tissue blots were probed using a DNA fragment comprising the ICACC-1 cDNA. As shown in
Antigen sensitization and phenotyping of animals was carried out as previously described (McLane, M P, et al. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 19:713–720, (1998). Briefly, Balb/C mice were intranasally exposed to Aspergillus fumagatus for 3–4 weeks. One day after the final exposure, antigen exposed mice and naïve controls were phenotyped for bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) and cellularity in the airway. After phenotyping, organs were removed and total RNA was prepared as described in Example 5 and ICACC-1 expression was accessed in naïve and antigen treated tissues. As shown in
IL-9 is a major mediator of the asthmatic response in man and mouse models of asthma (Nicolaides, et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 94:13175–13180, 1997; McLane, M P, et al. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 19:713–720, 1998; Temann et al., J. Exp. Med. 188:1307–1320, 1998: Levitt and Nicolaides, Emerg. Thera Targets 3:1–11, 1999). The use of IL-9 blocking antibodies in antigen exposed mice suppresses the asthmatic-like phenotype (bronchial hyperresponsiveness and influx of inflammatory cells such as eosinophils). (B6D2)F1 mice were exposed to Aspergillus fumagatus antigen as described in Example 5A on day 0, 7, 14, 21, and 22. A subset of mice were also treated with 200 μgs of anti-mIL9 (Pharmingen hamster antimouse IL-9) intra nasally on day 0, 7, 14, and 21; or an isotype control Ig; or saline alone. All mice and naïve controls were phenotyped for BHR and BAL analysis as described in Example 5A. As shown in
To assess the ability of ICACC-1 to be induced by IL-9 in epithelial cells, the human primary lung epithelial cell line NHBE was assayed for expression levels of ICACC-1 in the presence of IL-9. 1×107 cells were harvested and washed three times with phosphate-buffered saline and plated in medium in the presence or absence of 50 ng/ml IL-9 for 72 hours. Cells were then harvested and total RNA was extracted using Trizol as described by the manufacturer (Gibco/BRL). RNA was processed and reverse transcribed into cDNA as described in Example 3. Primers used to generate human ICACC-1 message were; sense 5′-GATTCCAGGAACAGCTAAGC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:9) and antisense 5′-TATTTCATAGCTTGTAGCCTGG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:10) which produce a gene product of 722 bp. γ-actin was assayed as an internal control to measure for cDNA integrity using 10 primers previously described (Nicolaides et al., 1991). RT-PCR data derived from human lung epithelial cells, shows that ICACC-1 is induced in cells treated with IL-9 while no expression was observed in untreated cells, indicating that the cells expressing ICACC-1 directly respond to IL-9 (
Furthermore, human primary lung cultures that were established from human lung biopsies were analyzed for IL-9 induced expression of ICACC-1. Lung tissues were first minced with scissors and passed through a wire mesh. Tissues were then digested with 175 iU/ml of collagenase (Sigma) for 1 hour at 37° C. Tissue was passed through 45 μm and 15 μm filters and then resuspended in Dubelco Iscove's medium, and plated into 10 cm tissue culture plates. Plates were incubated for 1 hour at 37° C. to allow macrophages to adhere to the plate and then non-adherent cells were harvested and resuspended at 2×105 cell/ml in Dulbelco Iscoive's medium supplemented with 10% FBS, antibiotics and cultured at 37° C. with 5% CO2 for 4–5 days. For ICACC-1 IL-9 induction studies, cells were incubated for 4–5 days with or without 20 ng/ml recombinant human IL-9. Cells were then harvested and total RNA was extracted by trizol as described above. RNA was reverse transcribed and PCR'd for ICACC-1 using 5′ primer 5′-CCCAAAGGAAGCCAACTCTGA-3″ and 3′ primer 5′-GTGAATGCCAGGAATGGTGCT-3′ which resulted in a 253 bp product. PMS2 which is a ubiquitously expressed house keeping gene was used as an internal control as described (Nicolaides et al. Genomics 29: 329–334, 1995). Products were electrophoresed on 2% agarose gels and visualized by ethidium bromide staining. As shown in
Antisera were prepared to mICACC-1 by immunizing rabbits with peptides selected from the mICACC-1 sequence using methods described in Current Protocols in Immunology, Chapter 9, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The peptides used for the immunizations were; residues 309–330, CLVLDKSGSMLNDDRLNRMNQA (SEQ ID NO: 11), residues 357–375, QSELKQLNSGADRDLLIKHC (SEQ ID NO: 12), residues 398–422, KKKYPTDGSEIVLLTDGEDNTISSC (SEQ ID NO: 13), residues 524–546, TTHPPTIFIWDPSGVEQNGFILDC (SEQ ID NO: 14), residues 590–610, CPPITVTPVVNKNTGKFPSPVT (SEQ ID NO: 15). The peptides were synthesized by standard techniques of automated peptide synthesis as either octavalent multiple antigen peptides (MAP) or as single peptides. The single peptides were coupled to KLH for immunization while the MAPs were used uncoupled. Rabbits were immunized with a mixture of all five peptides either as KLH conjugates or MAPs. Both immunogens produced useful antisera as indicated by their ability to immunoprecipitate mICACC-1.
Immunoprecipitation of in vitro translated ICACC-1 was performed to analyze the activities of these antibodies. A 35S labeled ICACC-1 fragment (429 amino acids in length corresponding to amino acids 289–618 of the full length ICACC-1) was in vitro translated using T
IL-9 is known to induce eotaxin from lung epithelial cells (Dong, et.al., submitted for publication, Eur. J. Immunol.). In situ expression analysis of IL-9 transgenic mice found ICACC-1 expression to be predominant in airway epithelial cells. These epithelial cells also produce eotaxin, and eotaxin can be induced by IL-9 in these cells as well as primary lung cultures from a variety of different mouse strains. Because eotaxin and ICACC-1 are both induced by IL-9 in lung epithelial cells, it is possible that inhibiting ICACC-1 can inhibit eotaxin or other cytokines such as IL-4 or IL-13 (Doucet et al., J. Clin. Invest 101:2129–2139, 1998.) that induce eotaxin production in lung epithelial cells. To test this hypothesis, we employed a murine primary lung assays, where lung cells were harvested from FVB/NJ mice as described in Example 5A and processed for in vitro analysis as described in Example 6 for human primary lung culture. Cells were incubated with or without 20 ng/ml recombinant mIL-9 for 48 hours. After 48 hours, conditioned supernatant was collected and analyzed for murine eotaxin production using an eotaxin ELISA kit (R&D Systems). Recombinant murine eotaxin was used to generate a standard curve. As shown in
To demonstrate the specificity of ICACC-1 signaling which is induced by IL-9, transfected cells expressing constitutively active ICACC-1 are treated with chloride channel blocking compounds to determine if inhibition of ICACC-1 blocks chloride channel activity. Cells transfected with a constitutively activated ICACC-1 gene are plated at 3000 cells/well in the presence or absence of IL-9 plus blocking compound and assessed for chloride channel activity using a fluorescent chloride probe. Wild-type cells do not exhibit the same amount of chloride channel activity as those constitutively expressing ICACC-1. The addition of the blocking compound on chloride channel activity is compared between wild-type cells and those expressing constitutively activated ICACC-1.
Lungs from the DBA bronchial hyperresponsive mouse are treated with aminosterol compounds to test for their ability to block expression of ICACC-1. This group of aminosterols was identified from the liver of the dogfish shark as a class of molecules that appear to be antiproliferative. An example of these compounds are referred to in related U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/290,826. This series of aminosterols are assayed for their ability to inhibit ICACC-1 expression and TH2 activity from the DBA mouse as described below.
DBA mice are injected daily intraperitoneally with various aminosterols at 10 mg/kg for 15 days. At day 15, mice are phenotyped (see Example 9), euthanized and lungs extracted as described in Example 1. RNA is isolated and processed for Northern blot analysis using a ICACC-1 cDNA probe. The level of ICACC-1 RNA detected by the probe indicates the extent of inhibition by aminosterols when compared to control. The ability of specific aminosterols, such as 1459, 1409, 1436 and 1569, to block the expression of ICACC-1 in vivo is assessed.
Certified virus-free male and female mice of the following strains, DBA, C57B6 and B6D2F1 are purchased from the National Cancer Institute or Jackson Laboratories (Bar Harbor Me.). IL-9 transgenic mice (Tg5) and their parent strain (FVB), are obtained from the Ludwig Insitute (Brussels, Belgium). Animals are housed in high-efficiency particulate filtered air laminar flow hoods in a virus and antigen free facility and allowed free access to food and water for 3 to 7 days prior to experimental manipulation. The animal facilities are maintained at 22° C. and the light:dark cycle is automatically controlled (10:14 hour light:dark).
Phenotyping and efficacy of pretreatment. To determine the bronchoconstrictor response, respiratory system pressure is measured at the trachea and recorded before and during exposure to the drug. Mice are anesthetized and instrumented as previously described. (Levitt et al., 1988; Levitt et al., 1989; Kleeberger et al., 1990; Levitt et al., 1991; Levitt et al., 1995; Ewart et al., 1995). Airway responsiveness is measured to one or more of the following: 5-hydroxytryptamine, acetylcholine, atracurium or a substance-P analog. A simple and repeatable measure of the change in peak inspiratory pressure following bronchoconstrictor challenge is used which has been termed the Airway Pressure Time Index (APTI) (Levitt et al., 1988; Levitt et al., 1989). The APTI is assessed by the change in peak respiratory pressure integrated from the time of injection until the peak pressure returns to baseline or plateau. The APTI is comparable to airway resistance, however, the APTI includes an additional component related to the recovery from bronchoconstriction.
Prior to sacrifice, whole blood is collected for serum IgE measurements by needle puncture of the inferior vena cava in anesthetized animals. Samples are centrifuged to separate cells and serum is collected and used to measure total IgE levels. Samples not measured immediately are frozen at −20° C.
All IgE serum samples are measured using an ELISA antibody-sandwich assay. Microtiter plates are coated, 50 μl per well, with rat anti-murine IgE antibody (Southern Biotechnology) at a concentration of 2.5 μg/ml in a coating buffer of sodium carbonate-sodium bicarbonate with sodium azide. Plates are covered with plastic wrap and incubated at 4° C. for 16 hours. The plates are washed three times with a wash buffer of 0.05% Tween-20 in phosphate-buffered saline, incubating for five minutes for each wash. Blocking of nonspecific binding sites is accomplished by adding 200 μl per well 5% bovine serum albumin in phosphate-buffered saline, covering with plastic wrap and incubating for 2 hours at 37° C. After washing three times with wash buffer, duplicate 50 μl test samples are added to each well. Test samples are assayed after being diluted 1:10, 1:50 and 1:100 with 5% bovine serum albumin in wash buffer. In addition to the test samples, a set of IgE standards (PharMingen) at concentrations from 0.8 ng/ml to 200 ng/ml in 5% bovine serum albumin in wash buffer, are assayed to generate a standard curve. A blank of no sample or standard is used to zero the plate reader (background). After adding samples and standards, the plate is covered with plastic wrap and incubated for 2 hours at room temperature. After washing three times with wash buffer, 50 μl of secondary antibody rat anti-murine IgE-horseradish peroxidase conjugate is added at a concentration of 250 ng/ml in 5% bovine serum albumin in wash buffer. The plate is covered with plastic wrap and incubated 2 hours at room temperature. After washing three times with wash buffer, 100 μl of the substrate 0.5 mg/ml o-phenylenediamine in 0.1 M citrate buffer is added to every well. After 5–10 minutes the reaction is stopped with 50 μl of 12.5% sulfuric acid and absorbance is measured at 490 nm on a MR5000 plate reader (Dynatech). A standard curve is constructed from the standard IgE concentrations with antigen concentration on the x axis (log scale) and absorbance on the y axis (linear scale). The concentration of IgE in the samples is interpolated from the standard curve.
Bronchoalveolar lavage and cellular analysis are preformed as previously described (Kleeberger et al., 1990). Lung histology is carried out after the lungs are extracted. Since prior instrumentation may introduce artifact, separate animals are used for these studies. Thus, a small group of animals is treated in parallel exactly the same as the cohort undergoing various pretreatments except these animals are not used for other tests aside from bronchial responsiveness testing. After bronchial responsiveness testing, the lungs are removed and submersed in liquid nitrogen. Cryosectioning and histologic examination is carried out in a manner obvious to those skilled in the art.
Polyclonal antibodies which block the murine ICACC-1 pathway are used therapeutically to down-regulate the functions of, and assess the importance of this pathway to bronchial responsiveness, serum IgE and bronchoalveolar lavage in sensitized and unsensitized mice. After antibody pretreatment, baseline bronchial hyperresponsiveness, bronchoalveolar lavage and serum IgE levels relative to Ig matched controls are determined.
The data of Example 6a demonstrate that antisera is able to be generated against ICACC-1 that recognizes the native protein structure as determined by the ability to recognize the protein in immunoprecipitation studies (
While the invention has been described and illustrated herein by references to various specific materials, procedures and examples, it is understood that the invention is not restricted to the particular combinations of material and procedures selected for that purpose. Numerous variations of such details can be implied as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art.
The following references are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety, as are all references, patents or patent applications referred to in this application:
This is a divisional application of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/270,595 (filed Oct. 16, 2002 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,716,603, issued Apr. 6, 2006), which is a divisional application of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/623,624 (filed Feb. 13, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,576,434, issued Jun. 10, 2003), which is a U.S. National Phase Application of International Application PCT/US99/04703 (filed Mar. 3, 1999), which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application 60/076,815 (filed Mar. 3, 1998), all of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5733748 | Yu et al. | Mar 1998 | A |
| 6309857 | Pauli et al. | Oct 2001 | B1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| WO 9639419 | Dec 1996 | WO |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20040204578 A1 | Oct 2004 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60076815 | Mar 1998 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 10270595 | Oct 2002 | US |
| Child | 10772437 | US | |
| Parent | 09623624 | US | |
| Child | 10270595 | US |
