Patent Grant
9187913
1. Field
The invention relates generally to wall panels, and more particularly to: methods of fastening a wall panel to a wall; kits; and wall assemblies.
2. Related Art
One wall assembly includes ornamental trim between adjacent wall panels to improve the aesthetic appearance of regions between such adjacent wall panels. For example, some such ornamental trim may be plastic, or may be held in a plastic receiver mounted to the wall. In either case, the ornamental trim generally has insufficient structural strength to fasten the wall panels to the wall, and such a wall assembly generally requires fasteners such as screws through the wall panels and in the wall to fasten the wall panels to the wall. However, generally fasteners such as screws disadvantageously do not permit thermal expansion or contraction of the wall panels without causing buckling, oil-canning, or other damage to the wall panels. Further, screwing in screws through a wall panel while holding the wall panel in place against a wall is generally cumbersome and time-consuming.
Some wall assemblies include wall panels that are mounted to a wall and sealed in an effort to form a moisture barrier to keep moisture from accumulating in the wall panels, in a space between the wall panels and the wall, in the wall, or in a combination thereof. However, such moisture barriers may trap moisture, and such trapped moisture may disadvantageously cause damage to the wall panels, to the wall, or to both.
Therefore, other wall assemblies include vents or other openings to a space between wall panels and a wall to prevent trapping moisture in that space. For example, one known wall assembly permits water to flow downward under gravitational force in a space between a wall panel and a wall. An upper surface of ornamental trim below a bottom edge of the wall panel may slope downwards away from the wall to permit water from the space between the wall panel and the wall to flow downward over that surface under gravitational force away from the wall, thereby avoiding accumulation of water near the bottom edge of the wall panel. However, such ornamental trim is generally incapable of fastening the wall panel to the wall because the downwardly sloped upper surface of the ornamental trim includes no surface that could retain the wall panel against the wall.
Another wall assembly includes a channel member secured to a wall, a clamping channel member having co-planar flanges, and securing elements such as metal clips that secure the clamping channel member to the channel member secured to the wall. In such a wall assembly, the co-planar flanges of the clamping channel member may overlie and engage areas of outer faces of panel members to clamp the panel members to the channel member secured to the wall. However, the securing elements would disadvantageously be visible from an exterior of the wall unless concealed, and therefore such a wall assembly may include a strip receivable in the channel of the clamping channel member to conceal the securing elements. However, such a strip disadvantageously increases cost and complexity of such a wall assembly.
In accordance with one illustrative embodiment, there is provided a method of fastening a wall panel to a wall. The method comprises coupling a retaining body to a mounting body mounted on an outer surface of the wall adjacent a side edge of the wall panel. Coupling the retaining body to the mounting body comprises: coupling a first connector on an inner surface of the retaining body to a second connector on the mounting body; and positioning a retainer on the retaining body against a retaining surface on the wall panel to fasten the wall panel to the wall.
Fastening the wall panel to the wall may comprise fastening the wall panel to the wall independently of any fastener through the wall panel.
Coupling the first connector to the second connector may comprise receiving a portion of the wall panel having the retaining surface in a retaining region defined by the retaining body and adjacent the retainer.
Receiving the portion of the wall panel in the retaining region may comprise receiving the portion of the wall panel in the retaining region with the wall panel laterally stationary relative to the wall.
The wall panel may comprise a metallic wall panel.
The wall panel may comprise a metallic composite material wall panel, which may comprise an outer metallic layer, an inner metallic layer, and a non-metallic layer between the inner and outer metallic layers.
The wall panel may comprise an aluminum composite material wall panel, which may comprise an outer aluminum layer, an inner aluminum layer, and a non-aluminum layer between the inner and outer aluminum layers.
Coupling the first connector to the second connector may comprise coupling first and second catches, on opposite lateral sides of a projection defined by the inner surface of the retaining body, to third and fourth catches respectively on the mounting body.
Positioning the retainer against the retaining surface on the wall panel may comprise positioning the retainer against a portion of an outer surface of the wall panel facing away from the wall.
Coupling the retaining body to the mounting body adjacent the side edge of the wall panel may comprise coupling the retaining body to the mounting body adjacent a bottom side edge of the wall panel.
The method may further comprise spacing the wall panel apart from the outer surface of the wall at a location spaced apart from the side edges of the wall panel.
The method may further comprise adhering, to a spacer mounted on the outer surface of the wall, an inner surface of the wall panel facing towards the wall.
The wall may be an exterior wall.
The wall may be an interior wall.
In accordance with another illustrative embodiment, there is provided a kit comprising: a wall panel having a plurality of side edges; a retaining body comprising a retainer, an inner surface, and a first connector on the inner surface; a mounting body mountable on an outer surface of a wall and comprising a second connector couplable to the first connector; and instructions to couple the first connector to the second connector when the mounting body is mounted on the outer surface of the wall adjacent one of the plurality of side edges of the wall panel such that the retainer of the retaining body retains a retaining surface on the wall panel to fasten the wall panel to the wall.
The instructions may comprise instructions to fasten the wall panel to the wall independently of any fastener through the wall panel.
The retaining body may define a retaining region adjacent the retainer of the retaining body and sized to receive a portion of the wall panel having the retaining surface when the first connector of the retaining body is coupled to the second connector.
The retaining region may have sufficient clearance to receive the portion of the wall panel without requiring lateral movement of the wall panel relative to the wall.
The wall panel may comprise a metallic wall panel.
The wall panel may comprise a metallic composite material wall panel, which may comprise an outer metallic layer, an inner metallic layer, and a non-metallic layer between the inner and outer metallic layers.
The wall panel may comprise an aluminum composite material wall panel, which may comprise an outer aluminum layer, an inner aluminum layer, and a non-aluminum layer between the inner and outer aluminum layers.
The inner surface of the retaining body may define a projection. The first connector may comprise first and second catches on respective opposite lateral sides of the projection. The second connector may comprise third and fourth catches couplable to the first and second catches respectively.
The retaining surface of the wall panel may comprise a portion of an outer surface of the wall panel facing away from the wall.
The one of the plurality of side edges of the wall panel may comprise a bottom side edge of the plurality of side edges of the wall panel.
The kit may further comprise a spacer configured to be mounted on the outer surface of the wall and configured to space the wall panel apart from the outer surface of the wall at a location spaced apart from the plurality of side edges of the wall panel.
The kit may further comprise an adhesive for adhering, to the spacer, an inner surface of the wall panel facing towards the wall.
The wall may be an exterior wall.
The wall may be an interior wall.
In accordance with another illustrative embodiment, there is provided a wall assembly comprising: a wall panel having a plurality of side edges; and a fastener assembly. The fastener assembly comprises: a retaining body comprising a retainer, an inner surface, and a first connector on the inner surface; and a mounting body mounted on an outer surface of a wall adjacent one of the plurality of side edges of the wall panel and comprising a second connector coupled to the first connector. The retainer of the retaining body retains a retaining surface on the wall panel to fasten the wall panel to the wall.
The wall panel may be fastened to the wall independently of any fastener through the wall panel.
The retaining body may define a retaining region adjacent the retainer that receives a portion of the wall panel having the retaining surface.
The retaining region may have sufficient clearance to receive the portion of the wall panel without requiring lateral movement of the wall panel relative to the wall.
The wall panel may comprise a metallic wall panel.
The wall panel may comprise a metallic composite material wall panel, which may comprise an outer metallic layer, an inner metallic layer, and a non-metallic layer between the inner and outer metallic layers.
The wall panel may comprise an aluminum composite material wall panel, which may comprise an outer aluminum layer, an inner aluminum layer, and a non-aluminum layer between the inner and outer aluminum layers.
The inner surface of the retaining body may define a projection. The first connector may comprise first and second catches on opposite lateral sides of the projection. The second connector may comprise third and fourth catches coupled to the first and second catches respectively.
The retaining surface of the wall panel may comprise a portion of an outer surface of the wall panel facing away from the wall.
The one of the plurality of side edges of the wall panel may comprise a bottom side edge of the plurality of side edges of the wall panel.
The wall assembly may further comprise a spacer mounted on the outer surface of the wall and spacing the wall panel apart from the outer surface of the wall at a location spaced apart from the plurality of side edges of the wall panel.
The wall assembly may further comprise an adhesive adhering, to the spacer, an inner surface of the wall panel facing towards the wall.
The wall may be an exterior wall.
The wall may be an interior wall.
Other aspects and features of the invention will become apparent to those ordinarily skilled in the art upon review of the following description of illustrative embodiments in conjunction with the accompanying figures.
In drawings of illustrative embodiments:
Referring to
Referring to
The wall panel 102 has an outer surface 112 (which in the embodiment shown is on the outer aluminum layer 106, or which may be on a PVDF outer coating in embodiments having an outer PVDF coating) and an inner surface 114 (which in the embodiment shown is on the inner aluminum layer 108). The outer surface 112 may be colored, or more generally may have a chosen aesthetic appearance such as metalics or pearls, or a brushed finish, for example. Further, as shown in
The wall panel 102 is fastened to a wall shown generally at 124 in
In the embodiment shown, spacers 136 and 138 are mounted on the outer surface 134 of the wall 124. For example, spacers such as the spacers 136 and 138 may be installed about 12 inches to about 18 inches (or about 30 cm to about 45 cm) apart. Also, some illustrative embodiments include at least two such spacers for each wall panel, and in some embodiments two middle spacers may be spaced about 8 inches (or about 20 cm) from each other. The spacer 136 includes an elongate body having a mounting flange 140 defining through-holes such as the through-hole 142 to receive respective fasteners such as the fastener 144 in the through-hole 142, and the spacer 136 is thus configured to be mounted on the outer surface 134 of the wall 124.
The fastener 144 in the embodiment shown is a #12 plated screw, although alternative embodiments may include alternative fasteners. For example, in some illustrative embodiments, fasteners known as “Leland Industries Master Driller™ mini drill point fasteners” with EPDM (ethylene propylene diene monomer (M-class) rubber) washers and a DT1700 coating may be suitable. In some illustrative embodiments, wood fasteners should fully penetrate sheathing of the wall, with the point of the screw not included.
Although the fastener 144 is shown received in the outer plywood panel 126, the fastener 144 and other fasteners described herein may also be received in wood studs or other structural parts of a wall, for example. In some illustrative embodiments, such fasteners may be spaced about 8 inches (or about 20 cm) from each other along the mounting flange of the spacer, although such spacing may depend on factors such as design wind pressure as discussed below.
The spacer 136 also includes a contact flange 146 extending parallel to and spaced apart from the mounting flange 140. The contact flange contacts the inner surface 114 of the wall panel 102 and spaces the wall panel 102 apart from the outer surface 134 of the wall 124 at a location spaced apart from the side edges 116, 118, 120, and 122 of the wall panel 102 to define a space shown generally at 148 between the inner surface 114 of the wall panel 102 and the outer surface 134 of the wall 124. In the embodiment shown, the contact flange 146 is adhered to the inner surface 114 of the wall panel 102 with an acrylic or rubberized two-sided adhesive tape known as “3M™ VHB™ permanent assembly tape”. However, in alternative embodiments, the contact flange 146 may be adhered to the inner surface 114 of the wall panel 102 with one or more different adhesives, or the contact flange 146 may not be adhered to the inner surface 114 of the wall panel 102. In some embodiments, only two middle spacers have adhesive on their contact flanges and other spacers do not have adhesive on their contact flanges but instead function only as spacers. The spacer 136 is substantially the same as the spacer 138. Further, spacers 224 and 226, which are substantially similar to the spacers 136 and 138, may be mounted to the outer surface 134 of the wall 124 to space the space the wall panel 104 apart from the outer surface 134 of the wall 124.
In the embodiment shown, the spacers 136 and 138 have mounting flanges (such as the mounting flange 140) on left sides of the spacers 136 and 138 when viewed in
Referring to
The retaining body 152 also has an inner surface 164 facing the wall 124, and the inner surface 164 defines a projection 166 projecting away from the inner surface 164 and towards the wall 124 shown in
The retaining body 152 also has an outer surface 184 opposite the inner surface 164, and the outer surface 184 defines a channel 186 recessed in the projection 166. The retaining body 152 in the embodiment shown is an aluminum extrusion cut to a desired length, although alternative embodiments may include retaining bodies formed of other materials having sufficient structural strength to fasten the panels 102 and 104 to the wall 124, such as non-metallic or synthetic materials for example, and by methods other than extrusion.
The mounting body 154 in the embodiment shown includes an elongate body having coplanar mounting flanges 188 and 190 on opposite lateral sides of the mounting body and each defining through-holes such as the through-holes shown generally 192 and 194 to receive respective fasteners such as the fastener 196 and 198 respectively, as shown in
In some embodiments, the fasteners 196 and 198 may include drill-point screws and such drill-point screws may drill the through-holes 192 and 194 when the mounting body 154 is mounted to the wall 124. In some alternative embodiments, the through-holes may be machined before the mounting body 154 is mounted to the wall 124. More generally, the through-holes on the mounting flanges described herein may be drilled by drill-point screws or machined, for example.
Referring back to
The catches 172, 174, 208, and 210 are positioned such that when the retaining body 152 is urged in a direction shown by the arrow 220 towards the mounting body 154, using a rubber mallet for example, the tapered surface 176 contacts the tapered surface 212 and the tapered surface 178 contacts the tapered surface 214. The tapered surfaces 176, 178, 212, and 214 are positioned such that such contact resiliently deforms one or both of the retaining body 152 and the mounting body 154 to allow the catches 172 and 174 to pass behind the catches 208 and 210 respectively. Once the catches 172 and 174 to pass behind the catches 208 and 210 respectively, the tapered catching surfaces 180 and 182 are retained behind the tapered surfaces 216 and 218 respectively such that the catches 172 and 174 are coupled to the catches 208 and 210, as shown in dashed lines in
In other words, the catches 172 and 174 function as a first connector on the retaining body 152, the catches 208 and 210 function as a second connector on the mounting body 154, and when the retaining body 152 is coupled to the mounting body 154 as shown in dashed lines in
Referring to
Therefore, in the embodiment shown, coupling the retaining body 152 to the mounting body 154, or coupling the first connector of the retaining body 152 to the second connector of the mounting body 154, inherently causes the retainer 156 to be positioned against the retaining surface of the wall panel 102. Further, as indicated above, the mounting body 154 is mounted on the outer surface 134 of the wall 124, and therefore once the retaining body 152 is coupled to the mounting body 154, or once the first connector of the retaining body 152 is coupled to the second connector of the mounting body 154, the retainer 156 can retain the retaining surface of the wall panel 102 and fasten the wall panel 102 to the wall 124.
Accomplishing such fastening when coupling the retaining body 152 to the mounting body 154 may permit fastening the wall panel 102 to the wall 124 independently of any fasteners such as screws through the wall panel 102, and therefore may advantageously permit fastening the wall panel 102 to the wall 124 in fewer steps than when compared to other methods of fastening a wall panel to a wall. Further, fastening the wall panel 102 to the wall 124 independently of any fasteners such as screws through the wall panel 102 may advantageously avoid problems such as buckling and oil-canning that may arise due to thermal expansion or contraction of a wall panel fastened using fasteners such as screws.
In the embodiment shown, the retaining region 222 is sized to receive, and receives, a portion of the wall panel 102 having the retaining surface of the wall panel 102 when the retaining body 152 is coupled to the mounting body 154 or when the first connector of the retaining body 152 is coupled to the second connector of the mounting body 154. Further, the retaining body 152 does not define any structure that would contact the wall panel 102 as the portion of the wall panel 102 is thus received in the retaining region 222. In other words, the retaining region 222 includes sufficient clearance that the retaining region can receive the portion of the wall panel 102 without requiring any lateral movement of the wall panel 102 relative to the wall 124, namely movement substantially parallel to the outer surface 112.
However, in the embodiment shown, the spacers such as the spacers 136 and 138 space the wall panel 102 sufficiently far away from the outer surface 134 of the wall 124 such that when the retaining body 152 is coupled to the mounting body 154 or when the first connector of the retaining body 152 is coupled to the second connector of the mounting body 154, the retainer 156 is positioned tightly against the retaining surface of the wall panel 102 and may slightly deform the wall panel 102 by displacing the retaining surface of the wall panel 102 slightly in the direction of the arrow 220. Therefore, in the embodiment shown, although the retaining region 222 includes sufficient clearance that the retaining region can receive the portion of the wall panel 102 without requiring any lateral movement of the wall panel 102 relative to the wall 124, the wall panel 102 may still move in the direction of the arrow 220 in response to the tight fit of the retainer 156 is positioned tightly against the retaining surface of the wall panel 102.
Referring back to
Referring to
Referring to
More generally, the horizontal mounting bodies described herein (such as the mounting bodies 244 and 245 shown in
Referring to
Likewise, the outer surface of the wall panel 232 is separated from the inner surface of the retainer 156 at a gap shown generally at 265, and contact between the retainer 156 and the outer surface of the wall panel 232 may limit moisture from entering an air space shown generally at 282 between the outer surface 134 of the wall 124 and the inner surface of the wall panel 232, while the gap 265 may allow moisture to escape the air space 282 by passing between the retainer 156 and the outer surface of the wall panel 232.
The retaining body 242 also defines a channel shown generally at 269, which is substantially the same as the channel 186, and which faces away from the wall 124. At the end 243 of the retaining body 242, the channel 269 extends under the retainer 156 and defines an opening shown generally at 271 between the retainers 246 and 248 and behind the retainer 156. The opening 271 is in fluid communication with the air spaces 148 and 282 and may also allow moisture to escape the air spaces 148 and 282.
Referring to
The fastening body 250 in the embodiment shown is also an aluminum extrusion cut to a desired length, although alternative embodiments may include mounting bodies formed of other materials having sufficient structural strength to fasten the panel 102 to the wall 124, such as non-metallic or synthetic materials for example, and by methods other than extrusion.
Referring to
Further, the fastening body 260 is cut to a desired length to fit in the wall assembly 100 and is mounted on the outer surface 134 of the wall 124 adjacent the top side edge 116 of the wall panel 102. Again, “adjacent” in this context includes a space to permit thermal expansion of the wall panel 102. The fastening body 260 has a retainer 262, which in the embodiment shown is a flange that contacts a retaining surface of the wall panel 102, which in the embodiment shown is a portion of the outer surface 112, to fasten the wall panel 102 to the wall 124.
Referring to
Referring to
However, referring back to the illustrative embodiment shown in
In the embodiment shown, the retainers 156, 246, 254, and 262 substantially surround an outer periphery of the wall panel 102, and such retainers may be referred to as “tab over” retainers because the retainers extend over the outer surface 112 of the wall panel 102. The fastener assemblies 150 and 230 and the fastener bodies 250 and 260 advantageously have sufficient structural strength to fasten the wall panel 102 to the wall 124 independently of any fasteners through the wall panel 102. The fastener assemblies 150 and 230 and the fastener bodies 250 and 260 thus function as “primary” fasteners that fasten the wall panel 102 to the wall 124 to resist gravitational forces and wind loads, for example, on the wall panel 102. Although the embodiment shown includes an adhesive to adhere contact flanges of the spacers 136 and 138 to the inner surface of the wall panel 102, such an adhesive is not required to fasten the wall panel 102 to the wall 124, and therefore such spacers and adhesive function as “secondary” fasteners.
Referring to
Referring to
The fastening body 292 in the embodiment shown is also an aluminum extrusion cut to a desired length, although alternative embodiments may include mounting bodies formed of other materials having sufficient structural strength to fasten the panels 284 and 286 to the wall 124, such as non-metallic or synthetic materials for example, and by methods other than extrusion. The wall panels 284 and 286 may be mounted to the wall substantially as described above for the wall panel 102, and the fastening body 292 therefore facilitates fastening side edges of wall panels at an inside corner of a wall.
Referring to
The fastening body 306 in the embodiment shown is also an aluminum extrusion cut to a desired length, although alternative embodiments may include mounting bodies formed of other materials having sufficient structural strength to fasten the panels 298 and 300 to the wall 124, such as non-metallic or synthetic materials for example, and by methods other than extrusion. The wall panels 298 and 300 may be mounted to the wall substantially as described above for the wall panel 102, and the fastening body 306 therefore facilitates fastening side edges of wall panels at an outside corner of a wall.
Referring to
The wall panel 314 has a bottom side edge 324 and is fastened to the wall 320 by a fastening body 326 that is adjacent the bottom side edge 324 of the wall panel 314 and substantially the same as the fastening body 276. The wall panel 316 has a left side edge 328 and a right side edge 330, and the wall panel 316 is fastened to the overhang 322 of the wall 320 with a fastening body 332 adjacent the left side edge 328 and a fastening body 334 adjacent the right side edge 330. The fastening bodies 332 and 334 are substantially the same as the fastening bodies 250 and 260. The wall panel 318 has a top side edge 336 and the wall panel 318 is fastened to the wall 320 by a fastening body 338 that is adjacent the top side edge 336 of the wall panel 318 and substantially the same as the fastening bodies 250 and 260. Again, “adjacent” in this context includes a space to permit thermal expansion of the wall panels 314, 316, and 318. However, in other embodiments, the bottom side edge 324 of the wall panel 314 may contact the fastening body 326 to transfer some or all of the weight of the wall panel 314 onto the fastening body 326. In such embodiments, thermal expansion and contraction may be accommodated at spaces surrounding the other side edges of the wall panel 314. The wall panels 314, 316, and 318 may be fastened to the wall 320 substantially as described above.
In an alternative embodiment not shown, the fastening body 292 (shown in
Referring back to
Referring to
Although the walls shown in the illustrative embodiments described above include plywood panels, walls according to other illustrative embodiments may include other materials. For example, referring to
Referring to
Although only mounting bodies are shown in
In general, maximum spacing between fasteners on a mounting flange of a mounting body on various substrates may depend on wind pressure in the environment of the wall statistically averaged over a number of years. The table below shows some illustrative guidelines for maximum spacings (in inches) between fasteners on a mounting flange of a mounting body mounted on ½ inch plywood, ½ inch oriented strand board, 18 gauge steel stud, and concrete substrates for various design wind pressures expressed in pounds per square foot (PSF) and kilo Pascals (kPa). For example, a design wind pressure may be determined by a building code, and may be a wind pressure of an hourly wind speed that has a chance of 1-in-50 of being exceeded in any given year, plus a factor to account for a height of the wall and other modifications based on local topographical conditions, building construction, and building height. The table below is to be used as a guideline only, and not for engineering purposes. In some illustrative embodiments, fasteners on opposite sides of a body (such as the opposite mounting flanges 188 and 190 for example) should be staggered along the length of such a body.
Another illustrative embodiment includes a kit including one or more of the aforementioned wall panels, mounting bodies, and retaining bodies. The kit may further include one or more of the aforementioned fastening bodies, one or more of the aforementioned fasteners, or one or more of the aforementioned adhesive. Still further, the kit may include instructions for fastening one of the wall panels to a wall substantially as described above. In various illustrative embodiments, such instructions may include printed words, illustrations, or both, and may include other recorded media or oral instructions.
Wall panels such as those described above were tested against various standards of ASTM International, and results of those tests are summarized in the table below.
Further, a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) coating of wall panels of wall assemblies as described above was tested against various standards of ASTM International and other standards, and results of those tests are summarized in the table below.
In general, the methods, kits, and wall assemblies described above advantageously involve fastening wall panels to a wall as architectural cladding or siding systems without fasteners such as screws through the wall panels, thereby avoiding problems such as buckling and oil-canning that can be caused by such fasteners through such wall panels. Further, fastening wall panels to a wall as described above may be simpler than other methods because the methods described above do not require separate steps of fastening a wall panel and mounting decorative trim.
For example, the wall assembly 100 requires only five different bodies 152, 250, 276, 292, and 306 to fasten wall panels to the diverse wall shapes described above, and only those five different bodies is advantageously simpler when compared to other wall assemblies. Further, in illustrative embodiments having wall panels of different thicknesses, different spacers may be chosen based on the thicknesses of the wall panels to space the wall panels a desired distance from a wall, but the same five different bodies 152, 250, 276, 292, and 306 may still be used to fasten such wall panels of different thicknesses, thereby advantageously avoiding additional complication that may arise from selecting different fastener assemblies based on the thicknesses of various wall panels.
Still further, because the first connector is on an inner surface of the retaining bodies described above, the retaining bodies described above do not require separate securing elements to secure the retaining bodies to the mounting bodies. Further, because the retaining bodies described above do not require separate securing elements to secure the retaining bodies to the mounting bodies, the retaining bodies advantageously not require a separate component to conceal any such securing elements.
Still further, the methods, kits, and wall assemblies described above advantageously do not require any prefabrication, welding, or sealing. Rather, the wall panels and other components may be cut to desired sizes on site, thereby permitting faster and less expensive installation when compared to methods that require prefabrication, welding, or sealing.
Still further, the spaces behind the wall panels described above advantageously permit venting of such spaces without requiring any structure in addition to the fastener assemblies and spacers described above, and such venting can avoid damaging moisture accumulation. For example, in the illustrative embodiments described above, the retainers may contact the outer surfaces of the wall panel closely enough to limit moisture from entering spaces between the wall panels and the walls, but not so closely to prevent moisture from escaping the spaces between the wall panels and the walls. Wall assemblies as described above may therefore be referred to as “flow-through rain screen systems”.
Although specific embodiments have been described and illustrated, such embodiments should be considered illustrative only and not as limiting the invention as construed in accordance with the accompanying claims.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
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| 20130186027 A1 | Jul 2013 | US |
