Patent Application
20080112851
This application is based on Japanese Patent Application No. 2006-306490 filed on Nov. 13, 2006 with Japan Patent Office, the entire content of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
The present invention relates to a micro total analysis chip and a micro total analysis system, and specifically relates to such the micro total analysis chip and the micro total analysis system that is provided with a sample inlet port to inject a sample from outside and a sample reservoir to accommodate the sample, injected into the sample inlet port, in it.
In recent years, due to the use of micro-machine technology and microscopic processing technology, systems are being developed in which devices and means (for example pumps, valves, flow paths, sensors or the like) for performing conventional sample preparation, chemical analysis, chemical synthesis and the like are caused to be ultra-fine and integrated on a single chip.
These systems are called μ-TAS (Micro Total Analysis System), bioreactor, lab-on-chips, and biochips, and much is expected of their application in the fields of medical testing and diagnosis, environmental measurement and agricultural manufacturing. In reality, as seen in gene screening, in the case where complicated steps, skilful operations, and machinery operations are necessary, a microanalysis system which is automatic, has high speed and is simple is very beneficial not only in terms of reduction in cost, required amount of sample and required time, but also in terms of the fact that it makes analysis possible in cases where time and place cannot be selected.
However, in the inspection and measurement performed by employing the micro total analysis system mentioned in the above, when introducing a sample, such as a test specimen, a chemical reagent, etc., into the micro total analysis chip from the outside, if the injection amount of the specimen liquid varies, an air gap is liable to remain in the sample reservoir. This air gap has been one of factors to deteriorate an accuracy of the liquid transportation, since the air gap has acted as an air dumper.
To overcome the abovementioned drawback, for instance, Patent Document 1 (Tokkai 2006-126206, Japanese Non-Examined Patent Publication) set forth a method for performing a stable liquid transportation, the method including the steps of: introducing a sample, such as a blood, etc., dropped onto an inlet opening, into a sample retaining chamber by using the capillarity force generated on the surface of the flowing path onto which a certain surface treatment is applied; closing the inlet opening with a cover; and pushing out the sample from the upstream side of the sample retaining chamber by employing an air pressure.
According to the method set forth in Patent Document 1, however, although it may be possible to stabilize an amount of liquid to be transported, by contriving shapes and liquid velocities, such as a capacity of the liquid flowing path, a surface area, or the like, it has been difficult to make the liquid transporting velocity constant.
To overcome the abovementioned drawbacks in conventional micro total analysis chips and micro total analysis systems, it is one of objects of the present invention to provide a micro total analysis chip and a micro total analysis system, which makes it possible not only to stabilize the liquid transportation amount and the liquid conveying velocity of the sample liquid, such as a reagent, a specimen, etc., but also to provide the micro total analysis chip and the micro total analysis system, each of which makes it possible to improve the accuracy of analysis concerned.
Accordingly, at least one of the objects of the present invention can be attained by image-recording apparatus described as follows.
(1) According to a micro total analysis chip reflecting an aspect of the present invention, the micro total analysis chip comprises: a first connecting section to connect with a first liquid conveying device for conveying a liquid; a sample liquid injecting section that is coupled to a downstream side of the first connecting section and has a sample liquid injection opening to inject a sample liquid from an outside; a first sample liquid conveying path, which is coupled to a downstream side of the sample injecting section, and through which the sample liquid injected into the sample liquid injecting section is conveyed; a second connecting section to connect with a second liquid conveying device for conveying another liquid; a sample liquid reservoir that is coupled to the second connecting section and a downstream side of the first sample liquid conveying path, so as to accommodate the sample liquid conveyed through the first sample liquid conveying path; and a second sample liquid conveying path, which is coupled to a downstream side of the sample liquid reservoir, and through which the sample liquid, accommodated in the sample liquid reservoir, is conveyed in a downstream direction.
(2) According to a micro total analysis system reflecting another aspect of the present invention, the micro total analysis system comprises: a first liquid conveying device to convey a liquid; a second liquid conveying device to convey another liquid; and a micro total analysis chip that is connected to both the first liquid conveying device and the second liquid conveying device; and characterized in that the micro total analysis chip includes: a first connecting section to connect with the first liquid conveying device; a sample liquid injecting section that is coupled to a downstream side of the first connecting section and has a sample liquid injection opening to inject a sample liquid from an outside; a first sample liquid conveying path, which is coupled to a downstream side of the sample injecting section, and through which the sample liquid injected into the sample liquid injecting section is conveyed; a second connecting section to connect with the second liquid conveying device; a sample liquid reservoir that is coupled to the second connecting section and a downstream side of the first sample liquid conveying path, so as to accommodate the sample liquid conveyed through the first sample liquid conveying path; and a second sample liquid conveying path, which is coupled to a downstream side of the sample liquid reservoir, and through which the sample liquid, accommodated in the sample liquid reservoir, is conveyed in a downstream direction, and after the sample liquid, injected into the sample liquid injecting section from the sample liquid injection opening by the first liquid conveying device, has been accommodated into the sample liquid reservoir through the first sample liquid conveying path, the second liquid conveying device conveys the sample liquid, accommodated in the sample liquid reservoir, in the downstream direction through the second sample liquid conveying path.
(3) According to still another aspect of the present invention, in the micro total analysis system recited in item 2, a capacity of the sample liquid injecting section is greater than that of the sample liquid reservoir, and the sample liquid reservoir is fully filled with the sample liquid as a result of a liquid conveying operation conducted by the first liquid conveying device.
(4) According to still another aspect of the present invention, in the micro total analysis system recited in item 2 or 3, the micro total analysis chip further includes: a second water repellent valve that is disposed between the sample liquid reservoir and the second connecting section; and a third water repellent valve that is disposed between the sample liquid reservoir and the second sample liquid conveying path, and when the first liquid conveying device conducts a liquid conveying operation, the first liquid conveying device conveys the sample liquid with a liquid conveying pressure being lower than a liquid retaining force generated by each of the second water repellent valve and the third water repellent valve, so as to fully fill the sample liquid reservoir with the sample liquid.
(5) According to still another aspect of the present invention, in the micro total analysis system recited in any one of items 2-4, the micro total analysis chip further includes: a high resistance section that is disposed at the first sample liquid conveying path, to prevent the sample liquid, accommodated in the sample liquid reservoir, from flowing backward to the sample liquid injecting section, when the second liquid conveying device conducts a liquid conveying operation.
(6) According to still another aspect of the present invention, in the micro total analysis system recited in any one of items 2-5, when the sample liquid, accommodated in the sample liquid reservoir as a result of a liquid conveying operation conducted by the second liquid conveying device, is conveyed in the downstream direction through the second sample liquid conveying path, the first liquid conveying device is operated with a liquid conveying pressure being lower than that of the second liquid conveying device, so as to prevent the sample liquid, accommodated in the sample liquid reservoir, from flowing backward to the sample liquid injecting section.
(7) According to still another aspect of the present invention, in the micro total analysis system recited in any one of items 2-6, at least one of the first liquid conveying device and the second liquid conveying device is a micro pump that employs a driving liquid to conduct a liquid conveying operation.
(8) According to yet another aspect of the present invention, in the micro total analysis system recited in any one of items 2-7, the micro total analysis chip further includes: a air drain section to drain a part of air or all of the air residing in at least one of gaps, between the first connecting section and the sample liquid injecting section, between the second connecting section and the sample liquid reservoir, between the first connecting section and the sample liquid injecting section, and between the second connecting section and sample liquid reservoir.
Embodiments will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings which are meant to be exemplary, not limiting, and wherein like elements are numbered alike in several Figures, in which:
a) shows a cross sectional schematic diagram of an example of a piezo pump,
Referring to the drawings, the preferred embodiment of the present invention will be detailed in the following. However, the scope of the present invention is not limited to the embodiment described in the following. Further, in the drawings, the same reference number is attached to the same or similar sections or elements and duplicated explanations for them will be omitted.
At first, referring to
As shown in
The micro pumping unit 210 includes: a micro pump 211 to perform the liquid transporting operation; a chip connecting section 213 to connect the micro pump 211 and the inspection chip 100 with each other; a driving liquid tank 215 to store driving liquid 216 to be fed for conducting the liquid transporting operation; a driving liquid feeding section 217 to feed the driving liquid 216 from the driving liquid tank 215 to the micro pump 211; etc. The driving liquid tank 215 is detachable from the driving liquid feeding section 217, so as to make it possible to replenish the driving liquid 216. At least two pumps including a first pump 211a and a second pump 211b are formed on the micro pump 211, and can be driven either independently or in conjunction with each other. In this connection, the first pump 211a and the second pump 211b serve as a first liquid transporting device and a second liquid transporting device, respectively.
The heating and cooling unit 230 includes a cooling section 231 constituted by a Peltier element, etc., and a heating section 233 constituted by a heater etc. It is needless to say that the heating section 233 can be also constituted by a Peltier element, etc. The detecting section 250 is constituted by a LED (Light Emitting Diode) 251, a PD (Photo Detector) 253, etc., in order to optically detect the target substance included in the generated liquid acquired as a result of the reactions occurring in the inspection chip 100.
The inspection chip 100 is equivalent to one generally called an analysis chip, a micro reactor chip, etc., in which micro-channels, each serving as a liquid flowing path whose width and height are in a range of several μm—several hundreds μm, are fabricated on a substrate made of, for instance, a resin, a glass, a silicon, a ceramics, etc. The length and width dimensions of the inspection chip 100 are around several tens millimeters, respectively, and its height is around several millimeters as its typical size.
The inspection chip 100 and the micro pump 211 are connected to each other through the chip connecting section 213, so as to make the driving liquid 216 pass through between them. By driving the micro pump 211, various kinds of reagents and the sample specimen, contained in a plurality of reservoirs formed on the inspection chip 100, are conveyed by the driving liquid 216 flowing into the inspection chip 100 from the micro pump 211 through the chip connecting section 213.
Next, referring to
As shown in
Further, a first water repellent valve 135, a second water repellent valve 145 and a third water repellent valve 123 are disposed at a position located between the first driving liquid flowing path 133 and the sample liquid injection opening 117, another position located between the second driving liquid flowing path 143 and the sample liquid reservoir 121 and still another position located between the sample liquid reservoir 121 and the second sample liquid conveying path 125, respectively.
In this connection, hereinafter, the water repellent valve is defined as such a fine liquid flow path (micro channel) that has a hydrophobicity property and a narrow cross sectional area, so that the flow of the liquid can be stopped thereat by the water repellent force caused by the narrowed micro channel structure, when the liquid is conveyed under a pressure smaller than a predetermined pressure. The width of each of the first water repellent valve 135, the second water repellent valve 145 and the third water repellent valve 123 is set at around 25 μm, and the liquid retaining force generated by the water repellent valve having the above dimension is around 4 kPa.
Further, the first sample liquid conveying path 113 is provided with a first high resistance section 115 to prevent the sample liquid 301 from flowing backward when the sample liquid 301 is conveyed from the sample liquid reservoir 121 to the second sample liquid conveying path 125 according to the liquid transporting operation conducted by the second pump 211b, detailed later. It is necessary to set a liquid flow resistance of the first high resistance section 115 at a high resistance value, to such an extent that a backward flow amount toward the sample liquid injecting section 111 is sufficiently smaller than a liquid transporting amount toward the second sample liquid conveying path 125, when the sample liquid 301 is conveyed from the sample liquid reservoir 121 to the second sample liquid conveying path 125 by the second pump 211b. Accordingly, it is preferably desired that the liquid flow resistance is set at such the high resistance value that makes the backward flow amount 1/10 of the liquid transporting amount.
In the present embodiment, by setting the liquid flow path resistance of the first high resistance section 115 at a value more than around 40×1012 N*s/m5, it is possible to set the backward flow amount at a value lower than 1/10 of the liquid transporting amount. When a coefficient of viscosity of the liquid is 1×10−3 Pa*s (equivalent to that of water at 20° C.), the dimensions of the first high resistance section 115 are set at around values of width: 25 μm, depth: 40 μm and length; 1.18 mm.
In this connection, the value of “liquid flow path resistance” is equivalent to a reciprocal number of the liquid flow amount per unit pressure to be applied to the liquid flow path. Concretely speaking, the value of “liquid flow path resistance” can be found by measuring the liquid flow amount when the liquid is flown by applying a predetermined pressure to an entrance of the liquid flow path, and dividing the current pressure by the value of the liquid flow amount. Specifically, if the liquid flow path is slender and long, and the laminar flow is dominant in the liquid flow path, as mentioned in the above example, the liquid flow path resistance value R can be found by employing the equation 1 (Eq. 1) shown as follow.
where
Further, the equivalent diameter φ of the liquid flow path can be found by employing the equation 2 (Eq. 2) shown as follow.
φ=(a×b)/{(a+b)/2} Eq. 2
Still further, it is desirable that a air drain section 137 and a air drain section 147, for draining residual air remaining within the first driving liquid flowing path 133 and the second driving liquid flowing path 143, are disposed at an end portion of the first driving liquid flowing path 133 and an end portion of the second driving liquid flowing path 143, respectively. By draining the residual air remaining within the first driving liquid flowing path 133 and the second driving liquid flowing path 143, it becomes possible to eliminate the air residing at a gap between the driving liquid 216 fed from the micro pump and the sample liquid 301, and accordingly, it becomes possible to conduct the liquid transporting operation more accurately than ever.
The structure of each of the air drain section 137 and the air drain section 147 can be achieved by the fine pipe liquid flow path structure whose liquid flow path is narrowed. In addition, it is desirable that the inner surface of the fine pipe liquid flow path is finished as a water repellent wall, so that the capillarity phenomenon of the inner wall prevent the liquid from flowing outside from the fine pipe liquid flow path, though the air can be freely drained outside. The width of the fine pipe liquid flow path is set at, for instance, around 15 μm.
Alternatively, it is also applicable that each of the air drain section 137 and the air drain section 147 is shaped in a slender and lengthy pipe having a high liquid flow path resistance. According to this method, since only an extremely small amount of the liquid can leak from the air drain section due to the high resistivity of the liquid flow path, when the liquid reaches to the air drain section after the air is drained, it becomes possible to accurately transport the liquid concerned. For instance, by setting the liquid flow path resistance of this slender channel at around 1000×1012 (N*S/m2), the leakage amount ratio can be reduced to 1% or a smaller percent, resulting in a possibility of the accurate liquid transporting operation. When the coefficient of viscosity of the liquid is 1×10−3 Pa*s (equivalent to that of water at 20° C.), the dimensions of this high resistance section are set at around values of width: 10 μm, depth: 25 μm and length: 1.60 mm.
Referring to
Initially, the sample liquid 301 is injected into the sample liquid injection opening 117, and then, the sample liquid injection opening 117 is sealed with a cover 151, such as an adhesive tape or the like. For instance, the diameter of the sample liquid injection opening 117 is set at around 3 millimeters, while the capacity of the sample liquid injecting section 111 is set at around 40 nm3. For instance, since the injecting operation of the sample liquid 301 is achieved in such a manner that the operator uses Pipette to drip the liquid onto the sample liquid injecting section 111 by hand, the dripped amount of the sample liquid 301 is liable to vary to a certain extent. In this connection, for instance, by setting the capacity of the sample liquid reservoir 121 at 30 nm3 being slightly smaller than that of the sample liquid injecting section 111, and by setting an allowance value of the dripped amount of the sample liquid 301 at a value in a range of 30-40 nm3, it is possible to keep the variation of the dripped amount within a no problem range, even if some difference among individuals in the handling of Pipette exist.
After the sample liquid injection opening 117 has been sealed with the cover 151, at a time T1 shown in
After the driving liquid 216 has passed through the first water repellent valve 135, at a time T3 shown in
Successively, at a time T4 shown in
After the driving liquid 216 has passed through the second water repellent valve 145, and the sample liquid 301, residing in the sample liquid reservoir 121, has passed through the third water repellent valve 123 and has flown into the second sample liquid conveying path 125, it is applicable that the second pump 211b is again driven by the relatively weak pressure of around 2 kPa, as indicated at the time T3 shown in
Although a little amount of the sample liquid 301 flows backward towards the sample liquid injecting section 111 due to the effect of the liquid flow path resistance caused by the first high resistance section 115, a certain amount of the sample liquid 301 still flows backward and results in an error in the liquid transportation amount. Accordingly, to further reduce the backward flow, the first pump 211a is driven at the time T5 shown in
Next, referring to
As shown in
The micro pump 211 is so constituted that the two electrodes formed on the both side surfaces of the driving section and the piezoelectric element 404 are coupled to each other with a wiring line, such as a flexible cable, etc., so as to apply a driving voltage, generated by a driving circuit of the driving section, onto the piezoelectric element 404 through the wiring line concerned. When implementing the driving operation, the inner sections of the first liquid chamber 408, the first liquid flow path 406, the pressurizing chamber 405, the second liquid flow path 407, and the second liquid chamber 409 are filled with the driving liquid 216.
In an example of the micro pump 211, a photosensitive glass substrate having a thickness of 500 μm is employed as the substrate 402, and, by applying an etching treatment for etching it up to 100 μm, the first liquid chamber 408, the first liquid flow path 406, the pressurizing chamber 405, the second liquid flow path 407, and the second liquid chamber 409 are formed on the substrate 402. Further, the width and the length of the first liquid flow path 406 are set at 25 μm and 20 μm, respectively. Still further, the width and the length of the second liquid flow path 407 are set at 25 μm and 150 μm, respectively.
By laminating the upper substrate 401, being a glass substrate, onto the substrate 402, upper surfaces of the first liquid chamber 408, the first liquid flow path 406, the second liquid chamber 409, and the second liquid flow path 407 are formed. A portion of the upper substrate 401, corresponding to the upper surface of the pressurizing chamber 405, is formed as a through hole by applying the etching treatment, etc.
The vibration plate 403, made of a thin glass plate having a thickness of 50 μm, is laminated onto the upper surface of the upper substrate 401, and further, the piezoelectric element 404, made of a lead zirconite titanate ceramic (PZT), etc., is laminated and attached onto the vibration plate 403. By applying the driving voltage fed from the driving section, the piezoelectric element 404 and the vibration plate 403 attached to the piezoelectric element 404 are vibrated, so as to change the volume of the pressurizing chamber 405 between increase and decrease.
The width and the depth of the first liquid flow path 406 are the same as those of the second liquid flow path 407, and the length of the second liquid flow path 407 is longer than that of the first liquid flow path 406. Accordingly, as for the first liquid flow path 406, when the differential pressure between the coupled chambers is getting large, turburent flows are generated at the inlet/outlet openings of the liquid flow path and its peripheral, resulting in an increase of the liquid flow path resistance. On the other hand, as for the second liquid flow path 407, even when the differential pressure between the coupled chambers is getting large, laminar flows are liable to occur since the length of the liquid flow path is relatively long. Accordingly, the variation ratio of the liquid flow path resistance versus the change of the differential pressure is getting small, compared to that for the first liquid flow path 406. In other words, the relationship between the flowing impedances of the first liquid flow path 406 and the second liquid flow path 407 varies with the amplitudes of the differential pressures. Utilizing the abovementioned phenomenon, the liquid transporting operation can be achieved by controlling the waveform of the driving voltage to be applied to the piezoelectric element 404.
For instance, in order to transport the liquid in a direction from the pressurizing chamber 405 to the second liquid chamber 409 (direction B shown in
On the contrary, in order to transport the liquid in a direction from the pressurizing chamber 405 to the first liquid chamber 408 (direction A shown in
In this connection, the difference between the variation ratios of the liquid flow path resistances of the first liquid flow path 406 and the second liquid flow path 407 is not necessary depending on the difference between the lengths of both liquid flow paths, but may be depending on another dimensional difference between them.
According to the micro pump 211 configured as mentioned in the above, by changing the pump driving voltage and its frequency, it becomes possible to control the liquid transporting direction and velocity of the liquid desired. A port coupled to the driving liquid tank 215 is equipped in the first liquid chamber 408, though that is not shown in
As shown in
A port 472 and a port 473 are formed on the upper section of the first liquid chamber 408 and the upper section of the second liquid chamber 409, respectively. For instance, when the micro pump 211 and the inspection chip 100 are made to be separate elements, it is possible to make them communicate with each other through the port 473, by coupling the port 473 to the pump connecting section of the inspection chip 100. Concretely speaking, for instance, by overlapping the port 472 and the port 473 formed on the substrate 474 with the areas adjacent to the pump connecting sections of the inspection chip 100 in an upper/lower direction, the micro pump 211 can be coupled to the inspection chip 100.
Further, as mentioned in the above, since the micro pump 211 is fabricated on the silicon wafer formed in a predetermined shape by employing the Photolithography technology, it is possible to form a plurality of micro pumps 211 on a single silicon substrate. In this case, it is desirable that the driving liquid tank 215 is coupled to the port 472 disposed opposite to the port 473 that is to be coupled to the inspection chip 100. When plural micro pumps 211 exist, it is also applicable that plural ports 472 of them are coupled to the common driving liquid tank 215.
Since the micro pump 211, described in the foregoing, is small shaped, and makes a redundant volume, due to the pipeline from the micro pump 211 to the inspection chip 100, etc., minimum, and generates a little pressure fluctuation, and makes it possible to instantaneously and accurately control the liquid emission pressure, it becomes possible for the drive controlling section 270 to accurately conduct the liquid transportation controlling operation.
According to the first embodiment of the inspection chip 100 described in the foregoing, since the sample liquid 301, such as a specimen, a reagent, etc., is injected into the sample liquid injecting section 111 through the sample liquid injection opening 117, and the sample liquid 301 injected into the sample liquid injecting section 111 is conveyed by employing the first pump 211a so as to accommodate the sample liquid 301 into the sample liquid reservoir 121, and then, the sample liquid 301 accommodated in the sample liquid reservoir 121 is further conveyed downstream by employing the second pump 211b, it becomes possible to stabilize the liquid transportation amount and the liquid transporting velocity of the sample liquid 301 to be conveyed downstream, even if the dripping amount of the sample liquid 301 varies at the time of injecting the sample liquid.
Further, when the sample liquid 301, accommodated in the sample liquid reservoir 121, is conveyed downstream by employing the second pump 211b, by employing the first pump 211a to apply a pressure onto the sample liquid injecting section 111, it becomes possible not only to prevent the sample liquid 301 from flowing backward to the sample liquid injecting section 111, but also to stabilize the liquid transportation amount and the liquid transporting velocity of the sample liquid 301 to be conveyed downstream.
Next, referring to
In the example shown in
It is applicable that the air chamber(s) are disposed at both the upstream side of the sample liquid injecting section 111 and the other upstream side of the sample liquid reservoir 121, or is disposed at any one of them.
In this connection, in the second embodiment, it is necessary that the capacity of the air chamber 139 or 149 should be determined by compromising the condition that the driving liquid 216 and the sample liquid 301 do not mingle with each other, with the other condition that the air dumper does not become excessively large. In the present embodiment, it is preferable that the capacity of the air chamber is set at a value in a range of around 1-15 nm3.
According to the second embodiment of the inspection chip 100 described in the foregoing, by maintaining a constant volume of the air within a gap between the driving liquid 216 and the sample liquid 301, it becomes possible to prevent the sample liquid 301 from mingling with the driving liquid 216 during the liquid transporting operation, and therefore, it becomes possible to prevent the density and characteristic changes, which occur at the most end portion of sample liquid 301 and are caused by the fact that the driving liquid 216 and the sample liquid 301 mingle with each other.
As mentioned in the foregoing, according to the present invention, by injecting the sample, such as a specimen, a reagent, etc., into the sample liquid injecting section from the sample liquid injection opening, and transporting the sample injected into the sample liquid injecting section so as to accommodate it into the sample liquid reservoir, and then, conveying downstream the sample accommodated into the sample liquid reservoir, it becomes possible not only to stabilize the liquid transportation amount and the liquid conveying velocity of the sample liquid, but also to provide the micro total analysis chip and the micro total analysis system, each of which makes it possible to improve the accuracy of analysis concerned.
Incidentally, with respect to the detailed structures and the detailed operations of each of the elements constituting the micro total analysis chip or the micro total analysis system, embodied in the present invention, modifications and additions made by a skilled person without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention shall be included in the scope of the invention.
According to the present invention, by injecting the sample, such as a specimen, a reagent, etc., into the sample liquid injecting section from the sample liquid injection opening, and transporting the sample injected into the sample liquid injecting section so as to accommodate it into the sample liquid reservoir, and then, conveying downstream the sample accommodated into the sample liquid reservoir, it becomes possible not only to stabilize the liquid transportation amount and the liquid conveying velocity of the sample liquid, but also to provide the micro total analysis chip and the micro total analysis system, each of which makes it possible to improve the accuracy of analysis concerned.
While the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described using specific term, such description is for illustrative purpose only, and it is to be understood that changes and variations may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2006-306490 | Nov 2006 | JP | national |
