The subject matter of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/056,211 is related to the subject matter of the present application, and is incorporated into the present application in its entirety by reference.
The following disclosure relates generally to microelectronic workpieces and, more particularly, to methods and systems for forming interconnects through such workpieces.
Microelectronic devices, micromechanical devices, and other types of devices with microfeatures are typically formed by constructing several layers of components on a workpiece. Microelectronic devices, for example, are typically formed by fabricating a plurality of dies on a single workpiece. Each die can include a plurality of bond-pads coupled to an integrated circuit. The dies are separated from each other after fabrication and packaged to form individual microelectronic devices that can be attached to modules or installed in other electronic products.
The dies described above typically include conductive interconnects to electrically couple components located in different layers of the die. In some applications, it may be desirable to form interconnects that extend completely through the die or through a significant portion of the die. Such interconnects can be used to electrically couple bond-pads or other conductive elements on one side of the die to conductive elements on the other side of the die. Through-wafer interconnects, for example, are constructed by forming deep vias on the front side and/or backside of the wafer in alignment with bond-pads on the front side of the wafer. The vias are often “blind” vias in that they are closed at one end. The blind vias are then filled with a conductive material. After further processing, the wafer is thinned to reduce the final die thickness. Solder balls or other external electrical contacts can be attached to the through-wafer interconnects at the backside and/or the front side of the wafer to facilitate subsequent packaging. The solder balls and other external contacts can be attached either before or after singulating the dies from the wafer.
One shortcoming of prior art methods for forming through-wafer interconnects is that it is often difficult to fill deep, narrow blind vias with electrically conductive material. In most processes using solder, for example, an oxide reducing agent or flux is used on a layer of nickel within the blind via to remove oxides from the nickel and to prevent the nickel and other materials in the via (e.g., solder) from forming oxides. When the molten solder enters the blind via, the oxide reducing agent produces gases that can be trapped in the closed end of the blind via. These gases can produce undesirable voids or other discontinuities in the interconnect. In addition, the oxide reducing agent itself may be trapped in the fill material and cause additional voids or irregular regions within the interconnect.
Another shortcoming of prior art methods for forming through-wafer interconnects is that vapor deposition processes may produce non-uniform seed layers on the sidewalls of the vias. This can affect subsequent plating processes in high aspect ratio holes because the nonuniform seed layers cause the plating rate to be higher at the openings than deep within the vias. The electroplating processes, for example, may “pinch-off” the openings of high aspect ratio holes before the holes are filled completely. In view of these shortcomings with prior art methods, there is a need to more effectively form interconnects in blind vias and other deep holes in microfeature workpieces.
A. Overview
The following disclosure describes several embodiments of microelectronic workpieces and methods and systems for forming interconnects in such workpieces. A method of manufacturing a microelectronic workpiece in accordance with one aspect of the invention includes forming a blind hole in the workpiece that extends from an exterior surface of the workpiece to an intermediate depth in the workpiece. The method further includes forming a vent in the workpiece in fluid communication with the blind hole, and moving electrically conductive material into at least a portion of the blind hole by drawing at least a partial vacuum in the vent. In one embodiment, the blind hole can be formed in a first exterior surface of the workpiece, and forming a vent in the workpiece can include laser-cutting or etching a hole that extends from a second exterior surface of the workpiece to the blind hole. In another embodiment, drawing at least a partial vacuum in the vent can include at least partially evacuating a chamber, tube, etc. removably positioned in fluid communication with an opening of the vent.
A method of manufacturing a microelectronic workpiece in accordance with another aspect of the invention includes electrically coupling a terminal on an exterior surface of the workpiece to an integrated circuit in the workpiece. The method further includes forming a blind hole in the workpiece that extends through the terminal, and forming a vent in the workpiece in fluid communication with the blind hole. The method additionally includes at least partially filling the blind hole with electrically conductive material by moving the electrically conductive material into the vent and then into the blind hole. In one embodiment, the blind hole is formed on a first exterior surface of the workpiece, and the method further includes removing material from a second exterior surface of the workpiece to thin the workpiece after moving the electrically conductive material into the blind hole.
An assembly for manufacturing an electrical interconnect in accordance with a further aspect of the invention includes a microelectronic workpiece, a flowable, electrically conductive material, and a vacuum fixture. The microelectronic workpiece has a passage extending from a first opening in a first side of the workpiece to a second opening in a second side of the workpiece. To fill the passage, the flowable, electrically conductive material is positioned in fluid communication with the first opening in the workpiece, and an interior volume of the vacuum fixture is positioned in fluid communication with the second opening in the workpiece. The interior volume is then evacuated to move the flowable, electrically conductive material at least partially into the passage through the first opening. In one embodiment, the vacuum fixture can include a base portion having a seal that extends around the second opening in the workpiece to seal the interior volume during evacuation.
An apparatus for forming an electrical interconnect in a microelectronic workpiece in accordance with yet another aspect of the invention includes an evacuating device operably coupled to a body. The body can include an interior wall portion at least partially defining an interior volume in fluid communication with the evacuating device. The body can further include a sealable base portion extending at least partially around the interior volume. In operation, the sealable base portion of the body is positioned around a first opening of a passage that extends through the microelectronic workpiece, and the interior volume is at least partially evacuated by the evacuating device to draw a flowable material into the passage through a second opening. In one embodiment, the body of the apparatus can further include vented support members that restrain the workpiece from flexing under the pressure differential caused by the vacuum.
Specific details of several embodiments of the invention are described below with reference to interconnects that extend through a terminal on one side of a microelectronic workpiece. The workpieces, for example, illustrate dies having integral circuitry, but the dies can include image sensors. The microelectronic devices can accordingly be memory devices (e.g., DRAM, flash, etc.), imagers (e.g., CMOS, CCD, etc.), processors, and other devices. The invention, however, is not limited to these particular embodiments and, accordingly, extends to other types of interconnects in other types of workpieces. Furthermore, while many details of several embodiments of the invention are described below, other details describing well-known structures and/or processes often associated with fabricating microelectronic devices are not set forth below to avoid obscuring the described embodiments. A person of ordinary skill in the art will understand, however, that the invention may have other embodiments that lack several of the features shown in
B. Methods of Forming Interconnects in Microelectronic Workpieces
Referring to
The hole 40 can alternatively be formed using a laser in addition to or in lieu of etching. If a laser is used to form all or a portion of the hole 40, it is typically cleaned using chemical cleaning agents to remove slag or other contaminants. Although laser cutting the hole 40 may be advantageous because the substrate 12 does not need to be patterned (i.e., mask 33 would not need to be applied), etching the hole 40 may be easier because the slag does not need to be cleaned from the hole 40 and the depth of the hole 40 can be more precisely controlled with an etching process. A further advantage of using an etching process is that the first side 14 of the substrate 12 can be patterned and etched to simultaneously form a plurality of holes 40 aligned with corresponding terminals 22. Furthermore, the holes 40 can generally be more precisely aligned using an etching process as compared with a laser cutting process.
Referring next to
Referring next to
Referring next to
Referring to
Referring next to
After forming the vent hole 70, it can be cleaned to remove ablated byproducts (i.e., slag) and/or other undesirable byproducts resulting from the laser. For example, the vent hole 70 can be cleaned using a suitable cleaning agent, such as 6% tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH): propylene glycol. In other embodiments, the vent hole 70 may be left unclean. In alternative embodiments, the vent hole 70 can be a different size or shape, and may be formed using an etching process (e.g., a dry etch and/or a wet etch), a mechanical drilling process, a dicing or laser slot, or another suitable method known in the art.
In several embodiments, a temporary protective filling or coating 69 (shown in broken lines) can be deposited into the blind hole 45 before forming the vent hole 70. The protective filling 69 can be a photoresist, polymer, water, solidified liquid or gas, and/or other suitable materials known in the art. The protective filling 69 protects the sidewalls of the blind hole 45 from slag produced during the laser drilling process. The slag can adversely affect the plating of nickel onto the seed layer and/or the wetting of a conductive fill material into the blind hole 45. The protective filling 69 can be removed after forming the vent hole 70.
Referring next to
Various types of solutions and other materials can be drawn into the blind hole 45 before the conductive fill material 80 to facilitate filling of the blind hole 45 with the fill material 80 and/or adherence of the fill material 80 to the sidewalls of the blind hole 45. These materials can include cleaning solutions, fluxes, and/or other known surface treatments. In one embodiment, for example, an oxide reducing agent (not shown) can be drawn, wetted, or otherwise moved into the blind hole 45 before the conductive fill material 80 to facilitate filling of the blind hole 45 with the fill material 80. The layer of oxide reducing agent can remove oxides from the second conductive layer 54 (e.g., a Ni layer) and can prevent the second conductive layer 54 and other materials in the blind hole 45 (e.g., solder) from forming oxides. In addition, applying a layer of oxide reducing agent to the blind hole 45 can enhance the ability of the fill material 80 to adhere to the sidewalls of the hole. In one embodiment, the oxide reducing agent material can be drawn into the blind hole 45 using the vacuum process described above for the conductive fill material 80. It may be advantageous, however, to elevate the temperature of the substrate 12 after introduction of the oxide reducing agent to bake out volatiles and/or moisture in the oxide reducing agent before introducing the conductive fill material into the blind hole 45.
One advantage of sucking the fill material 80 from the front side of the blind hole 45 as described above with reference to
One advantage of using a vacuum to move fill materials into blind holes or passages (whether from the front side or the backside) is that it can result in more complete filling of the hole as compared to conventional methods that do not utilize vacuum. In addition, using vacuum to draw and/or wet flux, cleaning solution, and/or some other form of surface treatment into a blind hole or passage before conductive fill material can make the inner surfaces of the hole or passage more solderable and/or more easily filled with the conductive material. Another advantage of the interconnect forming methods described above is that the vent hole 70 allows trapped air, gases, and/or volatile solvents to escape from the larger blind hole 45 as the fill material 80 flows into the blind hole.
C. Systems for Forming Interconnects in Microelectronic Workpieces
In the illustrated embodiment, the workpiece 510 is supported by a carrier 518, and a vacuum fixture 590 is positioned against the second side 516 of the workpiece 510. The vacuum fixture 590 includes a body 593 having an interior wall portion 591. The interior wall portion 591 at least partially defines an interior volume 592. The interior volume 592 is positioned in fluid communication with each of the passages 572 and is operably coupled to an evacuating device 580 (e.g., a vacuum pump, etc.).
The vacuum fixture 590 further includes a base portion 595 that extends around the interior volume 592. In the illustrated embodiment, the base portion carries a compressible seal 594 (e.g., a rubber, silicone, or other type of seal) that is compressed against the second side 516 of the workpiece 510 to seal the interior volume 592. In addition, the vacuum fixture 590 can also include one or more support members 596 (identified individually as support members 596a-f) having proximal ends 597 fixedly attached to the interior wall portion 591, and corresponding distal ends 599 configured to contact the second side 516 of the workpiece 510. The support members 596 provide support for the workpiece 510 when subjected to external pressure from the evacuation process described below. Each of the support members 596 can include one or more vents or through-holes 598 for equalizing pressure in adjacent compartments of the interior volume 592 as the passages 572 become plugged with fill material.
Flowable fill material 580 is positioned against, or at least proximate to, the first side 514 of the workpiece 510. In one embodiment, the conductive fill material 580 can be flowed against the first side 514 using known wave or fountain techniques. In another embodiment, the first side 514 of the workpiece 510 can be positioned on a pool of the fill material 580. In still further embodiments, other suitable methods can be used to position the flowable fill material 580 proximate to the first side 514.
To manufacture interconnects with the assembly 500, the evacuating device 580 at least partially evacuates the interior volume 592 of the vacuum fixture 590. The reduced pressure in the interior volume 592 causes the fill material 580 to flow into the passages 572 as described above with reference to
In one aspect of this particular embodiment, however, the support members 696 are not vented, and instead form individual chambers 682 (identified individually as chambers 682a-e) in fluid communication with corresponding passages 572. Each individual chamber 682 is operably coupled to a dedicated vacuum line 684. As a result, as the passage 572 in one chamber 682 becomes plugged with the fill material 580, it will not change the vacuum pressure in the adjacent chamber 682. One advantage of this feature is that it provides more control of the vacuum across discrete regions of the interior volume 692 during the filling process to ensure that each passage is adequately filled with the conductive material 580. In contrast, one shortcoming of the vacuum fixture 590 of
As the foregoing discussion with reference to
From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that specific embodiments of the invention have been described herein for purposes of illustration, but that various modifications may be made without deviating from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, various aspects of any of the foregoing embodiments can be combined in different combinations. Additionally, even though the foregoing embodiments describe forming a through-hole by first forming a blind hole and then forming a vent to the blind hole, other through-holes formed completely through the workpiece in one process (e.g., by etching, mechanical-drilling, or laser-drilling) can be used. Accordingly, the invention is not limited, except as by the appended claims.
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