Patent Application
20210277069
This invention is in the field of protein engineering, relating in particular to the meningococcal factor H binding protein (fHbp), which is a useful vaccine immunogen.
Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) is caused by the bacterial pathogen Neisseria meningitidis. Of the five serogroups mainly associated with IMD globally (MenA, B, C, W and Y), MenB is the predominant serogroup causing IMD in a number of regions, including Canada, the United States, Australia, New Zealand and Europe. MenB is a serious and often deadly disease, affecting mainly infants and young adults. It is easily mis-diagnosed, can kill within 24 hours of onset and can cause serious, life-long disabilities despite the administration of treatment.
There are currently two licensed vaccines that have been designed to immunize against serogroup B meningococcus: GSK's BEXSERO and Pfizer's TRUMENBA.
BEXSERO (also known generically as 4CMenB) contains a preparation of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) from the epidemic strain of group B Meningococcal NZ98/254 together with five meningococcal antigens: Neisserial Heparin Binding protein A (NHBA), factor H binding protein (fHbp) variant 1.1, Neisserial adhesion protein A (NadA), and accessory proteins GNA1030 and GNA2091. Four of these antigens are present as fusion proteins (an NHBA-GNA1030 fusion protein and a GNA2091-fHbp fusion protein). 4CMenB is described in literature (for example, see Bai et al. (2011) Expert Opin Biol Ther. 11:969-85, Su & Snape (2011) Expert Rev Vaccines 10:575-88). The terms “BEXSERO” and “4CMenB” are used interchangeably herein.
TRUMENBA contains two lipidated MenB fHbp antigens (v1.55 and v3.45) adsorbed on aluminium phosphate.
fHbp (also known interchangeably in the art as genome-derived Neisseria antigen (GNA) 1870, LP2086 and protein ‘741’) binds to human factor H (hfH), which is a large (180 kDa) multi-domain soluble glycoprotein, consisting of 20 complement control protein (CCP) modules connected by short linker sequences. hfH circulates in human plasma and regulates the Alternative Pathway of the complement system. Functional binding of fHbp to hfH relies predominantly on CCP modules (or domains) 6-7 of hfH, and enhances the ability of the bacterium to resist complement-mediated killing. Therefore, expression of fHbp enables survival in ex vivo human blood and serum.
As different fHbp classification schemes have been proposed, a dedicated database is available with a unified fHbp nomenclature for the assignment of new sub-variants: (http)://neisseria.org/nm/typing/fhbp (also as (https)://pubmlst.org/neisseria/fHbp/).
fHbp has been classified into three (main) variants 1, 2 and 3, which were further divided into sub-variants fHbp-1.x, fHbp-2.x and fHbp-3.x, where x denotes the specific peptide sub-variant. In contrast to v2 and v3, fHbp v1 is highly heterogeneous and contains several subvariants. In a different nomenclature scheme, the sub/variants are grouped into subfamily A (corresponding to variants 2 and 3) and subfamily B (corresponding to variant 1) based on sequence diversity.
BEXSERO is predicted to provide broad coverage against MenB strains circulating worldwide (Medini D et al., Vaccine 2015; 33:2629-2636; Vogel U et al. Lancet Infect Dis 2013; 13:416-425; Křižová et al., Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol 2014; 63:103-106; Tzanakaki G et al. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:111; Wasko I et al. Vaccine 2016; 34:510-515; 6. Simöes M J et al. PLoS ONE 12(5): e0176177; and Parikh S R et al. Lancet Infect Dis 2017; 17:754-62). Furthermore, following the introduction of BEXSERO into the UK national infant immunization programme in September 2015, data at 10 months showed 83% vaccine efficacy on all MenB strains after two doses (Parikh S R et al., Lancet 2016; 388:2775-82).
However, bactericidal activity is variant specific; antibodies raised against one variant are not necessarily cross-protective against other variants, although some cross-reactivity has been described between fHbp v2 and v3 (Masignani V et al., J Exp Med 2003; 197:789-799). Antibodies raised against sub-variant fHbpv1.1, included in the 4CMenB vaccine, are highly cross-reactive with the most frequently occurring fHbp v1 sub-variants but are less cross-reactive with v1 sub-variants that are most distantly related to v1.1. Furthermore, antibodies raised against sub-variant fHbpv1.1 included in the 4CMenB vaccine are poorly cross-reactive with fHbp v2 and v3 (Brunelli B et al., Vaccine 2011; 29:1072-1081). This means that 4CMenB coverage is not able to extend to some meningococcal strains carrying fHbp v2, v3, or strains carrying some v1 sub-variants.
Therefore, despite the efficacy of licensed serogroup B meningococcus vaccines such as BEXSERO, there remains a need to develop meningococcal vaccines that retain the efficacy of, and are non-inferior to, existing licensed vaccines, such as 4CMenB, but with the added value of improved coverage against meningococcal strains carrying fHbp variants that are not well covered by existing vaccines.
A first aspect of the invention provides a mutant v1.13 meningococcal fHbp polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2, wherein the amino acid sequence of said mutant v1.13 meningococcal fHbp polypeptide includes a substitution mutation at E211, S216, E232, or combinations thereof, of SEQ ID NO: 2.
A second aspect of the invention provides a mutant v1.15 meningococcal fHbp polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:6, wherein the amino acid sequence of said mutant v1.15 meningococcal fHbp polypeptide includes a substitution mutation at E214, S219, E235, or combinations thereof, of SEQ ID NO: 6.
A third aspect of the invention provides a fusion polypeptide comprising all three of v1, v2 and v3 meningococcal fHbp polypeptides, wherein the variant fHbp sequences are in the order v2-v3-v1 from N- to C-terminus, and wherein the v1 polypeptide is a mutant v1.13 fHbp polypeptide according to the first aspect of the invention or a mutant v1.15 fHbp polypeptide according to the second aspect of the invention.
A fourth aspect of the invention provides an isolated nucleic acid molecule, optionally a plasmid, comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a mutant v1.13 fHbp polypeptide according to the first aspect of the invention, a mutant v1.15 fHbp polypeptide according to the second aspect of the invention, or a fusion polypeptide according to the third aspect of the invention.
A fifth aspect of the invention provides a recombinant host cell transformed with a nucleic acid molecule according to the fourth aspect of the invention.
A sixth aspect of the invention provides outer membrane vesicles obtained or prepared from the recombinant host cell according to the fifth aspect of the invention.
A seventh aspect of the invention provides an immunogenic composition comprising a mutant v1.13 fHbp polypeptide according to the first aspect of the invention, a mutant v1.15 fHbp polypeptide according to the second aspect of the invention, a fusion polypeptide according to the third aspect of the invention, or an outer membrane vesicle according to the sixth aspect of the invention. Said immunogenic composition is useful for immunizing a mammal, preferably a human, against Neisseria meningitidis infection.
In the SBA results each dot represents SBA titre of single strains analysed on pooled sera.
The lipoprotein factor H binding protein (fHbp) is expressed on the surface of all MenB strains. fHbp binds to the human complement regulatory protein factor H (hfH), forming a complex that protects the bacteria from complement-mediated killing and providing a survival mechanism for N. meningitidis in the human bloodstream. Antibodies against fHbp have a dual role: they are bactericidal perse, and by preventing binding to hfH they render strains more susceptible to bacterial killing. Reducing or abolishing the ability of fHbp to bind to hfH increases the immunogenicity of the fHbp antigen by preventing the formation of protective complexes between fHbp and hfH which have potential to mask fHbp epitopes and prevent antibody binding.
fHbp exists in three different genetic and immunogenic variants (v1, v2 and v3), with many subvariants. The majority of MenB strains that are not covered by 4CMenB express v2 or v3 fHbp, or v1 subvariants distantly related to var1.1.
As shown in
Furthermore, antibodies raised against sub-variant fHbpvi.1 included in the 4CMenB vaccine are poorly cross-reactive with fHbp v2 and v3 (Brunelli B et al., Vaccine 2011; 29:1072-1081).
This means that 4CMenB coverage is not able to extend to some meningococcal strains carrying fHbp v2, v3, or strains carrying some v1 sub-variants.
The present invention provides mutated fHbp variant 1.13 or variant 1.15 (v1.13 or v1.15) polypeptides that are immunogenic and can be combined with existing meningococcal vaccines to provide improved N. meningitidis strain coverage.
In particular, the v1 polypeptides of the invention are subvariants of fHbp variant 1 that are genetically diverse compared with the fHbp v1.1 antigen included in 4CMenB.
Furthermore, the v1 polypeptides of the invention are mutated in order to reduce binding to hfH compared with the corresponding wildtype v1 polypeptide. In contrast, the fHbpvi.1 antigen included in BEXSERO, and the fHp v1.55 and v3.45 antigens included in TRUMENBA, do bind to hfH.
V1 polypeptides of the invention can be provided alone or as a component of a fusion protein, together with mutant forms of fHbp variants 2 and 3, which have been modified to improve stability and also to reduce fHbp binding. By providing a single fusion protein comprising these v2 and v3 antigens, together with a v1 antigen of the invention, the inventors have improved strain coverage relative to the existing licensed meningococcal B vaccines. For clarity, neither of the v2 and v3 antigens are present in, e.g., 4CMenB. The presence of v2 and v3 antigens within the fusion proteins of the present invention improves strain coverage as compared to, e.g., 4CMenB.
The v1 polypeptides and fusion proteins of the invention can be used alone or in combination with a meningococcal NHBA antigen, a meningococcal NadA antigen, a meningococcal fHbp antigen, and a meningococcal outer membrane vesicle (e.g., in combination with the BEXSERO composition), to provide a combined immunogenic composition having increased immunogenicity (due to the addition/inclusion of non-binding forms of fHbp variants) and increased N. meningitidis strain coverage (due to the addition of new fHbp variants/subvariants), compared with BEXSERO alone.
Mutant v1.13 Meningococcal fHbp Polypeptides
The present inventors have identified residues within the fHbp v1.13 sequence that can be modified to reduce binding to hfH. Such mutants are referred to herein as non-binding (NB) mutants. The inventors have also identified combinations of mutations in the v1.13 sequence that are particularly useful to reduce binding to hfH. fHbp v1.13 is also known in the art as fHbp variant B09.
The mature wild-type fHbp v1.13 lipoprotein from strain M982 (GenBank Accession No. AAR84475.1) has the following amino acid sequence, with an N-terminal poly-glycine signal sequence being underlined:
CSSGGGG
VAADIGAGLADALTAPLDHKDKGLQSLTLDQSVRKNEKLK
The mature v1.13 lipoprotein differs from the full-length wild-type sequence in that the full-length polypeptide has an additional 19 residue N-terminal leader sequence, which is cleaved from the mature polypeptide. Thus, full-length wild-type fHbp v1.13 has the following amino acid sequence (with the N-terminal leader sequence shown in bold font):
MNRTAFCCFSLTAALILTA
CSSGGGGVAADIGAGLADALTAPLDHKD
The ΔG form of the mature v1.13 lipoprotein lacks the N-terminal poly-glycine sequence of the mature polypeptide, i.e. it lacks the first 7 amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 1, and it lacks the first 26 amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 31:
Therefore, a first aspect of the invention provides a mutant v1.13 meningococcal fHbp polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence having at least k % sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2, with the proviso that the amino acid sequence of said mutant v1.13 meningococcal fHbp polypeptide includes a substitution mutation at one or more of residues E211, S216 or E232 of SEQ ID NO: 2.
The value of k may be selected from 80, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 or 100. It is preferably 80 (i.e. the mutant fHbp v1.13 amino acid sequence has at least 80% identity to SEQ ID NO: 2) and is more preferably 85, more preferably 90 and more preferably 95. Most preferably, the mutant fHbp v1.13 amino acid sequence has at least 97%, at least 98% or at least 99% identity to SEQ ID NO: 2.
Preferably, the amino acid sequence differs from SEQ ID NO: 2 by at least one or more of the substitutions E211 A, S216R or E232A. More preferably, the amino acid sequence comprises substitutions at multiple residues selected from the following (i) E211A and E232A, or (ii) E211A and S216R. More preferably, the amino acid sequence comprises substitutions at residues E211A and S216R, relative to SEQ ID NO. 2.
Without wishing to be bound by theory, the substitution of glutamic acid (E) for alanine (A) at residue 211 of SEQ ID NO. 2 removes a negatively charged residue that is involved in hfH recruitment, thus contributing to the abrogation of fH binding. The substitution of arginine (R) for serine (S) at residue 216 of SEQ ID NO. 2 replaces the wildtype amino acid with a corresponding residue from N. gonorrhoeae, which does not bind hfH.
In preferred embodiments, a mutant v1.13 polypeptide of the invention has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 (v1.13 AG E211A/E232A) or SEQ ID NO: 4 (v1.13 AG (E211A/S216R). More preferably, mutant v1.13 polypeptide of the invention has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4.
The mutant v1.13 polypeptide of the invention can, after administration to a host animal, preferably a mammal and more preferably a human, elicit antibodies which can recognise wild-type meningococcal fHbp polypeptides of SEQ ID NO: 1. These antibodies are ideally bactericidal (see below).
Mutant v1.15 Meningococcal fHbp Polypeptides
The present inventors have also identified residues within the fHbp v1.15 sequence that can be modified to prevent binding to hfH. Such mutants are referred to herein as non-binding (NB) mutants. The inventors have also identified combinations of mutations in the v1.15 sequence that are particularly useful to prevent binding to hfH. fHbp v1.15 is also known in the art as fHbp variant B44.
The mature wild-type fHbp v1.15 lipoprotein from strain NM452 (GenBank Accession No. ABL14232.1) has the following amino acid sequence, with an N-terminal poly-glycine signal sequence being underlined:
CSSGGGGSGGGGVAADIGAGLADALTAPLDHKDKGLKSLTLEDSISQ
The mature v1.15 lipoprotein differs from the full-length wild-type sequence in that the full-length polypeptide has an additional 19 residue N-terminal leader sequence, which is cleaved from the mature polypeptide. Thus, full-length wild-type fHbp v1.15 has the following amino acid sequence (with the N-terminal leader sequence shown in bold font):
MNRTTFCCLSLTAALILTA
CSSGGGGSGGGGVAADIGAGLADALTAP
The ΔG form of the mature v1.15 lipoprotein lacks the N-terminal poly-glycine sequence, i.e. it lacks the first 12 amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 5, and it lacks the first 31 amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 32:
Therefore, a second aspect of the invention provides a mutant v1.15 meningococcal fHbp polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence having at least k % sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 6, with the proviso that the amino acid sequence of said mutant v1.15 meningococcal fHbp polypeptide includes a substitution mutation at one or more of residues E214, S219 or E235 of SEQ ID NO: 6
The value of k may be selected from 80, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 or 100. It is preferably 80 (i.e. the mutant fHbp v1.15 amino acid sequence has at least 80% identity to SEQ ID NO: 6) and is more preferably 85, more preferably 90 and more preferably 95. Most preferably, the mutant fHbp v1.15 amino acid sequence has at least 97%, at least 98% or at least 99% identity to SEQ ID NO: 6.
Preferably, the amino acid sequence differs from SEQ ID NO: 6 by at least one or more of the substitutions E214A, S219R or E235A. More preferably, the amino acid sequence comprises substitutions at residues selected from the following: (i) S219R, (ii) E214A and S219R, and (iii) E214A and E235A.
In preferred embodiments, a mutant v1.15 polypeptide of the invention has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7 (v.1.15_S219R), SEQ ID NO: 8 (v1.15_E214A/S219R) or SEQ ID NO: 9 (v1.15_E214A/E235A).
The mutant v1.15 polypeptide of the invention can, after administration to a host animal, preferably a mammal and more preferably a human, elicit antibodies which can recognise wild-type meningococcal fHbp polypeptides of SEQ ID NO: 5. These antibodies are ideally bactericidal (see below).
The invention also provides a fusion polypeptide comprising all three of v1, v2 and v3 meningococcal fHbp polypeptides, wherein the variant fHbp sequences are in the order v2-v3-v1 from N- to C-terminus. In a preferred embodiment the fHbp fusion polypeptide has an amino acid sequence of formula NH2-A-[-X-L]3-B—COOH, wherein each X is a different variant fHbp sequence, L is an optional linker amino acid sequence, A is an optional N terminal amino acid sequence, and B is an optional C terminal amino acid sequence.
The v1 fHbp polypeptide component of the fusion of the invention is either a mutant v1.13 fHbp polypeptide or mutant v1.13 fHbp polypeptide as described above.
The v2 and v3 fHbp polypeptide components of the fusion of the invention are preferably mutant v2 and v3 polypeptides having enhanced stability and reduced ability to bind to hfH, compared to the wild-type v2 and v3 polypeptides. As explained above, reducing fHbp binding to hfH is advantageous because it prevents the formation of protective complexes between fHbp and hfH which can mask fHbp epitopes, and thereby increases the immunogenicity of the polypeptide antigen.
The inventors have previously identified residues within the v2 and v3 sequences which can be modified to increase the stability of the polypeptide and also to reduce binding to hfH. These mutated v2 and v3 sequences are described in detail in WO2015/128480.
Full-length wild-type fHbp v2 from strain 2996 has the following amino acid sequence (leader sequence shown in bold font and poly-glycine sequence being underlined):
MNRTAFCCLSLTAALILTA
CSSGGGGVAADIGAGLADALTAPLDHKD
The mature lipoprotein lacks the first 19 amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 10:
The ΔG form of SEQ ID NO: 10 lacks the first 26 amino acids:
In a preferred embodiment, the fusion polypeptide of the invention comprises a mutant v2 fHbp polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence having at least k % sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 12, with the proviso that the v2 fHbp amino acid sequence includes a substitution mutation at residues S32 and L123 of SEQ ID NO: 12. Preferably the substitutions are S32V and L123R.
The value of k may be selected from 80, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 or 100. It is preferably 80 (i.e. the mutant fHbp v2 amino acid sequence has at least 80% identity to SEQ ID NO: 12) and is more preferably 85, more preferably 90 and more preferably 95.
In some embodiments, the fHbp v2 polypeptide included in the fusion protein of the invention is truncated relative to SEQ ID NO: 12. Compared to the wild-type mature sequence, SEQ ID NO: 12 is already truncated at the N-terminus up to and including the poly-glycine sequence (compare SEQ ID NOs: 11 and 12), but SEQ ID NO: 12 can be truncated at the C-terminus and/or further truncated at the N-terminus.
In a preferred embodiment, the v2 fHbp polypeptide included in the fusion protein of the invention comprises or consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16.
The v2 fHbp polypeptide included in the fusion protein of the invention has, under the same experimental conditions, a higher stability than the same polypeptide but without the sequence differences at residues S32 and L123 e.g. higher stability than a wild-type meningococcal polypeptide consisting of SEQ ID NO: 10. The S32V mutation stabilizes the structure by introducing favourable hydrophobic interactions. The L123R mutation abrogates fH binding by introducing clashes with fH and unfavorable charges.
The stability enhancement can be assessed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) e.g. as discussed in Johnson (2013) Arch Biochem Biophys 531:100-9 and Bruylants et al. Current Medicinal Chemistry 2005; 12:2011-20. DSC has previously been used to assess the stability of v2 fHbp (Johnson et al. PLoS Pathogen 2012; 8: e1002981). Suitable conditions for DSC to assess stability can use 20 μM of polypeptide in a buffered solution (e.g. 25 mM Tris) with a pH between 6 and 8 (e.g. 7-7.5) with 100-200 mM NaCl (e.g. 150 mM).
The increase in stability is evidenced by an at least 5° C., e.g. at least 10° C., 15° C., 20° C., 25° C., 30° C., 35° C. or more, increase in thermal transition midpoint (Tm) of at least one peak as compared to wild-type when assessed by DSC. Wild-type fHbp shows two DSC peaks during unfolding (one for the N-terminal domain and one for the C-terminal domain) and, where a v2 polypeptide included in the fusion protein of the invention includes both such domains, an “increase in stability” refers to an at least 5° C. increase in the Tm of the N-terminal domain. Tm of the N-terminal domain can occur at or even below 40° C. with wild-type v2 sequences (Johnson et al. (2012) PLoS Pathogen 8: e1002981), whereas C-terminal domains can have a Tm of 80° C. or more. Thus, the mutant fHbp v2 amino acid sequence included in the fusion protein of the invention preferably has a N-terminal domain with a Tm of at least 45° C. e.g. ≥50° C., ≥55° C., ≥60° C., ≥65° C., ≥70° C., ≥75° C., or even ≥80° C.
Full-length wild-type fHbp v3 from strain M1239 has the following amino acid sequence (leader sequence shown in bold font and poly-glycine sequence being underlined):
MNRTAFCCLSLTTALILTA
CSSGGGGSGGGGVAADIGTGLADALTAP
The mature lipoprotein lacks the first 19 amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 13:
The ΔG form of SEQ ID NO: 13 lacks the first 31 amino acids (i.e. lacks the signal sequence and the poly-glycine sequence):
In a preferred embodiment, the fusion polypeptide of the invention comprises a mutant v3 fHbp polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence having at least k % sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 15, with the proviso that the v3 fHbp amino acid sequence includes substitution mutations at residues S32 and L126 of SEQ ID NO: 15. Preferably the substitutions are S32V and L126R. The value of k may be selected from 80, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 or 100. It is preferably 80 (i.e. the mutant fHbp v2 amino acid sequence has at least 80% identity to SEQ ID NO: 15) and is more preferably 85, more preferably 90 and more preferably 95.
In some embodiments, the fHbp v3 polypeptide included in the fusion protein of the invention is truncated relative to SEQ ID NO: 15. Compared to the wild-type mature sequence, SEQ ID NO: 15 is already truncated at the N-terminus up to and including the poly-glycine sequence (compare SEQ ID NOs: 14 and 15), but SEQ ID NO: 15 can be truncated at the C-terminus and/or further truncated at the N-terminus.
In a preferred embodiment, the v3 fHbp polypeptide included in the fusion protein of the invention comprises or consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17.
The v3 fHbp polypeptide included in the fusion protein of the invention has, under the same experimental conditions, a higher stability than the same polypeptide but without the sequence differences at residues S32 and L126 e.g. higher stability than a wild-type meningococcal polypeptide consisting of SEQ ID NO: 13. The S32V mutation stabilizes the structure by introducing favorable hydrophobic interactions. The L126R mutation abrogates fH binding by introducing clashes with fH and unfavorable charges.
The stability enhancement can be assessed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) e.g. as discussed in Johnson (2013) Arch Biochem Biophys 531:100-9 and Bruylants et al. (2005) Current Medicinal Chemistry 12:2011-20. DSC has previously been used to assess the stability of v3 fHbp (van der Veen et al. (2014) Infect Immun PMID 24379280). Suitable conditions for DSC to assess stability can use 20 μM of polypeptide in a buffered solution (e.g. 25 mM Tris) with a pH between 6 and 8 (e.g. 7-7.5) with 100-200 mM NaCl (e.g. 150 mM).
The increase in stability is evidenced by an at least 5° C., e.g. at least 10° C., 15° C., 20° C., 25° C., 30° C., 35° C. or more, increase in thermal transition midpoint (Tm) of at least one peak as compared to wild-type when assessed by DSC. Wild-type fHbp shows two DSC peaks during unfolding (one for the N-terminal domain and one for the C-terminal domain) and, where a v3 polypeptide included in the fusion protein of the invention includes both such domains, an “increase in stability” refers to an at least 5° C. increase in the Tm of the N-terminal domain. Tm of the N terminal domain can occur at around 60° C. or less with wild-type v3 sequences (Johnson et al. (2012) PLoS Pathogen 8:e1002981), whereas C-terminal domains can have a Tm of 80° C. or more. Thus, the mutant fHbp v3 amino acid sequence of the invention preferably has a N-terminal domain with a Tm of at least 65° C. e.g. ≥70° C., ≥75° C., or even ≥80° C.
As described above, in a preferred embodiment the fHbp fusion polypeptide has an amino acid sequence of formula NH2-A-[-X-L]3-B—COOH, wherein each X is a different variant fHbp sequence and L is an optional linker amino acid sequence. In a preferred embodiment, the linker amino acid sequence “L” is a glycine polymer or glycine-serine polymer linker. Exemplary linkers include, but are not limited to, “GGSG”, “GGSGG”, “GSGSG”, “GSGGG”, “GGGSG”, “GSSSG” and “GSGGGG”. Other suitable glycine or glycine-serine polymer linkers will be apparent to the skilled person. In a preferred fusion polypeptide according to the invention, the v2 and v3 sequences and the v3 and v1 sequences are connected by the glycine-serine polymer linker “GSGGGG”.
In a preferred embodiment, the fusion polypeptide of the invention comprises or consists of one of the following amino acid sequences (glycine-serine linker sequences are underlined and mutated residues are indicated in bold font):
In a preferred embodiment, the fusion polypeptide of the invention comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO. 19. In an alternative preferred embodiment, the fusion polypeptide of the invention comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO. 18.
The fusion polypeptide of the invention can, after administration to a host animal, preferably a mammal and more preferably a human, elicit antibodies which can recognise wild-type meningococcal fHbp polypeptides, in particular the polypeptides of SEQ ID NO: 31, 32, 10 and/or 13. These antibodies are ideally bactericidal (see below).
As described above, in a preferred embodiment an fHbp fusion polypeptide according to the invention has an amino acid sequence of formula NH2-A-[-X-L]3-B—COOH, wherein each X is a different variant fHbp sequence and A is an optional N terminal amino acid sequence. In preferred embodiments, fusion proteins described herein further comprise the following N-terminal amino acid sequence, which is advantageous for enabling good expression of the fusion protein:
Any of the fusion proteins disclosed herein (e.g. SEQ ID Nos. 18-22, 29 and 30) may be modified to include the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO. 34 at the N-terminal of the fusion polypeptide, i.e. the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO. 34 is added to the N-terminal of the fHbp v2 component of the fusion polypeptide.
Preferred v1.13, v1.15 and/or fusion polypeptides of the invention can elicit antibody responses that are bactericidal against meningococci. Bactericidal antibody responses are conveniently measured in mice and are a standard indicator of vaccine efficacy (e.g. see end-note 14 of Pizza et al. (2000) Science 287:1816-1820; also WO2007/028408).
Polypeptides of the first embodiment invention can preferably elicit an antibody response which is bactericidal against a N. meningitidis strain which expresses a v1.13 fHbp sequence.
Preferred polypeptides of the first embodiment invention can elicit antibodies in a mouse which are bactericidal against a N. meningitidis strain which expresses a v1.13 fHbp sequence in a serum bactericidal assay.
Polypeptides of the second embodiment invention can preferably elicit an antibody response which is bactericidal against a N. meningitidis strain which expresses a v1.15 fHbp sequence.
Preferred polypeptides of the second embodiment invention can elicit antibodies in a mouse which are bactericidal against a N. meningitidis strain which expresses a v1.15 fHbp sequence in a serum bactericidal assay.
For example, an immunogenic composition comprising these polypeptides can provide a serum bactericidal titer of ≥1:4 using the Goldschneider assay with human complement [Goldschneider et al. (1969) J. Exp. Med. 129:1307-26, Santos et al. (2001) Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 8:616-23, and Frasch et al. (2009) Vaccine 27S:B112-6], and/or providing a serum bactericidal titer of ≥1:128 using baby rabbit complement.
Polypeptides of the invention can be prepared by various means e.g. by chemical synthesis (at least in part), by digesting longer polypeptides using proteases, by translation from RNA, by purification from cell culture (e.g. from recombinant expression or from N. meningitidis culture), etc. Heterologous expression in an E. coli host is a preferred expression route.
Polypeptides of the invention are ideally at least 100 amino acids long e.g. 150aa, 175aa, 200aa, 225aa, or longer. They include a mutant fHbp v1, v2 and/or v3 amino acid sequence, and the mutant fHbp v1, v2 or v3 amino acid sequence should similarly be at least 100 amino acids long e.g. 150aa, 175aa, 200aa, 225aa, or longer.
The fHbp is naturally a lipoprotein in N. meningitidis. It has also been found to be lipidated when expressed in E. coli with its native leader sequence or with heterologous leader sequences. Polypeptides of the invention may have an N-terminus cysteine residue, which may be lipidated e.g. comprising a palmitoyl group, usually forming tripalmitoyl-S-glyceryl-cysteine. In other embodiments the polypeptides are not lipidated.
Polypeptides are preferably prepared in substantially pure or substantially isolated form (i.e. substantially free from other Neisserial or host cell polypeptides). In general, the polypeptides are provided in a non-naturally occurring environment e.g. they are separated from their naturally-occurring environment. In certain embodiments, the polypeptide is present in a composition that is enriched for the polypeptide as compared to a starting material. Thus, purified polypeptide is provided, whereby purified means that the polypeptide is present in a composition that is substantially free of other expressed polypeptides, whereby substantially free is meant that more than 50% (e.g. ≥75%, ≥80%, ≥90%, ≥95%, or ≥99%) of total polypeptide in the composition is a polypeptide of the invention.
Polypeptides can take various forms (e.g. native, fusions, glycosylated, non-glycosylated, lipidated, disulfide bridges, etc.).
If a polypeptide of the invention is produced by translation in a biological host then a start codon is required, which will provide a N-terminus methionine in most hosts. Thus, a polypeptide of the invention will, at least at a nascent stage, include a methionine residue upstream of said SEQ ID NO sequence.
Cleavage of nascent sequences means that the mutant fHbp v1, v2 or v3 amino acid sequence might itself provide the polypeptide's N-terminus. In other embodiments, however, a polypeptide of the invention can include a N-terminal sequence upstream of the mutant fHbp v1, v2 or v3 amino acid sequence. In some embodiments the polypeptide has a single methionine at the N-terminus immediately followed by the mutant fHbp v1, v2 or v3 amino acid sequence; in other embodiments a longer upstream sequence may be used. Such an upstream sequence may be short (e.g. 40 or fewer amino acids i.e. 39, 38, 37, 36, 35, 34, 33, 32, 31, 30, 29, 28, 27, 26, 25, 24, 23, 22, 21, 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1). Examples include leader sequences to direct protein trafficking, or short peptide sequences which facilitate cloning or purification (e.g. a histidine tag i.e. Hisn where n=4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more). Other suitable N-terminal amino acid sequences will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
A polypeptide of the invention may also include amino acids downstream of the final amino acid of the mutant fHbp v1, v2 or v3 amino acid sequence. Such C-terminal extensions may be short (e.g. 40 or fewer amino acids i.e. 39, 38, 37, 36, 35, 34, 33, 32, 31, 30, 29, 28, 27, 26, 25, 24, 23, 22, 21, 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1). Examples include sequences to direct protein trafficking, short peptide sequences which facilitate cloning or purification (e.g. comprising a histidine tag i.e. Hisn where n=4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more), or sequences which enhance polypeptide stability. Other suitable C-terminal amino acid sequences will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
In some embodiments, the invention excludes polypeptides which include a histidine tag (cf. Johnson et al. (2012) PLoS Pathogen 8:e1002981, and Pajon et al. (2012) Infect Immun 80:2667-77), and in particular a hexahistidine tag at the C-terminus.
The term “polypeptide” refers to amino acid polymers of any length. The polymer may be linear or branched, it may comprise modified amino acids, and it may be interrupted by non-amino acids. The terms also encompass an amino acid polymer that has been modified naturally or by intervention; for example, disulfide bond formation, glycosylation, lipidation, acetylation, phosphorylation, or any other manipulation or modification, such as conjugation with a labeling component. Also included within the definition are, for example, polypeptides containing one or more analogs of an amino acid (including, for example, unnatural amino acids, etc.), as well as other modifications known in the art.
Polypeptides can occur as single chains or associated chains.
Polypeptides of the invention may be attached or immobilised to a solid support.
Polypeptides of the invention may comprise a detectable label e.g. a radioactive label, a fluorescent label, or a biotin label. This is particularly useful in immunoassay techniques.
Polypeptides of the invention typically consist of an artificial amino acid sequence, namely a sequence which is not present in any naturally-occurring meningococci.
Affinity for factor H can be quantitatively assessed using surface plasmon resonance (e.g. as disclosed in Schneider et al. (2009) Nature 458:890-5) with immobilised human fH. Mutations which provide an affinity reduction (i.e. an increase in the dissociation constant, KD) of at least 10-fold, and ideally at least 100-fold, is preferred (when measured under the same experimental conditions relative to the same polypeptide but without the mutation).
A fourth aspect of the invention provides a plasmid or other nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a mutant v1.13 fHbp polypeptide, a mutant v1.15 fHbp polypeptide, or a fusion polypeptide as defined above.
Nucleic acids of the invention may be prepared in many ways e.g. by chemical synthesis (e.g. phosphoramidite synthesis of DNA) in whole or in part, by digesting longer nucleic acids using nucleases (e.g. restriction enzymes), by joining shorter nucleic acids or nucleotides (e.g. using ligases or polymerases), from genomic or cDNA libraries, etc.
Nucleic acids of the invention can take various forms e.g. single-stranded, double-stranded, vectors, primers, probes, labelled, unlabelled, etc.
Nucleic acids of the invention are preferably in isolated or substantially isolated form.
The term “nucleic acid” includes DNA and RNA, and also their analogues, such as those containing modified backbones, and also peptide nucleic acids (PNA), etc.
Nucleic acid according to the invention may be labelled e.g. with a radioactive or fluorescent label.
The invention also provides vectors (such as plasmids) comprising nucleotide sequences of the invention (e.g. cloning or expression vectors, such as those suitable for nucleic acid immunisation) and host cells transformed with such vectors.
A fifth aspect of the invention provides a host cell transformed with a plasmid comprising nucleotide sequences of the invention as defined above.
The host cell of the invention is preferably a bacterium which expresses a polypeptide of the invention. The bacterium may be, for example, a meningococcus or an E. coli. The bacterium may constitutively express the polypeptide, but in some embodiments expression may be under the control of an inducible promoter. The bacterium may hyper-express the polypeptide (cf. WO2006/081259). Expression of the polypeptide is ideally not phase variable.
The cell may be a meningococcal bacterium, such as a meningococcal bacterium having down-regulation or knockout of mItA and also optionally having down-regulation or knockout of: (i) at least one gene involved in rendering the lipid A portion of LPS toxic, particularly of IpxI1; and/or (ii) at least one gene involved in the capsular polysaccharide synthesis or export, particularly of synX and/or ctrA.
A sixth aspect of the invention provides outer membrane vesicles prepared from a host cell of the invention, particularly from a meningococcus host cell.
Vesicles prepared from a host cell of the invention preferably include a polypeptide according to the invention, which should be in an immune-accessible form in the vesicles i.e. an antibody which can bind to purified polypeptide of the invention should also be able to bind to the polypeptide which is present in the vesicles.
These membrane vesicles include any proteoliposomic vesicle obtained by disruption of or blebbing from a meningococcal outer membrane to form vesicles therefrom that include protein components of the outer membrane. Thus, the term includes outer membrane vesicles (OMVs; sometimes referred to as ‘blebs’), microvesicles (MVs [WO02/09643]) and ‘native OMVs’ (‘NOMVs’ [Katial et al. (2002) Infect Immun 70:702-707]).
MVs and NOMVs are naturally-occurring membrane vesicles that form spontaneously during bacterial growth and are released into culture medium. MVs can be obtained by culturing Neisseria in broth culture medium, separating whole cells from the smaller MVs in the broth culture medium (e.g. by filtration or by low-speed centrifugation to pellet only the cells and not the smaller vesicles), and then collecting the MVs from the cell-depleted medium (e.g. by filtration, by differential precipitation or aggregation of MVs, by high-speed centrifugation to pellet the MVs). Strains for use in production of MVs can generally be selected on the basis of the amount of MVs produced in culture e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 6,180,111 and WO01/34642 describe Neisseria with high MV production.
OMVs are prepared artificially from bacteria, and may be prepared using detergent treatment (e.g. with deoxycholate), or by non-detergent means (e.g. see WO2004/019977). Techniques for forming OMVs include treating bacteria with a bile acid salt detergent (e.g. salts of lithocholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, ursodeoxycholic acid, deoxycholic acid, cholic acid, ursocholic acid, etc., with sodium deoxycholate [see EP0011243 and Fredriksen et al. (1991) NIPH Ann. 14(2):67-80] being preferred for treating Neisseria) at a pH sufficiently high not to precipitate the detergent [WO01/91788]. Other techniques may be performed substantially in the absence of detergent [WO2004/019977] using techniques such as sonication, homogenisation, microfluidisation, cavitation, osmotic shock, grinding, French press, blending, etc. Methods using no or low detergent can retain useful antigens such as NspA and fHbp. Thus, a method may use an OMV extraction buffer with about 0.5% deoxycholate or lower e.g. about 0.2%, about 0.1%, <0.05% or zero.
A useful process for OMV preparation is described in WO2005/004908 and involves ultrafiltration on crude OMVs, rather than instead of high speed centrifugation. The process may involve a step of ultracentrifugation after the ultrafiltration takes place. OMVs can also be purified using the two-stage size filtration process described in WO2011/036562.
Vesicles for use with the invention can be prepared from any meningococcal strain. The vesicles will usually be from a serogroup B strain, but it is possible to prepare them from serogroups other than B (e.g. WO01/91788 discloses a process for serogroup A), such as A, C, W135 or Y. The strain may be of any serotype (e.g. 1, 2a, 2b, 4, 14, 15, 16, etc.), any serosubtype, and any immunotype (e.g. L1; L2; L3; L3,3,7; L10; etc.). The meningococci may be from any suitable lineage, including hyperinvasive and hypervirulent lineages e.g. any of the following seven hypervirulent lineages: subgroup I; subgroup III; subgroup IV-1; ET-5 complex; ET-37 complex; A4 cluster; lineage 3.
Bacteria of the invention may, in addition to encoding a polypeptide of the invention, have one or more further modifications. For instance, they may have a modified fur gene [WO98/56901]. Expression of nspA expression may be up-regulated with concomitant porA and cps knockout. Further knockout mutants of N. meningitidis for OMV production are disclosed e.g. in WO2004/014417. Claassen et al. (1996) 14(10):1001-8 discloses the construction of vesicles from strains modified to express six different PorA subtypes. Mutant Neisseria with low endotoxin levels, achieved by knockout of enzymes involved in LPS biosynthesis, may also be used. Mutant Neisseria engineered to reduce or switch off expression of at least one gene involved in rendering toxic the lipid A portion of LPS, in particular of Ipxl1 gene, can be used with the invention [Fisseha et al. (2005) Infect Immun 73:4070-80]. Similarly, mutant Neisseria engineered to reduce or switch off expression of at least one gene involved in the capsular polysaccharide synthesis or export, in particular of synX and/or ctrA genes can be used with the invention. These or other mutants can all be used with the invention.
Thus, a strain used with the invention may in some embodiments express more than one PorA subtype. 6-valent and 9-valent PorA strains have previously been constructed. The strain may express 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9 of PorA subtypes: P1.7,16; P1.5-1,2-2; P1.19,15-1; P1.5-2,10; P1.12-1,13; P1.7-2,4; P1.22,14; P1.7-1,1 and/or P1.18-1,3,6. In other embodiments a strain may have been down-regulated for PorA expression e.g. in which the amount of PorA has been reduced by at least 20% (e.g. ≥30%, ≥40%, ≥50%, ≥60%, ≥70%, ≥80%, ≥90%, ≥95%, etc.), or even knocked out, relative to wild-type levels (e.g. relative to strain H44/76).
In some embodiments a strain may hyper-express (relative to the corresponding wild-type strain) certain proteins. For instance, strains may hyper-express NspA, protein 287 [WO01/52885], fHbp [WO2006/081259] (including fHbp of the invention), TbpA and/or TbpB [WO00/25811], Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase, HmbR, etc.
A gene encoding a polypeptide of the invention may be integrated into the bacterial chromosome or may be present in episomal form e.g. within a plasmid.
Advantageously for vesicle production, a meningococcus may be genetically engineered to ensure that expression of the polypeptide is not subject to phase variation. Methods for reducing or eliminating phase variability of gene expression in meningococcus are disclosed in WO2004/015099. For example, a gene may be placed under the control of a constitutive or inducible promoter, or by removing or replacing the DNA motif which is responsible for its phase variability.
In some embodiments a strain may include one or more of the knockout and/or hyper-expression mutations disclosed in references WO02/09746, WO01/09350, WO02/062378, and WO2004/014417. For instance, following the guidance and nomenclature in these four documents, useful genes for down-regulation and/or knockout include: (a) Cps, CtrA, CtrB, CtrC, CtrD, FrpB, GalE, HtrB/MsbB, LbpA, LbpB, LpxK, Opa, Opc, PilC, PorB, SiaA, SiaB, SiaC, SiaD, TbpA, and/or TbpB; (b) CtrA, CtrB, CtrC, CtrD, FrpB, GalE, HtrB/MsbB, LbpA, LbpB, LpxK, Opa, Opc, PhoP, PilC, PmrE, PmrF, SiaA, SiaB, SiaC, SiaD, TbpA, and/or TbpB; (c) ExbB, ExbD, rmpM, CtrA, CtrB, CtrD, GalE, LbpA, LpbB, Opa, Opc, PilC, PorB, SiaA, SiaB, SiaC, SiaD, TbpA, and/or TbpB; or (d) CtrA, CtrB, CtrD, FrpB, OpA, OpC, PilC, PorB, SiaD, SynA, SynB, SynX and/or SynC.
Where a mutant strain is used, in some embodiments it may have one or more, or all, of the following characteristics: (i) down-regulated or knocked-out LgtB and/or GalE to truncate the meningococcal LOS; (ii) up-regulated TbpA; (iii) up-regulated NhhA; (iv) up-regulated Omp85; (v) up-regulated LbpA; (vi) up-regulated NspA; (vii) knocked-out PorA; (viii) down-regulated or knocked-out FrpB; (ix) down-regulated or knocked-out Opa; (x) down-regulated or knocked-out Opc; (xii) deleted cps gene complex. A truncated LOS can be one that does not include a sialyl-lacto-N-neotetraose epitope e.g. it might be a galactose-deficient LOS. The LOS may have no α chain.
Depending on the meningococcal strain used for preparing the vesicles, they may or may not include the strain's native fHbp antigen (WO2004/046177).
In one preferred embodiment, a meningococcus does not express a functional MltA protein. As discussed in WO2006/046143 and Adu-Bobie et al. (2004) Infect Immun 72:1914-19, knockout of MItA (the membrane-bound lytic transglycosylase, also known as GNA33) in meningococcus provides bacteria which spontaneously release large amounts of membrane vesicles into culture medium, from which they can be readily purified. For instance, the vesicles can be purified using the two-stage size filtration process of WO2011/036562 comprising: (i) a first filtration step in which vesicles are separated from the bacteria based on their different sizes, with the vesicles passing into the filtrate; and (ii) a second filtration step in which the vesicles are retained in the retentate. The MItA mutation (down-regulation or knockout) has been used in ‘GMMA’ vaccines [Koeberling et al. (2014) Vaccine 32:2688-95], and can conveniently be combined with further down regulation or knockout of in particular of at least one gene involved in rendering toxic the lipid A portion of LPS, particularly of Ipxl1 and/or of at least one gene involved in the capsular polysaccharide synthesis or export, particularly of synX and/or ctrA genes. GMMA (Generalized Modules for Membrane Antigens) are genetically detoxified OMV that are produced from meningococcal strains that have been engineered to release GMMA with reduced reactogenicity and increased immunogenicity. GMMA induce less proinflammatory cytokines than OMV when tested in the monocyte activation test (MAT).
A preferred meningococcal strain for a ‘GMMA’ vaccine using this approach expresses a mutant v2 fHbp and/or a mutant v3 fHbp of the invention, and expression can be driven by strong promoters. Vesicles released by this strain include the mutant v2 and/or v3 fHbp proteins in immunogenic form, and administration of the vesicles can provide bactericidal antibody response as discussed in Koeberling et al. (2014) Vaccine 32:2688-95. The strain can also express a v1 fHbp, or a v1 fHbp can instead be provided as a separate recombinant protein in soluble form (and the v1 fHbp can be a wild-type or a mutant sequence e.g. mutated to disrupt its ability to bind to fH, as discussed above). The invention provides such strains, and also provides the vesicles which these strains release e.g. as purified from culture media after growth of the strains. A preferred v2 mutant for expression in these strains has a mutation at S32 and/or L123 as discussed herein, and a preferred v3 mutant for expression in these strains has a mutation at S32 and/or L126 as discussed herein. Thus, vesicles prepared from meningococci expressing these v2 and v3 mutant fHbp sequences are particularly preferred immunogens for use in vaccines of the invention.
Useful promoters for use in such strains include those disclosed in WO2013/033398 and WO2013/113917. For instance, the promoter can be: (a) the promoter from a porin gene, preferably porA or porB, particularly from N. meningitidis; or (b) a rRNA gene promoter (such as a 16S rRNA gene), particularly from N. meningitidis. Where a meningococcal porin promoter is used, it is preferably from porA, and even more particularly a −10 region from a meningococcal porA gene promoter, and/or a −35 region from a meningococcal porA gene promoter (preferably wherein the −10 region and the −35 region are separated by an intervening sequence of 12-20 nucleotides, and wherein the intervening sequence either contains no poly-G sequence or includes a poly-G sequence having no more than eight consecutive G nucleotides). Where a rRNA gene promoter is used, it can comprise more particularly (i) a −10 region from a meningococcal rRNA gene promoter and/or (ii) a −35 region from a meningococcal rRNA gene promoter. It is also possible to use a hybrid of (a) and (b), for instance to have a −10 region from a porA promoter and a −35 region from a rRNA promoter (which can be a consensus −35 region). A useful promoter can thus be a promoter which includes either (i) a −10 region from a (particularly meningococcal) rRNA gene and a −35 region from a (particularly meningococcal) porA gene, or (ii) a −10 region from a (particularly meningococcal) porA gene and a −35 region from a (particularly meningococcal) rRNA gene.
If LOS is present in a vesicle it is possible to treat the vesicle so as to link its LOS and protein components (“intra-bleb” conjugation [WO2004/014417]).
Polypeptides of the invention may be used as active ingredient(s) in immunogenic compositions, and so a seventh aspect of the invention provides an immunogenic composition comprising a mutant v1.13 fHbp polypeptide according to the first aspect of the invention, a mutant v1.15 fHbp polypeptide according to the second aspect of the invention, a fusion polypeptide according to the third aspect of the invention, or a vesicle according to the sixth aspect of the invention. Said immunogenic compositions are useful for immunizing a mammal, preferably a human, against Neisseria meningitidis infection.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, in addition to polypeptide antigens of the first, second or third aspects of the invention, the immunogenic composition of the invention further comprises one or more of the antigenic components of 4CMenB.
As described above, the 4CMenB product (BEXSERO) contains a preparation of OMV from the epidemic strain of group B Meningococcal NZ98/254, B:4:P1.7b,4. The same OMVs are found in the MeNZB vaccine and are referred to herein as OMVnz. In addition, 4CMenB comprises five meningococcal antigens: NHBA (287; subvariant 1.2), fHbp (741; subvariant 1.1), NadA (961; subvariant 3.1), GNA1030 (953) and GNA2091 (936). Four of these antigens are present as fusion proteins (an NHBA-GNA1030 fusion protein (287-953) and a GNA2091-fHbp (936-741) fusion protein).
A 0.5 ml dose of the complete 4CMenB product is formulated to contain 50 μg of each of NHBA-GNA1030, NadA and GNA2091-fHbp, adsorbed onto 1.5 mg aluminium hydroxide adjuvant, and with 25 μg OMVs from N. meningitidis strain NZ98/254. In addition, each 0.5 ml dose of the formulation incudes 3.125 mg sodium chloride, 0.776 mg histidine and 10 mg sucrose.
In a further preferred embodiment, the immunogenic composition of the invention comprises the complete vaccine product 4CMenB, marketed under the trade name BEXSERO.
In a further preferred embodiment, the immunogenic composition of the invention comprises the fHbp fusion polypeptide of SEQ ID NO. 19 (fHbp 23S_1.13_E211A/S216R) and the complete 4CMenB composition.
Compositions of the present invention may also include capsular saccharide antigens from one or more of meningococcus serogroups Y, W135, C and A, wherein the antigens are conjugated to carrier protein(s) and/or are oligosaccharides. Capsular saccharides may be used in the form of oligosaccharides. These are conveniently formed by fragmentation of purified capsular polysaccharide (e.g. by hydrolysis), which will usually be followed by purification of the fragments of the desired size.
Current serogroup C vaccines (MENJUGATE [Costantino et al. (1992) Vaccine 10:691-698, Jones (2001) Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2:47-49], MENINGITEC and NEISVAC-C) include conjugated saccharides. MENJUGATE and MENINGITEC have oligosaccharide antigens conjugated to a CRM197 carrier, whereas NEISVAC-C uses the complete polysaccharide (de-O-acetylated) conjugated to a tetanus toxoid carrier.
The vaccine products marketed under the trade names MENVEO, MENACTRA, and NIMENRIX all contain conjugated capsular saccharide antigens from each of serogroups Y, W135, C and A.
In MENVEO (also known generically as Meningococcal (Groups A, C, Y, and W-135) Oligosaccharide Diphtheria CRM197 Conjugate Vaccine) each of the A, C, W135 and Y antigens is conjugated to a CRM197 carrier.
In MENACTRA (also known generically as Meningococcal (Groups A, C, Y and W-135) Polysaccharide Diphtheria Toxoid Conjugate Vaccine) each of the A, C, W135 and Y antigens is conjugated to a diptheria toxoid carrier.
In NIMENRIX (also known generically as Meningococcal polysaccharide groups A, C, W-135 and Y conjugate vaccine) each of the A, C, W135 and Y antigens is conjugated to a tetanus toxoid carrier.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, in addition to polypeptide antigens of the first, second or third aspects of the invention, the immunogenic composition of the invention further comprises one or more conjugated capsular saccharide antigens from N. meningitidis serogroup A, C, W135 and/or Y.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, in addition to polypeptide antigens of the first, second or third aspects of the invention, the immunogenic composition of the invention further comprises the complete 4CMenB product, together with one or more conjugated capsular saccharide antigens from N. meningitidis serogroup A, C, W135 and/or Y.
In a preferred embodiment the immunogenic composition of the invention comprises, in addition to polypeptide antigens of the first, second or third aspects of the invention, the complete 4CMenB product, together with conjugated capsular saccharide antigens from each of N. meningitidis serogroups A, C, W135 and/or Y, forming a pentavalent immunogenic composition comprising antigens against each of the meningococcal serotypes A, B, C, W135 and Y.
In preferred embodiments, the composition includes the A, C, W135 and Y antigen conjugates which are present in MENVEO, the A, C, W135 and Y antigen conjugates which are present in MENACTRA, or the A, C, W135 and Y antigen conjugates which are present in NIMENRIX.
In a further preferred embodiment, the immunogenic composition of the invention comprises the fHbp fusion polypeptide of SEQ ID NO. 19 (fHbp 23S_1.13_E211A/S216R), the complete 4CMenB product and the A, C, W135 and Y antigen conjugates which are present in MENVEO.
Alternatively, an immunogenic composition of the invention comprising polypeptide antigens of the first, second or third aspects of the invention may be co-administered with one or more of BEXSERO and MENVEO, MENACTRA or NIMENRIX. Preferably an immunogenic composition of the invention is co-administered with BEXSERO and MENVEO.
As used herein “co-administered” means that the different immunogenic compositions/vaccines can be administered either separately or as a combination.
Where the vaccines are administered separately, they will typically be administered at different sites e.g. one vaccine to the left upper arm, and a second vaccine to the right upper arm. Thus, two vaccines may be administered contralaterally (e.g. both arms or both legs, or a contralateral arm and leg) or ipsilaterally (e.g. the arm and leg on the same side of the body). Although the vaccines are administered separately, they are administered at substantially the same time (e.g. during the same medical consultation or visit to a healthcare professional or vaccination centre), such as within 1 hour of each other.
Rather than co-immunising separately, however, administration as a combination may be performed. Thus, co-immunisation may use a combination vaccine i.e. a single composition in which the different immunogens are admixed. Combination vaccines offer subjects the advantage of receiving a reduced number of injections, which can lead to the clinical advantage of increased compliance.
Immunogenic compositions of the invention are suitable for use in medicine, and in particular can be used to immunize a mammal against infection and/or disease caused by Neisseria meningitidis, such that recipients of the immunogenic composition mount an immune response which provides protection against infection by and/or disease due to Neisseria meningitidis bacteria.
In a preferred embodiment, immunogenic compositions of the invention are useful for immunizing a mammal against meningococcal B infection or disease. However, in embodiments of the invention wherein meningococcal serogroup B antigens are combined with other meningococcal serogroup antigens (e.g. A. C, W and/or Y antigens), the immunogenic compositions are useful for immunizing a mammal against meningococcal A, B, C, W and/or Y infection or disease.
Therefore, immunogenic compositions according to the invention are used in prophylactic methods for immunizing subjects against infection and/or disease caused by Neisseria meningitidis. The immunogenic compositions may also be used in therapeutic methods (i.e. to treat Neisseria meningitidis infection).
The invention also provides a method for raising an immune response in vivo against Neisseria meningitidis infection in a mammal, comprising administering an immunogenic composition of the invention to the mammal. The invention also provides polypeptides of the invention for use in such methods.
The immune response is preferably protective and preferably involves antibodies and/or cell-mediated immunity. Preferably, the immune response is a bactericidal antibody response. The method may raise a booster response. By raising an in vivo immune response, the mammal can be protected against Neisserial disease (in particular meningococcal infection) The invention also provides a method for protecting a mammal against a Neisserial (e.g. meningococcal) infection, comprising administering to the mammal an immunogenic composition of the invention.
The invention provides polypeptides of the invention for use as medicaments (e.g. as immunogenic compositions or as vaccines) or as diagnostic reagents. It also provides the use of nucleic acids or polypeptides of the invention in the manufacture of a medicament for preventing Neisserial (e.g. meningococcal) infection in a mammal.
The immunological compositions of the invention are preferably formulated as vaccine products, which are suitable for therapeutic (i.e. to treat an infection) or prophylactic (i.e. to prevent an infection) use. Vaccines are typically prophylactic.
The mammal is preferably a human. The human may be an adult, an adolescent or a child (e.g. a toddler or infant). A vaccine intended for children may also be administered to adults e.g. to assess safety, dosage, immunogenicity, etc.
The uses and methods are particularly useful for preventing/treating diseases including, but not limited to, meningitis (particularly bacterial, such as meningococcal, meningitis) and bacteremia. For instance, they are suitable for active immunisation of individuals against invasive meningococcal disease caused by N. meningitidis (for example in serogroup B).
Protection against N. meningitidis can be measured epidemiologically e.g. in a clinical trial, but it is convenient to use an indirect measure to confirm that an immunogenic composition elicits a serum bactericidal antibody (SBA) response in recipients. In the SBA assay, sera from recipients of the composition are incubated with target bacteria (in the present invention, N. meningitidis) in the presence of complement (preferably human complement, although baby rabbit complement is often used instead) and killing of the bacteria is assessed at various dilutions of the sera to determine SBA activity. Results observed in the SBA assay can be reinforced by carrying out a competitive SBA assay to provide further indirect evidence of the immunogenic activity of antigen(s) of interest. In the competitive SBA assay, sera from recipients of the immunogenic composition containing the antigen(s) are pre-incubated with said antigen(s), and subsequently incubated with target bacteria in the presence of human complement. Killing of the bacteria is then assessed, and will be reduced or abolished if bactericidal antibodies in the recipients' sera bind to the antigens of interested during the pre-incubation phase and are therefore not available to bind to surface antigen on the bacteria.
It is not necessary that the composition should protect against each and every strain of N. meningitidis, or that each and every recipient of the composition must be protected. Such universal protection is not the normal standard in this field. Rather, protection is normally assessed against a panel of reference laboratory strains, often selected on a country-by-country basis and perhaps varying with time, and is measured across a population of recipients.
Preferred compositions of the invention can confer an antibody titre in a patient that is superior to the criterion for seroprotection for each antigenic component for an acceptable percentage of human subjects. Antigens with an associated antibody titre above which a host is considered to be seroconverted against the antigen are well known, and such titres are published by organisations such as WHO. Preferably more than 80% of a statistically significant sample of subjects is seroconverted, more preferably more than 90%, still more preferably more than 93% and most preferably 96-100%.
Immunogenic compositions comprise an immunologically effective amount of immunogen, as well as any other of other specified components, as needed.
By ‘immunologically effective amount’, it is meant that the administration of that amount to an individual, either in a single dose or as part of a series, is effective for treatment or prevention.
The term “prevention” means that the progression of the disease is reduced and/or eliminated, or that the onset of the disease is eliminated. For example, the immune system of a subject may be primed (e.g. by vaccination) to trigger an immune response and repel infection such that the onset of the disease is eliminated. A vaccinated subject may thus get infected, but is better able to repel the infection than a control subject. This amount varies depending upon the health and physical condition of the individual to be treated, age, the taxonomic group of the individual to be treated (e.g. non-human primate, primate, etc.), the capacity of the individual's immune system to synthesise antibodies, the degree of protection desired, the formulation of the vaccine, the treating doctor's assessment of the medical situation, and other relevant factors. It is expected that the amount will fall in a relatively broad range that can be determined through routine trials. The composition may be administered in conjunction with other immunoregulatory agents.
Immunogenic compositions for use in the present invention preferably have a vaccine efficacy against at least one strain of N. meningitidis of at least 10% e.g. ≥20%, ≥30%, ≥40%, ≥50%, ≥60%, ≥70%, ≥80%, ≥85%, ≥90%, or more.
Vaccine efficacy is determined by the reduction in relative risk of developing meningococcal disease in subjects who receive a composition according to the invention compared to subjects who do not receive such a composition (e.g. are non-immunized or who receive a placebo or negative control). Thus, the incidence of meningococcal disease in a population which has been immunized according to the invention is compared to the incidence in a control population who has not been immunized according to the invention to give relative risk and vaccine efficacy is 100% minus this figure.
Vaccine efficacy is determined for a population rather than for an individual. Thus, it is a useful epidemiologic tool but does not predict individual protection. For instance, an individual subject might be exposed to a very large inoculum of the infecting agent, or might have other risk factors which make them more subject to infection, but this does not negate the validity or utility of the efficacy measure. The size of a population which is immunized according to the invention, and for which vaccine efficacy is measured, is ideally at least 100 and maybe higher e.g. at least 500 subjects.
The size of the control group should also be at least 100 e.g. at least 500.
Compositions of the invention will generally be administered directly to a patient. Direct delivery may be accomplished by parenteral injection (e.g. subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, intravenously, intramuscularly, or to the interstitial space of a tissue), or by rectal, oral, vaginal, topical, transdermal, intranasal, ocular, aural, pulmonary or other mucosal administration. Intramuscular administration to the thigh or the upper arm is preferred. Injection may be via a needle (e.g. a hypodermic needle), but needle-free injection may alternatively be used. A typical intramuscular dose is about 0.5 ml.
Neisserial infections affect various areas of the body and so the compositions of the invention may be prepared in various forms. For example, the compositions may be prepared as injectables, either as liquid solutions or suspensions. Solid forms suitable for solution in, or suspension in, liquid vehicles prior to injection can also be prepared. The composition may be prepared for topical administration e.g. as an ointment, cream or powder. The composition be prepared for oral administration e.g. as a tablet or capsule, or as a syrup (optionally flavoured). The composition may be prepared for pulmonary administration e.g. as an inhaler, using a fine powder or a spray. The composition may be prepared as a suppository or pessary. The composition may be prepared for nasal, aural or ocular administration e.g. as drops. Compositions suitable for parenteral injection are most preferred.
The invention may be used to elicit systemic and/or mucosal immunity.
As used herein, a‘dose’ of the composition is a volume of the composition suitable for administration to a subject as a single immunisation. Human vaccines are typically administered in a dosage volume of about 0.5 ml, although fractional doses may be administered (e.g., to children). The volume of the dose may further vary depending on the concentration of the antigens in the composition.
The composition may further be provided in a ‘multidose’ kit, i.e., a single container containing sufficient composition for multiple immunisations. Multidoses may include a preservative, or the multidose container may have an aseptic adaptor for removal of individual doses of the composition.
Administration can involve a single dose schedule, but will usually involve a multiple dose schedule. Preferably, a schedule of at least three doses is given. Suitable intervals between priming doses can be routinely determined e.g. between 4-16 weeks, such as one month or two months. For example, BEXSERO can be administered at ages of 2, 4 & 6 months, or at 2, 3 & 4 months, with a fourth optional dose at 12 months.
The subject who is immunized is a human being, who may be any age e.g. 0-12 months old, 1-5 years old, 5-18 years old, 18-55 years old, or more than 55 years old. Preferably, the subject who is immunized is an adolescent (e.g. 12-18 years old) or an adult (18 years or older).
Optionally, the subject is an adolescent or adult who has been immunized against N. meningitidis in childhood (e.g. before 12 years of age), and who receives a booster dose of an immunogenic composition according to the invention.
Where the invention refers to co-immunization, the different immunogenic compositions/vaccines can be administered either separately or as a combination.
Where the vaccines are administered separately, they will typically be administered at different sites e.g. one vaccine to the left upper arm, and a second vaccine to the right upper arm. Thus, two vaccines may be administered contralaterally (e.g. both arms or both legs, or a contralateral arm and leg) or ipsilaterally (e.g. the arm and leg on the same side of the body). Although the vaccines are administered separately, they are administered at substantially the same time (e.g. during the same medical consultation or visit to a healthcare professional or vaccination centre), such as within 1 hour of each other.
Rather than co-immunising separately, however, administration as a combination may be performed. Thus, co-immunisation may use a combination vaccine i.e. a single composition in which the different immunogens are admixed. Combination vaccines offer subjects the advantage of receiving a reduced number of injections, which can lead to the clinical advantage of increased compliance.
The immunogenic composition of the invention will generally include a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, which can be any substance that does not itself induce the production of antibodies harmful to the patient receiving the composition, and which can be administered without undue toxicity. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers can include liquids such as water, saline, glycerol and ethanol. Auxiliary substances, such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering substances, and the like, can also be present in such vehicles. A thorough discussion of suitable carriers is available in Gennaro (2000) Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy. 20th edition, ISBN: 0683306472.
The composition is preferably sterile. It is preferably pyrogen-free. It is preferably buffered e.g. at between pH 6 and pH 8, generally around pH 7. Where a composition comprises an aluminium hydroxide salt, it is preferred to use a histidine buffer [WO03/009869]. Compositions of the invention may be isotonic with respect to humans.
Adjuvants which may be used in compositions of the invention include, but are not limited to insoluble metal salts, oil-in-water emulsions (e.g. MF59 or AS03, both containing squalene), saponins, non-toxic derivatives of LPS (such as monophosphoryl lipid A or 3-O-deacylated MPL), immunostimulatory oligonucleotides, detoxified bacterial ADP-ribosylating toxins, microparticles, liposomes, imidazoquinolones, or mixtures thereof. Other substances that act as immunostimulating agents are disclosed in chapter 7 of Vaccine Design . . . (1995) eds. Powell & Newman. ISBN: 030644867X. Plenum.
The use of an aluminium hydroxide and/or aluminium phosphate adjuvant is particularly preferred, and polypeptides are generally adsorbed to these salts. These salts include oxyhydroxides and hydroxyphosphates (e.g. see chapters 8 & 9 of Vaccine Design . . . (1995) eds. Powell & Newman. ISBN: 030644867X. Plenum). The salts can take any suitable form (e.g. gel, crystalline, amorphous, etc.).
Immunogenic compositions of the invention may include antigens for immunising against other diseases or infections. For example, the composition may include one or more of the following further antigens:
Toxic protein antigens may be detoxified where necessary (e.g. detoxification of pertussis toxin by chemical and/or genetic means [Rappuoli et al. (1991) TIBTECH 9:232-238]).
Where a diphtheria antigen is included in the composition it is preferred also to include tetanus antigen and pertussis antigens. Similarly, where a tetanus antigen is included it is preferred also to include diphtheria and pertussis antigens. Similarly, where a pertussis antigen is included it is preferred also to include diphtheria and tetanus antigens. DTP combinations are thus preferred.
Saccharide antigens are preferably in the form of conjugates. In general, conjugation enhances the immunogenicity of saccharides as it converts them from T-independent antigens to T-dependent antigens, thus allowing priming for immunological memory. Conjugation is particularly useful for paediatric vaccines and is a well-known technique.
Typical carrier proteins are bacterial toxins, such as diphtheria or tetanus toxins, or toxoids or mutants thereof. The CRM197 diphtheria toxin mutant [Research Disclosure, 453077 (January 2002)] is useful, and is the carrier in the Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccine sold under the trade name PREVNAR. Other suitable carrier proteins include the N. meningitidis outer membrane protein complex [EP-A-0372501], synthetic peptides [EP-A-0378881, EP-A-0427347], heat shock proteins [WO93/17712, WO94/03208], pertussis proteins [WO98/58668, EP-A-0471177], cytokines [WO91/01146], lymphokines [WO91/01146], hormones [WO91/01146], growth factors [WO91/01146], artificial proteins comprising multiple human CD4+ T cell epitopes from various pathogen-derived antigens [Falugi et al. (2001) Eur J Immunol 31:3816-3824] such as N19 [Baraldo et al. (2004) Infect Immun 72(8):4884-7], protein D from H. influenzae [EP-A-0594610, Ruan et al. (1990) J Immunol 145:3379-3384] pneumolysin [Kuo et al. (1995) Infect Immun 63:2706-13] or its non-toxic derivatives [Michon et al. (1998) Vaccine. 16:1732-41], pneumococcal surface protein PspA [WO02/091998], iron-uptake proteins [WO01/72337], toxin A or B from C. difficile [WO00/61761], recombinant P. aeruginosa exoprotein A (rEPA) [WO00/33882], etc.
Any suitable conjugation reaction can be used, with any suitable linker where necessary.
The saccharide will typically be activated or functionalised prior to conjugation. Activation may involve, for example, cyanylating reagents such as CDAP (e.g. 1-cyano-4-dimethylamino pyridinium tetrafluoroborate [Lees et al. (1996) Vaccine 14:190-198, WO95/08348]). Other suitable techniques use carbodiimides, hydrazides, active esters, norborane, p-nitrobenzoic acid, N-hydroxysuccinimide, S-NHS, EDC, TSTU, etc.
Linkages via a linker group may be made using any known procedure, for example, the procedures described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,882,317 and 4,695,624. One type of linkage involves reductive amination of the polysaccharide, coupling the resulting amino group with one end of an adipic acid linker group, and then coupling a protein to the other end of the adipic acid linker group [Porro et al. (1985) Mol Immunol 22:907-919, EP0208375]. Other linkers include B-propionamido [WO00/10599], nitrophenyl-ethylamine [Gever et al. Med. Microbiol. Immunol, 165:171-288 (1979)], haloacyl halides [U.S. Pat. No. 4,057,685], glycosidic linkages [U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,673,574; 4,761,283; 4,808,700], 6-aminocaproic acid [U.S. Pat. No. 4,459,286], ADH [U.S. Pat. No. 4,965,338], C4 to C12 moieties [U.S. Pat. No. 4,663,160] etc. As an alternative to using a linker, direct linkage can be used. Direct linkages to the protein may comprise oxidation of the polysaccharide followed by reductive amination with the protein, as described in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,761,283 and 4,356,170.
A process involving the introduction of amino groups into the saccharide (e.g. by replacing terminal ═O groups with —NH2) followed by derivatisation with an adipic diester (e.g. adipic acid N-hydroxysuccinimido diester) and reaction with carrier protein is preferred. Another preferred reaction uses CDAP activation with a protein D carrier e.g. for MenA or MenC.
Antigens in the composition will typically be present at a concentration of at least 1 μg/ml each. In general, the concentration of any given antigen will be sufficient to elicit an immune response against that antigen.
Immunogenic compositions of the invention may be used therapeutically (i.e. to treat an existing infection) or prophylactically (i.e. to prevent future infection).
As an alternative to using protein antigens in the immunogenic compositions of the invention, nucleic acid (which could be RNA, such as a self-replicating RNA, or DNA, such as a plasmid) encoding the antigen may be used.
The term “comprising” encompasses “including” as well as “consisting” e.g. a composition “comprising” X may consist exclusively of X or may include something additional e.g. X+Y. References to “comprising” (or “comprises”, etc.) may optionally be replaced by references to “consisting of” (or “consists of”, etc.). The term “consisting essentially of” limits the scope of a claim to the specified materials or steps “and those that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic(s)” of the claimed invention.
The term “about” in relation to a numerical value x is optional and means, for example, x±10%.
The word “substantially” does not exclude “completely” e.g. a composition which is “substantially free” from Y may be completely free from Y. Where necessary, the word “substantially” may be omitted from the definition of the invention.
Where the disclosure concerns an “epitope”, this epitope may be a B-cell epitope and/or a T-cell epitope, but will usually be a B-cell epitope. Such epitopes can be identified empirically (e.g. using PEPSCAN (e.g. see Geysen et al. (1984) PNAS USA 81:3998-4002 and Carter (1994) Methods Mol Bio/36:207-23) or similar methods), or they can be predicted (e.g. using the Jameson-Wolf antigenic index (Jameson, B A et al. 1988, CABIOS 4(1):181-186), matrix-based approaches (Raddrizzani & Hammer (2000) Brief Bioinform 1(2):179-89), MAPITOPE (Bublil et al. (2007) Proteins 68(1):294-304), TEPITOPE (De Lalla et al. (1999) J. Immunol. 163:1725-29 and Kwok et al. (2001) Trends Immunol 22:583-88), neural networks (Brusic et al. (1998) Bioinformatics 14(2):121-30), OptiMer & EpiMer (Meister et al. (1995) Vaccine 13(6):581-91 and Roberts et al. (1996) AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 12(7):593-610), ADEPT (Maksyutov & Zagrebelnaya (1993) Comput Appl Biosci 9(3):291-7), Tsites (Feller & de la Cruz (1991) Nature 349(6311):720-1), hydrophilicity (Hopp (1993) Peptide Research 6:183-190), or antigenic index (Welling et al. (1985) FEBS Lett. 188:215-218)). Epitopes are the parts of an antigen that are recognized by and bind to the antigen binding sites of antibodies or T-cell receptors, and they may also be referred to as “antigenic determinants”.
As used herein, references to “percentage sequence identity” between a query amino acid sequence and a subject amino acid sequence are understood to refer to the value of identity that is calculated using a suitable algorithm or software program known in the art to perform pairwise sequence alignment.
A query amino acid sequence may be described by an amino acid sequence identified in one or more claims herein. The query sequence may be 100% identical to the subject sequence, or it may include up to a certain integer number of amino acid alterations (e.g. point mutations, substitutions, deletions, insertions etc.) as compared to the subject sequence, such that the % identity is less than 100%. For example, the query sequence is at least 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99% identical to the subject sequence.
Preferred alignment tools used to perform alignment and calculate percentage (%) sequence identity are local alignment tools, such as the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) algorithms. Software for performing BLAST analyses is publicly available through the National Centre for Biotechnology Information (www.ncbi.nlm.nig.gov). Alignment may be determined by the Smith-Waterman homology search algorithm using an affine gap search with a gap open penalty of 12 and a gap extension penalty of 2, BLOSUM matrix of 62. The Smith-Waterman homology search algorithm is disclosed in Smith & Waterman (1981) Adv. Appl. Math. 2: 482-489. Other preferred alignment tools are Water (EMBOSS) and Marcher (EMBOSS). Alternatively, preferred alignment tools used to perform alignment and calculate percentage (%) sequence identity are best fit alignment tools, such as GENEPAST, also known as KERR algorithm.
In order to calculate percent identity, the query and subject sequences may be compared and aligned for maximum correspondence over a designated region (e.g. a region of at least about 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65 or more amino acids in length, and can be up to the full length of the subject amino acid sequence). Said designated region must include the region of the query sequence comprising any specified point mutations in the amino acid sequence. Alternatively, percentage sequence identity may be calculated over the “full length” of the subject sequence. Any N-terminal or C-terminal amino acid stretches that may be present in the query sequence, such as signal peptides or leader peptide or C-terminal or N-terminal tags, should excluded from the alignment.
The term “fragment” in reference to polypeptide sequences means that the polypeptide is a fraction of a full-length protein. As used herein, a fragment of a mutant polypeptide also comprises the mutation(s). Fragments may possess qualitative biological activity in common with the full-length protein, for example, an “immunogenic fragment” contains or encodes one or more epitopes, such as immunodominant epitopes, that allows the same or similar immune response to be raised to the fragment as is raised to the full-length sequence. Polypeptide fragments generally have an amino (N) terminus portion and/or carboxy (C) terminus portion deleted as compared to the native protein, but wherein the remaining amino acid sequence of the fragment is identical to the amino acid sequence of the native protein. Polypeptide fragments may contain, for example: about 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 24, 26, 28, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262 contiguous amino acids, including all integers in between, of a reference polypeptide sequence, for example between 50 and 260, 50 and 255, 50 and 250, 50 and 200, 50 and 150 contiguous amino acids of a reference polypeptide sequence. The term fragment explicitly excludes full length fHbp polypeptides and mature lipoproteins thereof.
After serogroup, meningococcal classification includes serotype, serosubtype and then immunotype, and the standard nomenclature lists serogroup, serotype, serosubtype, and immunotype, each separated by a colon e.g. B:4: P1.15:L3,7,9. Within serogroup B, some lineages cause disease often (hyperinvasive), some lineages cause more severe forms of disease than others (hypervirulent), and others rarely cause disease at all. Seven hypervirulent lineages are recognised, namely subgroups I, III and IV-1, ET-5 complex, ET-37 complex, A4 cluster and lineage 3. These have been defined by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE), but multilocus sequence typing (MLST) has also been used to classify meningococci. The four main hypervirulent clusters are ST32, ST44, ST8 and ST11 complexes.
References herein to “enhanced stability” or “higher stability” or “increased stability” mean that the mutant polypeptides disclosed herein have a higher relative thermostability (in kcal/mol) as compared to a non-mutant (wild-type) polypeptide under the same experimental conditions. The stability enhancement can be assessed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), for example as discussed in Bruylants et al. (Differential Scanning Calorimetry in Life Sciences: Thermodynamics, Stability, Molecular Recognition and Application in Drug Design, 2005 Curr. Med. Chem. 12: 2011-2020) and Calorimetry Sciences Corporation's “Characterizing Protein stability by DSC” (Life Sciences Application Note, Doc. No. 2021102136 February 2006) or by differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF). An increase in stability may be characterized as an at least about 5° C. increase in thermal transition midpoint (Tm), as assessed by DSC or DSF. See, for example, Thomas et al., Effect of single-point mutations on the stability and immunogenicity of a recombinant ricin A chain subunit vaccine antigen, 2013 Hum. Vaccin. Immunother. 9(4): 744-752.
It will be understood that the invention is described above by way of example only and modifications may be made whilst remaining within the scope and spirit of the invention.
GSGGGG
VAADIGTGLADALTAPLDHKDKGLKSLTLEDVIPQNGTLTLSAQGAEKTFKAGDKDNSLNTGKLKNDKISRFDFV
GSGGGG
VAADIGTGLADALTAPLDHKDKGLKSLTLEDVIPQNGTLTLSAQGAEKTFKAGDKDNSLNTGKLKNDKISRFDFV
GSGGGG
VAADIGTGLADALTAPLDHKDKGLKSLTLEDVIPQNGTLTLSAQGAEKTFKAGDKDNSLNTGKLKNDKISRFDFV
GSGGGG
VAADIGTGLADALTAPLDHKDKGLKSLTLEDVIPQNGTLTLSAQGAEKTFKAGDKDNSLNTGKLKNDKISRFDFV
GSGGGG
VAADIGTGLADALTAPLDHKDKGLKSLTLEDVIPQNGTLTLSAQGAEKTFKAGDKDNSLNTGKLKNDKISRFDFV
The invention will now be further defined by reference to the following non-limiting examples.
As described above, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) provides information on thermal stability and domain folding of proteins, and is described in the literature, for example in Johnson (2013) Arch Biochem Biophys 531:100-9 and Bruylants et al. Current Medicinal Chemistry 2005; 12:2011-20. DSC has previously been used to assess the stability of v2 fHbp (Johnson et al. PLoS Pathogen 2012; 8:e1002981). Suitable conditions for DSC to assess stability can use 20 μM of polypeptide in a buffered solution (e.g. 25 mM Tris) with a pH between 6 and 8 (e.g. 7-7.5) with 100-200 mM NaCl (e.g. 150 mM).
The present inventors used this technique to investigate the effect of mutating fHbp variant 1 sub-variants on 231S fusion protein stability.
The stabilized fHbp 231 fusion (termed “231S”) used in this example includes variant 2 and variant 3 sequences comprising stabilising mutations. Specifically, the v2 component of the 231S fusion has the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16, comprising both the S32V and L123R mutations. The v3 component of the 231S fusion has the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17, comprising both the S32V and L126R mutations. The inventors varied the v1 component of the 231S fusion to investigate the effect on stability.
Each of the fHbp variant polypeptides comprises an N-terminal and a C-terminal domain, which can be clearly distinguished in DSC thermograms as two distinct transitions (peaks). While the Tm values corresponding to the C-terminal transitions of most fHbp variants are seen around 90° C., those of the N-terminal domains vary widely between different fHbp variants with the lowest values seen in the variant 2.1 wild type (42° C.) and the highest in var1.1 (70° C.).
fHbp v1.1 or fHbp v1.13 or (A) fHbp v.1.13 E211A (
fHbp v1.1 or fHbp v1.13 or (B) fHbp v1.13 S216R (
fHbp v1.1 or fHbp v1.13 or fHbp v.1.13 E211A/E232A (
fHbp v1.1 or fHbp v1.13 or fHbp v.1.13 E211A/S216R (
From each of these four thermograms it can be concluded that (i) fHbp units in the fusion constructs are folded correctly and ii) that the v1 mutations are effective in stabilising the fusion constructs, by causing an increase in C-terminal transition temperatures compared with the fusions comprising wildtype v1 sequences.
The following polypeptides shown in Table 1 were generated (with the addition of a C-terminal His6 tag where not already indicated as part of the referenced sequence) in order to investigate the effect of substitution mutations on the ability of fHbp variant 1 sub-variants 1.13 and 1.15 to reduce binding to human factor H (hfH):
The inventors investigated the binding of fHbp single variant mutants to hfH using surface plasmon resonance (SPR), which is a technology enabling detailed and quantitative studies of protein-protein interactions and determination of their equilibrium and kinetic parameters (as described for example in Karlsson et al. (1994) Methods 6:99-110).
The SPR-based binding method involves immobilization of a ligand on the surface of a sensor chip. The ligand of interest is immobilized on the surface of the sensor chip using well-defined chemistry allowing solutions with different concentrations of an analyte to flow over it and to characterize its interactions to the immobilized ligand. The SPR signal originates from changes in the refractive index at the surface of the gold sensor chip.
Monitoring the change in the SPR signal over time produces a sensorgram, a plot of the binding response (RU) versus time which allows different stages of a binding event to be visualized and evaluated.
During the injection of an analyte, the binding response increase is due to the formation of analyte-ligand complexes at the surface and the sensorgram is dominated by the association phase.
Following injection, a steady state is reached, in which binding and dissociating molecules are in equilibrium. The decrease in response after analyte injection is terminated is due to dissociation of the complexes, defining the dissociation phase. Fitting the sensorgram data to an appropriate kinetic binding model allows calculation of kinetic parameters such as the association (ka) and dissociation (kd) rate constants, and the binding affinity of the tested interactions.
The inventors used the following experimental set-up:
The data shown in
A fragment of hfH containing only domains 6-7 has been shown to be sufficient to mimic the fHbp-hfH interaction (Schneider et al. (2009) Nature 458:890-893), thus providing a simplified model system to assess the affinity of fHbp mutants and constructs to hfH.
While the fHbp v1.13 single mutants show reduced fH binding compared with v.1.1 and wildtype v1.13 (see
The data shown in
While the fHbp v1.13 single mutants show reduced fH binding compared with v.1.1 and wildtype v1.13 (see
The data shown in
While the fHbp v1.15 single mutants show reduced fH binding compared with v.1.1 and wildtype v1.15 (see
The data shown in
While the fHbp v1.15 single mutant E214A shows reduced fH binding compared with v.1.1 and wildtype v1.15 (see
The double mutant v1.15 E214A/S219R appears to show some residual binding activity to the full length fH protein (see
Therefore, in summary, the most promising candidates for reducing or abolishing hfH binding are fHbp mutants v1.13 E211A/E232A, v1.13 E211A/S216R, v1.15 S219R and v1.15 E214A/E235A.
The following fusion polypeptides (Table 2) were generated (with the addition of a C-terminal His6 tag where not already indicated as part of the referenced sequence) in order to investigate the effect of mutating the var component of fHbp 231 fusion proteins on the ability of the fusion to bind to human factor H (hfH):
The inventors investigated the binding of fHbp 23(S)1.13 and 23(S)1.15 fusion mutants to hfH using SPR, as described above in relation to Example 2.
The fHbp 231S fusion (SEQ ID NO: 30) used in this example includes variant 2 and variant 3 sequences comprising the S32V/L123R and S32V/L126R stabilising mutations respectively, as described in detail above. Specifically, the v2 component of the 213S fusion has the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16 and the v3 component of the 213S fusion has the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17. The v1.1 component of the fHbp 231S fusion includes an fH non-binding point mutation (R→S), as shown in bold in SEQ ID NO: 30 above and corresponds to the R41S mutation described in WO2011/126863.
The fHbp 231 wt fusion (SEQ ID NO: 29) used in this example corresponds to the fusion of SEQ ID NO: 30, but without the introduction of the stabilising mutations in v2 and v3, and without the non-binding mutation in v1.1.
The fHbp 23S_1.13E211A/S216R fusion (SEQ ID NO: 19) corresponds to the fusion of SEQ ID NO: 30, but the v1 component of the fusion is the v1.13 non-binding E211A/S216R mutant of the present invention.
The fHbp 23S_1.15 E214A/E235A fusion (SEQ ID NO: 22) corresponds to the fusion of SEQ ID NO: 30, but the v1 component of the fusion is the v1.15 non-binding E214A/E235A mutant of the present invention.
The fHbp-23S_1.13E211A/E232A fusion (SEQ ID NO: 18) corresponds to the fusion of SEQ ID NO: 30, but the v1 component of the fusion is the v1.13 non-binding E211A/S216R mutant of the present invention.
The fHbp 231 wt (SEQ ID NO: 29) and fHbp 231S (SEQ ID NO: 30) fusion proteins function as controls in this experiment.
The sensograms shown in
The sensogram shown in
A fragment of hfH containing only domains 6-7 has been shown to be sufficient to mimic the fHbp-hfH interaction (Schneider et al. (2009) Nature 458:890-893), thus providing a simplified model system to assess the affinity of fHbp mutants and constructs to hfH.
It is clear from
The sensograms shown in
The sensogram shown in
These data show that all three of the v1.13/1.15 mutants tested display strongly reduced binding activity to the full-length factor H, comparable to the fHbp 231S fusion.
To investigate the immunogenicity elicited by 231.13 fusion proteins comprising mutations that reduce or abrogate hfH binding against meningococcal strains expressing fHbp in a variety of different fHbp v1 subvariants, compared with existing fHbp antigens/fusion proteins, and the licensed 4CMenB vaccine. Immunogenicity is determined using rabbit Serum Bactericidal Assay (rSBA) and human Serum Bactericidal Assay (hSBA) against the following fHbp v1 subvariant (v1.x) strains: v1.1, v1.10, v1.13, v1.14 and v1.15.
These experiments aim to evaluate whether fHbp fusion proteins according to the present invention show comparable immunogenicity (non-inferiority) against a panel of strains expressing fHbp v1.x, compared with existing antigen/fusion compositions, and the licensed 4CMenB vaccine.
The results show that fHbp fusion proteins according to the invention (Groups 1 and 2) show comparable (non-inferior) immunogenicity to the licensed BEXSERO product and the BEXSERO fHbp antigen (936-741) against a panel of v1.x strains.
Interestingly, these results also indicate that fHbp fusion proteins according to the invention (Groups 1 and 2) are more immunogenic than existing fusion proteins known in the art (specifically the 231.1S fusion (herein SEQ ID NO: 30)), against a patent of v1.x strains, as determined in both rSBA and hSBA.
To investigate the immunogenicity elicited by 231.13 fusion proteins comprising mutations that reduce or abrogate hfH binding against meningococcal strains expressing fHbp in v2 or v3, compared with existing fHbp antigens/fusions proteins, and the licensed 4CMenB vaccine. These experiments aim to evaluate whether the inclusion of three different mutated fHbp variants has the potential to increase the breadth of strain coverage, compared to existing antigen compositions.
Immunogenicity is determined using rabbit Serum Bactericidal Assay (rSBA) and human Serum Bactericidal Assay (hSBA) against the following fHbp v2 and v3 strains: v2.16, v3.31 and v3.42.
The results show that fusion proteins comprising all three fHbp variants generate much higher titres in rSBA and hSBA compared with fHbp v1.1 alone, the 936-741 fusion included in BEXSERO or indeed the BEXSERO product itself. This is evidence of a significantly improved immunological response against strains expressing fHbp in v2 or v3, compared with the existing vaccine or vaccine components.
Endpoint: hSBA titers from pooled sera (one pool per group) collected at two weeks after the third injection.
CD1 female mice of 4-6 weeks old strain received three injections intraperitoneally (IP) with 200 pal of 4CMenB adsorbed Aluminium Hydroxide (Bexsero) or 4CMenB-adsorbed Aluminium Hydroxide (BEXSERO) plus various different fHbp 231 fusions protein (as shown in Table 5 below) at day 1, 22 and 36. Blood samples collected before 1st injection (day 0) and final bleed collected two weeks after the third injection (day 49).
New Zealand female rabbits of 9 weeks old received three injections intramuscular (IM) of 500 μl of 4CMenB adsorbed in Aluminium Hydroxide (BEXSERO) or 4CMenB-adsorbed Aluminium Hydroxide (BEXSERO) plus various different fHbp 231 fusion proteins (as shown in Table 6 below) at days 1, 21 and 35. Final bleed collected two weeks after the third injection.
Ten mice and 3 rabbits per group is the minimum number of animals that will allow enough pooled serum to be tested in hSBA against a large panel of strains (about 73), considering 20% of retest or further titrations.
A total of 61 fHbp var 1, 2 and 3 carrying strains of selected serogroup B Neisseria meningitides were tested by hSBA.
Functional antibodies were measured by Serum Bactericidal Assay using human complement (hSBA) on 61 strains of N. meningitidis carrying fHbp var 1.x, var 2, or var 3 and a panel of reference Bexsero antigen strains.
SBA is the only accepted correlate of protection for N. meningitidis in humans.
Results Humoral Responses-Functional Antibodies Measured by rSBA
To measure functional antibodies elicited by different BEXSERO formulations able to trigger complement-mediated killing of N. meningitidis strains, sera collected two weeks after the third vaccination were tested as pool in serum bactericidal activity assay using human rabbit serum as complement source (hSBA) against a panel of about 60 N. meningitidis strains.
The total number of Neisseria strains selected were divided in three different strains panels fHbp var 2 and 3, fHbp var 1.x and BEXSERO references and fHbp var 1.1 and 1.4 strains.
To measure added value of the formulations comprising fHbp fusion proteins of the invention vs BEXSERO, sera collected from vaccinated mice were tested as pool in the presence of human plasma as complement source (hSBA) against a total of 50 MenB strains, divided into var (30 strains) and var2/3 strains (20 strains). Of note, the 50 strains were selected in order not to be covered by BEXSERO and therefore are mismatched for all BEXSERO antigens. The results are reported in
As it is evident from
To help to distinguish between covered and non-covered strains a new threshold value of 256 (four times the initial threshold of 64) was selected. The percentages of covered strains were computed and are presented in
The results shown in these graphs demonstrate again that formulations comprising fusion proteins of the invention present higher coverage against both var2 and 3 strain panels (
Finally, non-inferiority of formulations comprising fusion proteins of the invention was also assessed testing the mouse antisera against a panel of 11 strains including BEXSERO reference stains and fHbp var 1.1 and 1.4 strains in mouse (
The results shown in
Non-inferiority of formulations comprising the fHbp231.13_E211A/S216R fusion protein of the invention versus BEXSERO has also been assessed by testing individual mouse sera with baby rabbit complement as the complement source (rSBA) against the panel of the 4 BEXSERO indicator strains (M14459 for fHbp var.1; NZ98/254 for PorA P1.4; M4407 for NHBA; 96217 for NadA), in order to confirm that BEXSERO antigens' specific immunogenicity is preserved upon the addition of the new fusion protein. The results are reported in
Pooled hSBA data for the existing BEXSERO formulation and formulations comprising fusion proteins of the invention are further presented in
All the formulations comprising fHbp fusion proteins according to the present invention provide improved coverage against var 2 and 3 strain panels compared to BEXSERO alone, and elicited higher hSBA titers against the majority of variant 1.x strains compared to BEXSERO alone.
As for the mouse study described above, a value of 256 (four times the initial threshold of 64) was chosen as a new threshold to analyse the rabbit data.
A coverage analysis was performed and is summarized in
Finally, non-inferiority of formulations comprising fHbp fusion proteins according to the present invention versus BEXSERO was confirmed testing the rabbit antisera against a panel of 11 strains including BEXSERO reference stains and fHbp var 1.1 and 1.4 strains in rabbit, as reported in
These results show that non-inferiority was confirmed for all formulations comprising fHbp fusion proteins according to the present invention.
Nine mice from each group were challenged (two mice died after sampling and before bacterial challenge; one from group A and one from group B). The mice were challenged i.p. using a bioluminescent variant of the serogroup B strain MC58 (107 CFU per mouse in 500 μl of saline).
Dynamic imaging was performed 30 min and 6 h after infection and total photons per second were scored and expressed using the total photon per sec and per mouse as well as a ratio of total photon per second and per mouse after 6 h of infection/total photon per second and per mouse after 0.5 h of infection (
The total photons emitted per mouse were computed and are presented in Figure. 21. In both groups, the signals were reduced significantly compared to non-infected mice. Mice of Group B showed lower total photon per second compared to group A, but this difference did not reach significant level (p=0.2) in
As can be seen from
Therefore, these in vivo data support the improved immunogenicity of a vaccine composition comprising a mutated non-fH binding fusion polypeptide according to the invention, compared with an equivalent composition comprising a fusion polypeptide that does not contain a non-binding double mutant v1.13 polypeptide of the invention.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 18188321.6 | Aug 2018 | EP | regional |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2019/071410 | 8/9/2019 | WO | 00 |
