Patent Application
20110304434
The present disclosure relates to electronic toll collection (ETC) systems and in particular to a multi-protocol ETC system and methods of selecting an operating protocol in a multi-protocol ETC system.
ETC systems conduct toll transactions electronically using RF communications between a vehicle-mounted transponder (a “tag”) and a stationary toll station transceiver (a “reader”).
In some ETC systems, the reader broadcasts a polling or trigger RF signal. A transponder on a vehicle passing through the broadcast area or zone detects the polling or trigger signal and responds with its own RF signal. The transponder responds by sending a response signal containing information stored in memory in the transponder, such as the transponder ID number. The reader receives the response signal and may conduct an electronic toll transaction, such as by debiting a user account associated with the transponder ID number. The reader may then broadcast a programming RF signal to the transponder. The programming signal provides the transponder with updated information for storage in its memory. It may, for example, provide the transponder with a new account balance.
In some ETC systems, the tags are “passive”, meaning they rely upon the energy broadcast by the reader and communicate back to the reader using backscatter modulation.
There are a number of pre-defined communication protocols for reader-transponder communications in an ETC system. These include various public TDMA protocols, the State of California Code of Regulation (CAL-TRAN) Title 21 (T21) protocol, and proprietary protocols, such as IAG (northeastern InterAgency Group members NY, NJ, PA, DE). The various protocols operate in different geographical regions.
Comprehensive standards governing the communications between the transponder and reader do not exist. Therefore, interoperability does not exist between the equipment of different manufacturers. Interoperability in this context is the ability of a roadside reading or interrogation device of one manufacturer to meaningfully process the data from any given transponder mounted in a vehicle. Vehicles traverse large geographical areas and a vehicle with one type of protocol transponder will sometimes pass through an ETC system of another protocol type.
It would be advantageous to provide a multi-protocol ETC system and methods of operating same that permits communications with tags using different protocols.
The present application describes systems and methods for communicating with a transponder located in or on a moving vehicle travelling in a roadway. The present application provides a multi-protocol ETC system capable of processing various types of transponders. The ETC system utilizes a dynamic protocol selection mechanism to determine which protocol type reader will operate depending on the protocol type of the transponder passing through the ETC station.
In one aspect, the present application provides a method for dynamically selecting a communication protocol in a multi-protocol electronic toll collection system, the system including a first reader configured to operate using a first communications protocol and a second reader configured to operate using a second communications protocol, the system further including an antenna configured to define a capture zone in a roadway, wherein the system uses a cyclic protocol having a defined frame duration. The method includes transmitting a signal from the first reader over the antenna using the first communications protocol within a first portion of the defined frame duration; detecting whether a response signal is received by the first reader; and if the response signal is not received within the first portion of the defined frame duration, then disabling transmissions of the first reader, and enabling operation of the second reader, whereby the second reader is configured to use the antenna during a remainder of the defined frame duration when enabled.
In another aspect, the present application describes a multi-protocol electronic toll collection (ETC) system for conducting toll transactions in connection with vehicles traveling in a roadway, wherein the vehicles are equipped with either a first transponder configured to operate in accordance with a first communications protocol or a second transponder configured to operate in accordance with a second communications protocol. The system includes an antenna for transmitting and receiving RF signals and positioned to define a capture zone within the roadway; a first reader coupled to the antenna and configured to communicate using the first communications protocol; and a second reader coupled to the antenna and configured to communicate using the second communications protocol. The system is configured to operate using a cyclic protocol having a defined frame duration. The first reader is configured to broadcast a signal over the antenna within a first portion of the defined frame duration, and to detect whether a response signal is received from the first transponder using the first communication protocol, and if the response signal is not received within the first portion, to disable transmissions of the first reader and enable operation of the second reader, whereby the second reader is configured to use the antenna during a remainder of the defined frame duration when enabled.
Other aspects and features of the present application will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art from a review of the following detailed description when considered in conjunction with the drawings.
Reference will now be made, by way of example, to the accompanying drawings which show an embodiment of the present application, and in which:
Reference will be made below to a primary communications protocol and a secondary communications protocol. In some instances these may be referred to as a first communications protocol and a second communications protocol. Although example embodiments described in the present application refers to a first and second (or, equivalently, a primary and secondary) communications protocol, the present application is more broadly applicable to multiple protocols and may, in some cases, include implementations having three or more communications protocols.
Reference is first made to
As shown in
The antennas 18A, 18B, 18C may, in some embodiments be connected directly to both AVI readers 17A, 17B at the same time, such as through an RF coupler for example. In other embodiments, the antennas 18A, 18B, 18C may be selectively connected to either the first reader 17A or the second reader 17B, such as through an RF switch for example. In another embodiment, as illustrated in
AVI readers 17A and 17B are control devices that process RF signals that are sent and received by the roadway antennas 18A, 18B and 18C. The AVI readers 17A and 17B may include a processor 37 (shown individually as 37A and 37B) and a radio frequency (RF) module 24 (shown individually as 24A and 24B). The processor 37 may be configured to control the RF module 24 so as to implement a particular communications protocol. For example, the processor 37A in the first reader 17A may be configured to implement the primary communications protocol. The processor 37B in the second reader 17B may be configured to implement the secondary communications protocol. The processors 37 may include a programmable processing unit, volatile and/or non-volatile memory storing instructions and data necessary for the operation of the processor, and communications interfaces to permit the processor to communicate with the RF module 24 and a roadside controller 30.
The RF module 24 is configured to modulate signals from the processor 37 for transmission as RF signals over the roadway antennas 18A, 18B and 18C, and to de-modulate RF signals received by the roadway antennas 18A, 18B and 18C into a form suitable for use by the processor 37. In this regard, the AVI readers 17A and 17B employ hardware and signal processing techniques that are well known in the art.
The roadway antennas 18A, 18B and 18C, and AVI readers 17A and 17B function to read information from a transponder 20 (shown in the windshield of vehicle 22), to send programming information to the transponder 20, and to verify that the transponder 20 has successfully updated its memory with the programming information.
The roadway antennas 18A, 18B and 18C may be directional transmit and receive antennas which, in the illustrated embodiment, have an orientation such that each of the roadway antennas 18A, 18B and 18C can only receive signals transmitted from a transponder 20 when the transponder 20 is located within a roughly elliptical coverage zone associated with the antenna.
The roadway antennas 18A, 18B and 18C are located above the roadway 12 and arranged such that they have coverage zones 26A, 26B and 26C which are aligned along an axis 15 that is orthogonal to the travel path along roadway 12. In the embodiment illustrated, the major axes of the elliptical coverage zones 26A, 26B and 26C are co-linear with each other, and extend orthogonally to the direction of travel. As is apparent from
It will be understood that although the coverage zones 26A, 26B and 26C are illustrated as having identical, perfect elliptical shapes, in reality the actual shapes of the coverage zones 26A, 26B and 26C will typically not be perfectly elliptical, but will have a shape that is dependent upon a number of factors, including RF reflections or interference caused by nearby structures, the antenna pattern and mounting orientation.
It will also be understood that, although elliptical coverage zones are disclosed in the above embodiment, other shapes could also be used for the coverage areas 26A, 26B or 26C. Furthermore, while three coverage areas 26A, 26B, 26C are shown, the number of coverage areas may vary.
The AVI readers 17A and 17B are connected to the roadside controller 30. The roadside controller 30 may be configured to process toll transactions based on transponder information it receives from the AVI readers 17A and 17B.
In open road toll systems, the electronic toll collection system 10 will often include a vehicle imaging system, which is indicated generally by reference numeral 34. The imaging system 34 includes an image processor 42 to which is connected a number of cameras 36, arranged to cover the width of the roadway for capturing images of vehicles as they cross a camera line 38 that extends orthogonally across the roadway 12. The image processor 42 is connected to the roadside controller 30, and operation of the cameras 36 is synchronized by the roadside controller 30 in conjunction with a vehicle detector 40. The vehicle detector 40 which is connected to the roadside controller 30 detects when a vehicle has crossed a vehicle detection line 44 that extends orthogonally across the roadway 12, which is located before the camera line 38 (relative to the direction of travel). The output of the vehicle detector 40 is used by the roadside controller 30 to control the operation of the cameras 36. The vehicle detector 40 can take a number of different configurations that are well known in the art, for example it can be a device which detects the obstruction of light by an object.
The transponder 20 has a modem that is configured to de-modulate RF signals received by the transponder antenna into a form suitable for use by a transponder controller. The modem is also configured to modulate signals from the transponder controller for transmission as an RF signal over the transponder antenna.
The transponder 20 also includes a memory that is connected to the transponder controller. The transponder controller may access the memory to store and retrieve data. The memory may be random access memory (RAM) or flash memory. In one embodiment, the memory is the integrated memory of a microcontroller.
The memory of the transponder 20 may have a location of memory reserved for storing data which may be altered by the AVI readers 17A and 17B. This location of memory may include, for example, fields for recording entry and exit points of the vehicle 22 and times and dates of entry or exit of the vehicle 22. It may also include account information which the AVI readers 17A and 17B verify and then debit in an automated parking system, automated drive-through retail outlet, or other mobile commerce system. In the course of an electronic tolling operation, the AVI readers 17A and 17B may need to update the memory of the transponder 20.
The memory of the transponder 20 may also contain an area of memory that cannot be updated by the AVI readers 17A and 17B. For example, the memory may contain fields which are set by the manufacturer or agency deploying the transponders which tend to relate to the characteristics of the transponder 20 or the vehicle 20 and/or customer.
In one embodiment, for every three roadway antennas 18A, 18B and 18C, there will be a AVI reader 17A that operates in a primary protocol, and an AVI reader 17B that operates in a secondary protocol. In some embodiments only one AVI reader is connected to the available roadway antenna 18A, 18B or 18C at any one time. In this configuration, the AVI readers 17A and 17B are connected to the roadway antennas 18A, 18B, and 18C using RF switches. Depending on the dynamic selection of the protocol, one of the AVI readers 17A or 17B will be connected to the antenna to either operate under the primary protocol or a secondary protocol. In some embodiments, the AVI reader 17A will initially be connected to one of the roadway antennas (18A, 18B, 18C) via the RF switch. If a transponder 20 using the primary protocol is detected, then the AVI reader 17A maintains its access to the roadway antenna so that it may perform an electronic toll transaction with the detected transponder 20. If a transponder 20 of the primary protocol is not detected within a predetermined duration, then the AVI reader 17A will cause the RF switch to disconnect the first reader 17A from the antenna and to connect the second reader 17B to the antenna.
In another embodiment, AVI readers 17A and 17B may be both connected to one of the roadway antennas 18A, 18B and 18C using a coupler. In this configuration, the first or primary reader 17A attempts to detect a transponder 20. If it does not locate a transponder using the primary protocol within a predetermined duration, then it disables the primary reader 17A and enables operation of the secondary reader 17B, so that the secondary reader 17B may attempt to locate a transponder using the secondary protocol.
Reference is now made to
The first reader 17A includes a detection module 54. The detection module 54 may be implemented in software or hardware. In some embodiments, the detection module 54 is a software routine operating on the processor 37A (
The detection module 54 is configured to determine whether a transponder using the primary communication protocol is detected based on receipt of a response signal by the first reader 17A. If a suitable response signal is not received by the first reader 17A within a predetermined duration, then the detection module 54 determines that no primary transponder is present in the roadway 12 (
Reference is now made to
In the event that the detection module 54 determines that no transponder using the first communications protocol is present within the predetermined duration, it disables the first reader 17A and causes the first reader 17A to output the enablement signal 56 to the second reader 17B so as to enable operation of the second reader 17B. The second reader 17B then uses the second communications protocol to attempt to locate secondary transponders. By “disable”, the present application means to cause the first reader 17A to cease outputting RF signals to the antenna 18 and to ignore incoming RF signals from the antenna 18. In another embodiment, the first reader 17A is connected to a first antenna 27A and the second reader 17B is connected to a second antenna 27B, where the first and second antennas 27A, 27B cover substantially the same coverage area. In this embodiment, the first reader 17A is disabled and outputs the enablement signal 56 to the second reader 17B. In response to the enablement signal 56, the second reader 17B begin transmissions to the second antenna 27B.
Operation of a multi-protocol electronic toll collection system is now illustrated with reference to
The method 600 begins in step 602 with enablement of the first reader, wherein the first reader is configured to use the primary protocol. The first reader is connected to the antenna. The first reader may be connected to the antenna using an RF coupler, RF switch, or other RF connection.
In step 604, the first reader assesses whether it has received a response from a transponder using the primary protocol. The determination as to whether a response has been received is dependent upon the primary protocol. For example, if the primary protocol is an active tag protocol that specifies a time period within which the transponder will respond to a trigger or polling signal, then step 604 involves sending the trigger or polling signal and waiting for a response within the specified time period. In another example, if the primary protocol is a passive tag protocol that relies upon modulation of a continuous wave signal within a specified time period, then step 604 involves broadcasting the continuous wave signal and waiting the specified time period to determine whether modulation of the signal has been detected. In some embodiments, the detection of a response from a transponder may involve monitoring a variation in the amplitude, phase or frequency of the response signal or a combination thereof.
If, in step 604, the first reader determines that it has received a response from a transponder using the primary protocol, then the method 600 goes to step 606. In step 606, the first reader continues using the primary protocol for communications with the transponder for the remainder of the cycle. The method 600 then loops back to step 602.
If, in step 604, the first reader determines that it has not received a response from a transponder using the primary protocol, then the method 600 goes to step 608. In step 608, the first reader is disabled and the second reader is enabled. In this context the terms “disabled” and “enabled” mean that the first reader ceases using the antenna for communications and the second reader begins using the antenna for communications. The second reader communicates in accordance with the secondary protocol. The “disabling” of the first reader may include causing its transceiver to cease operations, disconnecting it from the antenna, or both. The “enabling” of the second reader may include causing its transceiver to being operations, connecting it to the antenna, or both. The first reader may send a signal or other message to the second reader and/or to an RF switch to cause the enablement of the second reader.
In step 610, the second reader continues using the antenna for communications in accordance with the secondary protocol for the remainder of the cycle. At the end of the cycle, the method 600 loops back to 602 to being using the first reader and the primary protocol again for the beginning of the next cycle.
It will be understood that the cycle length is sufficient for the first reader to assess, in accordance with the primary protocol, whether a transponder using the primary protocol is present and, if not, for the second reader to begin using the secondary protocol and complete communications with a transponder using the secondary protocol during the remainder of the cycle.
Reference is now made to
Each frame 340, 342, 344 in each superframe 330, 332 corresponds to communications on a different one of the antennas 18A, 18B, 18C. For example, the first frame 340 of each superframe 330, 332 may correspond to communications on the first antenna 18A and the second frame 342 of each of superframe 330, 332 may correspond to communication the second antenna 18B, and the third frame 344 of each superframe 330, 332 may correspond to communications on the third antenna 18C. The number of regular frames within the superframe may be dependent on the number of antennas in the ETC system.
In the embodiment illustrated in
In the following example embodiment, the primary protocol is an active tag protocol in which a polling or trigger signal is sent by the reader at the beginning of a frame, and a transponder within the capture zone responds to the trigger signal with a response signal. Accordingly, in this example embodiment, each frame 340, 342, 344 of the timing diagram 310 illustrates a trigger signal 312a, 312b, 312c, 312d, 312e, 312f which is transmitted by the AVI reader 17A operating in the primary protocol to the transponder 20, using the antennas 18A, 18B, 18C. For example, in the example discussed above, where the first frame 340 corresponds to communications on the first antenna 18A, the trigger signal 312a in the first frame 340 of the first superframe 330 and the trigger signal 312d of the first frame 340 of the second superframe 332 are transmitted using the first antenna 18A.
Following the transmission of the trigger signal 312a, 312b, 312c, 312d, 312e, 312f, the first reader is configured to subsequently wait a predetermined duration 360, in some embodiments about 105 μs, for a response from a transponder 20 operating using the primary protocol and within the broadcast coverage area.
The transponders 20 of the primary protocol are configured to transmit a response signal 318a, 318c, 318e following the receipt of the trigger signal 312a, 312c, 312e. The response signal 318a, 318c, 318e includes at least some of the contents'of the transponder memory 20.
If transponder 20 configured to use the primary protocol is within the coverage area (that is it has received the trigger signal 312a, 312b, 312c, 312d, 312e, 312f) and sends a response within the first 105 μs of the frame, the entire remainder of the frame 340, 342, or 344 is dedicated to the operating in the primary protocol. For example, in the exemplary timing diagram 310 of
Following the receipt of the response signal 318a, 318c, 318e further communications may occur between the first reader and the transponder using the primary protocol (not shown). For example, the primary protocol may specify that the first reader sends a programming signal. The programming signal may include toll payment information, toll plaza or lane identification information, or other data. The transponder may store this information in memory. The first reader may also be configured to send a further trigger or polling signal and await a response signal from the transponder to ensure that the programming information was received and correctly stored by the transponder. This format for communications may be termed a read-program-verify cycle. These communications occur over the duration of an individual frame, such as frames 340, 342, 344.
In some circumstances, a transponder that passes through the toll station or zone is not configured to use the primary protocol. If a response from a transponder in accordance with the primary protocol is not received within the predetermined duration 360 after the transmission of a trigger signal, the first reader will determine that there is no transponder operating in accordance with the primary protocol within the coverage area of the antenna the first reader is currently using. Accordingly, it will enable the second reader, thereby permitting the second reader to use the remainder of the frame 340, 342, 344 for communications in accordance with the secondary protocol.
In some embodiments, the first and second readers are connected to roadways antennas via a bank of RF switches. The RF switches may be controlled by the first reader. Where a transponder using the primary protocol is not detected within the first 105 μs of the frame, the first reader will cause the RF switch to connect the applicable roadway antenna (18A, 18B or 18C) to the second reader that operates using the secondary protocol. The second reader may be notified of an antenna access opportunity via an indication means, such as a sync pulse, from the first reader. This provides the second .reader with an opportunity to perform an electronic toll transaction with a transponder configured to use the secondary protocol in the remaining duration of the frame. In some embodiment, the frames have a length of about 2.3 ms, meaning that the second reader will have about 2.2 ms remaining within which to conduct a toll transaction using the secondary protocol.
In some embodiments, the secondary protocol is a continuous wave protocol. In such embodiments, the second reader, after acquiring access to a roadway antenna, broadcasts a continuous wave signal 350 (shown individually as 350b, 350d, 350f) within the coverage area. The second reader waits for a response signal (for example 356b, 356f) from a transponder operating using the secondary protocol within the continuous wave signal's coverage area. If a transponder is within the coverage area and responds, the second reader may perform an electronic toll transaction for this vehicle under the secondary protocol.
Reference will now also be made to
The system and method of the present disclosure utilizes the time in the frame in a way so that if a primary protocol tag is not detected within a predetermined amount of time, the remainder of time in the frame is used for operation in another, secondary protocol. This leverages dead space in a frame of a cyclic protocol, where the remaining time of the frame is not used when a transponder of the primary protocol is not detected. The secondary protocol is only relevant when a primary protocol tag is not detected in the capture zone within the predetermined duration. Accordingly, the dynamic protocol selection method of the present application ensures that each frame may be utilized to perform an electronic toll transaction, either in a primary protocol, or in a secondary protocol.
The dynamic protocol selection system and method may be used in conjunction with existing infrastructure. A secondary protocol AVI reader 17B may be added to existing infrastructure that operates in a primary protocol so that the ETC system is modified to operate and communicate with transponders 20 of both a primary protocol and secondary protocol type.
In other embodiments, there may be multiple primary and secondary protocol readers. The ratio of primary readers to secondary readers may be 1:1; that is for the roadway coverage areas serviced by antennas 18A, 18B and 18C, there is one primary reader and one secondary reader. In some embodiments, only some roadway coverage areas covering certain lanes may have both primary and secondary readers. Additionally, in some embodiments, the system and method of the present application may support a primary protocol and more than one secondary protocols.
Interference between equipment of different protocols is limited in the ETC system of the present application by using a time division multiplexed sequence. The dynamic protocol selection method and system may also be used in conjunction with antenna to lane mapping, which would ensure that there are at least 3 lanes (approximately>36 ft) of separation between simultaneously active readers.
Certain adaptations and modifications of the invention will be obvious to those skilled in the art when considered in light of this description. Therefore, the above discussed embodiments are considered to be illustrative and not restrictive, the scope of the invention being indicated by the appended claims rather than the foregoing description, and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are therefore intended to be embraced therein.
