Multi-subtype FIV vaccines

Abstract
The subject invention pertains to novel methods and compositions for protecting cats from infection by a broad range of FIV strains using a multi-subtype FIV vaccine. Multi-subtype FIV vaccines comprising either cell free whole virus or cell lines infected with viruses are described. Methods for vaccinating cats with the subject vaccine compositions are also described. Cats vaccinated according to the methods and compositions of the subject invention exhibit protective humoral and cellular immune responses to FIV when challenged with homologous or heterologous strains of FIV. The subject invention also pertains to novel feline cell lines that are susceptible to infection by FIV and their methods of use.
Description




BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION




Domestic cats are subject to infection by several retroviruses, including feline leukemia virus (FeLV), feline sarcoma virus (FeSV), endogenous type C oncoronavirus (RD-114), and feline syncytia-forming virus (FeSFV). Of these, FeLV is the most significant pathogen, causing diverse symptoms including lymphoreticular and myeloid neoplasms, anemias, immune-mediated disorders, and an immunodeficiency syndrome that is similar to human acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Recently, a particular replication-defective FeLV mutant, designated FeLV-AIDS, has been more particularly associated with immunosuppressive properties.




The discovery of feline T-lymphotropic lentivirus (now designated as feline immunodeficiency virus, FIV) was first reported in Pedersen et al. (1987). Characteristics of FIV have been reported in Yamamoto et al. (1988a); Yamamoto et al. (1988b); and Ackley et al. (1990). Seroepidemiologic data have shown that infection by FIV is indigenous to domestic and wild felines throughout the world. A wide variety of symptoms are associated with infection by FIV, including abortion, alopecia, anemia, conjunctivitis, chronic rhinitis, enteritis, gingivitis, hematochezia, neurologic abnormalities, periodontitis, and seborrheic dermatitis. The immunologic hallmark of domestic cats infected with FIV is a chronic and progressive depletion of feline CD4


+


peripheral blood lymphocytes, a reduction in the CD4:CD8 cell ratio and, in some cases, an increase in CD8-bearing lymphocytes. Based on molecular, biochemical and immunopathologic characteristics, FIV infection of cats is now considered to be a better feline AIDS model than FeLV-FAIDS.




Cloning and sequence analysis of FIV has been reported in Olmsted et al. (1989a); Olmsted et al. (1989b); and Talbott et al. (1989). Hosie and Jarret (1990) described the serological response of cats infected with FIV. FIV virus subtypes can be classified according to immunotype based on the level of cross-neutralizing antibodies elicited by each strain (Murphy and Kingsbury, 1990). Recently, viruses have been classified into subtypes according to genotype based on nucleotide sequence homology. Although HIV and FIV subtyping is based on genotype (Sodora et al., 1994; Rigby et al., 1993; and Louwagie et al., 1993), little is known about the correlation between the genotype and immunotype of subtypes. FIV viral isolates are currently classified into four FIV subtypes: A, B, C and D. (Kakinuma et al., 1995). Infectious isolates and infectious molecular clones have been described for all FIV subtypes except for subtype C (Sodora et al., 1994). Subtype C FIV has only been identified from cellular DNA of cats from Canada (Sodora et al., 1994; Rigby et al., 1993; Kakinuma et al., 1995).




A major difficulty in developing an FIV vaccine has been in identifying a vaccine approach that is effective against a broad range of FIV strains including field isolates from different subtypes or clades. Vaccine prophylaxis for FIV has been attained against homologous and slightly heterologous strains using a single-strain vaccine, but not against challenge with moderate to greatly heterologous strains (Johnson et al., 1994; Yamamoto et al., 1993). Thus, there remains a need for a vaccine that protects across multiple FIV subtypes.




BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION




The subject invention concerns a vaccine that elicits a broad range of protective immunity against FIV infections in a host animal. Specifically, the subject invention concerns a multi-subtype FIV vaccine that is prepared using cell-free viral isolates from different FIV subtypes, or a combination of cell lines each infected with a different prototype FIV virus from a different subtype. Cats vaccinated with the FIV vaccines of the subject invention develop humoral and cellular immune responses to homologous and heterologous FIV strains.




The subject invention also concerns novel feline cell lines that are susceptible to infection by multiple FIV subtypes. The cell lines of the subject invention are useful for propagating and producing multiple FIV subtypes, as well as for use in FIV vaccines according to the methods of the subject invention. In addition, the cell lines can also be used in place of feline peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in FIV viral neutralization assays of feline antisera.











BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS





FIG. 1

shows the reverse transcriptase (RT) levels of FIV


Bang


and FIV


Shi


produced after infecting FeT-1C and FeT-J cell lines with these FIV strains.





FIG. 2

shows the immunoreaction of anti-FIV antibodies from dual-subtype vaccinated cats with FIV proteins as detected by immunoblot. The number over each blot represent the number of vaccinations received by the animal when the sera was tested.





FIG. 3

shows the immunoreaction of anti-FIV antibodies from triple-subtype vaccinated cats with FIV proteins as detected by immunoblot. The number over each blot represent the number of vaccinations received by the animal when the sera was tested.





FIGS. 4A-B

show the immunoreactivity of anti-FIV antibodies from triple-subtype vaccinated cats with FIV SU-V3-2 peptide as detected by ELISA.





FIGS. 5A-B

show the immunoreactivity of anti-FIV antibodies from triple-subtype vaccinated cats with FIV TM-C1 peptide as detected by ELISA.





FIG. 6

shows cross-neutralizing antibody titers of sera from cats infected with either FIV


Pet


(A


P


), FIV


Dix


(A


D


), FIV


UK8


(A


U


), FIV


Bang


(B


B


), FIV


Aom1


(B


A


), and FIV


Shi


(D


S


). Sera at pre-infection (column 1), 6 months post-infection (column 2), and 12 months post-infection (column 3) were tested against subtype A FIV


Pet


, subtype B FIV


Bang


, and subtype D FIV


Shi


in the FeT-1C-cell line. At least three cats per each strain were tested and results show VN titer from a representative cat from each strain. Similar results were obtained using primary PBMC for VN assay.











BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEQUENCES




SEQ ID NO. 1 is an amino acid sequence of an FIV surface envelope peptide designated as SV-V3-2.




SEQ ID NO. 2 is an amino acid sequence of an FIV transmembrane peptide designated as TM-C1.




SEQ ID NO. 3 is a nucleotide sequence of an FIV PCR primer.




SEQ ID NO. 4 is a nucleotide sequence of an FIV PCR primer.




SEQ ID NO. 5 is a nucleotide sequence of an FIV PCR primer.




SEQ ID NO. 6 is a nucleotide sequence of an FIV PCR primer.




SEQ ID NO. 7 is a nucleotide sequence of an FIV PCR primer.




SEQ ID NO. 8 is a nucleotide sequence of an FIV PCR primer.




SEQ ID NO. 9 is a nucleotide sequence of an FIV PCR primer.




SEQ ID NO. 10 is a nucleotide sequence of an FIV PCR primer.




SEQ ID NO. 11 is a nucleotide sequence of an FIV PCR primer.




SEQ ID NO. 12 is a nucleotide sequence of an FIV PCR primer.




SEQ ID NO. 13 is a nucleotide sequence of an FIV PCR primer.




SEQ ID NO. 14 is a nucleotide sequence of an FIV PCR primer.




SEQ ID NO. 15 is a nucleotide sequence of an FIV PCR primer.




SEQ ID NO. 16 is a nucleotide sequence of an FIV PCR primer.




DETAILED DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION




The subject invention concerns novel methods and vaccine compositions useful for inducing protective immunity to FIV infection in a susceptible host animal. The vaccine compositions described herein, when administered to a host animal, induce protective humoral and cellular immune responses against infection by homologous and heterologous strains of FIV. The vaccine compositions may comprise either cell-free FIV viral isolates or FIV-infected cell lines. In a preferred embodiment, the vaccine composition of the subject invention comprises FIV strains from two different FIV subtypes. Preferably, the vaccine composition comprises three FIV strains, each strain from a different FIV subtype. More preferably, at least one FIV strain from each of FIV subtype A, subtype B and subtype D is included in the vaccine composition.




In a specific embodiment, the vaccine composition comprises FIV


Pet


- and FIV


Shi


-infected cell lines. In another embodiment, the vaccine composition comprises FIV


Pet


-, FIV


Bang


-, and FIV


Shi


-infected cell lines. The use of other FIV strains representative of all or a portion of FIV subtypes is specifically contemplated by the subject invention. For example, FIV


Dix


or FIV


UK8


could be included in the vaccine compositions in addition to or in place of FIV


Pet


for purposes of providing an FIV subtype A prototype virus. Similar additions or substitutions with other FIV strains could be made for FIV subtype B and D prototype viruses.




As described herein, the vaccine compositions of the subject invention may comprise cell-free whole FIV virus, or portions of the virus, FIV proteins and polypeptides, as well as FIV-infected cell lines, or a combination of cell-free virus and infected cell lines. Vaccine compositions comprising FIV-infected cell lines may comprise multiple cell lines, each infected with a different FIV subtype. The vaccine compositions of the subject invention also encompass recombinant viral vector-based FIV constructs that may comprise, for example, FIV env, gag/pro, or env-gag/pro. Any suitable viral vector that can be used to prepare recombinant vector/FIV constructs is contemplated for use with the subject invention. For example, viral vectors derived from adenovirus, avipox, feline herpesvirus, vaccinia, canarypox, entomopox, swinepox and others known in the art can be used with the compositions and methods of the present invention. Recombinant polynucleotide vectors that encode and express FIV components can be constructed using standard genetic engineering techniques known in the art. In addition, the various vaccine compositions described herein can be used separately and in combination with each other. For example, primary immunizations of an animal may use recombinant vector-based FIV constructs, having single or multiple subtype components, followed by secondary boosts with vaccine compositions comprising inactivated FIV-infected cell lines. Other immunization protocols with the vaccine compositions of the invention are apparent to persons skilled in the art and are contemplated within the scope of the present invention.




The multi-subtype FIV vaccines specifically described herein were tested for immunogenicity and efficacy in cats. Specific pathogen free (SPF) cats vaccinated with the subject vaccine compositions were monitored for humoral and cellular immune responses before and after challenge with homologous and heterologous FIV strains. Humoral responses were monitored by measuring viral neutralizing (VN) antibody activity and cellular responses were monitored by measuring cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity. Sera and immunocytes from vaccinated cats were tested in vitro for VN and CTL activities, respectively, against homologous and heterologous FIV strains, and demonstrated that the vaccines can elicit broad-range protection from FIV infection. According to the teachings of the subject invention, by combining prototype virus isolates from different FIV subtypes, or by combining individual cells infected with prototype virus of different subtypes, an effective multi-subtype FIV vaccine can be produced.




All FIV strains, in addition to those specifically exemplified herein, are contemplated for use with the subject invention. A number of FIV isolates have been described in the literature and are known to those skilled in the art. FV


Pet


has been described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,037,753. Other FIV isolates which have been described can be readily isolated from infected cats by persons of ordinary skill in the art using standard techniques. Methods for isolating and culturing FIV are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,037,753 and 5,118,602, which are herein corporated by reference.




The novel cell lines exemplified herein can be used in the vaccine methods and compositions of the present invention. Other cells or cell lines that are susceptible to infection by FIV strains, including peripheral blood mononuclear cells, are also contemplated for use with the present invention.




Natural, recombinant or synthetic polypeptides of FIV viral proteins, and peptide fragments thereof, can also be used as vaccine compositions according to the subject methods. In a preferred embodiment, FIV polypeptides derived from multiple FIV subtypes are combined in a vaccine composition and are used to vaccinate a host animal. For example, polypeptides based on the FIV envelope glycoprotein from at least two prototype FIV strains from different subtypes can be combined in the vaccine. The polypeptides may be homologous to one strain or may comprise “hybrid” or “chimeric” polypeptides whose amino acid sequence is derived from joining or linking polypeptides from at least two distinct FIV subtypes. Procedures for preparing FIV polypeptides are well known in the art. For example, FIV polypeptides can be synthesized using solid-phase synthesis methods (Merrifield, 1963). FIV polypeptides can also be produced using recombinant DNA techniques wherein a polynucleotide molecule encoding an FIV protein or peptide is expressed in a host cell, such as bacteria, yeast, or mammalian cell lines, and the expressed protein purified using standard techniques of the art.




The present invention also concerns novel feline T-cell lines that are susceptible to infection by FIV. Both interleukin-2 (IL-2) dependent and independent cells are specifically exemplified. The cell lines designated as FeT-1C and FeT-J are described herein. The FeT-1C cell line is IL-2 dependent, whereas the FeT-J cell line is IL-2 independent. The cell lines of the subject invention are useful for providing a vehicle for FIV immunization of cats, as well as for propagating and producing FIV viral strains in vitro. Both the IL-2-dependent FeT-1C and IL-2-independent FeT-J uninfected cell lines were tested over 20 times for reverse transcriptase (RT) activity in culture fluids and for FIV proviral sequence by PCR and were confirmed negative for FIV. FeT-J cell line was highly infectable with all of the FIV strains tested, including FIV


Shi


, FIV


Dix


, FIV


UK8


, FIV


Pet


and FIV


Bang


but was more difficult to directly infect with FIV


Shi


.




The subject invention further concerns cellular products produced by the cell lines of the present invention. The cellular products can be isolated and detected using procedures known to the skilled artisan. Antibodies to the cell lines can also be produced using known methods and are contemplated by the subject invention.




The FIV uninfected cell lines designated as FeT-1C (ATCC Accession No. CRL 11968) and as FeT-J (ATCC Accession No. CRL 11967) were both deposited with the American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Md. on Aug. 24, 1995. FIV


Bang


-(ATCC Accession No. 11975) and FIV


Shi


- (ATCC Accession No. 11976) infected cell lines were deposited with the American Type Culture Collection on Aug. 25, 1995.




The subject cultures have been deposited under conditions that assure that access to the culture will be available during the pendency of this patent application to one determined by the Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks to be entitled thereto under 37 CFR 1.14 and 35 U.S.C. 122. The deposit will be available as required by foreign patent laws in countries wherein counterparts of the subject application, or its progeny, are filed. However, it should be understood that the availability of a deposit does not constitute a license to practice the subject invention in derogation of patent rights granted by governmental action.




Further, the subject culture deposit will be stored and made available to the public in accord with the provisions of the Budapest Treaty for the Deposit of Microorganisms, i.e., it will be stored with all the care necessary to keep it viable and uncontaminated for a period of at least five years after the most recent request for the furnishing of a sample of the deposit, and in any case, for a period of at least thirty (30) years after the date of deposit or for the enforceable life of any patent which may issue disclosing the culture. The depositor acknowledges the duty to replace the deposit should the depository be unable to furnish a sample when requested, due to the condition of the deposit. All restrictions on the availability to the public of the subject culture deposit will be irrevocably removed upon the granting of a patent disclosing it.




According to the methods of the subject invention, the FIV vaccine compositions described herein are administered to susceptible hosts, typically domestic cats, in an effective amount and manner to induce protective immunity against subsequent challenge or infection of the host by FIV. The vaccines are typically administered parenterally, by injection, for example, either subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, or intramuscularly. Other suitable modes of administration include oral or nasal administration. Usually, the vaccines are administered to a host at least two times, with an interval of one or more weeks between each administration. However, other regimens for the initial and booster administrations of the vaccine are contemplated, and may depend on the judgment of the practitioner and the particular host animal being treated.




The vaccine compositions of the subject invention can be prepared by procedures well known in the art. For example, the vaccines are typically prepared as injectables, e.g., liquid solutions or suspensions. The vaccines are administered in a manner that is compatible with dosage formulation, and in such amount as will be therapeutically effective and immunogenic in the recipient. The optimal dosages and administration patterns for a particular vaccine formulation can be readily determined by a person skilled in the art.




Virus and cells in a vaccine formulation may be inactivated or attenuated using methods known in the art. For example, whole virus and infected cells can be inactivated or attenuated by exposure to paraformaldehyde, formalin, phenol, UV light, elevated temperature and the like. The amount of cell-free whole FIV virus in a vaccine dose will usually be in the range from about 0.1 mg to about 5 mg, and more usually being from about 0.2 mg to about 2 mg. The dosage for vaccine formulations comprising FIV-infected cell lines will usually contain from about 10


6


to about 10


8


cells per dose, and more usually from about 5×10


6


to about 7.5×10


7


cells per dose.




Virus or cells were typically combined with an adjuvant just prior to administration. Adjuvants used in the vaccine formulations typically were either threonyl muramyl dipeptide (MDP) (Byars et al., 1987) or a combination of Freud's complete and incomplete adjuvants. A variety of other adjuvants suitable for use with the methods and vaccines of the subject invention, such as alum, are well known in the art and are contemplated for use with the subject invention.




The subject invention further concerns a novel method for assaying for virus neutralizing (VN) antibodies in a sample using the uninfected cell lines of the present invention. Unlike PBMC which expire after a limited number of passages and do not propagate as readily as FeT-1C or FeT-J cells, the FeT-1C and FeT-J cells are an established cell line and can be readily cryopreserved for future use. Results obtained from VN assays using FeT-1C cells are more highly reproducible than VN assays using PBMC because PBMC from different SPF cats have individual variability in cell growth rate and FIV infectability. Further, PBMC for VN assays have to be obtained from SPF cats which require germ-free housing and maintenance in order to eliminate possible in vivo infection which may affect an in vitro VN assay using PBMC. Thus, a feline cell line such as FeT-1C which can be readily infected with FIV of different subtypes can be advantageously substituted for PBMC in VN assays.




The following abbreviations of FIV strains are used herein:



















Strain (subtype)




Abbreviation













Petaluma (A)




FIV


Pet









Dixon (A)




FIV


Dix









UK8 (A)




FIV


UK8









Bangston (B)




FIV


Bang









Aomori-1 (B)




FIV


Aom1









Aomori-2 (B)




FIV


AOm2









Shizuoka (D)




FIV


Shi

















Materials and Methods




Cell cultures. All suspension cell lines were cultured in RPMI 1640 containing 10% heat-inactivated fetal calf serum (FCS). 10 mM HEPES (N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-n′-2-ethane sulfonic acid), 2 mM L-glutamine, 50 μg/ml gentamicin and 5×10


−5


M 2-mercaptoethanol. IL-2-dependent cells were supplemented with 100 U/ml of recombinant human IL-2 (Cetus Corporation, Emeryville, Calif). The suspension cells were passaged at a cell concentration of 0.5-4×10


6


cells/ml and recultured in fresh culture media twice a week. All monolayer cells were passaged twice a week at an initial cell concentration of 2×10


6


cells/ml. The tissue culture fluids (TCF) from FIV-infected cells were harvested twice a week, spun at 3000 rpm for 1 hour to remove residual cells, and stored at −20° C., or at −70° C. for those TCF scheduled to be used immediately upon testing. FIV-susceptible cells (1×10


6


cells/ml) were infected with FIV having a reverse transcriptase (RT) activity of about 30,000 cpm/ml.




FIV purification. Tissue culture fluids from FIV-infected cell lines were individually centrifuged at 2000 to 3000 rpm for 1 hr to remove cells. Virus in the TCF was pelleted by ultracentrifugation at 16,000 rpm for 2 hours, and purified by ultracentrifugation first on a 10/50% (w/v) discontinuous sucrose gradient and then on a 10/50% continuous sucrose gradient (Pederson et al., 1987; Yamamoto et al., 1988). Each of the viral isolates was inactivated with 1.25% sterile paraformaldehyde (0.22 μm sterile filtered) for 18 hr and subsequently extensively dialyzed against sterile PBS. The inactivated viruses were diluted to a concentration of 500 μg/ml with sterile PBS and 250 μg/0.5 ml of each strain was placed in sterile microfuge tube and stored at −70° C. The inactivated FIV strains were thawed at room temperature and 250 μg of inactivated virus in 0.5 ml sterile PBS was combined with 0.5 ml of adjuvant just prior to immunization. FIV-infected cell lines were separately inactivated with 1.25% sterile paraformaldehyde for 18 hr, washed 3 times with sterile PBS, resuspended in fresh sterile PBS at concentration of about 5.0×10


7


cells/ml in sterile tubes and stored at 4° C. Typically, about 2.5×10


7


inactivated infected cells in 0.5 ml sterile PBS were combined with 0.5 ml of adjuvant just prior to immunization. 250 μg/0.5 ml of threonyl muramyl dipeptide (MDP MF75.2 adjuvant; Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, Calif.) was used as an adjuvant.




CTL assay. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were stimulated with Concanavalin A (Con A) for 3 days prior to infection with FIV for 10 days (Song et al., 1992). These cells served as target cells for the CTL assay. CTL activity was generated by co-culturing Con A-stimulated PBMC with autologous UV- and radiation inactivated FIV-infected PBMC for 5 days. These cells served as the stimulated effector cells. On the assay day, target cells were labeled with 50 μCi of Na


51


CrO


4


for 1 to 3 hours, washed 3 times, and then a fixed number of labeled target cells (5×10


4


cells/well) were added to microtiter plates. Effector cells were added in triplicate at various effector/target cell ratios (i.e., 100:1, 50:1, and 10:1). Plates were centrifuged for 1 minute at 400 rpm and incubated at 37° C. for 4 hours. Control


51


Cr-labeled target cells were lysed with detergent to obtain maximal release values. Supernatants from the test sample wells were collected and radiation was quantified using a gamma counter. Spontaneous release was determined by incubating


51


Cr-labeled target cells in the absence of effector cells. Percentage of specific cytotoxicity was calculated as:







%  cytotoxicity

=


(
100
)





(


mean





cpm





test





release

-

mean





cpm





spontaneous





release


)







(


mean





cpm





maximum





release

-

mean





cpm





spontaneous





release


)













Immunoblot and enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Sucrose gradient purified virus was used as substrate for an immunoblot assay as described in Yamamoto et al., 1993. FIV


Pet


from tissue culture fluid of infected cells was clarified by low speed centrifugation (2000 rpm for 45 min), concentrated by ultracentrifugation (16,000 rpm for 2 hr), and purified by ultracentrifugation on a 10/50% (w/v) continuous sucrose gradient. The virus purified by this procedure was used as the substrate for the immunoblot assay.




A modification of an immunoblot technique previously described was used (Yamamoto et al., 1991a). Virus blot strips were prepared by solubilizing virus in 0.1% SDS, followed by electrophoresis on 10% SDS-polyacrylamide gel and electrophoretic transfer onto nitrocellulose membrane. Serum samples from vaccinated cats were diluted to 1:50 in Buffer 3 (0.15 M sodium chloride, 0.001 M editic acid, 0.05 M TRIS base, 0.05% Tween 20, and 0.1% bovine serum albumin) and incubated with virus blot strips in separate wells of immunoblot plate for 18 hrs at 37° C. The blot strips were washed individually with wash solution (0.15 M NaCl and 0.05% Tween 20 in deionized H


2


O), incubated with biotinylated anti-cat IgG (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, Calif.) for 1 hr at 37° C., and washed three times with wash solution. The strips were then incubated individually with horseradish peroxidase conjugated Streptavidin (Vector Laboratories) for 30 min. After extensive washing, each strip was incubated with a fresh substrate solution (0.05% diaminobenzidine, 400 μg/ml NiCl


2


, and 0.01% H


2


O


2


in 0.1 M Tris buffer, pH 7.4) at room temperature. The reaction was stopped with excess distilled H


2


O upon establishment of visible bands, and the strips were blot dried. The molecular weights of the bands on the immunoblots were then determined by comparing them with the migration distance of the molecular weights standards on a strip previously stained with amido black. Positive and negative control serum were included in each immunoblot analysis as internal controls for diagnostic evaluation.




The viral antigen-specific ELISA has been previously described (Yamamoto et al., 1991a; Yamamoto et al., 1993). Sucrose gradient purified FIV


Pet


and surface envelope (SU) and transmembrane (TM) peptides of both conserved (C) and variable (V) regions of FIV


Pet


were coated on 96 well Immunolon plates (Dynatech Laboratories, Inc., Chantilly, Va.) at 250 ng/well with bicarbonate buffer (pH 9.6) for 12 to 18 hours at 37° C. and were used as substrates for ELISA. The amino acid sequence of the SU-V3-2 peptide is: Gly Ser Trp Phe Arg Ala Ile Ser Ser Trp Lys Gln Arg Asn Arg Trp Glu Trp Arg Pro Asp Phe (SEQ ID NO. 1); and the amino acid sequence of the TM-C l peptide is: Gln Glu Leu Gly Cys Asn Gln Asn Gln Phe Phe Cys Lys Ile (SEQ ID NO. 2). The synthetic peptides were synthesized on a Biosearch 9500 peptide synthesizer (Biosearch, San Rafael, Calif.) using FMOC peptide synthesis chemistry (Magazine et al., 1988). Purity of the synthesized peptides was determined by the presence of a single peak on a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and confirmed by amino acid sequence analysis performed on the peak sample.




The peptide coated plates were washed once with Buffer 3 immediately prior to use. The serum samples were diluted at 1:200 in Buffer 3 and incubated in the FIV antigen coated wells for 1 hr at 37° C., then washed 6 times. The wells were washed with wash solution, incubated with biotinylated anti-cat IgG (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, Calif.) for 1 hr at 37° C., washed 6-times, and incubated with horseradish peroxidase conjugated Streptavidin (Vector Laboratories) for 1 hr at 37° C. The wells were then washed 6 times with wash solution and incubated with ELISA substrate solution (0.005% tetramethylbenzidine and 0.015% H


2


O


2


in 0.96% citrate solution) at room temperature. The reaction was stopped with 0.1 M hydrofluoric acid upon establishment of visible reaction color in the sequentially diluted standards consisting of known FIV-positive cat serum. Light absorption was measured with a BioRad ELISA reader (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, Calif.) at optical density of 414 nm.




Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The proviral DNA levels of infected cells were monitored by differential PCR, which was recently developed to distinguish multiple FIV strains from the same or different subtypes (Okada et al., 1994). As a means of increasing the sensitivity of PCR, the nested PCR primer sets shown in Table 1 were used. PCR was performed in a two stage reaction, first with a pair of outer primers (common for all FIV strains) under conditions as described in Okada et al., 1994. In the second PCR stage, {fraction (1/25)} of the first stage product was amplified using the inner primers (specific for each FIV strain). Using nested PCR, cells infected with FIV


Pet


, FIV


UK8


, FIV


Bang


, FIV


Aom1


, FIV


Aom2


and FIV


Shi


can be distinguished from each other.












TABLE 1











Primer sets for differential PCR.















Subtype




Strain




Primer (orientation)




Sequence




Position*



















Outer Primer Sets











All




NA




common (+)




GAAATGTATAATATTGCTGG




(SEQ ID NO. 3)




1570-1589








common (−)




GAATTGATTTTGATTACATCC




(SEQ ID NO. 4)




2112-2092













Inner Primer Sets






A




Petaluma




Pet (+)




TAGTAGTTATAGTGGTACTA




(SEQ ID NO. 5)




1659-1678








Pet (−)




TCTTTAAGGCTTCAGTCACCT




(SEQ ID NO. 6)




1984-1964














UK-8




UK8 (+)




GTACAAATAGTAGTAGTACAA




(SEQ ID NO. 7)




1646-1666








UK8 (−)




TCTTTAAGGCTTCAGTCACCT




(SEQ ID NO. 8)




1984-1964













B




Bangston




Bang (+)




GGGACTACTAGCAATGGAATA




(SEQ ID NO. 9)




1654-1674








Bang (−)




AGTGCCTCAGTTATTTTATCC




(SEQ ID NO. 10)




1979-1959














Aomori-1




Ao1 (+)




TGGGACTGATGATAGTAAAAC




(SEQ ID NO. 11)




1654-1674








Ao1 (−)




AGTGCCTCAGTTATTTTATCC




(SEQ ID NO. 12)




1979-1959














Aomori-2




Ao2 (+)




TGGGACTGATAATAGTGAAAC




(SEQ ID NO. 13)




1654-1674








Ao2 (−)




AGTGCCTCAGTTATTTTATCC




(SEQ ID NO. 14)




1979-1959













D




Shizuoka




Shi (+)




TCATCATTTCCAACATGTC




(SEQ ID No. 15)




1663-1681








Shi (−)




AATGCTTCAGTTATTTGATC




(SEQ ID NO. 16)




1979-1960











*Nucleotide positions correspond to those of Petaluma sequence and the numbers represent the position from the start of env sequence.













The approximate amount of proviral DNA per cell was determined by semi-quantitative PCR, in which varying dilutions of DNA extracted from a known number of cells are made. For example, if 10


5


cells are used for DNA extraction, then a 10


−5


dilution of the DNA preparation will approximately correspond to the DNA present in a single cell. PCR was performed on these varying DNA dilutions and the final dilution that gave a positive PCR result is considered the end-point dilution. The number of cells corresponding to the end-point dilution is used to determine the percentage of cells infected with virus in a given cell preparation according to the following formula:







%  infected  cells

=


1
Z

×
100











where Z=the number of cells corresponding to the end-point dilution.




Reverse transcriptase (RT) assay. The presence of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (RT) was assayed in cell culture supernatants essentially as described by Rey et al. The RT assay for detecting FIV used poly(rA)-oligo(dT


12-18


) as an exogenous template primer, four different deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates, 20 mM KCl with Mg


++


as divalent cation and 5 μCi [


3


H]-labeled thymidine triphosphate (TTP) per sample. Five μCi [


3


H]TTP gave an average total count of 1,200,000 cpm using scintillation fluid mixture (1 part xylene to 9 part Research Products International biodegradable counting scintillant) on a Beckman LS250 scintillation counter (Beckman Instruments, Inc., Palo Alto, Calif.). As a result, RT values for samples tested will be below 1,200,000 cpm/ml.




Viral neutralization assay. A strategy for developing strain- and subtype-specific VN assays has been described (Okada et al., 1994). Serial dilutions of heat-inactivated sera were incubated with 100 TCID


50


of each FIV strain for 45 minutes at 37° C. in a 24-well plate prior to addition of feline peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) (4×10


5


cells/ml) or FIV-susceptible FeT-1C cells (2×10


5


cells/ml). After 3 days of culturing, the cells were washed once with Hank's balanced salt solution to remove residual virus from the culture and then the cells were resuspended in fresh culture media (RPMI-1640 containing 10% heat-inactivated fetal calf serum, 10 mM HEPES buffer, 50 μg/ml gentamicin, 5×10


−5


M 2-mercaptoethanol, and 100 Units/ml human recombinant IL-2). Virus infection of cells was monitored by Mg


++


-dependent RT assays of the culture fluids harvested on 9, 12, 15, and 18 days of culture. Sera were considered positive for VN antibodies when RT activity was ≦25% of infected control cultures consisting of SPF serum.




Following are examples which illustrate procedures, including the best mode, for practicing the invention. These examples should not be construed as limiting. All percentages are by weight and all solvent mixture proportions are by volume unless otherwise noted.




Example 1—FIV-infected Cell Lines




A novel interleukin-2 (IL-2) dependent feline T-cell line, designated as FeT-1C, which is a mother line of an IL-2-dependent FeT-1M clone, was used to establish individual cell lines chronically infected with either FIV


Pet


, FIV


Dix


, FIV


UK8


, FIV


Bang


, FIV


Aom2


, or FIV


Shi


. The FeT-1M clone (also referred to as FIV-Fet1M) has been described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,275,813, which is herein incorporated by reference, and was used to produce an IL-2-independent cell line, FL-4 (also described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,275,813), that chronically produces FIV


Pet


. The FeT-1C cell line is highly infectable with different isolates from FIV subtypes A, B, and D. Long-term passaging of the FeT-1C cell line decreases its infectability, especially to FIV subtype D; therefore, the passage number should be less than about 35 passages for optimal FIV infection rates or for its use in VN assays. Semi-quantitative PCR and viral core antigen analyses indicated that all the cell lines exposed to FIV were significantly infected with individual FIV strains.




An IL-2 independent feline cell line susceptible to FIV infection has also been developed from FeT-1C cells. This cell line, designated as FeT-J, can be infected with FIV by co-culture using FIV infected media or cells. For example, an FIV


Bang


-infected FeT-1C cell line was co-cultured in the absence of IL-2 with uninfected FeT-J cells to establish an IL-2-independent FIV


Bang


-infected FeT-J cell line (designated as Bang/FeT-J). In the co-culture method of infection, Bang/FeT-1C cells were combined with uninfected FeT-J cells at a ratio of from about 2:1 to about 10:1 (infected:uninfected). The cell mix was cultured in media in the absence of IL-2 for several days and the FeT-1C cells were allowed to die off. The remaining cells consisted of FIV


Bang


-infected FeT-J cells. Thus, FIV-infected FeT-1C cells can be used to infect FeT-J cells and establish IL-2-independent FeT-J cell lines infected with different FIV subtypes. The co-cultivation method with FIV infected FeT-1C cells resulted in IL-2-independent FeT-J cell lines producing moderate to high levels of different FIV subtypes.




The FeT-1C cell line was also infected with FIV


Shi


and extensively passaged to produce an IL-2-dependent cell line designated as Shi/FeT-1C. The Shi/FeT-1C cell line was later co-cultured with FeT-J in the absence of IL-2 and the resulting IL-2-independent FIV


Shi


-infected cell line was designated as Shi/FeT-J. The IL-2-independent Shi/FeT-J cell line produces higher levels of FIV


Shi


than IL-2-dependent Shi/FeT-1C cell line (FIG.


1


).




The development of a FeT-J cell line infected with FIV


Bang


was also performed without the use of the FeT-1C cell line. The FeT-J cell line was directly infected with cell-free FIV


Bang


inoculum and extensively passaged without IL-2. The resulting IL-2-independent FIV


Bang


producer cell line was designated Bang/FeT-J. The Bang/FeT-J cell line produced higher levels of FIV


Bang


than the IL-2-dependent Bang/FeT-1C cell line which was developed by infecting FeT-1C cell line with FIV


Bang


(FIG.


1


).




Example 2—Multi-subtype FIV Vaccines




FIV-infected cells were removed from supernatants by centrifugation, inactivated, and used as vaccine. Similarly, whole FIV virus were pelleted from infected cell-free supernatant by ultracentrifugation and inactivated. Both infected cells and virus were inactivated by treatment with 1.25% paraformaldehyde for 24 hours at 5° C., followed by extensive washing or dialysis against PBS, respectively. This method efficiently inactivates FIV without loss of immunogenicity. FIV immunogens produced according to the subject method are highly effective for inducing protective immunity (Yamamoto et al., 1993; Yamamoto et al., 1991a; Yamamoto et al., 1991b). It is contemplated that attenuated viral isolates could also be used in the vaccine compositions of the subject invention.




Although an FIV


Shi


-infected FeT-1C cell line was superinfected with the FIV


Pet


strain to produce a single cell line infected with multiple subtypes of FIV (i.e., a multi-subtype A/D FeT-1C cell line), within two months of co-infection the FIV


Shi


proviral levels decreased from 50% to less than 5% whereas FIV


Pet


proviral levels concomitantly increased to about 50%. Thus, the maintenance of a single cell line infected with multiple subtypes of FIV for use as an FIV vaccine is not the preferred embodiment of the subject invention.




Consequently, in one embodiment of the subject invention, vaccine compositions were developed from two individual cell lines, each line being infected with a different FIV subtype. In a specific embodiment, the dual-subtype FIV vaccine composition comprised a combination of an FIV subtype A-infected cell line (Pet/FL-4) with an FIV subtype D-infected cell line (Shi/FeT-1C). The A-subtype and D-subtype infected cell lines were inactivated as described, combined in equal cell numbers (2.5×10


7


cells each in 250 μg of MDP) and used to immunize cats. Three SPF cats were vaccinated with inactivated Pet/FL-4 cells and four other cats were vaccinated with inactivated Shi/FeT-1C cells (2.5×10


7


cells/dose). After a series of four vaccinations, the dual-subtype (Pet/FL-4 and Shi/FeT-1C) vaccine induced anti-FIV antibodies, including significant VN antibody titers, to both FIV strains tested (FIG.


2


and Table 2, Trial I). Four dual-subtype (Pet/FL-4 and Shi/FeT-1C) vaccinated cats were challenged with FIV


Bang


(50 CID


50


). All three Pet/FL-4 vaccinated and two of the Shi/FeT-1C vaccinated cats were challenged with 50 CID


50


of FIV


Bang


. The two remaining Shi/FeT-1C vaccinated cats were challenged with 50 CID


50


of FIV


Shi


.




All dual-subtype vaccinated cats were negative for FIV


Bang


by virus isolation and PCR of PBMC at 6 weeks post-infection (pi), whereas all sham immunized cats were positive for either FIV


Bang


or FIV


Shi


by virus isolation and PCR at 6 weeks post-infection (Table 2, trial I). In contrast, one cat each from Pet/FL-4 vaccinated and Shi/FeT-1C vaccinated groups which was challenged with FIV


Bang


was positive for FIV


Bang


. As expected, all cats vaccinated with FIV


Shi


and subsequently challenged with FIV


Shi


were negative for FIV


Shi


at 6 weeks post-infection. Thus, the dual-subtype vaccine specifically exemplified prevented or delayed infection against homologous FIV


Shi


challenge as well as against heterologous FIV


Bang


challenge.




The dual-subtype vaccinated cats (Pet/FL-4 cells and Shi/FeT-1C cells) developed FIV antibodies specific for the viral core protein p25 (also call FIV p28) after the second immunization (FIG.


2


). Higher antibody titers to other viral antigens were demonstrated after the third to fourth immunization. VN antibodies to FIV


Pet


developed after the second immunization, whereas VN antibodies to FIV


Shi


developed after the fourth immunization (Table 4). CTL responses to FIV


Pet


and FIV


Shi


were detected as early as the third immunization in all cats tested (Table 3) and stronger CTL responses to both strains were developed after the fourth immunization. Further, two of the three cats tested developed CTL responses to FIV


Bang


after the fourth immunization. Results indicate that after 4 vaccinations, the dual-subtype vaccine induced strong CTL responses to FIV


Pet


and FIV


Shi


(Table 3) and high FIV antibodies, including VN antibody titers, to both FIV strains (Table 4).




The cats immunized with inactivated Shi/FeT-1C cells developed FIV antibodies specific for the viral core protein p25 after the second immunization and antibodies to other viral antigens after the third immunization (FIG.


2


). VN antibodies to FIV


Shi


in these cats developed after the fourth immunization, whereas VN antibodies to FIV


Pet


were not detected over the course of the immunizations. Both of the Shi/FeT-1C vaccinated cats developed CTL responses to FIV


Shi


only after the fourth immunization but did not develop CTL responses to FIV


Pet


, even after the fourth immunization (Table 3).




Cats immunized with inactivated Pet/FL-4 cells developed antibodies to p25 after the second immunization (

FIG. 2

) and to other viral antigens, including VN antibodies to FIV


Pet


, after the second to third immunization (Table 4). The only CTL responses detected in cats immunized with Pet/FL-4 cells were to FIV


Pet


. Overall, the dual subtype FIV vaccine induced more rapid and higher VN antibody titers and CTL responses to both FIV strains than the single-subtype vaccine. Sham immunized SPF cats did not develop viral antibodies, VN antibodies, or anti-FIV CTL responses.












TABLE 2











Protection of cats with multi-subtype FIV vaccine



















Average VN











Antibodies at Day 0







No. of




FIV challenge




pi against


2






Virus Isolation


















Vaccine type




Cats




strain (CID


50


)


1






Pet




Shi




Bang




& PCR




Protection Rate (%)





















Dual-subtype Vaccine Trial I (A + D):













Pet/FL-4 cell + Shi/FeT-1C cell




5




FIV


Bang


(50 CID


50


)




1000




550




<10




3/5 Negative




3/5 (60% at 6 wk pi)






Pet/FL-4 cell




3




FIV


Bang


(50 CID


50


)




1000




<10




<10




All Positive




0/3 (0% at 6 wk pi)






Shi/FeT-1C cell




2




FIV


Bang


(50 CID


50


)




<10




75




<10




All Positive




0/2 (0% at 6 wk pi)






Shi/FeT-1C cell




2




FIV


Shi


(50 CID


50


)




<10




30




<10




All Positive




0/2 (0% at 6 wk pi)






sham




3




FIV


Bang


(50 CID


50


)




<10




<10




<10




All Positive




0/3 (0% at 6 wk pi)






sham




2




FIV


Shi


(50 CID


50


)




<10




<10




<10




All Positive




0/2 (0% at 6 wk pi)






Triple-subtype Vaccine Trial II






(A + B + D):


4








Pet/FL-4 cell + Bang/FeT-J




3




FIV


UK8






1000




370




1000




NA




2/3 (67% at 24 wk pi)






cell + Shi/FeT-1C cell


5








Bang/FeT-J cell




2




FIV


UK8






<10




<10




1000




NA




0/2






Bang/FeT-J cell




2




FIV


Bang






<10




<10




100




NA




1/2






Sham Uninfected FeT-J




2




FIV


UK8






<10




<10




<10




NA






Uninfected FeT-J




2




FIV


UK8






<10




<10




<10




NA




0/2






Sham Adjuvant only




1




FIV


UK8






<10




<10




<10




NA




0/2






Uninfected FeT-J




1




FIV


Bang






<10




<10




<10




NA




0/1






Sham Adjuvant only




2




FIV


Bang






<10




<10




<10




NA




1/2













1


All FIV challenge inocula were produced in vitro by infecting primary PBMC from SPF cats. All aliquoted inocula were stored in −70° C. and thawed at room temperature just prior to use.












2


pi = post FIV infection.












3


ND = not done.












4


VN results are after third vaccination.





















TABLE 3











CTL responses from dual-subtype vaccinated cats













CHROMIUM RELEASE (% LYSIS)














3rd Vaccination




4th Vaccination







Effector:Target Ratio




Effector:Target Ratio



















Cat#




Vaccine Type




CTL Target




10:1




50:1




100:1




10:1




50:1




100:1









K55




Pet + Shi




Pet




0




9




20 




17 




25 




33 








Bang




ND




ND




ND




0




0




14 








Shi




0




9




8




7




11 




17 






3L4




Pet + Shi




Pet




0




11 




19 




0




11 




19 








Bang




ND




ND




ND




0




0




0








Shi




0




9




13 




0




9




17 






N55




Pet + Shi




Pet




ND




ND




ND




0




11 




17 








Bang




ND




ND




ND




0




0




7








Shi




ND




ND




ND




0




9




15 






M55




Shi




Pet




0




0




0




0




0




0








Bang




ND




ND




ND




0




0




0








Shi




0




0




0




0




7




15 






007




Shi




Pet




0




0




0




0




0




0








Bang




ND




ND




ND




0




0




0








Shi




0




0




0




0




0




8






2H5D




Pet




Pet




0




7




15 




6




15 




25 








Bang




ND




ND




ND




0




0




0








Shi




0




0




0




0




0




0






3G1




Pet




Pet




0




10 




14 




6




13 




19 








Bang




ND




ND




ND




0




0




0








Shi




0




0




0




0




0




0






H7P




Sham




Pet




0




0




0




0




0




0








Bang




ND




ND




ND




0




0




0








Shi




0




0




0




0




0




0






















TABLE 4











Virus neutralization (VN) titers from dual-subtype vaccinated cats














Cat




Pre-Vaccination




Post 2nd Vaccination




Post 4th Vaccination





















No.




FIV Vaccine




Pet




Bang




Shi




Pet




Bang




Shi




Pet




Bang




Shi
























K55




Pet + Shi




>10




>10




>10




100




<10




<10




1000




<10




100






3L4




Pet + Shi




>10




>10




>10




100




<10




<10




1000




<10




1000






N55




Pet + Shi




>10




>10




>10




10




<10




<10




1000




<10




1000






973




Pet + Shi




>10




>10




>10




10




<10




<10




1000




<10




100






M55




Shi




>10




>10




>10




>10




>10




<10




<10




<10




50






006




Shi




>10




>10




>10




>10




>10




<10




<10




<10




100






007




Shi




>10




>10




>10




>10




>10




<10




<10




<10




10






999




Shi




>10




>10




>10




>10




>10




<10




<10




<10




50






3G1




Pet




>10




>10




>10




<10




<10




<10




1000




<10




<10






3G2




Pet




>10




>10




>10




10




<10




<10




1000




<10




<10






2H5D




Pet




>10




>10




>10




100




<10




<10




1000




<10




<10






8C2




Sham




>10




>10




>10




>10




>10




>10




>10




>10




>10






8C8




Sham




>10




>10




>10




>10




>10




>10




>10




>10




>10






H7P




Sham




>10




>10




>10




>10




>10




>10




>10




>10




>10






8G8




Sham




<10




<10




<10




<10




<10




<10




<10




<10




<10






RF5




Sham




<10




<10




<10




<10




<10




<10




<10




<10




<10














In a preferred embodiment, the vaccine composition of the subject invention comprises a triple-subtype FIV vaccine prepared from three cell lines, each cell line having been infected with a viral strain from a different FIV subtype (A or B or D). Three specific pathogen free cats were immunized with a triple-subtype (FIV


Pet


+FIV


Bang


+FIV


Shi


) vaccine. Other cats were immunized with single-subtype F


Bang


vaccines to evaluate the immunogenicity of macrophage-tropic FIV


Bang


as a component of the vaccine. The VN antibody titer results indicate that both triple-subtype (FIV


Pet


+FIV


Bang


+FIV


Shi


) and single-subtype FIV


Bang


vaccines elicited high antiviral antibody titers even after the second immunization (Table 2, trial II and Table 5). Thus, both lymphotropic and macrophage-tropic FIV can be used as components of the vaccine compositions of the present invention.




The three SPF cats immunized with a combination of inactivated Pet/FL-4, inactivated Bang/FeT-J, and inactivated Shi/FeT-1C cells (2.5×10


7


cells each in 250 μg total of MDP) developed FIV antibodies specific for the viral core protein p25 and to other viral antigens, including FIV SU and TM envelope protein, after the second immunization (

FIGS. 3

,


4


,


5


). VN antibodies to FIV


Pet


, FIV


Bang


and FIV


Shi


developed in the majority of cats soon after the second immunization and in all cats by the third immunization (Table 5). In addition, one cat had VN antibodies that cross reacted to FIV


UK8


after third immunization. Four SPF cats immunized only with inactivated Bang/FeT-J cells developed FIV antibodies specific for the viral core protein p25 and other viral antigens after the second immunization (FIG.


3


). VN antibodies to FIV


Bang


in these cats developed after the second immunization (Table 5), whereas VN antibodies to FIV


Pet


and FIV


UK8


were not detected over the course of the immunizations. CTL responses of cats immunized three times with the triple-subtype FIV vaccine (Pet/FL-4, Bang/FeT-J and Shi/FeT-1C cells) to FIV A, B and D subtype target cells are shown in Table 6. CTL responses to all three FIV subtypes tested were detected. Thus, the triple-subtype vaccine induced a broad CTL response and more rapid and higher VN and SU-envelope antibody titers than the single-subtype vaccine. Neither uninfected FeT-J nor Sham immunized SPF cats developed viral antibodies or VN antibodies.












TABLE 5











Virus neutralization (VN) titers from triple-subtype vaccinated cats

















Pre-Vaccination





Post 2nd Vaccination





Post 3rd Vaccination
























CAT#




FIV VACCINE




Pet




Bang




Shi




UK8




Pet




Bang




Shi




UK8




Pet




Bang




Shi




UK8



























J55




Pet + Bang + Shi




<10




<10




<10




<10




1000




1000




<10




<10




1000




1000




10




<10






QY1




Pet + Bang + Shi




<10




<10




<10




<10




100




1000




100




<10




1000




1000




1000




<10






TAS




Pet + Bang + Shi




<10




<10




<10




<10




<10




1000




10




<10




100




1000




100




100






BEA




Bang




<10




<10




<10




<10




<10




100




<10




<10




<10




1000




<10




<10






QU8




Bang




<10




<10




<10




<10




<10




10




<10




<10




<10




100




<10




<10






RD2




Bang




<10




<10




<10




<10




<10




100




<10




<10




<10




100




<10




<10






3G4




Uninfected FeT-J




<10




<10




<10




<10




<10




<10




<10




<10




<10




<10




<10




<10






3G5




Uninfected FeT-J




<10




<10




<10




<10




<10




<10




<10




<10




<10




<10




<10




<10






3G6




Sham




<10




<10




<10




<10




<10




<10




<10




<10




<10




<10




<10




<10






3G7




Sham




<10




<10




<10




<10




<10




<10




<10




<10




<10




<10




<10




<10











The VN titers are the average titers of two separate VN assays.





















TABLE 6











CTL responses oftriple-subtype vaccinated cats after 3rd immunization



















CTL Activity







Cat No.




Target FIV




E:T Ratio




(% chromium release)




















QY1




FIV


Pet






100




44% 









50




21% 









10




4%







QY1




FIV


Bang






100




13% 









50




6%









10




1%







QY1




FIV


UK8






100




23% 









50




8%









10




2%







Tas




FIV


Bang






100




8%









50




3%









10




1%







Tas




FIV


Shi






100




3%









50




1%









10




0.3%  







J55




FIV


UK8






100




1O% 









50




2%









10




1%















Example 3—VN Antibodies to FIV Subtypes




An assay for VN antibodies to FIV was also developed using the FeT-1C cells of the subject invention. Serum from FIV


Pet


-infected cats and SPF cats vaccinated with inactivated Pet/FL-4 cells or inactivated FIV


Pet


virus were tested for VN antibody titer using either FeT-1C cells or PBMC according to the VN assay method described herein. Sera from two SPF cats which were unvaccinated and FIV uninfected were used as control sera. Sera from vaccinated and FIV infected cats had a high VN antibody titer of 1000 or greater, whereas sera from unvaccinated SPF cats had no detectable VN antibody titer. The FeT-1 C-based VN assay gives VN antibody titer results comparable to those obtained using primary PBMC from cats (Table 6). This finding demonstrates that VN antibody titers in a VN assay using FeT-1C cells correlates with those results obtained with a VN assay using PBMC. Therefore, FeT-1C cells can be advantageously used in place of PBMC in the standard VN assay for FIV since FeT-1C cells can be infected with all the FIV subtypes and can be readily propagated in tissue culture.












TABLE 7











VN titers assayed on FeT-1C and PBMC














VN titers
















Serum source




FeT-1C




PBMC



















Vaccinated


1






5000




5000







Vaccinated


1






>1000




>1000







Infected


2






1000




1000







Infected


2






>1000




>1000







Uninfected cell immunized


3






<10




<10







Uninfected cell immunized


3






<10




<10















1


Sera from inactivated Pet/FL-4 cell vaccinated cats













2


Sera from FIV


Pet


infected cats













3


Sera from inactivated uninfected FeT-J immunized cats













Example 4—Immunotyping FIV Strains




In vitro studies were performed using FeT-1C cells to assess if FIV subtype reflected FIV immunotype. Immunotyping is important for understanding the role of VN antibodies in vaccine protection. Antisera from cats infected with FIV subtype A strains (FIV


Pet


, FIV


Dix


, FIV


UK8


), subtype B (FIV


Bang


, FIV


Aom1


), and subtype D (FIV


Shi


) were tested for the ability to neutralize these strains in vitro using FeT-1C cells in the VN assay (FIG.


6


). All of the test antisera had neutralizing activity against the corresponding homologous F1V strain. FIV


Pet


, a subtype A strain, was significantly cross-neutralized by antisera from cats infected with FIV


Dix


. FIV


Pet


differs from FIV


Dix


by approximately 9% at surface envelope glycoprotein (Env) regions. Anti-sera from cats infected with FIV subtype A strains cross-neutralized subtype B FIV


Bang


but did not neutralize subtype D FIV


Shi


. Antisera from cats infected with subtype B and D strains only cross-neutralized other FIV strains within the homologous subtype. Further, antisera from cats infected with FIV


UK8


neutralized FIV


Bang


but did not neutralize FIV strains within subtype A. Although FIV


UK8


is classified as subtype A (Sodora et al., 1994; Rigby et al., 1993; Kakinuma et al., 1995), these results suggest that antisera to FIV


UK8


recognizes subtype B strains, but does not recognize subtype A strains, and may explain why inactivated FIV


Pet


vaccines were ineffective against FIV


UK8


and FIV


Shi


(Johnson et al., 1994). Thus, a loose correlation exists between genotype and immunotype. Although genotypic analyses allow for FIV strain classification, cross-neutralization antibody studies reflect the immunogenicity of FIV strains, which is an important parameter in broad-range humoral protection elicited by vaccines.




Example 5—FIV Cell Tropism




The cell tropism of the FIV strains obtained from infected FeT-1C and infected FeT-J cell lines were compared to those FIV strains obtained from primary PBMC (Table 8). Two FIV isolates, FIV


UK8


and FIV


Bang


are both equally lymphotropic and macrophage-tropic, whereas FIV


Shi


is highly lymphotropic. FIV


Pet


was more lymphotropic than macrophage-tropic and its cell tropism was not significantly affected by its cell source. The macrophage-tropism of FIV


Bang


was not affected by the cell source of the virus. Since the cell tropism of the FIV strains from infected FeT-1C cell line is comparable to those produced from primary PBMC the virus grown in FeT-1C cells can be used as inoculum for VN assays and also as an in vivo inoculum for studies to evaluate therapeutic and prophylactic approaches.












TABLE 8











Cell tropism of FIV Isolates.













TCID


50






a




















FIV







Alveolar




Primary






(Subtype)




FIV Source




FeT-1C




PBMC




Macrophage




Microglia









Petaluma (A)




PBMC




10


4






10


4






10


2






ND






Petaluma (A)




FeT-1C


b






10


4






10


4






10


1






ND






Petaluma (A)




FL-4


4






10


4






10


4






10


1






ND






Dixon (A)




FeT-1C




10


4






10


3






10


1






ND






UK8 (A)




PBMC




10


2






10


3






10


3






ND






UK8 (A)




FeT-1C




10


3






10


3






10


3






ND






Bangston (B)




PBMC




10


3






10


3






10


3






10


2








Bangston (B)




FeT-1C


b






10


3






10


3






10


3






10


2








Bangston (B)




FeT-J


b






10


3






10


3






10


3






10


2








Shizuoka (D)




PBMC




10


2






10


3






>1




ND






Shizuoka (D)




FeT-1C


b






10


3






10


3






>1




ND






Shizuoka (D)




FeT-J


b






10


3






10


3






ND




ND













a


All virus inocula were adjusted to 120,OOO cpm/ml of RT activity before titration on 5×10


5


cells/ml of feline T cells (FeT-1C) or primary feline cells and the results represents the highest titer of the virus harvested over 21 days of culturing.












b


Same cells as the infected-cell vaccines.













It should be understood that the examples and embodiments described herein are for illustrative purposes only and that various modifications or changes in light thereof will be suggested to persons skilled in the art and are to be included within the spirit and purview of this application and the scope of the appended claims.







16





22 amino acids


amino acid


single


linear




peptide




not provided



1
Gly Ser Trp Phe Arg Ala Ile Ser Ser Trp Lys Gln Arg Asn Arg Trp
1 5 10 15
Glu Trp Arg Pro Asp Phe
20






14 amino acids


amino acid


single


linear




peptide




not provided



2
Gln Glu Leu Gly Cys Asn Gln Asn Gln Phe Phe Cys Lys Ile
1 5 10






20 base pairs


nucleic acid


single


linear




DNA (genomic)




not provided



3
GAAATGTATA ATATTGCTGG 20






21 base pairs


nucleic acid


single


linear




DNA (genomic)




not provided



4
GAATTGATTT TGATTACATC C 21






20 base pairs


nucleic acid


single


linear




DNA (genomic)




not provided



5
TAGTAGTTAT AGTGGTACTA 20






21 base pairs


nucleic acid


single


linear




DNA (genomic)




not provided



6
TCTTTAAGGC TTCAGTCACC T 21






21 base pairs


nucleic acid


single


linear




DNA (genomic)




not provided



7
GTACAAATAG TAGTAGTACA A 21






21 base pairs


nucleic acid


single


linear




DNA (genomic)




not provided



8
TCTTTAAGGC TTCAGTCACC T 21






21 base pairs


nucleic acid


single


linear




DNA (genomic)




not provided



9
GGGACTACTA GCAATGGAAT A 21






21 base pairs


nucleic acid


single


linear




DNA (genomic)




not provided



10
AGTGCCTCAG TTATTTTATC C 21






21 base pairs


nucleic acid


single


linear




DNA (genomic)




not provided



11
TGGGACTGAT GATAGTAAAA C 21






21 base pairs


nucleic acid


single


linear




DNA (genomic)




not provided



12
AGTGCCTCAG TTATTTTATC C 21






21 base pairs


nucleic acid


single


linear




DNA (genomic)




not provided



13
TGGGACTGAT AATAGTGAAA C 21






21 base pairs


nucleic acid


single


linear




DNA (genomic)




not provided



14
AGTGCCTCAG TTATTTTATC C 21






19 base pairs


nucleic acid


single


linear




DNA (genomic)




not provided



15
TCATCATTTC CAACATGTC 19






20 base pairs


nucleic acid


single


linear




DNA (genomic)




not provided



16
AATGCTTCAG TTATTTGATC 20








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Pedersen, Niels C., Janet K. Yamamoto, U.S. Pat. No. 5,037,753, issued Aug. 6, 1991.




Pedersen, Niels C., Janet K. Yamamoto, U.S. Pat. No. 5,118,602, issued June 2, 1992.




Byars, N. E., A. C. Allison (1987) “Adjuvant formulation for use in vaccines to elicit both cell-mediated and humoral immunity,”


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5:223-228.




Pedersen, N. C., E. W. Ho, M. L. Brown, J. K. Yamamoto (1987) “Isolation of a T-lymphotropic virus from domestic cats with an immunodeficiency-like syndrome,”


Science


235:790-793.




Yamamoto, J. K., N. C. Pedersen, E. W. Ho, T. Okuda, G. H. Theilen (1988a) “Feline immunodeficiency syndrome—a comparison between feline T- lymphotropic lentivirus and feline leukemia virus,”


Leukemia, December Supplement


2:204S-215S.




Yamamoto, J. K., E. Sparger, E. W. Ho, P. H. Andersen, T. P. O'Connor, C. P. Mandell, L. Lowenstine, N. C. Pedersen (1988) “Pathogenesis of experimentally induced feline immunodeficiency virus infection in cats,”


Am. J. Vet. Res.


49:1246-1258.




Ackley, C. D., J. K. Yamamoto, N. B. Levy, N. C. Pedersen, M. D. Cooper (1990) “Immunologic abnormalities in pathogen-free cats experimentally infected with feline immunodeficiency virus,”


J. Virol.


64:5652-5655.




Olmsted, R. A., A. K. Barnes, J. K. Yamamoto, V. M. Hirsch, R. H. Purcell, P. R. Johnson (1989) “Molecular cloning of feline immunodeficiency virus,”


Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.


86:2448-2452.




Olmsted, R. A., V. M. Hirsch, R. H. Purcell, P. R. Johnson (1989) “Nucleotide sequence analysis of feline immunodeficiency virus: Genome organization and relationship to other lentivirus,”


Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA


86:8088-8092.




Talbott, R. L., E. E. Sparger, K. M. Lovelace, W. M. Fitch, N. C. Pedersen, P. A. Luciw, J. H. Elder (1989) “Nucleotide sequence and genomic organization of feline immunodeficiency virus,”


Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA


86:5743-5747




Hosie, M. J., O. Jarrett (1990) “Serological responses of cats to feline immunodeficiency virus,”


AIDS


4:215-220.




Sodora, D. L., E. G. Shpaer, B. E. Kitchell, S. W. Dow, E. A. Hoover, J. I. Mullins (1994) “Identification of three feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) env gene subtype and comparison of the FIV and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 evolutionary patterns,”


J. Virol.


68:2230-2238.




Rigby, M. A., E. C. Holmes, M. Pistello, A. Mackay, A. J. Leigh-Brown, J. C. Neil (1993) “Evolution of structural proteins of feline immunodeficiency virus: molecular epidemiology and evidence of selection for change,”


J. Gen. Virol.


74:425-436.




Kakinuma, S., K. Motokawa, T. Hohdatsu, J. K. Yamamoto, H. Koyama, H. Hashimoto (1995) “Nucleotide Sequence of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus: Classification of Japanese Isolates into Two Subtypes Which Are Distinct from Non-Japanese Subtypes,”


Journal of Virology


69(6):3639-3646.




Johnson, C. M., B. A. Torres, H. Koyama, J. K. Yamamoto (1994) “FIV as a model for AIDS vaccination,”


AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses


10:225-228.




Yamamoto, J. K., T. Hohdatsu, R. A. Olmsted, R. Pu, H. Louie, H. Zochlinski, V. Acevedo, H. M. Johnson, G. A. Soulds, M. B. Gardner (1993) “Experimental vaccine protection against homologous and heterologous strains of feline immunodeficiency virus,”


J. Virol.


67:601-605.




Yamamoto, J. K., T. Okuda, C. D. Ackley, H. Louie, H. Zochlinski, E. Pembroke, M. B. Gardner (1991 a) “Experimental vaccine protection against feline immunodeficiency virus,”


AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses


7:911-922.




Yamamoto, J. K., C. D. Ackley, H. Zochlinski, H. Louie, E. Pembroke, M. Torten, H. Hansen, R. Munn, T. Okuda (1991b) “Development of IL-2-independent feline lymphoid cell lines chronically infected with feline immunodeficiency virus: importance for diagnostic reagents and vaccines,”


Intervirol.


32:361-375.




Murphy, F., D. W. Kingsbury (1990) “Virus Taxonomy,” In


Fields Virology,


2nd Ed., B. N. Fields, D. M. Knipe et al., eds, Raven Press, New York, Chapter 2, pp. 9-36.




Louwagie, J., F. E. McCutchan, M. Peeters, T. P. Brennan, E. Sanders-Buell, G. A. Eddy, G. van den Grosen, K. Fransen, G. M. Gershy-Damet, R. Deleys, D. S. Burke (1993) “Phylogenetic analysis of gag genes from 70 international HIV-1 isolates provides evidence for multiple genotypes,”


AIDS


7:769-780.




Rey, M. A., B. Spire, D. Dormont, F. Barre-Suinoussi, L. Montagnier, J. C. Chermann (1984) “Characterization of the RNA dependent DNA polymerase of a new human T-lymphotropic retrovirus 1 (lymphadenopathy associated virus),”


Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.


21:1247-1253.




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Proc. Natl. Acad. USA


85:1237.




Okada, S., R. Pu, E. Young, W. Stoffs, J. K. Yamamoto (1994) “Superinfection of cats with FIV Subtypes A and B,”


AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses


10: 1739-1746.




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85:2149-2156.



Claims
  • 1. A method for inducing a protective immune response against infection by a subtype B FIV in a susceptible host animal comprising administering to said host an effective amount of a vaccine composition comprising an FIV subtype A immunogen and an FIV subtype D immunogen.
  • 2. The method, according to claim 1, wherein said vaccine composition comprises cell-free whole FIV virus.
  • 3. The method, according to claim 2, wherein said FIV virus is treated in a manner to inactivate said virus prior to administration of said vaccine to said host animal.
  • 4. The method, according to claim 2, wherein said FIV virus is treated in a manner to attenuate said virus prior to administration of said vaccine to said host animal.
  • 5. The method, according to claim 1, wherein said FIV subtype A is FIVPet and said FIV subtype D is FIVShi.
  • 6. The method, according to claim 1, wherein said FIV-susceptible animal is a cat.
  • 7. A method for inducing a protective immune response against FIVUK8 in a susceptible host animal comprising administering to said host an effective amount of a vaccine composition comprising an FIV subtype A immunogen, an FIV subtype B immunogen and an FIV subtype D immunogen.
  • 8. The method, according to claim 7, wherein said vaccine composition comprises cell-free whole FIV virus.
  • 9. The method, according to claim 8, wherein said FIV virus is treated in a manner to inactivate said virus prior to administration of said vaccine to said host animal.
  • 10. The method, according to claim 8, wherein said FIV virus is treated in a manner to attenuate said virus prior to administration of said vaccine to said host animal.
  • 11. The method, according to claim 7, wherein said FIV subtype A is FIVPet, said FIV subtype B is FIVBang and FIV subtype D is FIVShi.
  • 12. The method, according to claim 7, wherein said FIV-susceptible animal is a cat.
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a con of International Application No. PCT/US96/13580, filed Aug. 23, 1996 and a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/512,746, filed Oct. 1, 1997, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/519,386, filed Aug. 25, 1995, now abandoned.

Government Interests

The subject invention was made with government support under a research project supported by National Institutes of Health Grant No. NIH AI30904. The government has certain rights in this invention.

US Referenced Citations (4)
Number Name Date Kind
5037753 Pedersen et al. Aug 1991
5118602 Pedersen et al. Jun 1992
5275813 Yamamoto et al. Jan 1994
5510106 Yamamoto et al. Apr 1996
Foreign Referenced Citations (2)
Number Date Country
9301278 Jan 1993 WO
9420622 Sep 1994 WO
Non-Patent Literature Citations (19)
Entry
Sodora, et al.: Identification of three Feline . . . : J. vir.: 68(4): pp. 2230-2238, 1994.*
Pedersen, N.C. et al. (1987) Isolation of a T-Lymphotropic Virus from Domestic Cats with an Immunodeficiency-Like Syndrome. Science 235: 790-793.
Yamamoto, J.K. et al. (1988) Feline Immunodeficiency Syndrome—A Comparison between Feline T-Lymphotropic Lentivirus and Feline Leukemia Virus. Leukemia 2(12): 204S-215S.
Yamamoto, J.K. et al. (1988) Pathogenesis of experimentally inducced feline immunodificiency virus infection in cats. Amermical Journal of Veterinary Research 49(8): 1246-1258.
Ackley, C.D. et al. (1990) Immunologic Abnormalities in Pathogen-Free Cats Experimentally Infected with Feline Immunodeficiency Virus. Journal of Virology 64(11): 5652-5655.
Olmsted, R.A. et al. (1989) Molecular cloning of feline immunodeficiency virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86: 2448-2452.
Olmsted, R.A. et al. (1989) Nucleotide sequence analysis of feline immunodeficiency virus: Genome organization and relationship to other lentiviruses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:8088-.
Talbott, R.L. et al. (1989) Nucleotide sequence and genomic organization of feline immunodeficiency virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86: 5743-5747.
Hosie, M.J., Jarrett, O. (1989) Serological responses of cats to feline immunodeficiency virus. AIDS 4(3): 215-220.
Sodora, D.L. et al. (1994) Identification of Three Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) env Gene Subtypes and Comparison of the FIV and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Evolutionary Patterns. Journal of Virology 68(4): 2230-2238.
Kakinuma, S. et al. (1995) Nucleotide Sequence of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus: Classification of Japanese Isolates into Two Subtypes Which Are Distinct from Non-Japanese Subtypes. Journal of Virology 69(6): 3639-3646.
Johnson, C.M. et al. (1994) FIV as a Model for AIDS Vaccination. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 10(3): 225-228.
Yamamoto, J.K. et al. (1993) Experimental Vaccine Protection against Homologous and Heterologous Strains of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus. Journal of Virology 67(1): 601-605.
Yamamoto, J.K. et al. (1991) Experimental Vaccine Protection Against Feline Immunodeficiency Virus. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 7(11): 911-922.
Yamamoto, J.K. et al. (1991) Development of IL-2-Independent Feline Lymphoid Cell Lines Chronically Infected with Feline Immunodeficiency Virus: Importance for Diagnostic Reagents and Vaccines. Intervirology 32: 361-375.
Rigby, M.A. et al. (1993) Evolution of structural proteins of feline immunodeficiency virus: molecular epidemiology and evidence of selection for change. Journal of General Virology 74: 425-426.
Murphy, F.A., Kingsbury, D.W. (1990) Virus Taxonomy. Virology, 2nd edition, Raven Press Ltd. New York, New York.
Louwagie, J. et al. (1993) Phylogenetic analysis of gag genes from 70 international HIV-1 isolates provides evidence for multiple genotypes. AIDS 7(6): 769-780.
Okada, S. et al. (1994) Superinfection of Cats with Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Subtypes A and B. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 10(12): 1739-1746.
Continuations (2)
Number Date Country
Parent PCT/US96/13580 Aug 1996 US
Child 09/025610 US
Parent 08/519386 Aug 1995 US
Child 09/512746 US
Continuation in Parts (1)
Number Date Country
Parent 09/512746 Oct 1997 US
Child PCT/US96/13580 US