Multichannel gas analyzer and method of use

TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates to systems for measuring the partial pressures of constituent gases in a gas stream. More specifically, the invention relates to improved multichannel gas analyzer systems used to measure the partial pressures of constituent gases in respiratory gas streams and display representative gas data information on a CRT display.
BACKGROUND
During surgery, anesthetized patients are almost universally intubated. Measurement of respiratory gases is desirable when a patient is mechanically intubated through an endo-tracheal tube. An analysis of the inhaled and exhaled gas mixture provides information about the patient's ventilation. These observations can prevent the patient's receipt of excessive amounts of anesthetic.
Carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2), nitrous oxide (N.sub.2 O) and the anesthetic agent are the constituent gases of most interest in measuring respiratory gas streams.
It is well known that CO.sub.2 in the bloodstream equilibrates rapidly with CO.sub.2 in the lungs. Hence, the partial pressure of the CO.sub.2 in the lungs approaches the amount in the blood during each breath. Accordingly, the CO.sub.2 content at breath's end, termed end-tidal CO.sub.2, is a good indication of the blood CO.sub.2 level.
Abnormally high end-tidal CO.sub.2 values indicate that an insufficient amount of CO.sub.2 is being transported away from the bloodstream through the lungs, i.e., inadequate ventilation. Conversely, abnormally low end-tidal CO.sub.2 values indicate poor blood flow to the tissues, inadequate CO.sub.2 transport through the lungs, or excessive ventilation.
Mass spectrometers are used for measuring the partial pressure of respiratory gases in, for example, operating room suites in which one spectrometer is shared by many rooms. Mass spectrometers have the advantage of measuring a multiplicity of gases; however, the disadvantages are their cost, maintenance and calibration requirements, slow response time, and noncontinuous measurement.
Gas analyzers using non-dispersive infrared spectrophotometry are also used for partial pressure gas measurement. While these analyzers are less expensive than mass spectrometers and continuously measure partial gas pressure, their disadvantages are poor response time and difficulty in calibration.
Prior art non-dispersive infrared gas analyzers include features for making CO.sub.2 and N.sub.2 O cross channel detection, temperature, and collision broadening corrections to their partial gas pressure measurements. Some of these corrections are made automatically by the analyzers while others are made manually by the operator.
Non-dispersive infrared gas analyzers generally have two configurations. The first, and most common, is the sampling or side-stream type. This type diverts a portion of the patient's respiratory gas flow through a sample tube to the infrared analyzer.
The second type mounts on the patient's airway and uses a portion of the airway as the sample chamber. This type is frequently occluded by the mucus and moisture in the patient's airway and its bulk on the airway can affect the patient's breathing.
Both infrared gas analyzer configurations are characterized by small absorption levels by the constituent gases which lead to small signals and stability problems.
Increasing the analyzer's sample chamber size improves the small signal and stability problems; however, it increases the response time. Increasing the gas flow rate through the analyzer improves the response time, but occlusions are more frequent and the patient's normal ventilation volume is impaired.
In this regard, neonates require sample flow rates equal to or less than 50 cc/minute. However, neonates also require the analyzer's response time to be compatible with breath rates well in excess of 60 breaths per minute. This condition equates to a response time of less than 100 milliseconds.
Another disadvantage of infrared gas analyzers is that they require frequent calibration for proper operation. Factors affecting calibration of the optical bench portion of a gas analyzer include manufacturing tolerances relating to the sample cell dimensions (particularly thickness); brightness of the infrared source and sensitivity of the photodetectors; temperature; barometric pressure; and the accumulation of dirt or moisture in the optical bench's gas pathways.
Changes in the optics and electronic circuitry over time require recalibration of infrared gas analyzers. Careful construction of the optics and electronic circuitry minimizes the number of calibration adjustments needed and the period between recalibration. Hence, interchangeability of the optical bench of an analyzer has not heretofore been practical because of the need for recalibration when the optical bench is connected to the analyzer.
Calibration of infrared gas analyzers is accomplished by various electronic circuit adjustments to correct for variations in sample chamber geometry as well as variations and drift of various sensing components.
Calibration usually requires taking the analyzer out of service and passing standard gases through it, in the presence of which the various adjustments are made. Another calibration method is to make a "zero gas" reading for the optical bench and adjust the analyzer's amplifier so that the analyzer's output actually reads zero. A still further method uses a reference cell filled with a non-absorbing gas or a reference filter having a wavelength at which no absorption takes place to stabilize the zero setting of the analyzer.
Prior art non-dispersive infrared gas analyzers also include some automatic calibration features. However, further operator controlled calibration procedures are required before the analyzers are ready for use.
The present invention overcomes these and other problems of prior infrared gas analyzers as will be set forth in the remainder of the specification.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is an improved non-dispersive infrared gas analyzer system for analyzing respiratory gas streams and displaying information about the detected constituent gases. The system has an optical bench with associated circuitry. The circuitry generates signals representative of the partial pressures of CO.sub.2, N.sub.2 O and the anesthetic agent present in a gas stream; the temperature within the optical bench; the flow rate of the gas stream through the optical bench; and the pressure within the optical bench's gas pathway. The system pump draws respiratory gases through the optical bench's gas pathway and backflushes this same pathway. Analog input circuitry is electrically connected to the optical bench and receives the optical bench's signal outputs indicative of certain measured values and characterization information. The analog input circuitry processes the input signals and outputs them to the analog processing circuitry. The analog processing circuitry, which includes a microprocessor, performs calculating functions on the received signals. The results are output signals indicative of the partial pressure of CO.sub.2, N.sub.2 O and the anesthetic agent corrected for temperature, barometric pressure, collision broadening, cross-correction and characterization. These signals along with those for the measured values of flow rate, temperature and pressure within the optical bench are output to the display section of the system.
The display section circuitry, according to its programming, processes the signals output from the analog processor circuitry. The output signals from the display section circuitry drive a CRT for display of graphics and characters representative of measured values from the optical bench.
The optical bench circuitry preliminarily processes the signals output from the gas and other detectors such as an absolute-reading pressure sensor for pressure measurement, a differential-reading pressure sensor for measuring flow rate, and a temperature sensing circuit.
The optical bench has three optical detection assemblies for simultaneously measuring CO.sub.2, N.sub.2 O and a volatile halogenated hydrocarbon anesthetic (or agent). The bench continuously measures these gases at a rate which allows separate analysis of the inspired and expired gas mixtures.
Preferably, the three optical detection assemblies and the connected detection circuitry are incorporated in a small optical bench that is placed next to the patient. The optical bench connects to a larger apparatus constituting the remainder of the gas analyzer system.
A small diameter sample tube, preferably one yard long or less, connects the optical bench to a side-stream type airway adaptor. A filter in the airway adaptor blocks liquids, such as water and mucus, from entering the sample tube and optical bench. The walls of the sample tube absorb water vapor condensing on them and evaporate it into the atmosphere. An optical bench entrance filter filters any remaining water vapor and dirt in the gas stream from entering the optical bench.
A system pump contained in a pump assembly draws a continuous stream of respiratory gas through the gas pathway of the optical bench. This pump also backflushes the gas pathway. A flow shaper at the entrance of the optical bench reshapes the gas flow cross-section from round to rectangular. The gas stream passes through the CO.sub.2, N.sub.2 O and agent detection channel assemblies in succession as it transits the gas pathway.
The CO.sub.2 and N.sub.2 O detection channel assemblies are disposed along the portion of the gas pathway having a rectangular cross-sectional shape. The agent detection channel assembly is located in another portion of the gas pathway having a cylindrical shape.
After leaving the portion of the gas pathway containing the agent channel, the gas stream enters the area in the gas pathway containing a pressure sensor and a flow rate sensor. The gas stream then leaves the optical bench, enters a scavenging tube and is exhausted from the system through the pump assembly.
The CO.sub.2 and N.sub.2 O detection channel assemblies each use a small section of the gas pathway with the rectangular cross-section. A sapphire window replaces a part of the gas pathway wall. An infrared source is located behind the window. A narrow-band infrared filter replaces a part of the gas pathway wall opposite the sapphire window. An infrared detector for each channel aligns with the respective optical paths behind the filter.
The agent detection channel assembly is in the portion of the gas pathway with a cylindrical shape. An infrared source is located at one end of the cylindrical section and a narrow-band filter closes the opposite end. The infrared detector aligns with the optical path behind the filter.
A chopper wheel, common to the three channels, rotates in a plane between the detectors and associated narrow-band filters. The chopper wheel chops the infrared light passing through the filters at a predetermined frequency.
The optical bench also includes an electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) which stores characterization information for the specific optical bench. The characterization information corrects the optical bench's measurements for system component performance that deviates from ideal theoretical performance. The characterization information obviates the need to calibrate the optical bench. Characterization information includes coefficients for temperature, collision broadening, cross correction, span, offset, and pressure. Characterization information also includes coefficients for detector sensitivity changes for changes in the detected DC voltage. The characterization information is used by the analog processor circuitry and the display circuitry in carrying out their signal processing functions.
The analog input circuitry and the analog processor circuitry process the analog signals generated by the optical bench circuitry. The processed signals, now digital, are output by the analog processor circuitry and transmitted to the display section. The display section processes the signals for display on a CRT.
The main display section circuits are the display processor circuitry and pixel circuitry.
The display processor circuitry bidirectionally communicates with the analog processor circuitry. The display processor circuitry controls the pixel circuitry. This control results in driving the CRT to display both the fixed characters and scrolled information, e.g., a capnogram.
Preferably, the CRT displays numerical and graphical data. The numerical data normally displayed are the inspired and expired values for CO.sub.2, N.sub.2 O, and anesthetic agent, and respiration rate. The graphical data normally displayed are the waveforms for CO.sub.2 and N.sub.2 O. These waveforms are an indication of the patient's respiratory cycle. Superimposed on, for example, the CO.sub.2 waveform are the transition points between inspiration and expiration, and between expiration and inspiration. These points are marked with and "I" and an "E", respectively. The "I" and "E" markings provide the physician with the locations of selected transition points in both normal and abnormal capnograms.
An object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus and method for improved measurement of the partial pressure of respiratory gases.
Another object of the present invention is to provide an improved apparatus and method for measurement of the partial pressure of respiratory gases with a rapid repsonse time of less than 100 milliseconds and a sample flow rate less than or equal to 50 cc/min.
A further object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus capable of self characterization without calibration.
A still further object of the invention is to provide an improved apparatus which does not require the use of a reference channel for stabilized operations.
An even further object of the present invention is to provide an improved apparatus in which the optical bench portion of a gas analyzer can be interchanged without the need to recalibrate the system before use.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a system for displaying the gas concentrations of a patient's respiratory gas stream, scrolling waveforms across the display screen and marking inspired and expired transition points of a patient's breathing cycle.
These and other objects of the invention will be described more fully in the remaining portions of the specification.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of the multichannel gas analyzer system of the present invention.
FIG. 2A is an exploded view of the optical bench portion of the multichannel gas analyzer of the system of the present invention.
FIG. 2B shows the three optical detection channels, with the detection assembly equipment shown in an exploded view.
FIG. 2C shows the CO.sub.2 /N.sub.2 O detection channel assembly of the optical bench shown in FIG. 2.
FIG. 2D shows the agent detection channel assembly of the optical bench shown in FIG. 2.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of the pump assembly of the gas analyzer system of the present invention.
FIG. 4A is a schematic diagram of the circuitry of the optical bench of the multichannel gas analyzer system of the present invention.
FIG. 4B is a schematic diagram of the AC/DC separation circuit in the amplifiers that receive the signals output from the three infrared detectors shown in FIG. 4A.
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of the analog input circuitry of the multichannel gas analyzer of the present invention.
FIGS. 6A, 6B, and 6C comprise a schematic diagram of the analog processor circuitry of the multichannel gas analyzer system of the present invention.
FIGS. 7A thru 7D are a schematic diagram of the circuitry on the motherboard of the multichannel gas analyzer system of the present invention.
FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of the display processor circuitry of the multichannel gas analyzer system of the present invention.
FIGS. 9A, 9B and 9C comprise a schematic diagram of the pixel circuitry of the multichannel gas analyzer system of the present invention.
FIGS. 10A, 10B and 10C comprise a schematic diagram of the scroll/pixel gate array of the pixel circuitry shown in FIG. 9B.
FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram of the CRT memory control gate array of the pixel circuitry shown in FIG. 9B.
FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram of the digital output section of the display section of the multichannel gas analyzer system of the present invention.
FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram of the system controls and alarms for the multichannel gas analyzer system of the present invention.
FIG. 14 is a block diagram of the software for controlling the multichannel gas analyzer system of the present invention.
FIG. 15 shows a representative CRT screen display for the multichannel gas analyzer system of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The present invention is an improved multichannel gas analyzer system for measuring the partial pressure of constituent gases of a respiratory gas stream. The analyzer system also displays numerical and graphical information about the constituent gases detected.
The figures refer to electronic components or circuitry that consists of a group of components which carry out a known specific function. Those components or circuit elements that are well known by those skilled in the art will be referred to generally by their common names or functions and are not explained in detail.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the multichannel gas analyzer system of the present invention. The system comprises an analog section 102 and a display section 104. Analog section 102 detects and measures the constituent gases of a respiratory gas stream. This section also detects and measures other physical properties which affect the determination of the partial pressures of the constituent gases, i.e., CO.sub.2, N.sub.2 O and the agent. The measured values for CO.sub.2, N.sub.2 O, the agent and the other physical properties are combined to calculate the "real" partial pressure of each constituent gas. The "real" partial pressures of the constituent gases are corrected for barometric pressure, temperature, collision broadening, channel cross-detection, sensitivity changes in the detection devices, and characterization of the detection circuitry and other detection components.
The calculated values for the partial pressure of CO.sub.2, N.sub.2 O and the agent are output from analog section 102 in digital form to display section 104. Analog section 102 also transmits measured values for flow rate, temperature, and pressure to the display section.
Display section 104 processes the analog section output signals. The CO.sub.2, N.sub.2 O and the agent output signals are processed for display on the CRT as numeric characters. The display section also processes at least the CO.sub.2 signals for graphic display as, for example, a scrolling capnogram. The display section processes the temperature, pressure and flow rate signals for display and as historical data for later retrieval.
The display section has system controls for operator interface. These controls select system operation and choice of screen displays. The display section also has both digital and analog output ports for communicating with peripheral equipment. The display section includes visual and audible alarms to indicate alarm conditions or improper operation of the system.
Analog section 102 comprises optical bench 109 (whose electronics include detector circuitry 110 and preamp 118); pump assembly 112; analog input circuitry 122 and analog processing circuitry 124. Patient adaptor 106 and sample tube 108 are not part of analog section 102. Patient adaptor 106 is a conventional side-stream type and filters the gas stream drawn toward optical bench 109 by pump assembly 112.
Sample tube 108 connects patient adaptor 106 to optical bench 109. The walls of sample tube 108, preferably constructed of Nafion, absorb and then evaporate condensed water vapor within the tube. Nafion is commercially available from E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Del. (Nafion is a trademark of E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Del.)
Measurement accuracy increases the closer to the patient gas detection is made. For this reason, optical bench 109 is small and placed close through the intubated patient. The length of sample tube 108 is preferably one yard or less.
Display section 104 is described generally and in detail in discussing FIGS. 7 through 13.
FIGS. 2A-2D show optical bench 109. End cap 202 (FIG. 2A) forms the top of the optical bench. The hole through the center receives the end of stator shaft 216.
Detector block 204 is fixed to the inwardly directed surface of end cap 202. Detector block 204 has openings 205, 207 and 209. Infrared photodetectors 206, 208 and 210 are fixed in openings 205, 207 and 209, respectively. Detectors 206, 208 and 210 detect the amount of infrared light illuminating them from their optical paths. The trio of small holes, indicated generally at 211, having photodiodes fixed in them. Each photodiode is in an optical path with one of the LED's indicated generally at 246 mounted on lamp board 234. The three LED/photodiode pairs determine and maintain a constant chopping frequency. Detector block 204 also has an opening that receives stator shaft 216.
The chopper assembly 212 includes rotor 215, end shield 213, chopper wheel 214 fixed to the end of rotor 215 and a stator of which only stator shaft 216 is shown. The three LED/photodiode pairs accomplish motor speed control as will be discussed.
Block 218 contains gas inlet 228, first gas passageway 302 (FIG. 2B) and openings 220, 222 and 224 for receiving optical filters 308, 306 and 304 (FIG. 2B), respectively. Openings 222 and 224 do not extend through block 218. Another opening of a predetermined depth and aligned with each opening is formed in the opposite side of block 218 (not shown). These openings receive sapphire windows 238 and 244 (FIG. 2B) for the N.sub.2 O and CO.sub.2 detection channels, respectively.
Three bores, indicated generally at 226, extend through block 218. These bores are part of the optical paths for the three LED/photodiode pairs. Central opening 223 in block 218 receives motor 212.
Associated with block 218 are flow shaper 230, in-line filter 229 and lock nut 232. Flow shaper 230, in-line filter 229 and lock nut 232 connect sample tube 108 to optical bench 109.
Lamp board 234 has infrared lamps 240 and 242, and the three LEDs indicated at 246 mounted on one side. Agent channel 236 is shown disposed through lamp board 234. Agent channel 236, shown as a cylindrical tube, has a portion received by block 218 and a portion received by block 250, as is better shown in FIG. 2D.
When the optical bench is assembled, lamps 240 and 242 fit in the openings aligned with openings 222 and 224 in the opposite side of block 218, as is best shown in FIG. 2C. The three LEDs fit in the bores indicated at 226 in block 218. Lamp board 234 has opening 248 that receives chopper motor 212.
Block 250 contains two cavities in its bottom surface. The first cavity receives pressure sensor 274 mounted on pressure sensor board 270; and the second cavity receives flow rate sensor 276 mounted on the same board. Gas passageway 376 connects the first cavity to agent channel 236. The first and second cavities are in fluid comminication via the restriction at 277 (FIG. 4A). Block 250 has gas outlet fitting 260 and backflush inlet fitting 262. Both the gas outlet and backflush inlet fittings are in fluid communication with the second cavity in the bottom of block 250. Opening 258 receives chopper motor 212.
Pressure board 270 forms the bottom of the optical bench. Pressure sensors 274 and 276, and infrared lamp 272 are mounted on this board. Pressure sensor 274 is configured to measure pressure. Pressure sensor 276 is configured to measure flow rate as will be explained.
When assembled, infrared lamp 272 seats in the end of agent channel 236, as is best shown in FIG. 2D.
FIG. 2B shows the gas passageways that are used for the CO.sub.2, N.sub.2 O and agent detection channels. This Figure shows infrared lamps 242, 240 and 272; sapphire windows 244 and 238 (CO.sub.2, N.sub.2 O channels only), optical filters 304, 306 and 308; chopper wheel 214; and detectors 210, 208, and 206. These elements are combined to form the three detection channel assemblies as will be discussed in describing FIGS. 2C and 2D.
Preferably, infrared sources 240, 242 and 272 are subminiature lamps manufactured by Gilway Company, Woburn, Mass.
Optical filter 304 has a center wavelength of 4.265 microns and a bandwidth of 2.25%. This coincides with the absorption band of CO.sub.2. Optical filter 306 has a center wavelength of 4.508 microns with a bandwidth of 2.35%. This coincides with the absorption band of N.sub.2 O. Optical filter 308 has a center wavelength of 3.310 microns with a bandwidth of 1%. This coincides with the absorption bands common to the three agent gases. These filters are commercially available from Optical Coating Laboratory, Inc., Santa Rosa, Calif.
Detectros 206, 208 and 210 are lead selenide infrared detectors. Preferably, the detectors have a 3 mm square active area and are manufactured by Optoelectronics, Inc., Petaluma, Calif.
Again referring to FIG. 2B, the respiratory gas stream enters the optical bench through flow shaper 230. In-line filter 229, preferably constructed of expanded PTFE with a 1 micron pore size, is disposed across the inlet passageway. The filter stops any foreign material from entering the optical bench. The entering gas flow has a circular cross-sectional shape. Flow shaper 230 and the inline filter reshape the flow to the rectangular cross-sectional shape of gas passageway 302 without forming eddies. However, other configurations for the inlet to accomplish flow shaping without a filter may be used.
The arced shape of gas passageway 302 accommodates using chopper wheel 214 for signal chopping. If other chopping methods are used, this passageway may have other shapes.
FIG. 2C depicts the CO.sub.2 and N.sub.2 O detection channel assemblies. The reference numbers in FIG. 2C are for the CO.sub.2 detection channel. The CO.sub.2 and N.sub.2 O detection channel assemblies are identical. Hence, in describing FIG. 2C, the N.sub.2 O detection channel component reference numbers will follow in parentheses those for the CO.sub.2 detection channel.
CO.sub.2 channel detector 210 (208) is fixed to one side of detector block 204. Optical filter 304 (306) for the CO.sub.2 channel is fixed in opening 224 (222) of block 218. Optical filter 304 (306) forms part of the sidewall of gas passageway 302. Opening 301 is bored in the opposite side of block 218. Sapphire window 244 (238) is disposed in opening 301 and forms the side wall of gas passageway 302 opposite that formed by optical filter 304 (306). When lamp board 234 is fixed to block 218, infrared lamp 242 (240) is disposed in opening 301 behind sapphire window 244 (238).
Chopper wheel 214 rotates between detector 210 (208) and optical filter 304 (306). The openings in chopper wheel 214 are aligned with and common to the three optical paths. Chopping results in the generation of square wave signals indicative of the uncorrected partial pressures of CO.sub.2, N.sub.2 O and agent in the gas stream.
FIG. 2D shows the agent detection channel assembly.
Detector 206 is mounted on one side of detector block 204. Optical filter is fixed in opening 220 in block 218. Optical filter 308 forms one end of the agent optical channel 236. Infrared lamp 272 is mounted on pressure board 270. When the optical bench is assembled, lamp 272 ingresses and closes the other end of the agent optical channel. Gas passageway 376 in block 250 is the gas passageway to the cavities containing pressure and flow sensors 274 and 276, (FIG. 2A).
Preferably, the optical path length of passageway 302, as part of the CO.sub.2 and N.sub.2 O detector channels, is 0.1 inches; and the optical path length of agent detector channel 236 is 1 inch. The agent optical path length is longer because agents, such as halothane, ethrane and forane, are weaker absorbers than CO.sub.2 and N.sub.2 O.
FIG. 3 discloses the pump assembly shown in FIG. 1 at 112. The pump assembly's purpose is to draw a respiratory gas stream through the gas pathway at the preferred rate of 50 cc/min. and backflush the system.
Vacuum suction line 114 is connected to inlet fitting 404. Internal passageway 422 connects inlet 404 to "zero" valve 406. Internal passageway 408 connects room air inlet filter 420 and "zero" valve 406. ZERO+ line 410 and ZERO- line 412 are the power lines for "zero" valve 406. The voltage across these lines determines which incoming passageway to "zero" valve 406 is selected.
Internal passageway 424 connects "zero" valve 406 to vacuum pump 414. The power lines to pump 414 are AIRPUMP+ line 416 and AIRPUMP- line 418. The voltage across these lines controls the speed of the pump.
Internal passage 426 connects vacuum pump 414 to backflush valve 428. The power lines to backflush valve 428 are BACKFLUSH+ line 430 and BACKFLUSH- line 432. The voltage across these lines determines which outlet passageway is selected by the valve.
The first outlet of backflush valve 428 is internal passageway 434. It connects backflush valve 428 to exhaust port 436. The other outlet is internal passageway 438. It connects backflush valve 428 to backflush line 116 to the optical bench via CO.sub.2 scrubber 440. The CO.sub.2 scrubber prevents, for example, any exhaled CO.sub.2 from the operator from entering the optical bench during backflush. The timing of the selection of each output line will be discussed subsequently.
During normal operation, "zero" valve 406 is powered to select inlet passageway 422 containing the respiratory gas stream. Backflush valve 428 under these conditions is powered to select outlet passageway 434 that connects to exhaust port 436.
Periodically, the optical bench is backflushed to make a zero gas reading, determine the barometric pressure at the optical bench's location and clean filter 229 (FIG. 2B), as well as the patient adaptor filter (FIG. 1). To backflush, the voltage across the power lines to "zero" valve 406 and backflush valve 428 is changed. "Zero" valve 406 is powered to select internal passageway 408 containing room air. Backflush valve 428 is powered to select outlet passageway 438 that connects to backflush line 116 via CO.sub.2 scrubber 440. The voltage across the power lines to vacuum pump 414 is changed as necessary to clean the filters.
FIG. 4A is a schematic diagram of the circuitry and selected components of optical bench 109. The gas stream enters passageway 302 in optical bench 109 traveling in direction A. The gas stream first travels past the CO.sub.2 detection channel assembly comprising infrared light source 242, sapphire window 244, optical filter 304 and lead selenide detector 210. Second, it passes the N.sub.2 O detection channel assembly comprising infrared light source 240, sapphire window 238, optical filter 306 and lead selenide detector 208. The gas stream leaves passageway 302 and enters agent detection channel 236. The agent detection channel assembly comprises infrared light source 272, optical filter 308 and lead selenide detector 206. Chopper wheel 214, common to all detection channel assemblies, has openings which allow simultaneous detection on all channels.
Braod band optical energy from each infrared source is passed through the gas stream. The filters only pass a narrow infrared band associated with the absorption characteristics of the specific gas. The energy streams exiting the filters are chopped and fall on the seperate detectors. Chopping forms a square wave output signal from each detector. The amplitude of the respective signals is indicative of the amount of energy within the filter's band transmitted through the gas stream.
The output signal from CO.sub.2 detector 210 is input to amplifier 470. The outputs of amplifier 470 are the AC component of the CO.sub.2 signal on line 471 and the DC component of the CO.sub.2 signal on line 211. The output signal from N.sub.2 O detector 208 is input to amplifier 478. The outputs of amplifier 478 are the AC component of the N.sub.2 O signal on line 479 and the DC component of the N.sub.2 O signal on line 209. The signal output from agent detector 206 is input to amplifier 480. The outputs of amplifier 480 are the AC component of the agent signal on line 481 and the DC component of the agent signal on line 207. The circuit for separating the AC and DC components of the signals is shown in FIG. 4B.
The three LEDs, indicated generally at 246, and the three photodiodes, indicated generally at 456, detect the chopper motor .phi. position. One LED/photodiode pair is for the A.phi., a second pair is for the B.phi. and a third pair is for the C.phi.. These signals are used for insuring that the brushless motor is rotating chopper wheel 214 at the proper speed.
The three photodiodes detect the chopped light from the LEDs. The output of each photodiode is a "clean" square wave signal. The three photodiode output signals, when combined, approximate a standard three-phase signal.
The detected signals are output on lines 460, 462 and 464. The signal on line 460 is input to amplifier 472, the signal on line 462 is input to amplifier 474 and the signal on line 464 is input to amplifier 476. These amplified signals are input to comparators 486, 488, 490, respectively. The comparison signal for each comparator is a +5 V reference voltage.
The three comparator outputs are input to to 3.phi. brushless motor commutator 498. The outputs of commutator 498 are input to driver 500. The motor drive voltage on line 501 is also input to driver 500. The outputs of driver 500 are the .phi.A signal on line 502, the .phi.B signal on line 504 and the .phi.C signal on line 506 which drive chopper motor 508 appropriately.
Prior to amplification of the detected .phi.B signal from the center LED/photodiode pair, a branch line inputs the signal to amplifier 484. The amplifier output signal is the GAS SYNC signal on line 485. The GAS SYNC signal synchronously demodulates the CO.sub.2, N.sub.2 O and agent signals, as will be discussed.
After the gas stream leaves agent channel 236, it enters passageway 376. This passageway connects agent channel 236 to the first cavity in the bottom of block 250. This cavity contains pressure sensor 274. The first and second cavities are connected by the restriction at 277 (FIG. 4A). A passageway (not shown) connects the second cavity to the gas outlet and the backflush lines.
At this point, the only signals discussed which are ready for output from the optical bench are the detected CO.sub.2, N.sub.2 O and agent signals. The remainder of the signals output from the optical bench are multiplexed by multiplexer 532 and then output from the optical bench.
The first input to multiplexer 532 is the output of EEPROM 530. EEPROM 530 stores coefficients relating to characterization of the optical bench and the preferred bench temperature.
The characterization coefficients do not adjust or change the operation of any component of the optical bench or the bench as a whole. These coefficients correct the bench's measurements for system component deviation from ideal.
The inputs to EEPROM 530 are the data bus D1 signal on line 542, the SK (serial data clock) signal on line 540 and the CS (chip select) signal on line 538. The CS and SK signals control the EEPROM's output. The D1 signal is the data input to the EEPROM. All of these signals are output from quad. flip flop 544. The data inputs to quad. flip flip 544 are the D.0.-D3 signals on lines 552, 550, 548 and 546, respectively. The D.0.-D3 bar signals are outputs of line driver 554 whose inputs are the 4 bit parallel PRED.0.-PRED3 bar signals on lines 556, 558, 560 and 562. These signals are from the analog input circuitry. (The "bar" designation after a signal name indicates the inverted state of the signal without the bar designation, as is known by those skilled in the art).
Quad. flip flop 544 is clocked by the output of demultiplexer 578. The inputs to demultiplexer 578 are the A.0. signal on line 572, the BUS STROBE signal on line 574 and the A1 signal on line 576. These signals are output from line driver 570. The inputs to line driver 570 are the PREA1 signal on line 564, PREA.0. signal on line 566 and the PRESTRB signal on line 568. These signals are received from the analog input circuitry.
The output of demultiplexer 578 depends on the state of the BUS STROBE signal on line 574.
When properly instructed, the EEPROM outputs the characterization coefficients to multiplexer 532 as the first input.
The second input to multiplexer 532 is the amplified OB TEMP (optical bench temperature) signal on line 524. This signal is output from temperature sensing and control circuit 514. The fifth signal input to multiplexer 532 is the HEATER DRIVER V (heater driver voltage) signal on line 523 that is also output from temperature sensing and control circuit 514. The optical bench incorporates heating resistors 510 and 512.
The heating resistors are controlled by temperature control and sensing circuit 514. In operation, the optical bench temperature is sensed and its deviation from the preferred bench temperature is determined. Based on the temperature deviation, the temperature control and sensing circuit adjusts the voltage to the heating resistors via a voltage regulator. The sensed temperature is converted to a voltage and input to multiplexer 532 as the OB TEMP signal. The voltage to the heating resistors is input to multiplexer 532 as the HEATER DRIVER V signal.
The third input is the amplified flow rate signal on line 528. Flow rate through the optical bench is measured by differential pressure transducer 276. This transducer is commercially available from IC Sensors, Inc., Sunnyvale, Calif. For a 50 cc/min. flow rate, the restriction at 277 produces a pressure drop of approximately 0.5 psi. The reference side of the pressure transducer connects to one side of the restriction and the measurement side connects to the other. A change in flow rate causes a change in the pressure drop which is measured by the transducer which generates a representative voltage. This voltage is input to multiplexer 532.
The fourth signal input to multiplexer 532 is the amplified pressure signal on line 526. Pressure sensor 274 is an absolute pressure measuring type pressure sensor. The pressure sensor is commercially, available from IC Sensors, Inc., Sunnvdale, Calif. The pressure is continuously monitored during system operation. Rapid pressure changes may indicate various problems in the optical bench which need attention. The pressure within the optical bench must be considered in calculating gas concentrations, as more fully discussed subsequently.
The pressure sensor measures barometric pressure at system start up. This value is stored for later use. The stored value for barometric pressure is updated at every zero gas reading.
The sixth, seventh and eighth signals input to multiplexer 532 are DC coupled signals representing the bulk resistance of the detectors. The CO.sub.2 signal output from amplifier 470 on line 211 is input as the sixth signal. The N.sub.2 O signal output from amplifier 478 on line 209 is input as the seventh signal. The agent signal output from amplifier 480 on line 207 is input as the eighth signal.
The D.0.-D3 bar signals on the data bus are the control signals input to multiplexer 532. Based on their states, a multiplexed signal is output on line 536 after processing by sample and hold circuit 533.
FIG. 4B shows the AC/DC separation circuit associated with amplifier 470 for the CO.sub.2 signal, amplifier 478 for the N.sub.2 O signal and amplifier 480 for the agent signal. The circuit in FIG. 4B is identical in the three amplifiers. Accordingly, only the circuit for amplifier 470 is described.
The CO.sub.2 signal output from detector 210 is input to amplifier 470. The input signal is biased by resistor 602. Resistor 602 preferably has approximately 16% of the resistance of detector 210 at normal operating temperatures. The signal on line 603 contains both the DC and AC components. This signal is buffered by amplifier 604.
Preferably, 0.22 .mu.f capacitor 606 is disposed in line 605 to block the DC component of the signal and pass the AC component of the signal on to amplifier 614. Amplifier 614 preferably comprises op-amp 617, resistor 608 (preferably 1.5K ohms), and resistor 619 (preferably 2M ohms). The 75 pf capacitor 621 provides noise filtering. The amplifier output is the AC component of the signal online 471 (FIG. 4A).
The DC component is filtered by resistor 616 and capacitor 618. Preferably, the resistance value of resistor 616 is 100K ohms and the capacitance value of capacitor 618 is 2.2 .mu.f. The DC component is output on line 211 for input to multiplexer 532 (FIG. 4A).
The significance of the DC signal component is that it represents the bulk resistance of the detector sensitivity changes with temperature. Hence, the DC component is a useful predictor of detector sensitivity changes when used wth the correlation coefficients stored in EEPROM 530. This avoids errors associated with using a separate temperature sensor for determining detector sensitivity changes.
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of analog input circuitry 122 (FIG. 1). A majority of the inputs to this circuitry are the analog outputs of optical bench 109.
The AMUX OUTPUT on line 536 from multiplexer 532 (FIG. 4A), is input to differential receiver 640. The output of differential receiver 640 is input to multiplexer 730.
The CO.sub.2 signal on line 471, the N.sub.2 O signal on line 479 and the agent signal on line 481 from the optical bench are identically demodulated before input to multiplexer 730. Accordingly, the CO.sub.2 channel's demodulation path will be described and the reference numbers for the N.sub.2 O and agent channels' demodulation paths will follow in parentheses.
The CO.sub.2 signal on line 471 (479, 481) is input to differential amplifier 650 (666, 678). The output of differential amplifier 650 (666, 678) is input to synchronous rectifier 652 (668, 680) via switch 651 (667, 679).
The demodulating signal input to synchronous rectifier 652 (668, 680) is the GAS SYNC signal on line 485. The GAS SYNC signal is input to differential receiver 692, then amplified. The amplifier output is rectified by rectifier 696 and input to synchronous detector 652 (668, 680) to control demodulation of the CO.sub.2 (N.sub.2 O, agent) signal.
After demodulation, the CO.sub.2 (N.sub.2 O, agent) signal is input to a series of low pass filters 660 (672, 684). The CO.sub.2 signal is amplified by amplifier 662 (674, 686) and then input to multiplexer 730.
The V.sub.OFF signal is input to amplifer 662 (674, 686) to insure that the output is never less than zero.
Electronic switch 651 (667, 679) is disposed in the line connecting differential amplifier 650 (666, 678) and synchronous rectifier 652 (668, 680). This switch is opened when it is desired to determine the system's offset voltage, as will be described subsequently.
The GAS SYNC signal output from differential receiver 692 is also the OB SPEED TACH signal (optical bench speed tachometer) on line 693. This signal is input to frequency to voltage converter 710. The output voltage, V.sub.OBSPEED, is input to multiplexer 730 and to differential amplifier 716. The V.sub.OBSPEED signal is a voltage signal proportional to the chopper motor speed.
The second input to differential amplifier 716 is the OB MOTOR SPEED signal on line 718 from analog processor circuitry 124. This signal is the voltage set point for the chopper motor speed. The difference in the signals input to amplifier 716 is used to drive transistor 724, protected by protection circuit 722. The output of transistor 724 on line 501 is input to driver 500 (FIG. 4A) for use in powering the chopper motor and to multiplexer 730.
The temperature of the analog input circuitry is determined for use in making computations. REF-02, 698, commercially available from Precision Monolithics, Inc., Santa Clara, Calif. is used for this purpose. The V.sub.T output of REF-02 is amplified and input to multiplexer 730 as the BOX TEMP signal. Also output from REF-02 is the V.sub.OFF signal. This signal is input to multiplexer 730. This signal is also input to CO.sub.2 amplifier 662, N.sub.2 O amplifier 674 and agent amplifier 686 for insuring that their outputs are at least zero.
The control input to multiplexer 730 is the parallel 4 bit input AS.0., AS1, AS2 and AS3 on lines 731, 733, 735 and 737, resectively. The AS.0.-AS3 signals are generated by analog processing circuitry 124, as will be explained subsequently.
Based on the states of control signals AS.0.-AS3, multiplexer 730 provides an output from the analog input circuitry on line 732 after processing by sample and hold circuit 729.
The multiplexed analog output signal on line 732 represents the detected partial pressures of CO.sub.2, N.sub.2 O and the agent; the flow rate of the gas through the optical bench; the pressure and temperature in the optical bench; the temperature of the apparatus containing the analog input circuitry; the speed of the chopper motor; the chopper motor driver voltage; and the voltage for maintaining a positive amplifier output values for selected amplifiers.
The parallel 4 bit input to line driver 734 from analog processing circuitry 124 comprises the PD.0. signal on line 736, the PD1 signal on line 738, the PA.0. on line 740 and the PSTRB signal on line 742. The parallel 4 bit output of this driver is the PRED.0. on line 556, the PRED1 signal on line 558, the PREA.0. signal on line 566 and the PRESTRB signal on line 568.
The parallel 3 bit input to line driver 744 comprises the PD2 signal on line 746, the PA1 signal on line 748 and the PD3 signal on line 750. The parallel 3 bit output of this driver is the PRED2 signal on line 560, the PREA1 signal on line 564 and the PRED3 signal on 562.
PD.0.-PD3/PRED.0.-PRED3 are data lines to the optical bench's 4 bit data bus. PA.0. and PA1/PREA.0. and PREA1 are the 2 bit addresses to the optical bench circuitry. PSTRB/PRESTRB are the strobe signals for the optical bench address bits and data bus.
FIGS. 6A, 6B and 6C show analog processing circuitry 124 (FIG. 1). First the circuits in the three figures will be described, then their calculating functions will be described.
One component of analog processing circuitry 124 is microprocessor 808. Microprocessor 808 is a model 80186 CPU, commercially available from Intel Corp., Santa Clara, Calif.
The signals input to microprocessor 808 from the circuitry in FIG. 6B (to be discussed) are the UART INT signal on line 820, the CC INT signal on line 822, the DRQ.0. signal on line 828, and the DRQ1 signal on line 826. The UART INT signal is an interrupt input from controller 1016 to microprocessor 808 to indicate the transmission or receipt of data. The CC INT signal is an interrupt input from successive approximation register 984 to indicate completion of the conversion of a predetermined analog signal input and that the coverted signals can be put on the data bus 966 (FIG. 6B). The DRQ.0. and DRQ1 signals are direct memory access request inputs indicating that a character is ready to be transmitted from memory or that a character has been received and must be transferred to memory.
The output signals of microprocessor 808 are the PATIENT SIDE OFF signal on line 802, the AMUX SEL signal on line 804, the PREAMP SEL signal on line 806, the RESET signal on line 818, the UART CLK signal on line 830, the SAR CLK signal on line 832, the UART SEL signal on line 896, the A/D SEL signal on line 898, the MISC SEL signal on line 900, the CLK8 signal on line 902, the WR bar signal on 904 and the RD bar signal on line 906.
The PATIENT SIDE OFF signal is input to the battery control circuit of power supply 158 (FIG. 1) which is conventional and is not shown in detail.
The AMUX SEL signal is one of the signals that controls the clocking of latch 1202 (FIG. 6C). The output of latch 1202 is the parallel 4 bit control signal AS.0.-AS3 input to multiplexer 730 (FIG. 5).
The PREAMP SEL signal is one of the signals controlling the clocking of latch 1184 and the clearing of flip flop 1192 (FIG. 6C). The clocking of the latch and the clearing of the flip flops result in the parallel 4 bit signal PD.0.-PD3 for the optical bench data bus; the 2 address bits, PA.0. and PA1, for the optical bench; and the strobe signal PSTRB for the optical bench.
The RESET signal indicates that the microprocessor is in a reset condition.
The UART CLK signal is a timing signal to provide a baud rate clock for the asynchronous serial communications channel.
The SAR CLK signal is the successive approximation register clock used to control the analog to digital converter circuitry (FIG. 6B).
The A/D SEL signal is the chip selection input to interface 962 (FIG. 6B).
The MISC SEL signal is the chip selection signal input to interface 1042 (FIG. 6B).
The CLK8 signal is the 8 MHZ clock signal for clocking various circuit components of the processor circuitry.
The WR bar signal is the write timing signal indicating that the processor is writing data into memory or into an input/output device.
The RD bar signal is a read timing signal indicating that the processor is reading data.
The other signals associated with microprocessor 808 are for transmission to or retrieval from memory and will be discussed subsequently.
Memory in FIG. 6A consists of four read only memories (ROMs) 880, 882, 884 and 886; and four random access memories (RAMs) 888, 890, 892 and 894. All of these memories are conventionally connected to address bus 874 and data bus 872.
FIG. 6A shows three address latches, 850, 852 and 854. Each latch is enabled by the ALE (address latch enable) signal output from microprocessor 808 on line 834. Latch 850 receives a parallel 4 bit input for addresses A16/S3-A19/S6 on line 836. This four bit signal is shown as a single line. One skilled in the art would understand this is a four bit parallel input. The clocking of latch 850 will place the values of A16/S3-A19/S6 on address bus 874.
The parallel 8 bit information signal AD8-15, output from microprocessor 808 on line 838 is input to latch 852. The AD8-15 ports at microprocessor 808 are I/O ports handling both addresses and data information. When latch 852 is clocked, the latched address values are placed on address bus 874.
Similarly, the parallel 8 bit signal, AD.0.-7, output from microprocessor 808 on line 840 is input to latch 854. The AD.0.-7 ports at microprocessor 808 are I/O ports handling both address and data information. When clocked, the latched values are placed on address bus 874.
AD.0.-15 microprocessor I/O ports also connect to data bus 872 via bus 855 and bus transceivers 860 and 862. Bus transceiver 860 controls transfers between the AD.0.-7 I/O ports and the data bus. Bus transceiver 862 controls transfers between the AD8-15 I/O ports and the data bus.
Bus transceivers 860 and 862 are enabled by the DEN bar signal on line 842. The direction of the data transfer is controlled by the DT/R (R bar) signal on line 844.
Demultiplexers 856 and 858 are used to enable RAMs 888, 890, and 892, 894. The LCS bar signal on line 846 enables both demultiplexers.
The control signals input to demultiplexer 856 (the A.0. and A14 signals from address bus 874) are decoded to provide the enabling input signals to RAMs 888 and 890. Whether reading or writing is the proper action is determined by the states of the RD bar and WR bar signals input to RAMs 888 and 890.
The control signals input to demultiplexer 858, A14 signal from the address bus and the BHE bar signal on line 848 from microprocessor 808, are decoded to enable RAMs 892 and 894. Similarly, whether reading or writing is accomplished depends on the states of the RD bar and WR bar signals input to RAMS 892 and 894.
Third demultiplexer 812 enables ROMs 880, 882, 884 and 886. The UCS bar signal output from microprocessor 808 on line 809 enables demultiplexer 812. The control inputs to demultiplexer 812 are the A17, A18 and A19 signals from address bus 874. The control inputs when demultiplexed are output to enable the ROMs. When an enabled ROM is read depends on the state of the RD bar signal input to each ROM.
Referring to FIG. 6B, the signals input to microprocessor interface 962 are the A/D SEL bar signal on line 898, the RD bar signal on line 906, the WR bar signal on line 904, the RESET signal on line 818, the parallel 2 bit address signal A1 and A2 on line 878, and the parallel 8 bit signal D.0.-7 on line 864. The outputs of interface 962 will be discussed subsequently in discussing the circuit.
The ANALOG OUTPUT signal on line 732 from multiplexer 730 (FIG. 5) is input to differential receiver 952. The output of differential receiver 952 is input to differential receiver 954. The other input to differential receiver 954 is the system offset which is output by digital to analog (D/A) converter 980.
The offset signal for each gas channel is generated by opening switches 651, 667 and 679 (FiG. 5). The voltage output by D/A converter 980 when each switch is open is that gas channel's voltage offset. The individual channel's voltage offset is the second input signal to differential receiver 954 when the corresponding gas signal in the multiplexed ANALOG OUTPUT signal is input to differential receiver 954.
The voltage difference output of differential receiver 954 is input to variable gain amplifier 956. The gain of the amplifier is controlled by the parallel 8 bit signal PA.0.-PA7 output from interface 962. These signals are from data bus 864 (FIG. 6A).
The amplified signal output from variable gain amplifier 956 is input to sample and hold circuit 960. The sample and hold circuit control signal is the S/H bar signal output from interface 962 on line 972. The duration of this signal is long enough for conversion of the current data in successive approximation register 984 and placement of that data on data bus 982.
The output of the sample and hold circuit is input to comparator 986. The second input to comparator 986 is the output of D/A converter 980 which is the VDAC signal on line 658. The output of comparator 986 is input to successive approximation register 984. The START SAR bar signal on line 976 is input to successive approximation register 984 to start the analog to digital converter process. The SELSAR bar signal on line 974 is input to successive approximation register 984. This is the output enable input to the successiive approximation register controlling placing the converted data on data bus 982.
Another output of successive approximation register 984 is the CC INT signal on line 822 which was discussed with respect to FIG. 6A. This signal after output is inverted by inverter 1002.
The SARCLK ENB signal output from interface 962 on line 992 is the first input to NAND gate 994. The other input to this gate is the SARCLK signal output from microprocessor 808 on line 832. The states of these signals control the output of NAND gate 994. The output of NAND gate 984 after inversion is used to turn the internal successive approximation register clock on and off.
The inputs to interface 1042 are the MISC SEL signal on line 900, the RD bar signal on line 906, the WR bar signal on line 904, the RESET signal on line 818, the parallel 2 bit input comprising signals A1 and A2 from the address bus on line 878 and the parallel 8 bit input comprising signals D.0.-7 from data bus 864.
The outputs of interface 1042 are the parallel 4 bit output PA.0.-3 on line 1048, the ZERO signal on line 1050, the BACKFLUSH signal on line 1052 and the parallel 3 bit output PCl-3 on line 1054.
The PA.0.-3 output on line 1048 is input to analog switch 1102 (FIG. 6C). The ZERO signal output on line 1050 and the BACKFLUSH signal output on line 1052 are used for actuating the pump valves. The PCl-3 signals output on line 1054 are input to EEPROM 1056.
The other input to EEPROM 1056 is the parallel 8 bit output of 8 bit counter 1044. 8 bit counter 1044 is clocked by the output of flip flop 1012. The SARCLK signal clocks flip flop 1012. The data input and the Q bar output of this flip flop are tied. This causes the Q output to change state every two SARCLK clock pulses.
8 bit counter 1044 comprises two 4 bit counters. The terminal count of one 4 bit counter is tied to the clock input of the other 4 bit counter. Thus, the second 4 bit counter is clocked every sixteen clocks.
The parallel 8 bit output of EEPROM 1056 is input to 8 bit flip flop 1074. 8 bit flip flop 1074 is clocked by the same signal that clocks the first 4 bit counter of 8 bit counter 1044. The CLK(F) signal output on line 1082 clocks latch 1188 (FIG. 6C).
Controller 1016 will not be discussed. The Q output of flip flop 1004 clocks controller 1016. The CLK8 signal on line 902 clocks flip flop 1004. The Q bar output and data input of this flip flop are tied. Hence, the Q output will have a positive-going edge to clock controller 1016 every two CLK8 pulses.
The CLK8 signal also clocks flip flop 1006. The RESET signal on line 818 is input to this flip flop's data input. When the CLK8 signal clocks this flip flop, the state of the RESET signal is inverted and input to controller 1016. The controller resets one CLK8 pulse after microprocessor 808 experiences a reset condition.
The WR bar signal on line 904 and the RD bar signal on line 906 are input to controller 1016. These signals control whether data is transmitted from or received by controller 1016.
The UART SEL signal on line 896 is input to controller 1016 for chip selection and enabling reading from and writing into memory.
The parallel 2 bit address bus signals A12 and A13 are input to controller 1016 on line 876. These signals and are used for its control. The parallel 8 bit data bus signals D.0.-7 are input to controller 1016 on line 864. This is the bus that is either read from or written onto.
The DRQ.0. signal on line 826 and the DRQ1 signal on line 828 are input to microprocessor 808 for notifying the microprocessor that data is ready to be transmitted from memory or that data is ready to be sent to memory.
The other signals that are output from or input to, or transmitted from, or received by controller 1016 are primarily associated with communicating with the display section or an external device.
The INT CLK signal on line 1020 is the baud rate clock for synchronous serial communications between the analog and display processors.
The TxD INT signal on line 1022 is the line on which data is transmitted from the analog processor to the display processor.
The RxD INT signal on line 1024 is the line on which data is received from the display processor.
The TxD bar signal on line 1026, the RxD bar signal on line 1028, the DTR bar signal on line 1030, the DSR bar signal on line 1032, the RTS bar signal on line 1034 and the CTS bar signal on line 1036 are for digitally communicating with external equipment.
The TxD bar signal is for transmitting data for synchronous communication. The RxD bar signal is for receiving data for synchronous communication. The DTR bar signal is a data terminal ready control signal. The DSR bar signal is a carrier detection signal. The RTS bar signal is the request to send signal. The CTS bar signal is the clear to send data signal.
The UART CLK signal output on line 830 from microprocessor 808 is the timing signal for providing a baud rate clock for synchronous serial communications with the display processor.
The UART INT signal output on line 820 is is inverted by inverter 1040. This signal is an interrupt signal to microprocessor 808 to indicate that data is ready to be sent or received.
Also shown on FIG. 6B is V.sub.REF voltage generator 968. The V.sub.REF voltage generator is conventional. This voltage is used throughout the analog processing circuitry.
Referring to FIG. 6C, the remaining portions of the analog circuitry will be described.
The VDAC signal from D/A converter 980 on line 658 is representative of the 12 bit converted data bus information. The VDAC signal is input to analog switch 1102. The output signal from analog switch 1102 on line 1114 is processed by sample and hold circuit 1116. The output of this circuit is the OB MOTOR SPEED signal on line 718.
The output signal of analog switch 1102 on line 1118 is processed by sample and hold circuit 1120. The output of this circuit is the AIR PUMP SPEED signal on line 1128.
the control signals for analog switch 1102 is the parallel 4 bit signal PA.0.-3 output from interface 1042 on line 1048.
Again referring to FIG. 6C, the PREAMP SEL signal on line 806 is input to NAND gate 1180. The other input to this gate is the WR bar signal on line 904. The output of NAND gate 1180 clocks 8 bit latch 1184. The inputs to 8 bit latch 1184 are the D.0.-D3 signals from data bus 864 and address bus bits A1 and A2. The signal that clocks latch 1188 is the CLK(F) signal on line 1082. The output of 8 bit latch 1184 is input to 8 bit latch 1188. Also input to 8 bit latch 1188 is the Q output of flip flop 1192. Flip flop 1192 is preset by the PsTRB signal on line 568 and cleared by the output of NAND gate 1180.
The outputs of 8 bit latch 1188 are the PD.0. signal on line 736, the PD1 signal on line 738, the PD2 signal on line 746, the PD3 signal on line 750, PA.0. on line 740, the PA1 signal on line 748 and the PSTRB signal on line 742. These signals are the data bus and address signals used by the optical bench (FIGS. 5, 6).
The AMUX SEL signal on line 804 is input to NAND gate 1198. The other input is the WR bar signal on line 904. The output of NAND gate 1198 clocks latch 1202. The inputs to latch 1202 are the D.0.-D3 signals from the data bus (FIG. 5). The outputs of latch 1202 are the AS.0. signal on line 731, the AS1 signal on line 733, the AS2 signal on line 735 and the AS3 signal on line 737. These are the control input signals to multiplexer 730 (FIG. 5).
The primary function of microprocessor 808 of analog processing circuitry 124 is calculating the partial pressures and concentrations of the constituent gases. In calculating these, the microprocessor corrects for collision broadening, temperature, cross correction, barometric pressure, detector sensitivity changes and characterization.
Characterization allows for the interchangeability of optical benches without the need for calibration. Characterization coefficients of an optical bench are based on the fact that a manufacturer constructs each optical bench of a particular type with the same components. However, corresponding components in two different benches have different responses. The result is that two diferent benches making partial pressure measurements can derive two different values even though both are operating properly.
Accordingly, each bench has its own specific characterization coefficients. These coefficients are stored in EEPROM 530 (FIG. 4). Hence, the application of each bench's characterization coefficients to raw measurements of a known gas standard bring about the same result. This result is consistent with industry standards and made without any calibration to the bench's components.
Specific characterization coefficients for each gas channel are stored in EEPROM 530. The other values stored in the EEPROM are the preferred temperature for the bench; the collision broadening coefficients; the cross correction coefficients; the span factor for correcting flow measurements; the span factor and offset for correcting pressure measurements; and the span factor and offset for correcting temperature measurements.
The calculation of partial pressure and gas concentration will now be described.
The DC output voltages from CO.sub.2 detector 210, N.sub.2 O detector 208, and agent detector 206 are measured and stored every time a zero gas measurement or backflush is conducted. This is represented by the expression:
ZeroDC[X]=V[Xdc] (1)
where,
X=CO.sub.2, N.sub.2 O or agent.
V[Xdc]=the measured DC voltage output of the detector with zero gas.
ZeroDC[X]=the voltage value for the term V[Vdc] that is stored in memory for CO.sub.2, N.sub.2 O or agent.
The demodulated voltages for CO.sub.2 on line 664, for N.sub.2 O on line 676 and for the agent on line 690 are also measured and stored every time a zero gas measurement or backflush is conducted. This is represented by the expression:
Zero[X]=V[X] (2)
where,
X=CO.sub.2, N.sub.2 O or agent.
V[X]=the measured demodulated voltage for CO.sub.2, N.sub.2 O, or agent with zero gas.
Zero[X]=the voltage value for the term V[X] that is stored in memory for CO.sub.2, N.sub.2 O or agent.
At predetermined intervals, the system calculates updates for temperature related values used in calculating the partial pressure of each gas. These values are calculated according to the following three expressions:
.DELTA.T=V[Tmp]-RefTmpVolts (3)
where,
V[Tmp]=current measured voltage from the temperature sensor.
RefTmpVolts=the voltage for the preferred operating temperature of the optical bench stored in EEPROM 530.
tcB[X]=B.sub.o [X]+((B.sub.1 [X])(.DELTA.T))+((B.sub.2 [X])(.DELTA.T.sup.2)) (4)
where,
X=CO.sub.2, N.sub.2 O or agent.
B.sub.o [X], B.sub.1 [X], B.sub.2 [X]=the characterization coefficients for each gas stored in EEPROM 530.
tcB[X]=the B temperature correction for each gas.
tcC[N.sub.2 O]=C.sub.o [N.sub.2 O]+((C.sub.1 [N.sub.2 O])(.DELTA.T))+((C.sub.2 [N.sub.2 O])(.DELTA.T.sup.2)) (5)
where,
C.sub.o [N.sub.2 O], C.sub.1 [N.sub.2 O], C.sub.2 [N.sub.2 O]=the C characterization coefficients for N.sub.2 O stored in EEPROM 530.
tcC[N.sub.2 O]=the C temperature correction for N.sub.2 O.
The C temperature correction is only calculated for N.sub.2 O. The C temperature correction for CO.sub.2 and the agent have negligible effect on the final partial pressure of the gases, so they are not used.
At predetermined intervals, collision broadening calculations are performed. These calculations are carried out according to the following three expressions:
If PP[N.sub.2 O]>76 mmHg, then CB[N.sub.2 /O.sub.2 ]=0 (6)
where,
PP[N.sub.2 O]=the average PP[N.sub.2 O] over the update time interval.
CB[N.sub.2 /O.sub.2 ]=the collision broadening factor for N.sub.2 and O.sub.2.
Else, CB[N.sub.2 /O.sub.2 ]=(cbL)(1-(%O.sub.2 /100)) (7)
where,
CB[N.sub.2 /O.sub.2 ]=the collision broadening factor for N.sub.2 and O.sub.2.
cbL=the collision broadening coefficient stored in EEPROM 530.
%O.sub.2 =the measured %O.sub.2 from a peripheral device, or a manually set percentage, or 50% as a default value in the programming.
CB[N.sub.2 O]=(cbM)(PP[N.sub.2 O])/760 (8)
where,
CB[N.sub.2 O]=the collision broadening factor for N.sub.2 O.
cbM=the collision broadening coefficient for N.sub.2 O stored in EEPROM 530.
PP[N.sub.2 O]=the average PP[N.sub.2 O] over the update time interval.
Collision broadening is only calculated for N.sub.2 O on CO.sub.2 because that is the only collision broadening with any significant effect.
The sensitivity changes for an individual detector is determined by the expression:
CorrZero[X]=(T.sub.o Corr[X])(V[Xdc].sub.inst -ZeroDC[X]) (9)
where,
X=CO.sub.2, N.sub.2 O or agent.
T.sub.o Corr[X]=the constant for detector sensitivity changes for changes in DC voltage with respect to the CO.sub.2, N.sub.2 O or agent detector.
V[Xdc].sub.inst =instantaneous detector voltage for CO.sub.2, N.sub.2 O or agent.
ZeroDC[X]=the voltage value for the term V[Xdc] that is stored in memory for CO.sub.2, N.sub.2 O or agent.
The T.sub.o Corr[X] term is calculated during manufacturing characterization by measuring the detector sensitivity and the DC voltage at various temperatures. The T.sub.o Corr[X] term is calculated according to the following expression: ##EQU1##
The absorption of light by each gas is continuously calculated according to the expression: ##EQU2## where, X=CO.sub.2, N.sub.2 O or agent.
CorrZero[X]=the correction for detector sensitivity changes.
V[X].sub.inst =the instantaneous demodulated gas voltage for CO.sub.2, N.sub.2 O or agent.
Zero[X]=the voltage value for the term V[X] that is stored in memory for CO.sub.2, N.sub.2 O or agent.
Having made the above calculations, microprocessor 808 calculates the partial pressure of each gas. In the expressions that follow for calculating the partial pressure for each gas, a partial pressure shown as PP[X] is a final partial pressure corrected for cross correction and collision broadening. A partial pressure shown as PP[X]' is a partial pressure corrected for collision broadening only. A partial pressure shown as PP[X]" is corrected for neither.
The partial pressure of CO.sub.2, N.sub.2 O and agent are calculated according to expressions (12) to (20): ##EQU3## where, tcB[N.sub.2 O]=the B temperature correction for N.sub.2 O.
R[N.sub.2 O]=N.sub.2 O absorption.
tcC[N.sub.2 O]=the C temperature correction for N.sub.2 O.
D[N.sub.2 O]=the D characterization coefficient for N.sub.2 O stored in EEPROM 530.
The uncorrected CO.sub.2 partial pressure is calculated according to the expression:
PP[CO.sub.2 ]"=((tcB[CO.sub.2 ])(R[CO.sub.2 ]))+((C.sub.o [CO.sub.2 ])(R[CO.sub.2 ].sup.2)) (13)
where,
tcB[CO.sub.2 ]=the B temperature correction for CO.sub.2.
R[CO.sub.2 ]=CO.sub.2 absorption.
C.sub.o [CO.sub.2 ]=the C characterization coefficient for CO.sub.2 stored in EEPROM 530.
The uncorrected CO.sub.2 partial pressure is now corrected for collision broadening by the expression:
PP[CO.sub.2 ]'=((PP[CO.sub.2 ]")(1+CB[N.sub.2 O]+CB[N.sub.2 /O.sub.2 ])) (14)
where,
CB[N.sub.2 O]=the collision broadening factor for N.sub.2 O.
CB[N.sub.2 /O.sub.2 ]=the collision broadening factor for N.sub.2 and O.sub.2.
The final CO.sub.2 partial pressure, corrected for cross correction, is calculated by the expression:
PP[CO.sub.2 ]=PP[CO.sub.2 ]'-((PP[N.sub.2 O]")(CCrsCorr[N.sub.2 O])) (15)
where, CCrsCorr[N.sub.2 O]=the cross correction for N.sub.2 O in the CO.sub.2 channel stored in EEPROM 530.
The final partial pressure for N.sub.2 O is calculated by the next expression:
PP[N.sub.2 O]=PP[N.sub.2 O]"-((PP[CO.sub.2 ])(NCrsCorr[CO.sub.2 ])) (16)
where, NCrsCorr[CO.sub.2 ]=the cross correction for CO.sub.2 in the N.sub.2 O channel stored in EEPROM 530.
The remaining partial pressure to calculate is the agent's. Ethrane, Forane and Halothane are the agent considered in the present invention.
The initial partial pressure is calculated by the following expression:
PP[A]"=(tcB[A])(R[A]) (17)
where,
tcB[A]=the B temperature correction for the selected agent.
R[A]=agent absorption.
The final partial pressure of the agent is calculated by the expression: ##EQU4## where, ACrsCorr[CO.sub.2 ]=the cross correction for CO.sub.2 in the agent channel stored in EEPROM 530.
ACrsCorr[N.sub.2 O]=the cross correction for N.sub.2 O in the agent channel stored in EEPROM 530.
Once the partial pressure for CO.sub.2, N.sub.2 O and the agent are calculated, each is corrected to barometric pressure according to the following expression: ##EQU5## where, X=CO.sub.2, N.sub.2 O or agent.
Sample Cell Pressure=pressure measured in the sample cell when the gas voltages are measured.
Barometric Pressure=last measured barometric pressure stored in memory.
The above expression corrects the partial pressure for each gas to the barometric pressure where the optical bench is located.
If desired, each partial pressure of gas can be calculated and then displayed as a concentration: ##EQU6## where, % Conc=the concentration of the CO.sub.2, N.sub.2 O or the agent.
X=CO.sub.2, N.sub.2 O or agent.
PPmmHg[X]=the final partial pressure for CO.sub.2, N.sub.2 O or agent corrected for barometric pressure.
As stated, the above calculations for partial pressure are made by the microprocessor 808. Once calculated, these are transmitted from the analog processor to the display section for display, as will be described subsequently.
The measured values for flow rate, pressure and temperature are corrected by microprocessor 808 and also sent to the display section.
It is desirable to maintain the flow rate at 50 cc/min. When the flow rate deviates from that targeted value, the pump is appropriately powered to return the system to that flow rate. The flow rate value is calculated by the following expression:
Flow=((V[Flo])(FloSpan))+FloOffset (21)
where
V[Flo]=the instantaneous voltage from the differential pressure transducer 276.
FloSpan=the flow span function to characterize the pressure transducer. This coefficient is stored in EEPROM 530.
FloOffset=the offset for the flow measurement transducer. This is measured during backflush with the pump off.
The pressure within the optical bench passageways can vary between +4 psi and -4 psi. The pressure is -4 psi when the gas stream is drawn through the bench by the pump. It is as high as +4 psi during backflush. The expression for calculating pressure is:
Press=((V[Prs])(PrsSpn))+PrsOffset (22)
where,
V[Prs]=the instantaneous voltage from pressure transducer 274.
PrsSpn=the pressure span factor to characterize the pressure transducer. This coefficient is stored in EEPROM 530.
PrsOffset=the offset from the pressure transducer. This coefficient is stored in EEPROM 530.
The final value calculated by microprocessor 808 for transmission to the display section is the optical bench temperature. The optical bench temperature is controlled by temperature sensor and control circuit 514. Circuit 514 controls the voltage applied to heating resistors 510 and 512. The expression for calculating temperature is as follows:
Temp=((V[Tmp])(TmpSpan))+TmpOffset (23)
where,
V[Tmp]=the instantaneous voltage from temperature sensor and control circuit 514.
TmpSpan=the temperature span factor to characterize the temperature sensor. This coefficient is stored in EEPROM 530.
TmpOffset=the offset for temperature sensor. This coefficient is stored on EEPROM 530.
FIGS. 7A, 7B, 7C and 7D show the circuits contained on motherboard 137 (FIG. 1). The circuitry on motherboard 137 communicates between the analog processor 124 and display processor 128, between two or more elements in the display section circuitry and (not shown in FIG. 1) between the analog processor 124 and pump assembly 112.
Referring to FIG. 7A, the signals input to speaker driver circuit 1354 are the V.sub.VOL signal on line 1350 and the V.sub.BEEP signal on line 1352. The V.sub.BEEP signal is the principal signal driving speaker driver circuit 1354. The V.sub.VOL signal adjusts the SPK+ voltage on line 1356. The SPK- output on line 1358 connects to ground. The SPK+ and SPK- lines connect to an external speaker.
The video amplifier circuit 1364 is for driving the CRT cathode. The signals input to the video amplifier circuit are the VIDEO OUT signal on line 1360 and the V.sub.CONTR signal on line 1362. The VIDEO OUT signal on line 1360 is the signal for driving the display screen. The V.sub.CONTR signal on line 1362 controls the voltage supplied to the cathode for the purpose of screen contrast. The output of this circuit to the cathode is on line 1366.
The H.SYNC (horizontal sync) signal on line 1370 from CRT controller 1998 of pixel circuitry 130 is input to horizontal drive circuit 1372. Following conventional processing by this circuit, the signal is input to horizontal output circuit 1376. The outputs of the horizontal output circuit are to the CRT anode on line 180, to CRT grids 1, 2, and 4 on lines 1382, 1384 and 1388, respectively, and the HORIZ+ and HORIZ- signals on lines 1340 and 1342 to the horizontal yoke.
The V.SYNC (vertical sync) signal on line 1344 is input to vertical output circuit 1347. Following conventional processing by this circuit, the output signals are the VERT- and VERT+ signals on lines 1346 and 1348, respectively. These signals are input to the vertical yoke.
The AIR PUMP SPEED signal on line 1128 is input to the base of transistor 1302. The output of transistor 1302 is the AIRPUMP+ voltage on line 416. The AIRPUMP- signal on line 418 is grounded. The circuit is protected by fuse 1304 on line 416 and by zener diode 1306.
The ZERO+ signal on line 410 and the BACKFLUSH+ on line 430 are output from fused line 1305. These signals are input to valves 406 and 428 (FIG.3). Fuse 1307 and zener diode 1308 protect the circuit.
The ZERO- signal on line 412 and BACKFLUSH- signal on line 432 are generated from the ZERO signal on line 1150 and the BACKFLUSH signal on line 1152. Each signal is processed by an identical circuit. So the description of the circuit for the ZERO signal also applies to the BACKFLUSH signal circuit (reference numbers in parentheses). The ZERO signal is input to inverter 1310 (1153). The inverted signal is input to the base of transistor 1312 (1316). The ZERO (BACKFLUSH) signal voltage determines whether the ZERO- (BACKFLUSH-) signal is grounded to establish a voltage difference between ZERO+ (BACKFLUSH+) and ZERO- (BACKFLUSH-) signals. Diode 1314 (1318) is in a feedback loop for the transistor.
The TxD INT signal on line 1022, the RxD INT signal on line 1024 and the INT CLK signal on line 1020 are signals communicated between analog processing circuitry 124 and display processing circuitry 128 via the motherboard. There is electrical isolation between the analog side and the display side.
Analog processing circuitry 124 transmits the TxD INT signal to display processing circuitry 128. The data in this signal is ultimately displayed on the CRT. The TxD INT signal is input to inverters 1323 and 1327 and then opto-isolator 1329. The TxD INT signal on the display side of opto-isolator 1329 is renamed the RCV DATA signal on line 1328.
The RxD INT signal on line 1024 contains data received from the display processing circuitry. The signal starts as the XMIT DATA signal on line 1366 on the display side. The signal is input to inverters 1334 and 1332, and then opto-isolator 1330. As the output of opto-isolator 1330, the signal is received on the analog side as the RxD INT signal on line 1024.
The INT CLK signal on line 1338 is used to synchronously control the transfer of data between the analog and display processing circuitry. The INT CLK signal on the display side is input to inverters 1340 and 1342, and then input to opto-isolator 1343. The signal is then output on line 1020 for input to the analog processing circuitry via the motherboard.
FIGS. 7B, 7C and 7D show signals which transit the motherboard without being processed by the circuitry. FIG. 7B shows signals communicated between display processing circuitry 128 and pixel circuitry 130. FIG. 7C shows signals communicated between display processing circuitry 128 and digital output board 140. FIG. 7D shows signals communicated between the display processing circuitry and knob board 144.
FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of display processing circuitry 128. The principal functions of the display processing circuitry are processing the incoming data from analog processing circuitry 124, transmittal of the data back to the analog processing circuitry, and control of pixel circuitry 130.
The partial pressure of CO.sub.2, N.sub.2 O and the agent, the pressure and temperature within the optical bench, the gas flow rate through the optical bench and other information for display are received as RCV DATA on line 1328 by a controller 1776 of display processing circuitry 128. Data sent to the analog processing circuitry is the XMIT DATA output from controller 1776 on line 1336.
When the control signals input to controller 1776 have the proper states, data is transmitted to or received from the 8 bit data bus shown as D.0.-7 on line 1414.
The INT CLK signal on line 1338 synchronizes the transmission of data between the analog and the display processing circuitry.
The DRQ.0. and DRQ1 signals output from the controller on lines 1730 and 1732, respectively, the 2 address bus signals A12 and A13 input to the controller, the COMM INTR signal output on line 1706, the COMM SEL signal input on line 1778, and the RD bar and WR bar signals on lines 1402 and 1404, respectively, operate conventionally in a manner known by those skilled in the art. The TxD signal on line 1510, the RxD signal on line 1512, the DTR bar signal on line 1514, the DSR bar signal on line 1516, the RTS bar signal on line 1518 and the CTS bar signal on line 1520 all connect to the digital output board 140. These signals are for communication with and control of an external device.
The EXT CLK signal on line 1734 is a clock signal for controlling synchronous communications between the controller and an external device.
Microprocessor 1702 is a model 80186 CPU, commercially available from INTEL Corporation, Santa Clara, Calif. The signals input to and output from microprocessor 1702 will now be discussed.
When microprocessor 1702 experiences a reset condition, the RESET OUT signal on line 1704 changes state. This state change resets controller 1776. The controller is reset one clock pulse after microprocessor 1702 experiences a reset condition because the signal is processed by flip flop 1772.
The VERT INTR interrupt signal on line 1408, the V.SYNC bar signal on line 1344, and the SLAVE INTR signal on line 1506 are all interrupt signals.
The VERT INTR signal is the interrupt signal to microprocessor 1702 to indicate when the end of the scrolled window is reached. The V.SYNC bar singal on line 1344 is used for driving the CRT. The SLAVE INTR signal on line 1506 is the interrupt signal from an external device.
The COMM INTR signal on line 1706 is the signal input into the microprocessor from the controller to indicate that data is being transferred from or received by the controller.
The DARDY signal on line 1410 is the asynchronous ready signal.
The UCS bar signal output on line 1710 selects the signal to be output from demultiplexer 1746. The output of this demultiplexer enables ROMs 1760, 1762, 1764 and 1766.
The D. SIDE OFF signal on line 1712 is output to the battery control circuit to indicate activation of the display side of the system.
The DISP SEL signal on line 1602 is output to the knob board for placing new instructions on the data bus and for the display and activation of the system's audible and visual alarms.
The VID FCN SEL signal on line 1418, the CRT SEL signal on line 1416, the A/D SEL signal on line 1424, the SCROLL EL signal on line 1420, and the ANALOG SEL signal on line 1422 are output to the motherboard for input to and control of pixel circuitry 130.
The CRT SEL and VID FCN SEL signals are input to the pixel circuitry 130. The CRT SEL signal on line 1416 is input to CRT controller 1998 (FIG. 9A) for output chip selection. The VID FCN SEL signal is input to decoder 2032 (FIG. 9A) to select a proper video diplay function for the CRT screen. The A/D SEL signal on line 1424 is used to put ECG information or battery comparison information on the data bus for transfer to memory (FIG. 9B). The ANALOG SEL signal on line 1422 is used to control selection among the analog output ports, the analog signals for driving an external speaker, the control analog signal for the video contrast input to the CRT driver, and the analog signal for an external ECG device.
The other signals associated with microprocessor 1702 yet to be described are signals for one of the busses or signals associated with accessing memory to read or write data
The signals A16/S3-A19/S6, a parallel 4 bit output on line 1713, are the high order address bits. These bits are input to latch 1740. When this latch is clocked by the ALE (address latch enable) signal on line 1718, the address information is placed on the address bus.
The DEN bar (data enable) signal on line 1714 is the output enable signal for bus transceivers 1752 and 1754. The DT/R (R bar) (data transmit/receive) signal on line 1428 determines the direction of data flow in bus transceivers 1752 and 1754. Together, these two signals control the data transmitted to and received from memory on address/data busses 1720, 1722 and 1723.
When address/data busses 1722 and 1720 are used for address rather than data transfer, address bits .0.-7 are input into latch 1744 and address bits 8-15 are input to latch 1742. When these latches are loaded and then clocked by the ALE signal on line 1718, the latch values for these address bits are placed on the address bus.
RAM 1768 is enabled by the output of demultiplexer 1794. This demultiplexer is enabled by the output of demultiplexer 1784. Demultiplexer 1784 is enabled by the output of OR gate 1780, address bit A19 and the BHE bar (bus high enable) on line 1724.
RAM 1770 is enable by the output of demultiplexer 1804. This demultiplexer is enabled by the output of demultiplexer 1796. The signals that enable demultiplexer 1796 are the output of OR gate 1780, and the A.0. and A19 signals on line 1412 from the address bus.
The inputs to OR gate 1780 are the MCS.0.-MCS3 bar signals output from microprocessor 1702 on line 1726. As stated, the output of OR gate 1780 output enables demultiplexers 1784 and 1796. The states of the outputs from these demultiplexers are controlled by high-order address bits A17 and A18 on line 1412.
The other output signals from demultiplexer 1784 are the TRNDH (trend high) signal on line 1786, the CHRENH (character/enhancement plane high) signal on line 1788 and the GRPHH (graphic plane high) signal on line 1790. These signals are also input to OR gate 1792. The word high in these signal names indicates the high-order address bits, 8-15, for a particular memory circuit in pixel circuitry 130.
The other output signals from demultiplexer 1796, are the GRPHL (graphic plane low) signal on line 1802, the CHRENL (character/enhancement plane low) signal on line 1800 and the TRNDL (trend low) signal on line 1798. These signals are also input to OR gate 1792. The word low is these signal names indicates the low-order address bits, 0-7, for a particular memory circuit in pixel circuitry 130.
The output of OR gate 1792 is the DRAM SEL (dynamic RAM select) signal on line 1406. The DRAM SEL signal is used in conjunction with other signals to select and write from a particular DRAM to the pixel memory circuits.
Demultiplexer 1804 has two other outputs. These are the COMM SEL signal on line 1778 and the SLAVE SEL signal on line 1504 previously discussed. These signals are output from the demultiplexer when it is not being used to enable RAM 1770.
The BHE bar (bus high enable) signal on line 1724 also assists in enabling RAM 1768 when the high order bits D8-15 are written onto or read.
The CLK OUT signal on line 1508 is the main clock signal for operating the display processor circuitry. The CLK OUT signal, through flip flop 1781, clocks controller 1776. However, because the data input and the Q bar output are tied, the controller is clocked every two CLK OUT pulses.
ROMs 1760, 1762, 1764 and 1766 and RAMs 1768 and 1770 are connected to data bus 1414 and address bus 1412 conventionally.
FIGS. 9A, 9B, and 9C show pixel circuitry 130. FIG. 9A shows the circuitry that generates a majority of the signals used by the circuitry shown in FIG. 9B.
The graphic plane refers to the scrolled information on the display screen. The character and enhancement planes refer to the fixed characters on the display screen.
Referring to FIG. 9A, the output of 24 MHz oscillator 1902, after being inverted by inverter 1904, is the PIX CLK signal on line 1906. This is the clock signal for clocking most of the pixel circuitry.
The PIX CLK signal clocks 4-bit counter 1908. The output signals from the 4-bit counter are input to EEPROMs 1910 and 1912, and latch 1926. EEPROMs 1910 and 1912 are enabled by a pull-up signal inverted by inverter 1940. The parallel 8-bit output of EEPROM 1910 is input to latch 1938. This latch is clocked by the PIX CLK signal. The following signals are output from this latch when clocked:
PROCRDWR bar (line 1946)--processor read/write. This provides a time window in which the processor can read from or write into memory.
PRCALST (line 1950)--processor address-latch strobe. It strobes the processor address latches.
DSPALST (line 1952)--display processor address-latch strobe. It strobes the display processor address latches.
CAS bar (line 1954)--column address latch strobe. It strobes the column address latches.
RAS bar (line 1956)--row address latch strobe. It strobes the row-address latches.
THS/CHRST (line 1958) --this/character strobe. It strobes different latches with data from the series memories for the graphic and character planes.
NXT/ENHST (line 1960)--next/enhancement strobe. It strobes to latch the next graphic plane and enhancement plane data.
GLSEL (line 1962)--a graphic latch select. It selects which graphic data latch is used for a 16-pixel area of the display screen.
The 8 bit output of EEPROM 1912 is input to latch 1964. This latch is clocked by the PIX CLK signal on the same clock pulse that latch 1938 is clocked. The 8 bit output of latch 1964 is input to latch 1968. This latch is clocked a half-clock pulse after latch 1964 because inverter 1963 is disposed in the clock line to latch 1968. The following signals are output by latch 1968:
RCSELP (line 1970)--row/column select for the processor memory.
RSCELD (line 1972)--row/column select for the display processor memory.
RCLCH (line 1974)--row/column select latch clock.
PROCWR bar (line 1976)--processor write. This signal is for writing data into the processor memory.
CEPS (line 1978)--character/enhancement plane select. This signal selects the proper character/enhancement plane.
ADVRFCT (line 1980) --the advanced refresh count. This signal is used by the DRAMs.
HORIZ ADV (line 1982)--horizontal advnce. This signal runs the graphic plane address counter.
WNDWSTRB (line 1984)--window strobe. This signal strobes the current graphic display addresses.
The inputs to CRT controller 1998 will now be discussed.
The RD bar and WR bar signals on lines 1402 and 1404, respectively, are input to OR gate 1986. The output of this gate is inverted by inverter 1988. The output of the inverter is input to the CRT controller 1998. This input strobes the horizontal address bits HI.0.-7 on line 2004 and the vertical address bits VI.0.-7 on line 2006. The contents of these signals are determined by the parallel 8 bit data bus signals D.0.-7 on line 1414 and parallel 4 bit address A1-A4 on line 1412.
The CRT SEL signal on line 1416 is input to controller 1998 after inversion by inverter 1992. This signal selects the controller's output chip.
The CHAR CLK (character clock) signal on line 2000 is generated by the terminal count of 4 bit counter 1908. The CHAR CLK signal is used for clocking the character plane functions. After being inverted, the CHAR CLK signal is input to the character clock input of controller 1998. It is also input to a data input of latch 1926 and the clock inputs of flip flops 2020 and 2024.
The data input to flip flop 2020 is the BLANK signal from controller 1998 on line 2002. This signal indicates the non-active portion of the horizontal and vertical scans. The Q output of flip flop 2020 is input to EEPROMs 1910 and 1912. The Q bar output of flip flip 2020 is input to the data input of flip flop 2024. The Q output of flip flop 2024 is the H/V BLANK bar signal on line 2026. This signal indicates the blank portions of the horizontal and vertical scans.
There are two other outputs from CRT controller 1998. The first is the V.SYNC bar signal on line 1344 (after being inverted by inverter 2010). The second is the H.SYNC signal on line 1370. These signals are input to the CRT driver (FIG. 7A) for driving the screen display.
The H/V BLANK bar signal is also a data input to latch 2028. This latch is clocked by the PIX CLK signal. The output of the latch is delayed 4 clock pulses by a series of tied inputs and outputs of the latch. The output of this latch is input to OR gate 2046. The other input to OR gate 2046 is the Q bar output of flip flop 2042. This flip flop is clocked by the output of decoder 2032 on line 2040. This decoder selects the display video function.
The enabling input to decoder 2032 is the VID FCN SEL signal on line 1418. Depending on the state of address bits A1-3, one of the four functions is selected.
If line 2034 is selected, flip flop 2050 is clocked. The Q output of flip flop 2050 is the GPS (graphic plane select) signal on line 2052.
If line 2036 is selected, flip flop 2054 is clocked. The Q output of flip flop 2054 is the BLINK (display blink) signal on line 2056.
If line 2038 is selected, it will clock flip flop 2058. The Q bar output of flip flop 2058 is input to the SEL A/B (A bar) input of multiplexer 2068. The signals input to the data inputs of multiplexer 2068 are the VID signal on line 2062 (input to the A.0. input) and its complement (input to the B.0. input). The state of the selection input determines whether the A.0. or B.0. inputs is selected for outputs as the VIDEO OUT signal on line 1360.
If line 2040 is selected, flip flop 2042 is clocked. The Q bar output of flip flop 2042 is the second input to OR gate 2046.
The output of OR gate 2046 is the signal that strobes multiplexer 2068 for output of the VIDEO OUT signal on line 1360.
The signal input to the data inputs of flip flops 2050, 2054, 2058 and 2042 is the D.0. signal from the data bus.
The inputs to latch 1926 are the 4 bit output of 4 bit counter 1908, the CHAR CLK signal on line 2000 and the GST (graphic plane strobe) signal on line 2018. When clocked, the outputs of the latch are the pixel address PIX.0.-3 signals on line 2012, the FRST PX signal on line 2014 and the GOLST signal on line 2016.
The FRST PX signal represents the first pixel word on the screen. The GOLST signal is the graphic plane output latch strobe signal. This strobes the current graphic plane output word.
FIG. 9B shows CRT memory control gate array 2102, scroll/pixel gate array 2190 and a series of DRAMs and latches used by both gate arrays. Many of the signals input to and output from both gate arrays have been described. Those signals will not be redescribed here.
Again referring to FIG. 9B, DRAMs 2118, 2120, 2122 and 2124 are used for graphic plane. DRAMs 2146, 2148, 2150, 2152, 2186, 2188, 2191, and 2200 are shared memory by character and enhancement planes, and by the trend section.
The parallel 8 bit GR.multidot.-7 (graphic plane address) signal is input to latch 2114. When clocked, the latch places the latch address values on address bus 2116. The parallel 8 bit CER.0.-7 (character/enhancement plane address) signal is input to latch 2142. When this latch is clocked, it places the latched address values on address bus 2144. Both latches are clocked by the RCLCH signal on line 1974.
The parallel 16 bit GMO.0.-15 signal on line 2126 is the 16 bit data bus that connects conventionally to the graphic plane DRAMs. The parallel 16-bit CETO.0.-15 signal on line 2160 is the 16-bit data bus that connects conventionally to the character/enhancement trend DRAMs. The CAS bar (column address strobe) signal on line 1954 and RAS bar (row address strobe) signal on line 1956 connected to each of the DRAMs and strobe them conventionally.
The high order data bits, D8-15, for the graphic plane DRAMs and the character/enhancement/trend DRAMs have separate output enable (OE bar) and write enable (WR bar) controls. This is also true for the low order bits, D.0.-7, for the graphic plane DRAMs and the character/enhancement/trend DRAMs. The following are the separate write enable and output enable signals for the DRMs.
OEGL (line 2104)--output enable graphic plane low (low means bits GMO.0.-7).
WEGL (line 2106)--write enable graphic plane low.
OEGH (line 2108)--output enable graphic plane high (high means bits GMO8-15).
WEGH (line 2110)--write enable graphic plane high.
OECEL (line 2130)--output enable character/enhancement plane low (low means bits CETO.0.-7).
WECEL (line 2132)--write enable character/enhancement plane low.
OECEH (line 2134)--output enable character/enhancement plane high (high means bits CETO8-15).
WECEH (line 2136)--write enable character/enhancement plane high.
OETL (line 2170)--output enable trend low (low means bits CETO.0.-7).
WETL (line 2172)--write enable trend low.
OETH (line 2174)--output enable trend high (high means bits CETO8-15).
WETH (line 2176)--write enable trend high.
The additional lines between CRT memory gate array 2102 and scroll/pixel gate array 2190 are the parallel 8 bit horizontal address bus HA.0.-7 on line 2182; the parallel 8 bit vertical address bus VA.0.-7 on line 2180; and the parallel 8 bit horizontal graphic address bus HGA.0.-7 on line 2184. These address busses are known by one skilled in the art without further explanation.
FIG. 9C is a schematic diagram of the analog output section of pixel circuitry 130.
The inputs to decoder 2302 are the WR bar signal on line 1404, the ANALOG SEL signal on line 1422 and the control inputs address bits A4-6 on line 1412.
The WR bar and ANALOG SEL signals enable the decoder. The address bits A4-6 select the output of the decoder.
The output of decoder 2302 on line 2306 is input to the WR bar input of analog switch 2316. This signal causes the analog inputs to the switch to be output. This output depends on the states of the control inputs. The control inputs are the the A1-3 signals from the address bus. The switch is enabled by the D.0. signal on line 1414.
The decoder output on line 2308 is input to the WR bar input of analog switch 2780. Similarly, the analog inputs to the switch are output according to the states of the control inputs, the A1-3 signals from the address bus. The switch is enabled by the D.0. signal on line 1414.
The decoder output on line 2304 is input to D/A convertor 2310. Data bits D.0.-11 from line 1414 control the output of the converter. The output of D/A convertor 2310 is amplified by amplifier 2312 and is input to the data inputs of analog switches 2316 and 2780.
When switch 2316 is enabled by the D.0. signal and the WR bar input has the proper state, the latched values are output to the selected analog output lines. This energizes at least one of analog output ports shown generally at 2322 after processing by the appropriate sample and hold circuit shown generally at 2320.
Analog switch 2780 writes in the same manner, if line 2308 is selected by decoder 2302. Analog switch 2780 can select among four output lines. The first is the V.sub.BEEP signal on line 1352. The second is the V.sub.VOL signal on line 1350. The third is the V.sub.CONTR signal on line 1362. The fourth is the ECG TRIG OUT signal on line 2398 which connects to ECG OUT connector 2400.
Each of the four outputs is processed by the appropriate sample and hold circuit shown generally at 2390.
The amplified output of D/A convertor 2310 is also input to comparator 2412. The other input to the comparator is the V.sub.BATT signal from the battery. The comparator determines if the proper battery voltage is present. The output of the comparator 2412 is input to line driver 2408.
The other input to driver 2408 is the output of comparator 2404. The inputs to this comparator are the +V volts signal and the voltage value of the ECG TRIG IN signal received from an external device.
When the line driver is enabled by the A/D SEL signal on line 1424, the signals input to line driver are placed on the D.0. and D7 bits of the data bus on line 1414.
FIGS. 10A, 10B and 10C show scroll/pixel gate array 2190 shown in FIG. 9B.
Referring to FIG. 10A, generation of the horizontal and the vertical address bits is now described.
The parallel 8 bit signal HI.0.-7 on line 2004 is input to latch 2502. The latch is enabled by the CHAR CLK signal on line 2000. The latch is lcocked by the PIX CLK signal on line 1906. When the latch enabled and clocked, the output is the parallel 8 bit signal HA.0.-7 (horizontal address bits) on line 2182.
The ADVRFCT signal on line 1980 is input to the clock inputs of 4 bit counters 2506 and 2508. 4 bit counter 2506 will count out, then its terminal count will start 4 bit counter 2508.
The 4 bit output of counter 2506 is input to multiplexer 2530. Also input to this multiplexer are the parallel 4 bit vertical addresses VI.0.-3 on line 2006. Similarly, the 4 bit output of counter 2508 and the parallel 4 bit vertical addresses VI4-7 on line 2006 are input to multiplexer 2530.
The selection of the 4 bit counter input or the VI.0.-3 input as the output of multiplexer 2530 is determined by the state of the H/V BLANK bar signal on line 2026. In like manner, whether the 4 bit counter input or the VI4-7 input is selected as output of multiplexer 2532 is determined by the state of the H/V BLANK bar signal.
The RCCLR signal on line 2504 is input to counters 2506 and 2508. This signal clears the counters.
The outputs of multiplexers 2530 and 2532 are input to latch 2536. When this latch is clocked by the PIX CLK signal, the latched values are output as the VA.0.-7 (vertical address bits) signals on line 2180.
Referring to FIG. 10B, the generation of the HGA.0.-7, the GST and the VERT INTR signals will now be described.
The SCROLL SEL signal on line 1420 and the WR bar signal on line 1404 are the enabling inputs to decoder 2590. Address bits A1-3 input on line 1412 control the output from decoder 2590.
One output from decoder 2590 is the RCCLR signal on 2504. This is used in FIG. 10A to clear counters 2506 and 2508. Four other outputs of decoder 2590 determine the state of the inputs to NAND gate 2660.
The first input to NAND gate 2660 is the output of the OR gate 2556. The inputs to this gate are the outputs of 8 bit magnitude comparator 2552.
The first input to comparator 2552 is the parallel 8 bit signal VI.0.-7 on line 2006. This signal is input to the P data inputs of 8 bit magnitude comparator 2552. The parallel 8 bit signal D.0.-7 from the data bus on line 1414 is input to latch 2554. This latch is clocked by an output of decoder 2590. When clocked, the D.0.-7 signal are iput to the Q data inputs of 8 bit magnitude comparator 2552.
The output of the comparator is based on satisfying the conditions P>Q bar and P=Q bar. These outputs are input to OR gate 2556. The output of this OR gate is input to NAND gate 2660.
The second input to NAND gate 2660 is the output of 8 bit magnitude comparator 2568. The output of this comparator is determined as follows:
The parallel 8 bit signal D.0.-7 from the data bus on line 1414 is input to latch 2604. The second output of decoder 2590 clocks latch 2604. When clocked, the 8 bit output of latch 2604 is input to the Q data inputs of 8 bit magnitude comparator 2568.
The parallel 8 bit sgnal VI.0.-7 on line 2006 is input to the P data inputs of comparator 2568. The output of this comparator is conditioned on satisfaction of P>Q bar. When this condition is satisfied, the signal output from the comparator changes state and is input to NAND gate 2660.
The third input to NAND gate 2660 is the output of 8 bit magnitude comparator 2614. The output of this comparator is determined as follows:
The parallel 8 bit signal HA.0.-7 on line 2182 is input to the P data inputs of 8 bit magnitude comparator 2614. The parallel 8 bit signal D.0.-7 from the data bus on line 1414 is input to latch 2613. The latch is clocked by the fourth output of decoder 2590. When clocked, the parallel 8 bit output of latch 2613 is input to the Q data inputs of comparator 2614. The 8 bit output of latch 2613 on line 2610 is also termed HEND.0.-7 (horizontal end of the graphic plane window address).
The output of 8 bit magnitude comparator 2614 is determined by satisfaction of the condition P>Q bar. When this condition is satisfied, the state of the output changes. The output of comparator 2614 is input to NAND gate 2660.
The fourth input to NAND gate 2660 is the output of OR gate 2626. The inputs to the gate are the outputs of 8 bit magnitude comparator 2624. The states of the comparator's outputs are determined as follows:
The 8 bit parallel signal HA.0.-7 on line 2182 is input to the P data inputs of comparator 2624. The parallel 8 bit signal D.0.-7 from the data bus on line 1414 is input to latch 2623. This latch is clocked by a third output of decoder 2590. When the latch is clocked, the parallel 8 bit output is input to the Q data inputs of comparator 2624. The outputs of comparator 2624 are conditioned on satisfying P>Q bar and P=Q bar. Satisfaction of these conditions changes the state of the outputs. The comparator outputs are input to OR gate 2626. The output of OR gate 2626 is the fourth input to NAND gate 2660.
The output of latch 2623 is also termed HBEG.0.-7 (horizontal beginning of the graphic plane window address). The parallel 4 bit signal HBEG.0.-3 is on line 2620 and the parallel 4 bit signal HBEG4-7 ison line 2622.
The output of 8 bit magnitude comparator 2568 is also input to flip flop 2562. This flip flop is clocked by the WNDWSTRB signal of line 1984.
The Q bar output of flip flop 2562 is the VERT INTR signal on line 1408. The VERT INTR signal is input to display processor 1702 (FIG. 8).
The output of NAND gate 2660 is input to flip flop 2670. This flip flop is clocked by the WNDWSTRB signal on line 1984. The preset input to flip flop 2670 is controlled by the Q output of flip flop 2662. The data input to flip flop 2662 is the D.0. signal on line 1414. The clock input is SSEL-7 from decoder 2590.
The Q output of flip flop 2670 is input to the selection inputs of multiplexers 2644 and 2658. The Q bar output is input to the selection inputs of multiplexers 2726 and 2728. The Q bar output is also input to NAND gate 2582.
The Q output of flip flop 2670 is input to the data input of flip flop 2676 and to AND gate 2686. Flip flop 2676 is clocked by the FRST PX signal on line 2014. The preset input to the flip flop is cnnected to the Q output of flip flop 2662.
When flip flop 2676 is clocked, its Q bar output is input to AND gate 2686. This signal also enables 4 bit counter 2692 and is input to the selection input of multiplexer 2694.
Having described each input to AND gate 2686, the output of this gate is the GMVE (graphic memory video enable) signal on line 2688. This signal causes blocking of the memory at the end of the graphic plane window.
The inputs to 4 bit counter 2692 will now be described.
The parallel 8 bit signal D.0.-7 on line 1414 is input to latch 2639. This latch is clocked by an output of decoder 2590. When clocked, the first 4 bits are input to 4 bit counter 2692. The remaining 4 bits are input to multiplexer 2644.
The PIX CLK signal on line 1906 is input to the clock input of 4 bit counter 2692. The parallel 4 bit output of counter 2692 is input to multiplexer 2694. The other input to multiplexer 2694 is the parallel 4 bit signal PIX.0.-3 on line 2012. Based on the control input to this multiplexer, either the 4 bit parallel PIX.0.-3 signal or the parallel 4 bit output of 4 bit counter 2692 is selected for output to latch 2708. The last input to latch 2708 is the FRST PX signal on line 2014.
When latch 2708 is clocked by the PIX CLK signal on line 1906, the output is the GPX.0. signal on line 2718, the GPX1 signal on line 2716, the GPX2 signal on line 2714 and the GPX3 signal on line 2712. These signals are the graphic plane pixel select lines.
The final output of latch 2708 is the FPXL signal on line 2710. This signal is for latching the first pixel word. The GPX.0.-3 signals are input to NAND gate 2720. The output of NAND gate 2720 is input to OR gate 2724. The second input to that gate is the FPXL signal on line 2710. The output of OR gate 2724 is the GST (graphic plane strobe) signal on line 2018.
4 bits of the output of latch 2639 are input to multiplexer 2644. The other parallel 4 bit signal input to multiplexer 2644 is the HBEG.0.-3 signal on line 2620. The output selection input to multiplexer 2644 is the Q output of flip flop 2670.
The output of multiplexer 2644 is input to 4 bit counter 2702. This counter is enabled by the output of NOR gate 2682. The inputs to the NOR gate are as follows:
A first input is the Q bar output of flip flop 2670.
Now, the second input will be described.
The parallel 8 bit signal SC.0.-7 on line 2576 is input to the P data inputs of 8 bit magnitude comparator 2572. The parallel 8 bit signal HEND.0.-7 is input to the Q data inputs of the comparator. The output of the comparator is conditioned on the satisfaction of P>Q bar. The satisfaction of this condition changes the signal's state.
The output of 8 bit magnitude comparator 2572 is input to inverter 2580. The inverter's output is input to NAND gate 2582. The second input to this gate is the WNDEF bar signal on line 2581. The WNDEF bar signal determines if the current window available for scrolling is scrolled or not.
The third input to NAND gate 2582 is the Q bar output of the flip flop 2670. The output of NAND gate 2582 is the second input to NOR gate 2682.
Once enabled by the output of NOR gate 2682, the 4 bit counter 2702 is clocked by the PIX CLK signal on line 1906. This signal is inverted by inverter 2659. As such, counter 2702 is clocked one half clock pulse after other cmponents clocked by the PIX CLK signal.
The parallel 4 bit output of 4 bit counter 2702 is input to multiplexer 2726. The output is also the parallel 4 bit signal SC.0.-3 on line 2576. These are used as the graphic plane count bits for the scrolled areas.
The other input to multiplexer 2726 is the parallel 4 bit signal HA.0.-3 on line 2182. Based on the state of the Q bar output of flip flop 2670, one of the 4 bit inputs is output as the HGA.0.-3 signal. These are 4 bits of the 8 bits of the horizontal graphic plane address.
The parallel 8 bit signal D.0.-7 on line 1414 is input to latch 2652. The latch is clocked by an output of decoder 2590. When clocked, the first 4 bits are input to multiplexer 2658. The other 4 bit input to multiplexer 2658 is the parallel 4 bit signal HBEG4-7 on line 2622. According to the state of the Q output of flip flop 2670, one of the 4 bit inputs is selected and output from the multiplexer.
The output of multiplexer 2658 is input to 4 bit counter 2704. The terminal count of 4 bit counter 2702 starts counter 2704. The output of NOR gate 2682 enables 4 bit counter 2704.
The HORIZ ADV signal is input to the trigger input of counter 2702 for controlling the count.
The output of 4 bit counter 2704 is input to multiplexer 2728. This ouput is also the 4 bit SC4-7 signal (on line 2576). These are the remaining horizontal graphic plane count bits for the scroll areas.
The second input to multiplexer 2728 is the parallel 4 bit signal HA4-7 on line 2182. Based on the state of the Q bar output of flip flop 2670, one of the 4 bit inputs is output as the HGA4-7 signal on line 2184.
FIG. 10C shows generation of the VID signal on line 2062. The VID signal controls the information on the display screen.
With respect to the character plane, the parallel 4 bit signal PIX.0.-3 on line 2012 is input to latch 2802. This latch is clocked by the PIX CLK signal on line 1906. When clocked, the parallel 4 bit output is input to the control inputs of the 16 bit data selector 2822. The signals output by latch 2802 are also termed the PIX.0.L-3L signals on line 2804.
The data inputs to 16 bit data selector 2822 are the CETO.0.-15 signals on line 2160 after being latched twice.
The CETO.0.-7 signals on line 2160 are input to latch 2806 and the CETO8-15 signals on line 2160 are input to latch 2814. Both latches are clocked by the THS/CHRST signal on line 1956. The output of latch 2806 is input to latch 2808 and the output of latch 2814 is input to latch 2818. Latches 2808 and 2818 are clocked by the FPXL signal on line 2710. When clocked, the outputs of these latches are input to the sixteen data inputs of 16 bit data selector 2822. Based on the states of the PIX.0.L-3L signals, an output is selected. The selected output is input to latch 2852.
With respect to the enhancement plane, the CETO.0.-7 signals are input to 16 bit data selector 2848 after first being latched by latches 2826 and 2830. Similarly, the CETO8-15 signals input to 16 bit data selector 2848 are first latched by latch 2840 and then by latch 2844.
The first set of latches, 2826 and 2840, are clocked by the NXT/ENHST signal on line 1960. The second set of latches, 2830 and 2844, are clocked by the FPXL signal on line 2710.
The parallel 4 bit signal PIX.0.L-3L on line 2804 is input to the control inputs of data selector 2848. The output of 16 bit data selector 2848 is input to latch 2852.
A third input to latch 2852 is the BLINK signal discussed previously.
The fourth input to latch 2852 is associated with the graphic plane.
The control input to 16 bit data selector 2888 is the 4 bit GPX.0.-3 signal on lines 2718, 2716, 2714 and 2712.
The graphic plane data is double latched like the character and the enhancement plane data. The GMO.0.-7 signals on line 2126 are latched first by latch 2860 and then by latch 2884 before input to data selector 2888. The GMO8-15 signals on line 2126 are latched first by latch 2864 and then by latch 2886 before input to data selector 2888. The TH.0.-15 signals (on line 2862), shown at the outputs of latches 2860 and 2864, are signal designations to show the connection of the first set of latches to the input lines the latches 2884 and 2886 when this first set of latch is clocked by the THS/CHRST signal on line 1956.
The second set of latches, 2884 and 2886 are clocked by the GOLST signal on line 2016. When the second set of latches are clocked, their data is input to the 16 data inputs of 16 bit data selector 2888.
In a second instance, the GMO.0.-7 signal are latched first by latch 2880 and then latch 2884. The GMO8-15 signals are first latched by latch 2882 and then latch 2886.
In this case, the first sets of latches, 2880 and 2882, are clocked by the NXT/CHRST signal on line 1960. The second set of latches, 2884 and 2886, are clocked by the GOLST signal on line 2016.
The two first sets of latches, namely 2860 and 2864, and 2880 and 2882, are output enabled by an asynchronous flip flop consisting of NAND gates 2868 and 2872, and inverter 2866. One output of the flip flop connects to the output enable inputs of latches 2860 and 2864. The other output of the flip flop connects to the output enable inputs of latches 2880 and 2882. The GLSEL is input to the flip flop on line 1962. The state of the GLSEL signal determines which first set of latches is output enabled.
Once the data is input to 16 bit data selector 2888, the output of the data selector is enabled by the GMVE signal on line 2688. When enabled, thw selected output is input to latch 2852. The PIX CLK signal on line 1906 clocks latch 2852. The outputs of latch 2852 are input to a series of logic gates. These gates are inverters 2894 and 2902, NAND gates 2898 and 2910, and NOR gate 2922. Processing of the outputs of latch 2852 by these gates is known by one skilled in the art without further explanation.
The output of NOR gate 2922 is input to the data input of flip flop 2930. The PIX CLK signal on line 1906 clocks flip flop 2930. When clocked, the Q output is the VID signal on line 2062.
FIG. 11 shows the CRT memory control gate array.
The DRAM SEL signal in line 1406 clocks flip flop 3058. The Q output of flip flop 3058 is the data input of flip flop 3062 which is clocked by the PIX CLK signal on line 1906.
The Q output of flip flop 3062 is input to the data input of flip flop 3059. This output is also input to the data input of multiplexer 3078. This multiplexer's output is the DARDY signal on line 1410.
The Q bar ouptut of flip flop 3062 is input to the preset input of flip flop 3059, to NAND gate 3074 and to the clear bar input of flip flop 3070. The clock input to flip flop 3059 is the PROCRDWR signal on line 3002.
The Q output of flip flop 3059 is tied to two inputs of NAND gate 3055. The other input to NAND gate 3055 is the WR bar signal on line 1404. The output of NAND gate 3055 is the ACTWR bar signal on line 3001. The ACTWR bar signal indicates that the microprocessor is actively writing into a DRAM.
The Q bar output of flip flop 3059 is input to the data input of flip flop 3070. The PROCRDWR bar signal on line 1946 clocks flip flop 3070. The Q output of flip flop 3070 is the second input to NAND gates 3074. The output of NAND gate 3074 is input to the preset input of the flip flop 3058.
Generation of the high and low output enable and write enable signals for the graphic plane, character/enhancement plane and trend section will be described.
Referring to FIG. 11, the write enable signals for the graphic plane, character/enhancement plane and trend section are determined by the outputs of NAND gates 3004, 3006, 3008, 3010, 3012 and 3014. Two inputs to each gate are the same. These inputs are the ACTWR bar signal on line 3001 and the PROCWR bar signal on line 1976. The third signal input to a particular NAND gate is one of the six signals generated by the display processor for use in determining the selection of the graphic plane high or low, character/enhancement plane high or low, and trend section high or low.
The GRPHH signal on line 1790 is the third input to NAND gate 3004, whose output is the signal WEGH on line 2110. The GRPHL signal on line 1802 is the third input to NAND gate 3006, whose output is the WEGL signal on line 2106. The CHRENH signal on line 1788 is the third input to NAND gate 3008, whose outputs is the WECEH signal on line 2136. The CHRENL signal on line 1800 is the third input to NAND gate 3010, whose output is the WECEL signal on line 2132. The TRNDH signal on line 1786 is the third input to NAND gate 3012, whose output is the WETH signal on line 2176. The TRNDL signal on line 1798 is the third input to NAND gate 3014, whose output is the WETL signal on line 2172.
The first input to NOR gates 3016, 3018, 3020 and 3022 is the PROCRDWR signal on line 3002. The second input to NOR gate 3016 is the GRPHH signal. The output of NOR gate 3016 is the OEGH signal on line 2108. The second input to NOR gate 3018 is the GRPHL signal. The output of NOR gate 3018 is the OEGL signal on line 2104. The second input to NOR gate 3020 is the CHRENH signal. The output of NOR gate 3020 is the OECEH signal on line 2134. The second input to NOR gate 3022 is the CHRENL signal. The output of NOR gate 3022 is the OECEL signal on line 2130.
The first two inputs to NAND gate 3024 are the PROCRDWR bar signal on line 1946 tied to two inputs. The third input is the TRNDH signal on line 1786. The first input to NAND gate 3026 is the PROCRDWR bar signal on line 1946. The second and third inputs are the TRNDL signal on line 1798 tied to two inputs.
The output of NAND gate 3024 is the OETH signal on line 2174. The output of NAND gate 3026 is the OETL signal on line 2170.
The inputs to NOR gate 3034 are the CHRENH signal on line 1788 and the TRNDH signal on line 1786. The output of NOR gate 3034 is the OECETH signal on line 3042.
The inputs to NOR gate 3038 are the CHRENL signal on line 1800 and the TRNDL signal on line 1798. The output of NOR gate 3038 is the OECETL signal on line 3044.
Bus buffers 3045 and 3047 are for transferring data from the data bus, D.0.-15, to the graphic plane memory outputs, GMO.0.-15. The low order bits are handled by bus buffer 3045 and the high order bits are handled by bus buffer 3047. In like manner, bus buffers 3102 and 3112 are for transferring data from the data bus, D.0.-15, to the character/enhancement/trend memory outputs, CETO.0.-15. The low order bits are handled by bus buffer 3102. The high order bits are handled by bus buffer 3112.
The signal enabling bus buffer 3045 is the output of NAND gate 3032. The inputs to NAND gate 3032 are the WR bar signal on line 1404, the PROCRDWR bar signal on line 1946 and the GRPHL signal on line 1802.
The signal enabling bus buffer 3047 is the output of NAND gate 3030. The inputs to this gate are the WR bar signal on line 1404, the PROCRDWR bar signal on line 1946, and the GRPHH signal on line 1790.
The signal enabling bus buffer 3102 is the output of NAND gate 3040. The inputs for the NAND gate 3040 are the WR bar signal on line 1404, the PROCRDWR bar signal on line 1946 and the OECETL signal on line 3044.
The signal enabling bus buffer 3112 is the output of NAND gate 3036. This gate's inputs are the WR bar signal on line 1404, PROCRDWR bar signal on line 1946 and the OECETH signal on line 3042.
Latches 3090 and 3096 are to transfer data from the graphic plane memory outputs to the data bus. Latches 3104 and 3110 are to transfer data from the character/enhancement/trend memory outputs to the data bus. All four latches are clocked by the PROCRDWR bar signal on line 1946. However, each of the four latches are output enabled by a different NAND gate. One input to the four NAND gates is the DT/R (R bar) signal on line 1428. The second signal input to each gate will now be described.
NAND gate 3080 output enables latch 3090. This latch transfers data from the low order bits of the graphic plane memory outputs, GMO.0.-7, to the low order bits of the data bus, D.0.-7. The second signal input to NAND gate 3090 is the GRPHL signal on line 1802.
NAND gate 3092 output enables latch 3096. The latch transfers data from the high order bits of the graphic plane memory outputs, GMO8-15, to the high order bits of the data bus, D8-15. The second signal input to NAND gate 3096 is the GRPHH signal on line 1790.
NAND gate 3098 output enables latch 3104. Latch 3104 transfers data from the low order bits of the character/enhancement/trend memory outputs, CETO.0.-7, to the low order bits of the data bus, D.0.-7. The second input to NAND gate 3098 is the OECETL signal on line 3044.
NAND gate 3106 output enables latch 3110. Latch 3110 transfers data from the high order bits of the character/enhancement/trend memory outputs, CETO8-15, to the high order bits of the data bus, D8-15. The second input to NAND gate 3106 is the OECETH signal on line 3042.
Latch 3130 transfers the vertical address information in the VA.0.-7 signals to the graphic plane addresses, GR.0.-7. Latch 3146 transfers the vertical address information in the VA.0.-7 signals to the character/enhancement plane addresses, CER.0.-7.
Latch 3140 transfers the horizontal address information in the HGA.0.-6 signals and the GPS signal to the graphic plane addresses, GR.0.-7. Latch 3148 transfers the horizontal address information in the HA.0.-6 signals and the CEPS signal to the character/enhancement plane addresses, CER.0.-7.
The signal that clocks latches 3130, 3140, 3146 and 3148 is the DSPALST signal on line 1952.
Enablement of these four latches is determined by an asynchronous flip flop comprising NAND gates 3116 and 3120, and inverter 3114. The output of NAND gate 3116 of the flip flop is input to NAND gate 3124. The output of NAND gate 3120 of the flop flop is input to NAND gate 3128. The second input to NAND gates 3124 and 3128 is the DSPALST signal on line 1952.
The ouput of NAND gate 3124 is input to the output enable inputs of latches 3140 and 3148 (for the horizontal addresses). The output of NAND gate 3128 is input to the output enable inputs of latches 3130 and 3146 (for the vertical addresses).
The RSCELD signal on line 1976 is input to the flip flop. When the DSPALST signal has the proper state, the state of the RSCELD signal determines the row or column address information transferred.
Latch 3142 transfers the row address information in the A1-8 signals to the graphic plane addresses, GR.0.-7. Latch 3150 transfers the row address information in the A1-8 signals to the character/enhancement plane addresses, CER.0.-7.
Latch 3144 transfers the column address information in the A9-16 signals to the graphic plane addresses, GR.0.-7. Latch 3175 transfers the column address information in the A9-16 signals to the character/enhancement plane addresses, CER.0.-7.
The signal that clocks latches 3142, 3144, 3150 and 3175 is the PRCALST signal on line 1950.
Enablement of the four latches is determined by an asynchronous flip flop comprising NAND gates 3162 and 3166, and inverter 3180. The output of NAND gate 3162 of the flip flop is input to NAND gate 3170. The output of NAND gate 3166 of the flop flop is input to NAND gate 3172. The second input to NAND gates 3170 and 3172 is the PRCALST signal on line 1950.
The output of NAND gate 3170 is input to the output enable inputs of latches 3144 and 3175 (for the column addresses). The output of NAND gate 3172 is input to the output enable inputs of latches 3142 and 3150 (for the row addresses).
The RCSELP signal is input to the flip flop on line 1970. When the PRCALST signal has the proper state, the state of the RCSELP signal determines the row or column address information transferred.
FIG. 12 shows the digital output board 140 (FIG. 1). The TxD signal on line 1510, the RxD signal on line 1512, the DRT signal on line 1514, the DSR signal on line 1516, the RTS signal on line 1518 and the CTS signal on line 1520 are for communications between controller 1776 (FIG. 8) and an external device connected to digital connector 3302.
The optional digital output connector 3304 is also shown in FIG. 12. The RD bar signal on line 1402, the WR bar signal on line 1404, the parallel 8 bit data bus signal D.0.-7 on line 1414, the DT/R (R bar) signal on line 1428, the parallel 3 bit address bus A1-3 on line 1412, the SLAVE SEL signal on line 1504, the SLAVE INTR signal on line 1506 and the CLK OUT signal on line 1508 are for communications with and control of an external device by the microprocessor 1702 (FIG. 8).
Referring to FIG. 13, the knob board 144 and five button panel 48 for control of the system of the present invention are shown.
Manual movement of knob 3410 changes the output to flip flops 3416 and 3426. The knob output to flip flop 3416 is processed by Schmitt trigger 3414 before input. The knob output to flip flop 3426 is processed by Schmitt trigger 3424 before input.
Flip flops 3416 and 3426 are clocked by the V.SYNC signal on line 1344. When flip flop 3416 is clocked, the Q output is input to the data input of flip flop 3420. The output of flip flop 3416 is also one of the inputs to exclusive OR gate 3438.
When flip flop 3426 is clocked, the Q bar output is input to the data input of flip flop 3430. The Q bar output is also input to exclusive OR gates 3436 and 3440.
Flip flops 3420 and 3430 are clocked by the V.SYNC signal on line 1344. When these flip flops are clocked, the Q bar output of flip flop 3430 is the second input to exclusive OR gate 3440 and the Q bar output of flip flop 3420 is the second input to exclusive OR gates 3436 and 3438.
The outputs of exclusive OR gates 3438 and 3440 are input to exclusive OR gate 3446.
The output of exclusive OR gate 3446 is input to buffer 3204. The output of exclusive OR gate 3436 is also input to buffer 3204. Another data input to buffer 3204 is the Q bar output of flip flop 3403. The Q bar output is tied to four inputs of buffer 3204. The D.0. signal on line 1414 from the data bus is input to the data input of the flip flop.
Flip flop 3403 is clocked by the output of NAND gate 3415. The inputs to this NAND gate are the WR bar signal on line 1404 and the DISP SEL signal on line 1602.
The output of NAND gate 3417 enables buffer 3204. The inputs to NAND gate 3417 are the RD bar signal on line 1402 and the DISP SEL signal on line 1602.
When the buffer is enabled, the outputs from exclusive OR gates 3436 and 3446 are placed on the data bus, D8 and D9. The output from flip flop 3403 is input to alarm circuitry 3408 and used to drive selected alarms.
The output of NAND gate 3417 is also the output enable input to buffer 3484. The data inputs to buffer 3484 are the output of alarm switch 3452, the outputs of ON/STBY switch 3456, the output of HELP switch 3460 and the outputs of BUTTONS 1-5, shown at 3464, 3468, 3472, 3476 and 3480, respectively. The buttons and switches are the operator interface for system operation and control. When the buffer is enabled, the values of above-described inputs are placed on the data bus for transmission to microprocessor 1702.
The system powering the improved gas analyzer system is power supply 158, rectifier 160 and DC-DC converter 162. It is a split system with a first half powering the display section and the second half powering the analog section. Each half of the system has its own battery backup. This system is conventional and known to those skilled in the art.
FIG. 14 shows a block diagram of the software modules for the display and analog processors. For reference purposes, the software program listing, attached as Appendix 1, is divided into seven sections: MAIN, ACQ, GAS, SERVER, COMM, DISPLAY, and MENU. The modules will be described and the areas of the software program that correspond to a particular module will be indicated. An example of a code citation for identifying the location of a specific module is as follows: MAIN. In FIG. 14, the solid lines indicate data flow and the dashed lines indicate control flow.
The Initialization subroutines for both the display side and analog side power up the system and carry out initial start functions and tests. Analog Initialization subroutines 3508 are found at MAIN. Display Initialization subroutines 3572 are at MAIN.
The master Control Server is display Control Server 3566. Analog Control Server 3522 is slaved to master Control Server 3566. The Control Servers control overall system operations. The subroutines of display Control Server 3566 monitor the buttons, knobs and switches of the control panel and appropriately adjust system operations based on their positions. Both the analog and display Control Servers provide data to their respective Scheduler subroutines 3506 and 3562 on "what to run". Analog Control Server subroutines 3522 are found at MAIN. Display Control Server subroutines 3566 are found at MENU.
Analog Scheduler 3506 and display Scheduler 3562 manage the processes and events for their respective sides. The Schedulers insure the programmed functions for each side are carried out. Analog Scheduler subroutines 3506 are located in the code at MAIN. Display Scheduler subroutines 3562 are also located at MAIN.
The Scheduler subroutines for both the analog and display side also include Clock Server subroutines. The Clock Server subroutines manage system timing of all events. Analog Clock Server subroutines 3507 are found at MAIN. Display Clock Server subroutine 3563 are also found at MAIN.
Acquisition Server 3504 accesses the raw data from the A/D converter. It provides this data to Analog Measurement Tasks (AMT) subroutines 3528 to produce numerical output values. It also provides this data to Waveform Server subroutines 3530 to produce waveforms. Acquisition Server subroutines 3504 are found at ACQ.
Waveform Server 3530 is the programming for transforming raw data into waveform data. The Waveform Server subroutines acquire data from Acquisition Server subroutines 3504, process it and transfer the data to Communications Server subroutines 3552 that links the analog and display sides. Waveform Server subroutines 3530 are found at SERVER.
Analog Measurement Tasks (AMT) 3528 transform the raw data to usable information for display and output purposes. AMT subroutines 3528 are found at GAS.
Display Measurement Tasks (DMT) 3560 carry out data distribution to Trend Server subroutines 3584, Alarm Server subroutines 3588, Display Server subroutines 3592, Digital Output Server subroutines 3596, and Analog Output Server subroutines 3600. The DMT subroutines are found at GAS.
Analog Data Distribution Buffer (ADDB) 3531 and Display Data Distribution Buffer (DDDB) 3561 serve as common locations for access to fast data. ADDB structures 3531 are found at COMM. DDDB structures are also found at COMM.
Communications Server 3552 communicates data between the analog and the display sides. These subroutines are found out at COMM.
Display Server 3592 links to DMT subroutines 3560 and DDDB structures 3561. The Display Server subroutines receive the data from the DMT subroutines and the DDDB structures, and process the data for numerical and graphical display. The Display Server subroutines can be found at DISPLAY.
Trend server 3584 stores historical data from the DMT subroutines and provides it to Display Server subroutines 3592, Digital Output Server subroutines 3596 and Analog Output Server subroutines 3600 when ordered by Control Server subroutines 3562 via Scheduler subroutines 3566. Trend Server subroutines 3584 can be found in the code at MAIN.
Alarm Server 3588 links to the DMT subroutines and receives data from those subroutines. For output purposes, the Alarm Server subroutines provide data for both audible and visual alarms to the Display Server subroutines. Alarm Server subroutines 3588 are found at MAIN.
Digital Output Server 3596 processes the data from DMT subroutines 3560 and DDDB structures 3561 for digital output to external devices. This server's subroutines can be found at COMM.
Analog Output Server 3600 processes streams of output waveform and value data from the DMT subroutines and DDDB structures 3561 for output to external devices. The subroutines for this server are found SERVER.
The software operations will now be discussed.
At system start up, Initialization subroutines 3508 and 3572 initialize values for the system and conduct certain tests. In this procedure, data about the system is sent to Scheduler subroutines 3506 and 3562. Initialization subroutines 3508 and 3572 also start the Clock Servers subroutines 3567 and 3563, respectively.
The initialized Analog Scheduler subroutines 3506 query the analog Control Server subroutines 3522 for what processes to run. Analog Control Server subroutines 3522 are slaved to display Control Server subroutines 3566. The display Control Server runs a subroutine for a buttons and knobs check. As the result of the buttons and knobs check, analog Control Server subroutines 3522 determine the AMT subroutines to run and send data to the Analog Scheduler subroutines as to the AMT subroutines to run.
Analog Scheduler subroutines 3506 and AMT subroutines 3528, based on the data from analog Control Server subroutines 3522, provide control information to Acquisition Server subroutines 3504. The Acquisition Server subroutines, when commanded, access the A/D converter data on line 3502. Acquisition Server subroutine 3504 buffers the data until the Analog Scheduler subroutines direct that the data be sent to AMT subroutines 3528 and Waveform Server subroutines 3530. AMT subroutines 3528 and Waveform Server subroutines 3530 transform the data according to their respective programming.
The Analog Scheduler subroutines acknowledge that data is being sent to AMT subroutines 3528 and Waveform Server subroutines 3530. The Analog Scheduler subroutines command the AMT subroutines to run for slow data and command Waveform Server subroutines 3530 to run for fast data.
AMT subroutines 3528 calculate the common equations used by all of the gases, e.g., the flow rate, pressure in the optical bench and temperature in the optical bench. These subroutines also calculate the partial pressure for each gas. Further, these subroutines calculate the position for superimposing the "I" and "E" on the capnogram to indicate the transition points betweeen inspiration/expiration and expiration/inspiration.
The AMT subroutines can have other subroutines which can be commanded to run other types of measurement calculations, e.g., SaO.sub.2 measurement tasks.
Analog Scheduler subroutines 3506 continuously direct Waveform Server subroutines 3530 to run for fast data. Waveform Server subroutines 3530 send the transformed fast data to ADDB structures 3531. Analog Scehduler subroutines 3506 command Communications Server subroutines 3552 to acquire the fast data in the ADDB structures and transmit it to DDDB structures 3561.
Analog Clock Server subroutines 3507 time the events carried out by the AMT subroutines and the Waveform Server subroutines.
Analog Scheduler subroutines 3506, based on the subroutines of Clock Server subroutines 3507, instruct Communications Server subroutines 3552 to buffer data from Waveform Server subroutines 3530 and AMT subroutines 3528. Communications Server subroutines 3552 buffer data, and when time-out is reached, transfer the data to DMT subroutines 3560 and DDDB structures 3561 on the display side.
Now referring to the display side:
DMT subroutines 3560 receive data from the Communications Server subroutines as commanded by Display Scheduler subroutines 3562 and display Control Server subroutines 3566. The DMT subroutines carry out their required measurement tasks on the slow data.
The data output by DMT subroutines 3560 is input to the five output type servers. Scheduler subroutines 3562 command Trend Server subroutines 3584, Alarm Server subroutines 3588, Display Server subroutines 3592, Digital Output Server subroutines 3596, and Analog Output Server subroutines 3600 to receive specific data according to their progaramming.
Once the data is received, the repsective server subroutines process the the data for output, or in the case of the Trend Server, process the data for historical purposes.
Display Scheduler subroutines 3562 command Display Server subroutines 3592, Digital Output Server subroutines 3596 and Analog Output Server subroutines 3600 to access the fast data in the DDDB structures 3561. After accessing the data, each processes it according to its programming.
FIG. 15 shows a representative screen display of the multichannel gas analyzer system of the invention.
The end-tidal and inspired gas concentration for CO.sub.2, N.sub.2 O and ethrane are shown generally at 3601, 3602 and 3604, respectively. Also, the breath rate is shown generally at 3606.
A CO.sub.2 capnogram is shown generally at 3608. Superimposed on the capnogram at the inspiration and expiration transition points are the "I" and "E" markings referred to previously.
The terms and expressions which are employed here are terms of description and not of limitation. There is no intention, in the use of such terms and expressions, to exclude the equivalents of the features shown and described, or portions thereof, it being recognized that various modifications are possible within the scope of the invention as claimed. ##SPC1## ##SPC2## ##SPC3## ##SPC4## ##SPC5## ##SPC6## ##SPC7## ##SPC8## ##SPC9## ##SPC10## ##SPC11## ##SPC12##

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Multichannel gas analyzer and method of use

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US Referenced Citations (95)

Non-Patent Literature Citations (28)

Entry
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