Patent Grant
10952621
This application claims the benefit of China Patent Application No. 2017/11266579.6 filed Dec. 5, 2017, the content of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
Embodiments herein relate to multimode analyte sensors. In particular, embodiments herein relate to optoelectronic interfaces for multimode analyte sensors for use with implantable medical devices.
In the context of diagnosis and monitoring of patients, clinicians frequently evaluate many different pieces of data about their patients including physical observations, descriptions of symptoms, test results, and the like. One aspect that testing can reveal is the physiological concentration of chemical analytes such as electrolytes for the patient. Chemical analyte concentrations can be important to know because of their effect on various organs and bodily functions. In many cases, chemical analyte concentrations are assessed by drawing a fluid sample (or other sample) from the patient followed by an in vitro assay.
Embodiments herein relate to optoelectronic interfaces for multimode analyte sensors for use with implantable medical devices. In a first aspect, an implantable medical device is included. The implantable medical device can include a first chemical sensor including an optical excitation assembly comprising a first visible spectrum emitter, a second visible spectrum emitter, and at least one of a near-infrared (NIR) emitter and an ultraviolet emitter. The first chemical sensor can also include an optical detection assembly including a colorimetric response detector, and a photoluminescent response detector. The first chemical sensor can also include a multimode sensing element including a colorimetric response element specific for a first chemical analyte, a photoluminescent response element specific for a second chemical analyte.
In a second aspect, in addition to one or more of the preceding or following aspects, or in the alternative to some aspects, a low-pass optical filter disposed over or in the photoluminescent response detector can be included.
In a third aspect, in addition to one or more of the preceding or following aspects, or in the alternative to some aspects, the colorimetric response detector and the photoluminescent response detector can be integrated as a single unit.
In a fourth aspect, in addition to one or more of the preceding or following aspects, or in the alternative to some aspects, the colorimetric response detector and the photoluminescent response detector can be separate units.
In a fifth aspect, in addition to one or more of the preceding or following aspects, or in the alternative to some aspects, the multimode sensing element can include an outer barrier layer forming a top, a bottom, and opposed sides of the sensing element; the outer barrier layer defining an interior volume. The colorimetric response element and the photoluminescent response element can both be disposed throughout the interior volume.
In a sixth aspect, in addition to one or more of the preceding or following aspects, or in the alternative to some aspects, the top of the outer barrier layer can include an analyte window.
In a seventh aspect, in addition to one or more of the preceding or following aspects, or in the alternative to some aspects, the analyte window is opaque to the passage of light.
In an eighth aspect, in addition to one or more of the preceding or following aspects, or in the alternative to some aspects, the multimode sensing element can include an outer barrier layer forming a top, a bottom, and opposed sides of the sensing element. The outer barrier layer can define an interior volume and polymeric beads can be disposed within the interior volume. The colorimetric response element and the photoluminescent response element can both be disposed on or within the polymeric beads.
In a ninth aspect, in addition to one or more of the preceding or following aspects, or in the alternative to some aspects, a second chemical sensor can be included. The second chemical sensor can include an optical excitation assembly including a first visible spectrum emitter, a second visible spectrum emitter, and at least one of a near-infrared (NIR) emitter and an ultraviolet emitter. The second chemical sensor can include an optical detection assembly comprising a colorimetric response detector and a photoluminescent response detector. The second chemical sensor can also include a multimode sensing element including a colorimetric response element specific for a third chemical analyte and a photoluminescent response element specific for a fourth chemical analyte.
In a tenth aspect, in addition to one or more of the preceding or following aspects, or in the alternative to some aspects, a housing can be included and a circuit board can be disposed within the housing, the housing having a top surface and a bottom surface, the multimode sensing element disposed on or within the top surface.
In an eleventh aspect, in addition to one or more of the preceding or following aspects, or in the alternative to some aspects, an electrode can be disposed on or within the bottom surface of the housing.
In a twelfth aspect, in addition to one or more of the preceding or following aspects, or in the alternative to some aspects, the circuit board can have a U-shaped portion and an overlapping portion adjacent to the U-shaped portion that overlaps other portions of the circuit board, the electrode attached to the overlapping portion.
In a thirteenth aspect, in addition to one or more of the preceding or following aspects, or in the alternative to some aspects, the housing can be a translucent epoxy.
In a fourteenth aspect, in addition to one or more of the preceding or following aspects, or in the alternative to some aspects, the circuit board can include side wings angled upward, and at least one of the first visible spectrum emitter, the second visible spectrum emitter, the near-infrared (NIR) emitter and the ultraviolet emitter can be disposed on a top surface of at least one side wing and pointed inward.
In a fifteenth aspect, in addition to one or more of the preceding or following aspects, or in the alternative to some aspects, at least one of the first visible spectrum emitter, the second visible spectrum emitter, the near-infrared (NIR) emitter and the ultraviolet emitter are disposed on a top surface of at least one side wing and pointed inward at an angle of 5 to 60 degrees with respect to a plane perpendicular to a middle portion of the circuit board.
In a sixteenth aspect, in addition to one or more of the preceding or following aspects, or in the alternative to some aspects, a translucent optical body member is included and the multimode sensing element is disposed on or within a top side of the translucent optical body member and the optical excitation assembly and the optical detection assembly are disposed on or within a bottom side of the translucent optical body member.
In a seventeenth aspect, in addition to one or more of the preceding or following aspects, or in the alternative to some aspects, the bottom side of the translucent optical body member includes one or more flat portions and one or more angled portions and the optical excitation assembly is disposed at least partially on the one or more angled portions and the optical detection assembly is disposed at least partially on the one or more flat portions.
In an eighteenth aspect, in addition to one or more of the preceding or following aspects, or in the alternative to some aspects, the translucent optical body member includes a cured translucent adhesive material.
In a nineteenth aspect, in addition to one or more of the preceding or following aspects, or in the alternative to some aspects, the translucent optical body member includes a translucent polymer material.
In a twentieth aspect, in addition to one or more of the preceding or following aspects, or in the alternative to some aspects, a plurality of optical shrouds can be included and can be disposed between adjacent elements of the optical excitation assembly and/or optical detection assembly.
This summary is an overview of some of the teachings of the present application and is not intended to be an exclusive or exhaustive treatment of the present subject matter. Further details are found in the detailed description and appended claims. Other aspects will be apparent to persons skilled in the art upon reading and understanding the following detailed description and viewing the drawings that form a part thereof, each of which is not to be taken in a limiting sense. The scope herein is defined by the appended claims and their legal equivalents.
Aspects may be more completely understood in connection with the following drawings, in which:
While embodiments are susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specifics thereof have been shown by way of example and drawings, and will be described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the scope herein is not limited to the particular embodiments described. On the contrary, the intention is to cover modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope herein.
Implantable analyte sensors can be used to gather data about physiological analytes while a patient is away from a medical care facility and without needing to draw blood or another fluid from the patient. The clinical value of data provided by implanted sensors increases (possibly exponentially) with the number of different analytes that can be observed simultaneously.
However, maximum device volume, complexity and surface area are severely constrained in the context of implanted devices. As such, the inclusion of additional sensors to increase the number of different analytes detected can negatively affect physical dimensions, circuit complexity, manufacturability, durability, yield and usability.
In accordance with embodiments herein, multimodal sensors (and in particular, chronically implanted multimodal sensors) can be used to detect multiple different analytes with each sensing element and thus allow for the detection of multiple different analytes without substantially increasing the overall complexity, size and power consumption of the device.
In various embodiments herein, implantable medical devices are equipped with multimodal analyte sensors. In particular, various analyte sensors herein can operate using both colorimetric sensing and photoluminescent sensing. Colorimetric sensing is accomplished using an indicator or moiety that changes its color upon binding with an analyte of interest and the resulting color change is then captured. Photoluminescent sensing (including, but not limited to, fluorescence and phosphorescence) operates very differently than colorimetry. Photoluminescent sensing is accomplished using an indicator or moiety that involves optical absorption and re-emission (typically at a longer wavelength) via a phosphor. Multimodal chemical (or analyte) sensors herein, such as bimodal sensors, can include both colorimetric sensing components and photoluminescent sensing components within the same sensing element such that the number of analytes can be multiplied without increasing the overall size and complexity of the device to the same degree that would otherwise be required if only unimodal analyte sensors were used.
Referring now to
The IMD 100 can also include analyte sensors 106 and 108 coupled to the implantable housing 102. Analyte sensors 106, 108 can each be configured to detect one or more analytes, such as an ion concentration of a bodily fluid, when implanted in the body. In various embodiments herein, analyte sensors 106, 108 are multimodal sensors as described more fully below. Bodily fluids can include blood, interstitial fluid, serum, lymph, serous fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, and the like.
In some embodiments, analyte sensors 106, 108 can each be configured to detect two or more analytes selected from ions, electrolytes, proteins, sugars, hormones, peptides, amino acids, metabolic products or the like. In some embodiments, the analyte sensors 106, 108 can be configured to detect an ion selected from the group consisting of potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, lithium, hydronium, hydrogen phosphate, chloride, bicarbonate, and the like. In some embodiments, the sensors 106, 108 can be configured to detect creatinine or glucose. However, many other physiological analytes are also contemplated herein and are discussed further below.
It will be appreciated that the analyte sensors 106, 108 can be positioned at any location along IMD 100, including along the implantable housing 102 and along the header 104. It will also be appreciated that though
The IMB 100 can take on various dimensions. In a particular embodiment herein, the IMB 100 can be approximately 2 to 3 inches in length, 0.4 to 0.6 inches wide, and 0.15 to 0.35 inches thick. However, in some embodiments, the IMB 100 can be about 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, or 5.0 inches in length. In some embodiments, the length can be in a range wherein any of the foregoing lengths can serve as the upper or lower bound of the range, provided that the upper bound is greater than the lower bound. In some embodiments, the IMB 100 can be about 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, or 2.0 inches in width. In some embodiments, the length can be in a range wherein any of the foregoing widths can serve as the upper or lower bound of the range, provided that the upper bound is greater than the lower bound. In some embodiments, the IMD 100 can be about 0.10, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 or 1.0 inches thick. In some embodiments, the thickness can be in a range wherein any of the foregoing thicknesses can serve as the upper or lower bound of the range, provided that the upper bound is greater than the lower bound.
Referring now to
Referring now to
Each analyte window 308 can be formed from a permeable material, such as an ion permeable polymeric matrix material. Many different materials can be used as the ion permeable polymeric matrix material. In some embodiments, the ion permeable polymeric matrix material can be a hydrogel. In some embodiments, the ion permeable polymeric matrix material can be polyhydroxyethyl methacrylate (polyHEMA) either as a homopolymer or a copolymer including the same. The ion permeable polymeric matrix material(s) can be chosen based on its permeability to one or more of an electrolyte, a protein, a sugar, a hormone, a peptide, an amino acid, or a metabolic product. Specific ion permeable polymeric matrix material are discussed in more detail below. In some embodiments, the analyte window 308 can be opaque to the passage of light in one or more of the visible, ultraviolet (UV), or near-infrared (NIR) frequency spectrums.
While
In accordance with the embodiments herein, some of the analyte sensors can also include a bioerodible masking layer disposed on or over the exterior surface of the analyte sensor or the analyte window (if one is included) so as to shield the analyte sensors from the implant environment until a predetermined point in time. Masking layer can be formed from various bioerodible polymers including, but not limited to, polylactic acid, poly-L-lactic acid, and derivatives thereof. Additional masking layer materials and their physical properties suitable for use with the embodiments herein are described more fully below.
Referring now to
Implantable housing 102 can define an interior volume 404 that in some embodiments is hermetically sealed off from the area 406 outside of the IMD. The IMD can include circuitry 408, which can be disposed within the interior volume 404, within the header (see 104 in
The circuitry 408 can include a control circuit and can be configured to receive (directly or indirectly) a signal from the optical detection assembly or cause another component to receive a signal from the optical detection assembly.
In some embodiments, the circuitry 408 can be configured to calculate a concentration of two or more analytes using signals received from the optical detection assembly. In the context of a colorimetric mode, this can be done by comparing the amplitude of signals at two or more frequencies and then calculating a concentration of the analyte based on the comparison. Many different specific techniques can be used for calculating a concentration based on a colorimetric signal or signals. In the context of a photoluminescent mode, this can be done by measuring the amplitude of a signal(s) at a characteristic response frequency wherein the amplitude correlates to a concentration of a particular analyte. However, in other cases, concentration of the analyte can be determined by calculating a response-time constant and then determining a concentration based on a correlation to the calculated response-time constant. Many different specific techniques can be used for calculating a concentration based on a photoluminescent signal or signals.
It will be appreciated that signal(s) herein can be subject to various intermediate steps including, but not limited to, filtering, amplification, analog to digital conversion, digital to analog conversion, and the like.
A telemetry interface 422 can be provided for communicating with external devices such as a programmer, a home-based unit, and/or a mobile unit (e.g., a cellular phone, portable computer, etc.). In some embodiments telemetry interface 422 can be provided for communicating with implanted devices such as a therapy delivery device (e.g. a pacemaker or cardioverter-defibrillator) or a monitoring-only device (e.g. an implantable loop recorder). In some embodiments, the circuitry can be implemented remotely, via either near-field, far-field, conducted, intra-body, or extracorporeal communication, from instructions executing on any of the external or the implanted devices, etc. In some embodiments, the telemetry interface 422 can be located within implantable housing 102. In some embodiments, the telemetry interface 422 can be located in header 104.
The optical excitation 312, 313 and optical detection 314 assemblies of the analyte sensors embodied herein can be in electrical communication with the circuitry 408 within the interior volume 404. In some embodiments, the control circuitry 408 can be configured to selectively activate the optical excitation 312, 313 and optical detection 314 assemblies of the analyte sensors embodied herein.
Referring now to
Referring now to
In some embodiments, the implantable housing 102 (see
In some embodiments, the implantable housing 102 (see
It will be appreciated that outer barrier layer 604, or portions thereof such as the bottom 606, can be made from a transparent polymer matrix material to allow for optical communication between the sensing element 602 and optical excitation 611, 613, 615 and optical detection 616, 617 assemblies. In will be appreciated, however, that bottom 606 of sensing element 602 may or may not be a discrete material or layer. For example, in some embodiments, bottom 606 and the transparent member 614 may be layers of different materials or may be the same type of material.
The optical excitation assemblies 611, 613, 615 can be configured to illuminate the sensing element 602. Optical excitation assemblies 611, 613, 615 can include a light source such as a light emitting diode (LED), vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs), electroluminescent (EL) devices, and the like. Optical excitation assemblies herein can include broadband emitters and narrowband emitters. In some embodiments, optical excitation assemblies herein can emit electromagnetic waves primarily at a particular frequency or frequency band (primary frequency). Some optical excitation assemblies herein can produce light within the visible spectrum (e.g., 395 nm to 700 nm) and some can produce light within the ultraviolet (UV) spectrum (e.g., 10 nm to 395 nm), or near-infrared (NIR) spectrum (e.g., 700 nm to 1.5 or 2.0 μm). Some optical excitation assemblies herein can produce electromagnetic waves at frequencies outside of the preceding frequency ranges. In some embodiments, each optical excitation assembly can include a single emitter. In other embodiments, each optical excitation assembly can include more than one emitter, such as 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or more emitters. In some particular embodiments, each analyte (or chemical) sensor herein can include one or two emitters operating within the visible spectrum and at least one emitter selected from those operating with the UV spectrum and those operating within the near-infrared (NIR) spectrum.
The optical detection assemblies 616, 617 can receive light and generate a signal. In some embodiments an optical filter 618, such as a low pass optical filter or a band pass optical filter can be disposed over at least one of the optical detection assemblies. The optical detection assemblies 616, 617 can be in communication with other circuitry of the device in order to deliver the signal for further processing. Optical detection assemblies 616, 617 can include a component selected from the group consisting of a photodiode, a phototransistor, a charge-coupled device (CCD), a junction field effect transistor (JFET) optical sensor, a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) optical sensor, an integrated photo detector integrated circuit, a light to voltage converter, and the like. Optical excitation 611, 613, 615 and optical detection 616, 617 assemblies are discussed in further detail below. Briefly, however, the optical excitation assemblies can be configured to emit light at one or more visible spectrum frequencies, at one or more ultraviolet frequencies, or one or more near-infrared (NIR) frequencies. While two optical excitation assemblies are shown in combination with a single optical detection assembly, it will be appreciated that the numbers of excitation assemblies and detection assemblies are not so limited. Indeed, various numbers of excitation assemblies and detection assemblies are specifically contemplated herein.
The sensing element 602 can be multimodal. By way of example, the sensing element 602 can be both colorimetric and photoluminescent. For example, the sensing element 602 can include a colorimetric response element specific for a first chemical analyte and a photoluminescent response element specific for a second chemical analyte. In some cases, the photoluminescent response element is fluorescent. In some cases, the photoluminescent response element is phosphorescent. As such, the sensing element can include response elements of a first type 622 and response elements of a second type 624. In some cases, response elements of the first type 622 can be colorimetric while the response elements of the second type 624 can be photoluminescent. In some cases, response elements of the first type 622 can be photoluminescent while the response elements of the second type 624 can be colorimetric. In some embodiments, both the response elements of the first type 622 and the response elements of the second type 624 can be fluorescent, but they can operate in a non-overlapping manner, such that one is triggered by wavelength A and one is triggered by wavelength B, and wavelengths A and B are not the same.
In the example illustrated by
The response elements (first type 622 and second type 624) in
In some embodiments, multiple sensing elements can be used. In some cases, response elements of different types can be segregated into different sensing elements. Referring now to
Each sensing element 602, 704 can include an outer barrier layer formed, in full or in part, from a permeable material, such as the ion permeable polymeric matrix materials as described below. The outer barrier layer can include a bottom, and opposed sides surrounding an interior volume of sensing elements 602, 704. In some embodiments, analyte window 308 can be integrated with and/or form the top of the outer barrier layer of one or both sensing elements. In other embodiments, the analyte window can be a separate structure.
The optical excitation assemblies 611, 613, 615 can be configured to illuminate the sensing elements 602, 704. Optical detection assembly 314 can be configured to detect light reflected from or emitted by the sensing element 602, 704.
The sensing element 602, 704 can be multimodal. The sensing element 602, 704 can include response elements of a first type 622 and response elements of a second type 624. Response elements of the first type 622 can be colorimetric while the response elements of the second type 624 can be photoluminescent. In some cases, response elements of the first type 622 can be photoluminescent while the response elements of the second type 624 can be colorimetric.
Referring now to
Referring now to
In some embodiments, other components can be mounted on the overlapping segment 934. By way of example, in some embodiments, a surface component (e.g., a component that is mounted on or within the surface of the implantable housing 102 or header 104) can be mounted on the overlapping segment 934. As a specific example, an electrode 936 can be mounted on the overlapping segment 934 and can be in contact with the surface of the header 104 such that the electrode 936 contacts tissues of the body when the device is implanted.
In some embodiments, one or more portions of the circuit board 830 (or similar support structure) can be angled in order to allow for components to be flush-mounted onto the circuit board 830 and yet be pointed in a desirable direction with respect to other components of the system.
Referring now to
The arrangement of
In some embodiments, a body member or similar structure can be used as a structure to which other components are attached. Such a body member or similar structure can facilitate proper placement of components as well as facilitate mounting of the components either within a header or a housing (such as within an aperture in the header or housing).
Referring now to
A body member 1202 can be included and can interface with portions of a wall member 1270 can may be part of an exterior wall of the housing 102 or header 104. In some embodiments, the body member 1202 can have pre-formed cavities to accommodate light fiber or air pockets for a desired light path between the optical excitation assemblies 312, 313, 1212, 1213 and the sensing elements 302, 304 and/or between the sensing elements 302, 304 and the optical detection 314, 1214 assemblies. The body member 1202 can include pans (or depressions or cavities) into which sensing element 302 and sensing element 304 can be disposed. In some embodiments, an analyte window 308 can be disposed over the sensing elements. In some embodiments, the analyte window can be an integrated portion of the sensing elements. In some embodiments, a guard or membrane 1230 can be disposed over the analyte window 308. In some embodiments, the guard or membrane 1230 can be opaque to the passage of light in the visible, UV and/or NIR frequency spectrums.
The optical excitation assemblies 312, 313, 1212, and 1213, and optical detection assemblies 314, 1214 can be mounted on a surface of the body member 1202. For example, such components can be mounted on a bottom surface of the body member 1202 (a surface that is opposite the surface wherein the pans or depressions are disposed). In some embodiments, portions of the bottom surface of the body member 1202 can be angled with respect to the sensing elements in order to result in better directional alignment with the sensing element 302 and sensing element 304. In some embodiments, optical excitation assemblies 312 and 313 can be mounted on discrete portions of the bottom surface of the body member 1202 that are angled toward the sensing element 302, while the optical detection assembly 314 can be mounted on a substantially flat non-angled portion, which in some cases can be direction below the sensing element 302. Similarly, in some embodiments, the optical excitation assemblies 1212, 1213 can be mounted on discrete portions of the bottom surface of the body member 1202 that are angled toward the sensing element 304, while the optical detection assembly 1214 can be mounted on a substantially flat non-angled portion.
The body member 1202 can be formed from various materials. In some embodiments, the body member 1202 can be formed of a transparent polymer, glass, or the like. In some embodiments, the body member 1202 can be pre-formed and then other components can be mounted thereon. In other embodiments, the body member 1202 can be formed in-situ by holding components in place and then using a flowable composition (such as a polymeric composition and/or adhesive composition) that can then be cooled or cured to form a solid material.
Referring now to
Analyte Sensors
Analyte sensors herein can be of various types. In some embodiments, the physiological concentration of an analyte is sensed directly. In other embodiments, the physiological concentration of an analyte is sensed indirectly. By way of example, a metabolite of a particular analyte can be sensed instead of the particular analyte itself. In other embodiments, an analyte can be chemically converted into another form in order to make the process of detection easier. By way of example, an enzyme can be used to convert an analyte into another compound that is easier to detect. For example, the hydrolysis of creatinine into ammonia and N-methylhydantoin can be catalyzed by creatinine deiminase and the resulting ammonia can be detected by an analyte sensor. In some embodiments, analyte sensors herein can include at least two functional elements: a receptor and a transducer. It will be appreciated that other elements can also be included. The receptor part of an analyte sensor can transform analyte information into a form of energy or signal that can be measured by the transducer. The transducer can transform and/or convey the energy or signal carrying the analyte information so as to provide a useful analytical signal.
Analyte sensors can include optical devices that utilize changes of optical phenomena or properties, which are the result of an interaction of the analyte with the receptor part of the sensor. Such optical properties can include: absorbance, caused by the absorptivity of the analyte itself or by a reaction with some suitable indicator; reflectance, using a bodily component, tissue, or fluid, or using an immobilized indicator; photoluminescence, based on the measurement of the intensity of light emitted by a chemical reaction in the receptor system; fluorescence, measured as the positive emission effect caused by irradiation or selective quenching of fluorescence; refractive index, measured as the result of a change in solution composition, in some cases including surface plasmon resonance effects; optothermal effects, based on a measurement of the thermal effect caused by light absorption; light scattering; or the like. In some embodiments, optical analyte sensors can include an optode.
Analyte sensors can also include electrochemical devices that transform the effect of the electrochemical interaction between an analyte and an electrode into a useful signal. Such sensors can include voltammetric sensors, including amperometric devices. Also included are sensors based on chemically inert electrodes, chemically active electrodes and modified electrodes. Also included are sensors with and without (galvanic sensors) a current source. Sensors can also include potentiometric sensors, in which the potential of the indicator electrode (ion-selective electrode, redox electrode, metal oxide electrode, or the like) is measured against a reference electrode. Sensors can include chemically sensitized field effect transistors (CHEMFET) in which the effect of the interaction between the analyte and the active coating is transformed into a change of the source-drain current. Sensors can include potentiometric solid electrolyte gas sensors.
Analyte sensors can also include electrical devices based on measurements, where no electrochemical processes take place, but the signal arises from the change of electrical properties caused by interaction with the analyte. Such sensors can include metal oxide semiconductor sensors based on reversible redox processes of analyte gas components, organic semiconductor sensors, based on the formation of charge transfer complexes, which modify the charge carrier density, electrolytic conductivity sensors, and electric permittivity sensors.
Analyte sensors can also include mass sensitive devices that transform the mass change at a specially modified surface into a change of a property of the support material. The mass change can be caused by accumulation of the analyte. Such sensors can include piezoelectric devices based on the measurement the frequency change of the quartz oscillator plate caused by adsorption of a mass of the analyte at the oscillator and surface acoustic wave devices that depend on the modification of the propagation velocity of a generated acoustical wave affected by the deposition of a definite mass of the analyte.
Analyte sensors can also include magnetic devices based on the change of paramagnetic properties of a gas being analyzed. Analyte sensors can also include thermometric devices based on the measurement of the heat effects of a specific chemical reaction or adsorption that involves the analyte.
In one example of the operation of an optical analyte sensor, analytes of interest from the in vivo environment can diffuse into an analyte sensing element causing a detectable change in the optical properties of the analyte sensing element. Light can be generated by an optical excitation device or emitter, such as an LED or similar device, and can pass through the optical window and into the analyte sensing element. Light can then either be preferentially reflected from or re-emitted by the analyte sensing element proportionally to the sensed analyte and pass back through the optical window before being received by a light detection device or receiver, such as a charge-coupled device (CCD), a photodiode, a junction field effect transistor (JFET) type optical sensor, of complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) type optical sensor. Various aspects of exemplary analyte sensors are described in greater detail in U.S. Pat. No. 7,809,441, the content of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. In another example of the operation of an optical analyte sensor, the optical properties of a tissue or fluid in the body can be directly analyzed. By way of example, light can be generated by an optical excitation device that can be delivered to a component, tissue, or fluid in the body and a light detection device can be used to sense an optical property of the light that has interfaced with the component, tissue, or fluid.
In accordance with the embodiments herein, some sensing element(s) can include one or more ion-selective sensors. Ion-selective sensors may either rely on surface phenomena or on concentration changes inside the bulk of a phase. Ion-selective sensors can include optical sensors, including both non-carrier optical sensors and carrier-based optical sensors, and ion-selective electrodes (ISEs). In some embodiments, the ion-selective sensor is fluorimetric, and can include a complexing moiety and a fluorescing moiety. Fluorimetric ion-selective sensors can exhibit differential fluorescent intensity based upon the complexing of an analyte to a complexing moiety. In some embodiments, the ion-selective sensor can be colorimetric, and can include a complexing moiety and a colorimetric moiety. Colorimetric ion-selective sensors can exhibit differential light absorbance based upon the complexing of an analyte to a complexing moiety.
In some embodiments, the ion-selective sensor comprises a non-carrier or carrier-based fluorescent or colorimetric ionophoric composition that comprises a complexing moiety for reversibly binding an ion to be analyzed, and a fluorescing or colorimetric moiety that changes its optical properties as the complexing agent binds or releases the ion. The complexing agents of the invention can optionally be appended with one or more organic substituents chosen to confer desired properties useful in formulating the ion sensing composition. By way of example, the substituents can be selected to stabilize the complexing agent with respect to leaching into the solution to be sensed, for example, by incorporating a hydrophobic or polymeric tail or by providing a means for covalent attachment of the complexing agent to a polymer support within the ion-selective sensor.
In some embodiments, the sensing element can include ion-selective sensors such as an ionophore or a fluorionophore. Suitable ionophores for use with the embodiments herein can include, but not be limited to, sodium specific ionophores, potassium specific ionophores, calcium specific ionophores, magnesium specific ionophores, and lithium specific ionophores. Suitable fluorionophores for use with the embodiments herein can include, but not be limited to, lithium specific fluoroionophores, sodium specific fluoroionophores, and potassium specific fluoroionophores.
Exemplary ion-selective sensors and methods for their use are disclosed in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 7,809,441, the contents of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
Colorimetric and Photoluminescent Chemistries
Colorimetric response elements herein can be specific for a particular chemical analyte. Colorimetric response elements can include an element that changes color based on binding with or otherwise complexing with a specific chemical analyte. In some embodiments, a colorimetric response element can include a complexing moiety and a colorimetric moiety. Those moieties can be a part of a single chemical compound (as an example a non-carrier based system) or they can be separated on two or more different chemical compounds (as an example a carrier based system). The colorimetric moiety can exhibit differential light absorbance on binding of the complexing moiety to an analyte.
Photoluminescent response elements herein can be specific for a particular chemical analyte. Photoluminescent response elements herein can include an element that absorbs and emits light through a photoluminescent process, wherein the intensity and/or wavelength of the emission is impacted based on binding with or otherwise complexing with a specific chemical analyte. In some embodiments, a photoluminescent response element can include a complexing moiety and a fluorescing moiety. Those moieties can be a part of a single chemical compound (as an example a non-carrier based system) or they can be separated on two or more different chemical compounds (as an example a carrier based system). In some embodiments, the fluorescing moiety can exhibit different fluorescent intensity and/or emission wavelength based upon binding of the complexing moiety to an analyte.
Some chemistries may not require a separate compound to both complex an analyte of interest and produce an optical response. By way of example, in some embodiments, the response element can include a non-carrier optical moiety or material wherein selective complexation with the analyte of interest directly produces either a colorimetric or fluorescent response. As an example, a fluoroionophore can be used and is a compound including both a fluorescent moiety and an ion complexing moiety. As merely one example, (6,7-[2.2.2]-cryptando-3-[2″-(5″-carboethoxy)thiophenyl]coumarin, a potassium ion selective fluoroionophore, can be used (and in some cases covalently attached to polymeric matrix or membrane) to produce a fluorescence-based K+ non-carrier response element.
An exemplary class of fluoroionophores are the coumarocryptands. Coumarocryptands can include lithium specific fluoroionophores, sodium specific fluoroionophores, and potassium specific fluoroionophores. For example, lithium specific fluoroionophores can include (6,7-[2.1.1]-cryptando-3-[2″-(5″-carboethoxy)furyl]coumarin. Sodium specific fluoroionophores can include (6,7-[2.2.1]-cryptando-3-[2″-(5″-carboethoxy)furyl]coumarin. Potassium specific fluoroionophores can include (6,7-[2.2.2]-cryptando-3-[2″-(5″-carboethoxy)furyl]coumarin and (6,7-[2.2.2]-cryptando-3-[2″-(5″-carboethoxy)thiophenyl]coumarin.
Suitable fluoroionophores include the coumarocryptands taught in U.S. Pat. No. 5,958,782, the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference. Such fluorescent ionophoric compounds can be excited with GaN blue light emitting diodes (LEDs) emitting light at or about 400 nm. These fluorescent ionophoric compounds have ion concentration dependent emission that can be detected in the wavelength range of about 450 nm to about 470 nm.
Some chemistries can rely upon a separate complexing entity (e.g., a separate chemical compound). As an example, carrier based response elements can include a compound, in some cases referred to as an ionophore, that complexes with and serves to carry the analyte of interest. In some embodiments, carrier based response elements include a lipophilic ionophore, and a lipophilic fluorescent or colorimetric indicator dye, called a chromoionophore. In some cases the chromoionophore and the ionophore can be dispersed in, and/or covalently attached to, a hydrophobic organic polymeric matrix. The ionophore can be capable of reversibly binding ions of interest. The chromoionophore can be a proton selective dye. In operation, analytes of interest are reversibly sequestered by the ionophores within the organic polymer matrix. To maintain charge neutrality within the polymer matrix, protons are then released from the chromoionophore, giving rise to a color or fluorescence change. As just one specific example, a carrier based response element can include potassium ionophore III, chromoionophore I, and potassium tetrakis(4-chlorophenyl)borate dispersed in a polymer matrix made from polyvinylchloride and bis(2-ethylhexyl)sebacate surfactant to produce a colorimetric sensing element.
Both non-carrier based response elements and carrier-based response elements can include complexing moieties. Suitable complexing moieties can include cryptands, crown ethers, bis-crown ethers, calixarenes, noncyclic amides, and hemispherand moieties as well as ion selective antibiotics such as monensin, valinomycin and nigericin derivatives.
Those of skill in the art can recognize which cryptand and crown ether moieties are useful in complexing particular cations, although reference can be made to, for example, Lehn and Sauvage, “[2]-Cryptates: Stability and Selectivity of Alkali and Alkaline-Earth Macrocyclic Complexes,” J. Am. Chem. Soc, 97, 6700-07 (1975), for further information on this topic. Those skilled in the art can recognize which bis-crown ether, calixarene, noncyclic amides, hemispherand, and antibiotic moieties are useful in complexing particular cations, although reference can be made to, for example, Buhlmann et al., “Carrier-Based Ion-Selective Electrodes and Bulk Optodes. 2. Ionophores for Potentiometric and Optical Sensors,” Chem. Rev. 98, 1593-1687 (1998), for further information on this topic.
By way of example cryptands can include a structure referred to as a cryptand cage. For cryptand cages, the size of the cage is defined by the oxygen and nitrogen atoms and the size makes cryptand cages quite selective for cations with a similar diameter. For example a [2.2.2] cryptand cage is quite selective for cations such as K+, Pb+2, Sr+2, and Ba+2. A [2.2.1] cryptand cage is quite selective for cations such as Na+ and Ca+2. Finally, a [2.1.1] cryptand cage is quite selective for cations such as Li+ and Mg+2. The size selectivity of cryptand cages can aid in the sensitivity of chemical sensing. When these cryptand cages are incorporated into physiologic sensing systems heavier metals such as Pb+2 and Ba+2 are unlikely to be present in concentrations which interfere with the analysis of ions of broader physiological interest such as Na+ and K+.
In some embodiments, sensing elements can operate using multiple non-overlapping fluorescence modes. For example, two or more fluorescent indicators can be used with one triggered by a first wavelength “A” of light and one triggered by a different wavelength “B” of light. Many combinations of colorimetric and photoluminescent sensing elements are contemplated herein.
Further aspects of colorimetric and photoluminescent sensors and components thereof are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,809,441 and 8,126,554, the content of which is herein incorporated by reference.
Optical Excitation and Detection Assemblies
In some embodiments, the optical excitation assembly can include solid state light sources such as GaAs, GaAlAs, GaAlAsP, GaAlP, GaAsP, GaP, GaN, InGaAlP, InGaN, ZnSe, or SiC light emitting diodes or laser diodes that excite the sensing element(s) at or near the wavelength of maximum absorption for a time sufficient to emit a return signal. However, it will be understood that in some embodiments the wavelength of maximum absorption/reflection varies as a function of concentration in the colorimetric sensor.
In some embodiments, the optical excitation assemblies can include other light emitting components including incandescent components. In some embodiments, the optical excitation assemblies can include a waveguide. The optical excitation assemblies can also include one or more bandpass filters, high pass filter, low pass filter, antireflection elements, and/or focusing optics.
In some embodiments, the optical excitation assemblies can include a plurality of LEDs with bandpass filters, each of the LED-filter combinations emitting at a different center frequency. According to various embodiments, the LEDs can operate at different center-frequencies, sequentially turning on and off during a measurement, illuminating the sensing element(s). As multiple different center-frequency measurements are made sequentially, a single unfiltered detector can be used in some embodiments. However, in some embodiments, a polychromatic source can be used with multiple detectors that are each bandpass filtered to a particular center frequency.
The sensing element(s) can include one or more types of indicator beads having embedded therein various types of ion-selective sensors. Physiological analytes of interest can diffuse into and out of the sensing element(s) and bind with an ion-selective sensor to result in a fluorimetric or colorimetric response. Reference analytes can similarly diffuse into and out of the sensing element(s) and serve as a control sample. Exemplary ion-selective sensors are described more fully below.
The optical detection assembly can be configured to receive light from the sensing element(s). In an embodiment, the optical detection assembly can include a component to receive light. By way of example, in some embodiments, the optical detection assembly can include a charge-coupled device (CCD). In other embodiments, the optical detection assembly can include a photodiode, a junction field effect transistor (JFET) type optical sensor, or a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) type optical sensor. In some embodiments, the optical detection assembly can include an array of optical sensing components. In some embodiments, the optical detection assembly can include a waveguide. In some embodiments, the optical detection assembly can also include one or more bandpass filters and/or focusing optics. In some embodiments, the optical detection assembly can include one or more photodiode detectors, each with an optical bandpass filter tuned to a specific wavelength range. For example, in some embodiments, the optical detection assembly can include a colorimetric response detector and a photoluminescent response detector. Each of the colorimetric response detector and the photoluminescent response detector can be a component for receiving light described above, but in some cases can be sensitive to a specific wavelength range, such as a photodiode detector, each with an optical filter to allow it to be tuned to a specific wavelength range. In some embodiments, the colorimetric response detector and the photoluminescent response detector can be integrated as a single unit. In other embodiments, the colorimetric response detector and the photoluminescent response detector can be separate units.
The optical excitation and detection assemblies embodied herein, can be integrated using bifurcated fiber-optics that direct excitation light from a light source to one or more sensing element(s), or simultaneously to sensing element(s) and a reference channel. Return fibers can direct emission signals from the sensing element(s) and the reference channels to one or more optical detection assemblies for analysis by a processor, such as a microprocessor. In some embodiments, the optical excitation and optical detection assemblies are integrated using a beam-splitter assembly and focusing optical lenses that direct excitation light from a light source to the sensing element and direct emitted or reflected light from the sensing element to an optical detector for analysis by a processor.
Ion-Permeable Polymeric Matrix Materials
As referenced above, the analyte window and/or outer barrier layer of each sensing element can be formed of an ion-permeable polymeric matrix material in some embodiments. Suitable polymers for use as the ion-permeable polymeric matrix material can include, but are not limited to polymers forming a hydrogel. Hydrogels herein can include homopolymeric hydrogels, copolymeric hydrogels, and multipolymer interpenetrating polymeric hydrogels. Hydrogels herein can specifically include nonionic hydrogels. In some embodiments, hydrogels herein can be prepared from polymerization of various monomers or macromers including one or more of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate (HPMA), acrylamide, acrylic acid, N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAm), methoxyl polyethylene glycol monoacrylate (PEGMA), and the like. In some embodiments, polymers can include, but are not limited to polyhydroxyethyl methacrylate (polyHEMA), cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, dextran, polyacrylamides, polyhydroxyalkyl acrylates, polyvinyl pyrrolidones, and mixtures and copolymers thereof. In some embodiments, suitable polymers for use with the ion-permeable polymeric matrix described herein include those that are transparent.
Physiological Analytes
Examples of physiological analytes that can be measured in accordance with chemical sensors of embodiments herein can include, but are not limited to, electrolytes, hormones, proteins, sugars, metabolites, and the like.
Chemical sensors herein can be directed at a specific analyte or a plurality of different analytes. In an embodiment, the analyte sensed is one or more analytes relevant to cardiac health. In an embodiment, the analyte sensed is one or more analytes indicative of renal health. The analyte sensed can be an ion or a non-ion. The analyte sensed can be a cation or an anion. Specific examples of analytes that can be sensed include acetic acid (acetate), aconitic acid (aconitate), ammonium, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), bromate, calcium, carbon dioxide, cardiac specific troponin, chloride, choline, citric acid (citrate), cortisol, copper, creatinine, creatinine kinase, fluoride, formic acid (formate), glucose, hydronium ion, isocitrate, lactic acid (lactate), lithium, magnesium, maleic acid (maleate), malonic acid (malonate), myoglobin, nitrate, nitric-oxide, oxalic acid (oxalate), oxygen, phosphate, phthalate, potassium, pyruvic acid (pyruvate), selenite, sodium, sulfate, urea, uric acid, and zinc. Inorganic cations sensed by this method include but not limited to hydronium ion, lithium ion, sodium ion, potassium ion, magnesium ion, calcium ion, silver ion, zinc ion, mercury ion, lead ion and ammonium ion. Inorganic anions sensed by this method include but not limited to carbonate anion, nitrate anion, sulfite anion, chloride anion and iodide anion. Organic cations sensed by this method include but are not limited to norephedrine, ephedrine, amphetamine, procaine, prilocaine, lidocaine, bupivacaine, lignocaine, creatinine and protamine. Organic anions sensed by this method include but not limited to salicylate, phthalate, maleate, and heparin. Neutral analytes sensed by this method include but not limited to ammonia, ethanol, and organic amines. In an embodiment, ions that can be sensed include potassium, sodium, chloride, calcium, and hydronium (pH). In a particular embodiment, concentrations of both sodium and potassium are measured. In another embodiment, concentrations of both magnesium and potassium are measured.
In some embodiments, the analytes can specifically include one or more of sodium ion, magnesium ion, chloride ion, calcium ion, carbonate ion, phosphate ion, sulfate ion, insulin, aldosterone, troponin, glucose, creatinine, and BNP.
In some embodiments, the analytes can specifically include one or more of partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) and oxygen saturation (O2Sat).
The embodiments described herein are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed in the following detailed description. Rather, the embodiments are chosen and described so that others skilled in the art can appreciate and understand the principles and practices. As such, while aspects have been described with reference to various specific and preferred embodiments and techniques, it should be understood that many variations and modifications may be made while remaining within the spirit and scope herein.
It should be noted that, as used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the content clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to a composition containing “a compound” includes a mixture of two or more compounds. It should also be noted that the term “or” is generally employed in its sense including “and/or” unless the content clearly dictates otherwise.
It should also be noted that, as used in this specification and the appended claims, the phrase “configured” describes a system, apparatus, or other structure that is constructed or configured to perform a particular task or adopt a particular configuration to. The phrase “configured” can be used interchangeably with other similar phrases such as arranged and configured, constructed and arranged, constructed, manufactured and arranged, and the like.
All publications and patent applications in this specification are indicative of the level of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention pertains. All publications and patent applications are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application was specifically and individually indicated by reference.
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