Multivalent streptococcal vaccine compositions and methods for use

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] 1. Field of the Invention

[0004] The present invention relates generally to the prevention of infectious disease, and more specifically, to compositions comprising multivalent hybrid polypeptides having immunogenic M protein and Spa peptides capable of eliciting protective immunity.

[0005] 2. Description of the Related Art

[0006] Group A streptococcal pharyngitis is one of the most common bacterial infections in school-age children. In addition to streptococcal pharyngitis, there may be associated nonsuppurative sequela, such as acute rheumatic fever (ARF). Although the incidence of ARF has declined in developed countries, the disease remains rampant in developing countries (Community prevention and control of cardiovascular diseases. Report of a WHO expert committee. World Health Organization. 1986:732). Another form of streptococcal infection is invasive, which afflicts thousands of children and adults each year, often resulting in death or significant morbidity (Stevens, J. Infect. Dis. 2:S366, 1999). Efforts to develop a vaccine that would prevent group A streptococcal infections have been ongoing for over eight decades (Dochez et al., J. Exp. Med. 30:179, 1919; Lancefield, J. Exp. Med. 47:91, 1928).

[0007] Hence, a need exists for identifying and developing compositions therapeutically effective against streptococcal infections, particularly those compositions that can function as a vaccine and elicit protective immunity. Furthermore, there is a need for vaccine formulations that can be varied to protect against or treatment for infection by different streptococcal serotypes. The present invention meets such needs, and further provides other related advantages.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0008] The present invention provides the discovery of therapeutic formulations of multivalent hybrid polypeptides, particularly a cocktail of hybrid polypeptides useful for eliciting a protective immune response having broadly protective opsonic antibodies in the absence of tissue cross-reactive antibodies. Hybrid polypeptides of the invention comprise at least six different linked immunogenic peptides, wherein each peptide comprises an amino-terminal portion of a streptococcal M protein of at least 30 amino acids, and wherein the polypeptide has an amino-terminal peptide that is reiterated as a carboxy-terminal peptide and the polypeptide is capable of eliciting an immune response against more than one serotype of group A streptococci.

[0009] In one aspect, the invention provides a hybrid polypeptide, comprising at least six different linked immunogenic peptides, wherein each peptide comprises an amino-terminal portion of a streptococcal M protein of at least 30 amino acids, and wherein the polypeptide has an amino-terminal peptide that is reiterated as a carboxy-terminal peptide and the polypeptide is capable of eliciting an immune response against more than one antigen of group A streptococci comprising at least M5, M6, M14, M19, M24, and M29. In other embodiments, the polypeptide elicits an immune response against more than one antigen of group A streptococci comprising at least M2, M11, M22, M33, M43, M59, and M94, or at least M75, M76, M77, M89, M92, M101, and M114, or at least Spa, M1.0, M1.2, M3, M12, M18, and M28, or against 27 or more antigens of group A streptococci. In more embodiments, the amino-terminal immunogenic peptide of the hybrid polypeptide is M24, M1, M2, or M89. In still other embodiments, the polypeptides are recombinant and the immunogenic peptides are linked in tandem, the polypeptides having a structure of M24-M5-M6-M19-M29-M14-M24, M2-M43-M94-M22-M11-M59-M33-M2, M89-M101-M77-M114-M75-M76-M92-M89, or M1.0-M12-Spa-M28-M3-M1.2-M18-M1.0. In yet other embodiments, the hybrid polypeptides comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOS:2, 4, 6, or 8. In other embodiments, the immunogenic peptides are linked by at least two amino acids encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that is a restriction enzyme recognition site, wherein the recognition site includes at least one of BamHI, ClaI, EcoRI, HindIII, KpnI, NcoI, NheI, PmlI, PstI, SalI, and XhoI. In further embodiments, any of the aforementioned hybrid polypeptides capable of eliciting at least one opsonic antibody that is not a tissue cross-reactive antibody in a subject, wherein the subject is a human or an animal. In more embodiments, any of the aforementioned hybrid polypeptides further comprising a carboxy-terminal tag, wherein the carboxy-terminal tag is selected from the group consisting of alkaline phosphatase, β-galactosidase, hexahistidine, FLAG®, XPRESS®, and GST. In still more embodiments, any of the aforementioned hybrid polypeptides or fusion proteins further comprise at least one additional carboxy-terminal amino acid, wherein the additional carboxy-terminal amino acid is a D-amino acid or cysteine.

[0010] In another aspect, the invention provides any of the aforementioned hybrid polypeptides or fusion proteins wherein the polypeptides are synthetic. In certain embodiments, the synthetic hybrid polypeptides have one or more amino acids altered to a corresponding D-amino acid or are linked to an alkane such as acrylamide or an analog or derivative thereof. In a further embodiment, the synthetic hybrid polypeptides have immunogenic peptides linked to form a lysine core-branched peptide.

[0011] In still another aspect, the invention includes a nucleic acid molecule comprising a sequence encoding a hybrid polypeptide of SEQ ID NOS:2, 4, 6, or 8. In a related embodiment, there is provided a nucleic acid expression construct comprising an expression control sequence operably linked to a polynucleotide encoding a hybrid polypeptide of SEQ ID NOS:2, 4, 6, or 8. In other embodiments, the expression construct comprises a nucleic acid expression vector selected from the group comprising a plasmid, phagemid, shuttle vector, cosmid, or virus. In one embodiment, the vector is plasmid pT5 (SEQ ID NO:17). In still another embodiment, there is provided a host cell containing any of the aforementioned nucleic acid constructs. In yet other embodiments, the host cell is selected from a bacterium, a yeast cell, a nematode cell, an insect cell, or a mammalian cell. In one embodiment, the host cell is the bacterium Escherichia coli.

[0012] In a further aspect, the present invention provides a plurality of antibodies, comprising two or more different antibodies wherein each antibody is specific for a different immunogenic peptide of a hybrid polypeptide, the polypeptide comprises at least six different immunogenic peptides linked in tandem, each peptide comprises at least 30 amino acids and the amino-terminal peptide is reiterated as a carboxy-terminal peptide, wherein the polypeptide is capable of eliciting an immune response against more than one antigen of group A streptococci comprising at least M5, M6, M14, M19, M24, and M29. In other embodiments, the plurality of antibodies are specific for more than one antigen of group A streptococci comprising at least M2, M11, M22, M33, M43, M59, and M94, or at least M75, M76, M77, M89, M92, M101, and M114, or at least Spa, M1.0, M1.2, M3, M12, M18, and M28, or specific for 27 or more antigens of group A streptococci. In yet other embodiments, any of the aforementioned antibodies wherein the hybrid polypeptides comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOS:2, 4, 6, or 8. In other embodiments, any of the aforementioned antibodies are opsonic and not tissue cross-reactive in a subject. In one embodiment, the antibodies are polyclonal.

[0013] In yet another aspect, there is provided a method of producing a hybrid polypeptide, comprising culturing a host cell containing any of the aforementioned nucleic acid expression vectors comprising at least one expression control sequence operably linked to a nucleic acid molecule encoding a hybrid polypeptide of SEQ ID NOS:2, 4, 6, or 8, under conditions and for a time sufficient for expression of the polypeptide. In a related aspect, the invention provides any of the aforementioned hybrid polypeptides produced by the aforementioned method.

[0014] In another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and any of the aforementioned hybrid polypeptides. In other aspects, the invention is a cocktail composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a mixture of at least two or three of any of the aforementioned hybrid polypeptides. In one embodiment, the cocktail compositions include at least one of the hybrid polypeptides having a Spa immunogenic peptide. In other embodiments, provided are any of the aforementioned compositions wherein the hybrid polypeptides are mixed in equimolar amounts. In further embodiments, any of the aforementioned compositions further comprise an adjuvant such as alum or Freund's.

[0015] In still another aspect, the invention provides a method for preventing a microbial infection, comprising administering to a subject any of the aforementioned compositions at a dose sufficient to elicit antibodies specific for one or more hybrid polypeptide, wherein the antibodies are opsonic and are not tissue cross-reactive. In certain embodiments, the microbial infection being prevented is a streptococcal infection and in a related embodiment is a group A streptococcal infection. In some embodiments, any of the aforementioned compositions are administered to a subject by a route selected from enteral, parenteral, transdermal, transmucosal, or inhalation. In further embodiments, the compositions are administered to a human or animal subject and the compositions further comprise an adjuvant such as alum or Freund's. In another related aspect, there is provided isolated antibodies produced by the aforementioned methods for preventing a microbial infection. In certain embodiments, the antibodies produced by these methods will comprise at least one antibody specific for a M serotype not represented in a hybrid polypeptide, such as M4. In still another embodiment, there is provided a method for treating or preventing a microbial infection comprising administering to a subject a composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and any of the aforementioned plurality of antibodies. In one embodiment, the subject is an animal or human.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0016]
FIG. 1 shows a schematic diagram of the four hybrid polypeptides used as a vaccinating agent. The oligonucleotide primers used to amplify a 5′ emm gene fragment (i.e., immunogenic peptide) by PCR for each serotype were synthesized to include the indicated unique restriction enzyme sites, which encode amino acids that link the immunogenic peptides in tandem (indicated by the lines between the boxes). Each box represents an amino-terminal M protein immunogenic peptide, wherein the number within each box designates the serotype and the number below each box indicates the number of amino acids comprising each immunogenic peptide. Serotype M101 was formerly designated stNS5, serotype M114 was formerly designated st2967, and serotype M94 was formerly designated M13W and M13. The “6xHis” refers to the presence of a hexahistidine, which is optional.

[0017]
FIGS. 2A to 2C show the nucleotide and amino acid sequence of hybrid polypeptide Hexavalent A.3. The restriction enzyme sites and the beginning point of each M serotype immunogenic peptide are indicated. Eleven Arg codons were optimized for expression in E. coli by mutating AGG/AGA codons to CGT/CGC codons (mutated bases are underlined).

[0018]
FIGS. 3A to 3D show the nucleotide and amino acid sequence of hybrid polypeptide Hexavalent B.3a. The restriction enzyme sites and the beginning point of each M serotype immunogenic peptide are indicated. Nine Arg codons were optimized for expression in E. coli by mutating AGG/AGA codons to CGT/CGC codons (mutated bases are underlined).

[0019]
FIGS. 4A to 4C show the nucleotide and amino acid sequence of hybrid polypeptide Hexavalent C.2. The restriction enzyme sites and the beginning point of each M serotype immunogenic peptide are indicated. Seven Arg codons were optimized for expression in E. coli by mutating AGG/AGA codons to CGT codons (mutated bases are underlined).

[0020]
FIGS. 5A to 5C show the nucleotide and amino acid sequence of hybrid polypeptide Hexavalent D.3. The restriction enzyme sites and the beginning point of each M serotype immunogenic peptide are indicated. Five Arg codons were optimized for expression in E. coli by mutating AGG/AGA codons to CGT/CGC codons (mutated bases are underlined).

[0021]
FIG. 6 shows a summary of the 28 most common invasive group A streptococci M serotypes isolated in the U.S. between Aug. 12, 2000 and Jul. 16, 2001. The data were part of ongoing studies conducted by the Active Bacterial Core Surveillance Program of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. These 28 serotypes accounted for 92.1% of the 3,424 invasive isolates submitted during this period.

[0022]
FIG. 7 shows that type-specific M protein and Spa antibodies were elicited by a vaccinating agent comprising a cocktail of four different hybrid polypeptides (i.e., a 27-valent vaccine) when examined by ELISA. Each bar represents serum from one rabbit.

[0023]
FIG. 8 shows the results of in vitro opsonization assays using immune sera, which were elicited in rabbits with a composition comprising a cocktail of four different hybrid polypeptides (i.e., a 27-valent vaccine). A positive response was considered at least a 3-fold increase over opsonization with pre-immune (i.e., 30% or greater opsonization). The pre-immune sera resulted in less than 10% opsonization of each streptococcal serotype. Each bar represents serum from one rabbit.

[0024]
FIG. 9 shows the results of bactericidal activity assays using immune sera, which were elicited in rabbits with a vaccinating agent comprising a cocktail of four different hybrid polypeptides (i.e., a 27-valent vaccine). A positive response was considered at least a 50% percent killing. Each bar represents serum from one rabbit.

[0025]
FIG. 10 shows that an immune response with bactericidal activity is elicited against group A streptococcal serotype 4, which is a serotype not represented in the 27-valent vaccinating agent. Each bar represents serum from one rabbit. Immune sera were from a rabbit immunized at 0, 4, and 8 weeks (stripped bar) and from a rabbit immunized at 0, 4, and 16 weeks (open bar). The serotype 4 streptococcal isolates were from five different geographic locations, including Florida (FL); Illinois (IL); California (CA); Connecticut (CT); and South Dakota (SD).

[0026]
FIG. 11 shows the geometric mean antibody titers before (Day 0) and after (Day 134) immunization of human subjects, as determined by ELISA. The graph is in a log10 scale. Serotype M101 was formerly designated stNS5, serotype st2967 is now designated M114, and serotype M13 is now designated M94.

[0027]
FIG. 12 shows the natural log fold-increase in ELISA-determined antibody titer (bars) as compared to percent increase in Group A streptococcal killing by polymorphonuclear cells in 26 serotypes. Serotype M101 was formerly designated stNS5, serotype M114 was formerly designated st2967, and serotype M13 is now designated M94.

[0028]
FIG. 13 shows the fold-increase in geometric mean antibody titers in human subjects immunized with a hexavalent polypeptide (Hexa 1.2) as compared to the geometric mean antibody titers in human subjects immunized with a 27-valent cocktail of four hybrid multivalent polypeptides (Hexa A.3, Septa B.3a, Septa C.2, and Septa D.3; see FIG. 1). Geometric mean antibody titers were calculated based on ELISAs against the six serotypes present in both vaccines.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0029] As noted above, the present invention is generally directed to hybrid polypeptides of streptococcal antigens and compositions thereof, which are capable of eliciting protective antibodies against streptococci. Furthermore, the compositions may include a single hybrid polypeptide or a combination of several different hybrid polypeptides, which may be useful to elicit an immune response against group A streptococci. In one aspect, one or more hybrid polypeptide may be formulated as a composition for simultaneously treating or preventing an infection by several different group A streptococcal serotypes, as well as treating or preventing infection by serotypes not represented in the hybrid polypeptide(s). The present invention also provides isolated nucleic acids that encode such hybrid polypeptides, as well as methods of expressing and purifying such hybrid polypeptides. A hybrid polypeptide, as described herein, comprises several different linked immunogenic peptides wherein each peptide comprises, for example, an amino-terminal portion of a streptococcal M protein and can elicit opsonic antibodies specific for a particular group A streptococcal serotype without eliciting antibodies that are cross-reactive with host tissue.

[0030] The present invention also provides antibodies specific for each immunogenic peptide serotype included in a hybrid polypeptide or in a combination of hybrid polypeptides, as well as antibodies specific for serotypes not included in the hybrid polypeptide(s) (i.e., antibodies that confer cross-protection between serotypes). The invention, therefore, relates generally to the surprising discovery that highly complex, multivalent hybrid polypeptide-based vaccines are feasible to simultaneously elicit broadly protective antibodies against several different streptococcal serotypes. Moreover, a composition comprising a cocktail of more than one multivalent hybrid polypeptide used as a vaccine unexpectedly elicits a much more robust antibody response in humans than does a composition comprising a single multivalent hybrid polypeptide, wherein the increase in antibody response also results in an increase in antibody function (i.e., increased ability to opsonize and/or to kill microorganisms). As used herein, a “cocktail” of hybrid polypeptides refers to a composition comprising at least two different hybrid polypeptides of this invention. Hence, the invention also relates generally to the surprising discovery that a cocktail of multivalent hybrid polypeptides can function synergistically to elicit a greater antibody response that is a protective immune response. Accordingly, the compositions and methods of the present invention may be readily used to treat or prevent streptococcal infections. Discussed in more detail below are hybrid polypeptides and assorted compositions thereof (including admixtures or cocktails) suitable for use within the present invention, as well as exemplary methods of making such hybrid polypeptides and compositions, and therapeutic uses thereof.

[0031] Any numerical ranges recited herein are to be understood to include any integer within the range and, where applicable (e.g., concentrations), fractions thereof, such as one tenth and one hundredth of an integer (unless otherwise indicated).

[0032] Hybrid Polypeptides

[0033] The present invention is directed generally to multivalent immunogenic hybrid polypeptides of M proteins and M-like proteins, including fusions to other proteins. The immunogenic M and M-like peptides may comprise any portion of an M protein that is immunogenic, which may or may not confer serotype specificity. A plurality of different multivalent immunogenic hybrid polypeptides can be mixed or combined into a cocktail composition for use in eliciting a protective immune response. The present invention further provides methods for producing synthetic or recombinant multivalent immunogenic hybrid M polypeptides, including fusion proteins. For example, host cells containing hybrid polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid expression constructs may be cultured to produce recombinant hybrid polypeptides. Also contemplated are methods for treating or preventing a microbial infection or eliciting an immune response using a hybrid polypeptide or a combination of hybrid polypeptides (including fusion proteins).

[0034] By way of background and not wishing to be bound by theory, streptococcal species are Gram-positive bacteria that are grouped based on immunological differences in their cell wall polysaccharides and are designated, for example, group A, B, C, F, and G. Specifically, group A streptococci (GrAS) are clinically important microorganisms that colonize the throat and skin. GrAS are responsible for a variety of suppurative infections (e.g., strep throat, necrotizing fasciitis) and non-suppurative sequelae (e.g., acute rheumatic fever, reactive arthritis) (see generally Cunningham, Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 13:470, 2000). GrAS have two major, surface-exposed anti-phagocytic factors, capsule and M protein, which allow these organisms to colonize and survive in a host. The M protein, which is encoded by the emm gene, extends from the cell surface as an α-helical coiled-coil dimer that appears as a fibril on the surface of GrAS. The M proteins are a diverse group, which have been serologically separated into M protein serotypes.

[0035] Currently, more than 120 M protein serotypes have been identified, and within some serotypes there have been identified several subtypes. For example, without limitation, type 1 M protein has related subtypes 1.1-1.15, and type 12 has subtypes 12.1-12.9. In addition, as is known in the art, unclassified serotypes may have an initial designation (such as st2967) and ultimately receive a “final” classification (such as st2967 now being classified as M type 114), or previously classified serotypes may be reclassified with a different number (such as M13W is now reclassified as M94). In certain embodiments, amino-terminal portions of any one or more of known M protein from serotypes 1-120+, or from unknown serotypes, can be used to generate immunogenic peptides for inclusion in multivalent immunogenic hybrid polypeptides of the instant invention.

[0036] Furthermore, the M protein is part of a superfamily of proteins, which includes without limitation, immunoglobulin binding proteins (e.g., FrcA), M-like proteins (e.g., Mrp and Spa), and M proteins. Accordingly, as used herein, “M protein” refers to the superfamily of proteins, which includes any known or unknown M protein (with or without a designated serotype), as well as M-like proteins, such as Spa (see, e.g., Dale et al., J. Clin. Invest. 103:1261, 1999 and McLellan et al., Infect. Immun. 69:2943, 2001), Mrp (see, e.g., Boyle et al., J. Infect. Dis. 177:991, 1998), immunoglobulin binding proteins (see, e.g., Podbielski et al., Mol. Microbiol. 12:725, 1994; Whatmore and Kehoe, Mol. Microbiol. 11:363, 1994), and the like. As described herein and is understood in the art, the serotype of an M protein may be reclassified and result in a change to a different type, a new type, or even a subtype. Also, as used herein, “M protein serotype” or “M type” refers to all M proteins within that serotype, including all subtypes, related proteins, and the like. Furthermore, reference to a particular M type may be applied interchangeably as follows, by way of illustration and not limitation, serotype 1 M protein, type 1, M1, and the like, which as set forth above, includes all subtypes as well.

[0037] As described above, group A streptococci have developed a system for avoiding some of the antimicrobial defenses of a human host. Strains of streptococci that express capsule and M protein can evade phagocytosis by, for example, polymorphonuclear leukocytes or neutrophils and multiply in a host that has not been exposed to streptococci (i.e., have non-immune blood). Yet, a subject may develop resistance to a streptococcal infection if the host can produce protective antibodies directed against streptococci. Protection against GrAS generally correlates with the presence of opsonizing antibody against type-specific M protein (see, e.g., Lancefield, J. Immunol. 89:307, 1962), and the development of secretory or mucosal antibodies is suspected of playing an important role in preventing initial colonization by streptococci. However, the pathogenesis of some of the non-suppurative sequelae may be due to host tissue cross-reaction with streptococcal antibodies. As used herein, “tissue cross-reactivity” means a host antigen shares at least one epitope with a foreign antigen, such as a streptococcal antigen. For example, the different antigens may share an identical amino acid sequence, may be homologous but non-identical, or may be dissimilar molecules with a shared epitope (e.g., protein and carbohydrate or protein and nucleic acid molecule). Thus, an effective vaccine against streptococcal infections would preferably elicit an immune response that includes antibodies that are not tissue cross-reactive (i.e., do not cause autoimmune disease) and are protective (i.e., opsonic) against many of the clinically important serotypes.

[0038] The present invention pertains to hybrid polypeptides or variants thereof having a plurality of immunogenic peptides from M or M-like proteins, or nucleic acid molecules encoding such polypeptides or variants thereof. As used herein, “immunogenic peptide” refers to any streptococcal peptide or polypeptide having at least one epitope capable of eliciting an immune response, which are the component units of the hybrid polypeptides. Preferably, the epitope is within an amino-terminal portion of a streptococcal M protein or Spa protein and more preferably is an opsonic epitope that does not elicit tissue cross-reactive antibodies.

[0039] The present invention also provides a rational vaccine design approach for selection of the streptococcal M protein serotypes to be included in the multivalent hybrid polypeptide vaccine. Some criteria that may be used, without limitation, include identifying the M protein serotypes that are frequent causes of uncomplicated pharyngitis, identifying the serotypes that are commonly recovered from normally sterile sites (i.e., invasive strains) (e.g., useful data may obtained from the Active Bacterial Core Surveillance of the Emerging Infections Program Network, supported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; see also Beall et al., J. Clin. Microbiol. 35:1231, 1997; Schuchat et al., Emerg. Infect. Dis. 7:92, 2001), and identifying serotypes that are considered currently or historically “rheumatogenic” (Bisno A L. The concept of rheumatogenic and nonrheumatogenic group A streptococci. In: Reed S E, and J. B. Zabriskie, ed. Streptococcal Diseases and the Immune Response. New York: Academic Press, 1980:789-803). Also useful is the amino-terminal peptide fragment of Spa, a new protective antigen that is expressed by several serotypes of group A streptococci (Dale et al., J. Clin. Invest. 103:1261, 1999), or any other streptococcal antigen capable of eliciting protective antibodies may be used.

[0040] As described herein and known in the art, M protein amino acid sequences selected for inclusion in a hybrid polypeptide are available at the CDC emm typing center website (www.cdc.gov/ncidod/biotech/strep/emmtypes.html). In addition, to eliminate the possibility of eliciting tissue cross-reactive antibodies, the amino-terminal regions of a mature M protein and Spa may be compared to known human proteins to detect any homology (e.g., using BlastP). Preferably, amino-terminal M protein portions having five or more contiguous amino acid matches with a human protein are excluded. In addition, the selected regions of the M peptides and Spa are preferably analyzed by the method of Hopp and Woods (Mol. Immunol. 20:483, 1983) to ensure the integrity of hydrophilic peaks. For example the Hopp and Woods method may be helpful in predicting that a particular immunogenic peptide from an M protein amino-terminal may best be fused with a certain subset of other immunogenic peptides and not with others.

[0041] In preferred embodiments, the hybrid polypeptides or variants, and combinations thereof, may be designed to be vaccines specific for streptococci associated with, for example, pharyngitis, scarlet fever, acute rheumatic fever, necrotizing faciitis, cellulitis, meningitis, pneumonia, toxic shock syndrome, bacteremia, septicemia, septic arthritis, pyoderma, skin infections, impetigo, erysipelas, soft-tissue infection, nephritis, pyrogenic reactions, and the like. Additionally, the vaccines may be designed to treat or prevent streptococcal infections in particular populations (e.g., immunocompromised patients, children, and elderly) particular geographic populations (e.g., Australian aborigines), and particular geographic locations (e.g., temperate regions or Scandinavian countries). Preferably, the amino-terminal portions of the different M proteins that comprise an immunogenic peptide can elicit opsonic antibodies that do not cross-react with host tissue.

[0042] In another preferred aspect, the M protein serotype is selected based on its prevalence on the most common streptococci known to currently be associated with a particular disease (e.g., serotypes associated with pharyngitis or skin infections) or sequelae. In a further preferred aspect, the instant invention may be used to design and generate a variety of different multivalent immunogenic hybrid polypeptides that may be directed to, or be admixed in particular groupings to address, shifts in prevalent streptococci. For example, as is known in the art, the most prevalent streptococci serotype associated with a disease today, such as ARF, may not be as prevalent or important 5, 10, or 15 years. In another example, a particular streptococcal serotype may be prevalent in Europe and suddenly become important in South America. Hence the immunogenic peptides that comprise a multivalent hybrid polypeptide may be changed, or different multivalent hybrid polypeptides may be mixed and matched to create a desired cocktail, designed for use in a particular population or location to attack the most clinically relevant streptococci as needed.

[0043] In certain preferred embodiments, an immunogenic peptide comprises an amino-terminal portion of a M protein or Spa protein having 10-70 amino acids, or any integer in that range; more preferably having 20-65 amino acids, or any integer in that range; and most preferably 30-60 amino acids, or any integer in that range. In particularly preferred embodiments, a hybrid polypeptide comprises at least six or seven different linked immunogenic peptides, wherein each peptide comprises an amino-terminal portion of a streptococcal M protein of at least 30 amino acids, and wherein the polypeptide has an amino-terminal peptide that is reiterated as a carboxy-terminal peptide and the polypeptide is capable of eliciting an immune response against more than one serotype of group A streptococci. Preferably, a hybrid polypeptide is capable of eliciting an immune response against at least serotypes 5, 6, 14, 19, 24, and 29; or at least against serotypes 2, 11, 22, 33, 43, 59, and 94; or at least against serotypes 75, 76, 77, 89, 92, 101, and 114; or at least against serotypes 1.0, 1.2, 3, 12, 18, and 28. In another preferred embodiment, a hybrid polypeptide is capable of eliciting an immune response against a M serotype not represented in the hybrid polypeptide, such as serotype 4.

[0044] In certain embodiments, the hybrid polypeptides have at least 50% to 100% amino acid identity, or any integer in that range, to the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NOS:2, 4, 6, and 8; preferably 60%-99% identity or any integer in that range, more preferably 70%-97% identity or any integer in that range, and most preferably 80%-95% identity or any integer in that range. As used herein, “percent identity” or “% identity” is the percentage value returned by comparing the whole of the subject polypeptide, peptide, or variant thereof sequence to a test sequence using a computer implemented algorithm, typically with default parameters. Sequence comparisons can be performed using any standard software program, such as BLAST, tBLAST, pBLAST, or MegAlign. Still others include those provided in the Lasergene bioinformatics computing suite, which is produced by DNASTAR® (Madison, Wis.). References for algorithms such as ALIGN or BLAST may be found in, for example, Altschul, J. Mol. Biol. 219:555-565, 1991; or Henikoff and Henikoff, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:10915-10919, 1992. BLAST is available at the NCBI website (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST). Other methods for comparing multiple nucleotide or amino acid sequences by determining optimal alignment are well known to those of skill in the art (see, e.g., Peruski and Peruski, The Internet and the New Biology: Tools for Genomic and Molecular Research (ASM Press, Inc. 1997); Wu et al. (eds.), “Information Superhighway and Computer Databases of Nucleic Acids and Proteins,” in Methods in Gene Biotechnology, pages 123-151 (CRC Press, Inc. 1997); and Bishop (ed.), Guide to Human Genome Computing, 2nd Edition, Academic Press, Inc., 1998). As used herein, “similarity” between two peptides or polypeptides is generally determined by comparing the amino acid sequence of one peptide or polypeptide to the amino acid sequence and conserved amino acid substitutes thereto of a second peptide or polypeptide. Fragments or portions of the hybrid polypeptides of the present invention may be employed for producing the corresponding full-length hybrid polypeptide by peptide synthesis; therefore, the fragments may be employed as intermediates for producing the full-length hybrid polypeptides. Similarly, fragments or portions of the nucleic acids of the present invention may be used to synthesize full-length nucleic acids of the present invention.

[0045] The hybrid polypeptides and corresponding nucleic acids of the present invention are preferably provided in an isolated form, and in certain preferred embodiments, are purified to homogeneity. As used herein, the term “isolated” means that the material is removed from its original or natural environment. For example, a naturally occurring nucleic acid molecule or polypeptide present in a living animal or cell is not isolated, but the same nucleic acid molecule or polypeptide is isolated when separated from some or all of the co-existing materials in the natural system. The nucleic acid molecules, for example, could be part of a vector and/or such nucleic acids or polypeptides could be part of a composition and still be isolated in that such vector or composition is not part of its natural environment.

[0046] The present invention also pertains to hybrid polypeptides and variants thereof produced synthetically or recombinantly, and preferably recombinantly. The immunogenic peptide components of the hybrid polypeptides may be synthesized by standard chemical methods, including synthesis by automated procedure. In general, immunogenic peptides are synthesized based on the standard solid-phase Fmoc protection strategy with HATU as the coupling agent. The immunogenic peptide is cleaved from the solid-phase resin with trifluoroacetic acid containing appropriate scavengers, which also deprotects side chain functional groups. Crude immunogenic peptide is further purified using preparative reversed-phase chromatography. Other purification methods, such as partition chromatography, gel filtration, gel electrophoresis, or ion-exchange chromatography may be used. Other synthesis techniques known in the art may be employed to produce similar immunogenic peptides, such as the tBoc protection strategy, use of different coupling reagents, and the like. In addition, any naturally occurring amino acid or derivative thereof may be used, including D- or L-amino acids and combinations thereof. In particularly preferred embodiments, a synthetic hybrid polypeptide of the invention will have a M2, M12, M24, or M89 immunogenic peptide at the amino-terminus.

[0047] As described herein, the hybrid polypeptides of the invention may be recombinant, wherein the hybrid polypeptide is expressed from a polynucleotide encoding a desired hybrid polypeptide that is operably linked to an expression control sequence (e.g., promoter) in a nucleic acid expression construct. In particularly preferred embodiments, a recombinant hybrid polypeptide of the invention will have a M2, M12, M24, or M89 immunogenic peptide at the amino-terminus. Some preferable recombinant hybrid polypeptides comprise immunogenic peptides linked in tandem having the structure of M24-M5-M6-M19-M29-M14-M24, M2-M43-M94-M22-M 11-M59-M33-M2, M89-M101-M77-M114-M75-M76-M92-M89, or M1.0-M12-Spa-M28-M3-M1.2-M18-M1.0, and any combination thereof. Most preferably, a hybrid polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOS:2, 4, 6, or 8, and variants thereof. As set forth above and herein, any M serotype may be included in the present invention, preferably serotypes 1.0, 1.2, 2, 3, 5, 6, 11, 12, 14, 18, 19, 22, 24, 28, 29, 33, 43, 59, 75, 76, 77, 89, 92, 94, 101, and 114 are included in the hybrid polypeptides. In certain preferred embodiments as described herein, hybrid polypeptides of the subject invention capable of eliciting at least one opsonic antibody that is not a tissue cross-reactive antibody in a subject, wherein the subject is an animal or a human.

[0048] In another preferred embodiment, the hybrid polypeptides are linked by at least two amino acids encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that is a restriction enzyme recognition site, wherein the restriction sites may be any one or more of BamHI, ClaI, EcoRI, HindIII, KpnI, NcoI, NheI, PmlI, PstI, SalI, XhoI, and the like. Additional amino acid linkers may also be added synthetically as described herein. Preferably, the additional amino acids do not create any identity in sequence within a five amino acid stretch of a human protein. In addition, the hybrid polypeptides of the subject invention may further comprise at least one additional carboxy-terminal amino acid, wherein the additional amino acid is a D- or an L-amino acid. Any of the twenty naturally occurring amino acids or derivatives thereof may be added, such as cysteine, histidine, leucine, and glutamic acid. For example, the addition of cysteine may be useful to attach other constituents, such as a lipid, a carrier protein, and the like.

[0049] As described herein, the invention also provides hybrid polypeptide fusion proteins comprising hybrid polypeptides fused to an additional functional or non-functional polypeptide sequence that permits, for example by way of illustration and not limitation, detection, isolation and/or purification of the hybrid polypeptide fusion proteins. For instance, an additional functional polypeptide sequence may be a tag sequence, which includes fusion proteins that may in certain embodiments be detected, isolated and/or purified by protein-protein affinity (e.g., receptor-ligand), metal affinity or charge affinity methods. In certain other embodiments the hybrid polypeptide fusion proteins may be detected by specific protease cleavage of a fusion protein having a sequence that comprises a protease recognition sequence, such that the hybrid polypeptides may be separable from the additional polypeptide sequence. In addition, the hybrid polypeptides may be made synthetically including additional amino acids, a carrier protein, or a tag sequence, which may be located at either the amino- or carboxy-terminal end. In particularly preferred embodiments, for example, recombinant hybrid polypeptides are fused in-frame to a carboxy-terminal tag, which tag may be any one of alkaline phosphatase, β-galactosidase, hexahistidine (6xHis), FLAG® epitope tag (DYKDDDDK, SEQ ID NO:18), or GST, and the like. Most preferred are hybrid polypeptide fusion proteins that facilitate affinity detection and isolation of the hybrid polypeptides and may include, for example, poly-His or the defined antigenic peptide epitopes described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,011,912 and in Hopp et al., (1988 Bio/Technology 6:1204), or the XPRESS™ epitope tag (DLYDDDDK, SEQ ID NO:19; Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). The affinity sequence may be a hexa-histidine tag as supplied by a vector. For example, a pBAD/His (Invitrogen) or a pQE-30 (Qiagen, Valencia, Calif.) vector can provide a polyhistidine tag for purification of the mature protein fusion from a particular host, such as a bacterium. Alternatively, the affinity sequence may be added either synthetically or engineered into the primers used to recombinantly generate the nucleic acid sequence (e.g., using the polymerase chain reaction) encoding an immunogenic peptide of the multivalent hybrid polypeptide. Preferably, a multivalent hybrid polypeptide is fused to a polyhistidine and is encoded by a recombinant nucleic acid sequence encoding such a fusion protein.

[0050] The immunogenic peptides may also be chemically linked to form the desired hybrid polypeptides, including additional amino acid sequences, by a variety of methods, as provided herein and known in the art (see, generally, Jackson et al., Vaccine 18:355, 2000). Recombinant or synthetic peptides may be linked to form linear (see, e.g., Leclerc, et al., Eur. J. Immunol. 17:26, 1987 and Francis, et al., Nature 330:168, 1987) or branched (see, e.g., Fitzmaurice, et al., Vaccine 14:553, 1996) constructs, or may be linked using chemical ligation of epitopes (see, e.g., Tam and Spetzler, Biomed. Pept. Proteins Nucleic Acids 1:123, 1995; Rose, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 116:30, 1994; and Dawson, et al., Science 266:776, 1994). Peptides may also be linked via the multiple antigen peptide system to form branched hybrid polypeptides (see, e.g., Tam, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:5409, 1988; U.S. Pat. No. 5,229,490). The multiple antigen peptide system makes use of multifunctional core molecules where each functional group on the core molecule forms at least two branches, the principal units of which are also multifunctional. For example, lysine may be used as the core peptide because it has one carboxyl functional group and two (α and ε) amine functional groups. Each multifunctional unit in a branch provides a base for added growth, resulting in exponential growth of the dendritic polymer. Peptides may then be joined to the dendritic core using a linking molecule (e.g., glycine). The multiple antigen peptide system links a large number of synthetic peptides to the functional group of a dendritic core molecule providing a high concentration of synthetic peptides in a low molecular volume. Preferably, either two or three levels of geometrically branched lysines are used, wherein these lysine cores form a tetrameric and octameric core structure, respectively. The multiple antigen peptide system may also include a lipophilic anchoring moiety attached to the core molecule, thereby eliminating the need for an adjuvant formulated in a peptide vaccine otherwise requiring one for immunostimulation (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,580,563). In one preferred embodiment, a hybrid polypeptide of the invention comprises immunogenic peptides linked to form a lysine core-branched polypeptide.

[0051] Additionally, similar or different synthetic peptides may be linked by controlled polymerization through derivatization of the amino-terminus of a peptide with the acryloyl (CH2═CH—) group using acryloyl chloride (see, e.g., O'Brien-Simpson, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 119:1183, 1997; Jackson, et al., Vaccine 15:1697, 1997). The derivatized peptides are then polymerized singly, or in admixture with similarly derivatized peptides, by free radical initiation of chain elongation. As a result, peptides are assembled into polymers in which the peptide determinants form side chains pendant from an alkane backbone. The hybrid polypeptides and fusion proteins as described herein may be constructed as set forth above. In one preferred embodiment, a hybrid polypeptide of the invention comprises immunogenic peptides linked by an alkane backbone. In certain embodiments, the alkane backbone is acrylamide or an analog or derivative thereof.

[0052] Therapeutic Formulations and Methods of Use

[0053] The invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions that contain one or more hybrid multivalent polypeptides, which may be used to elicit an immune response. The invention further relates to methods for treating and preventing microbial infections by administering to a subject a hybrid polypeptide or a mixture of hybrid polypeptides at a dose sufficient to elicit antibodies specific for one or more hybrid polypeptide, as described herein. A hybrid polypeptide or a cocktail of hybrid polypeptides is preferably part of a pharmaceutical composition when used in the methods of the present invention.

[0054] In certain aspects, the invention provides a composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient, and any of the multivalent hybrid polypeptides of the subject invention and any combination thereof. A preferred embodiment is a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a mixture of at least two or three hybrid polypeptides of the subject invention. In yet another preferred embodiment, a hybrid polypeptide that comprises at least seven different immunogenic peptides linked in tandem, wherein each peptide comprises an amino-terminal portion of a streptococcal M protein of at least 50 amino acids, and wherein the polypeptide has an amino-terminal peptide that is reiterated as a carboxy-terminal peptide and the polypeptide is capable of eliciting an immune response against more than one serotype of group A streptococci comprising at least serotypes 1.0, 1.2, 3, 12, 18, and 28, is combined with at least one other hybrid polypeptide of the subject invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In a more preferred embodiment, a composition comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a mixture of the hybrid polypeptides of SEQ ID NOS:2, 4, 6, and 8 or variants thereof, and in other embodiment these four polypeptides or variants thereof are mixed in equimolar amounts and at least one of the hybrid polypeptides has a Spa peptide. In other embodiments, SEQ ID NOS:2, 4, 6, and 8 or variants thereof are provided with a polyhistidine tag or further comprise at least one additional amino acid, such as cysteine. Each of these formulations may further comprise an adjuvant, such as alum or Freund's, and a diluent such as water or PBS. Further, therapeutic compositions of the present invention should preferably be stable for several months and capable of being produced and maintained under sterile conditions.

[0055] The pharmaceutical composition will include at least one of a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle, carrier, diluent, or excipient, in addition to one or more hybrid multivalent polypeptide or fusion protein thereof and, optionally, other components. For example, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers suitable for use with a composition of a hybrid polypeptide or fusion protein thereof, or cocktail of two or more hybrid polypeptide or fusion protein thereof, may include, for example, a thickening agent, a buffering agent, a solvent, a humectant, a preservative, a chelating agent, an adjuvant, and the like, and combinations thereof. Exemplary adjuvants are alum (aluminum hydroxide, REHYDRAGEL®), aluminum phosphate, proteosome adjuvant (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,726,292 and 5,985,284), virosomes, liposomes with and without Lipid A, Detox (Ribi/Corixa), MF59, or other oil and water emulsions type adjuvants, such as nanoemulsions (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,716,637) and submicron emulsions (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,961,970), and Freund's complete and incomplete. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers for therapeutic use are well known in the pharmaceutical art, and as described herein and, for example, in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co. (A. R. Gennaro, ed., 18th Edition, 1990) and in CRC Handbook of Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Excipients, CRC Press LLC (S. C. Smolinski, ed., 1992).

[0056] “Pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to salts of the compounds of the present invention derived from the combination of such compounds and an organic or inorganic acid (acid addition salts) or an organic or inorganic base (base addition salts). The compounds of the present invention may be used in either the free base or salt forms, with both forms being considered as being within the scope of the present invention.

[0057] In addition, the pharmaceutical composition may further include a diluent such as water or phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Preferably, diluent is PBS with a final phosphate concentration ranges from about 0.1 mM to about 1 M, more preferably from about 0.5 mM to about 500 mM, even more preferably from about 1 mM to about 50 mM, and most preferably from about 2.5 mM to about 10 mM; and the final salt concentration ranges from about 100 mM to about 200 mM and most preferably from about 125 mM to about 175 mM. Preferably, the final PBS concentration is about 5 mM phosphate and about 150 mM salt (such as NaCl). In certain embodiments, any of the aforementioned pharmaceutical compositions comprising a cocktail of multivalent hybrid polypeptides of the instant invention are preferably sterile.

[0058] The compositions can be sterile either by preparing them under an aseptic environment and/or they can be terminally sterilized using methods available in the art. Many pharmaceuticals are manufactured to be sterile and this criterion is defined by the USP XXII <1211>. Sterilization in this embodiment may be accomplished by a number of means accepted in the industry and listed in the USP XXII <1211>, including gas sterilization, ionizing radiation or filtration. Sterilization may be maintained by what is termed asceptic processing, defined also in USP XXII <1211>. Acceptable gases used for gas sterilization include ethylene oxide. Acceptable radiation types used for ionizing radiation methods include gamma, for instance from a cobalt 60 source and electron beam. A typical dose of gamma radiation is 2.5 MRad. When appropriate, filtration may be accomplished using a filter with suitable pore size, for example 0.22 μm and of a suitable material, for instance Teflon®. The term “USP” refers to U.S. Pharmacopeia (see www.usp.org; Rockville, Md.).

[0059] The present invention also pertains to methods for preventing a microbial infection, comprising administering to a subject a composition of the subject invention at a dose sufficient to elicit antibodies specific for one or more hybrid polypeptide, wherein the antibodies are preferably opsonic and are not tissue cross-reactive. In certain embodiments an infection is a streptococcal infection, such as a group A streptococcal infection. A subject suitable for treatment with a hybrid polypeptide formulation may be identified by well-established indicators of risk for developing a disease or well-established hallmarks of an existing disease. For example, indicators of an infection include fever, pus, microorganism positive cultures, inflammation, and the like. Infections that may be treated with a hybrid polypeptide of the subject invention include, without limitation, those caused by or due to microorganisms, whether the infection is primary, secondary, opportunistic, or the like. Examples of microorganisms include Gram-positive bacteria, such as streptococci.

[0060] The pharmaceutical compositions that contain one or more hybrid polypeptides may be in any form that allows for the composition to be administered to a subject, such as a human or animal. For example, multivalent hybrid polypeptide compositions of the present invention may be prepared and administered as a liquid solution or prepared as a solid form (e.g., lyophilized), which may be administered in solid form, or resuspended in a solution in conjunction with administration. The hybrid polypeptide composition is formulated so as to allow the active ingredients contained therein to be bioavailable upon administration of the composition to a subject or patient or bioavailable via slow release. Compositions that will be administered to a subject or patient take the form of one or more dosage units, where for example, a tablet may be a single dosage unit, and a container of one or more compounds of the invention in aerosol form may hold a plurality of dosage units. In certain preferred embodiments, any of the aforementioned pharmaceutical compositions comprising a hybrid polypeptide or cocktail of hybrid polypeptides of the invention are in a container, preferably in a sterile container.

[0061] In one embodiment, the therapeutic composition is administered orally, and a hybrid polypeptide or cocktail composition of the invention is taken up by cells, such as cells located in the lumen of the gut. Other typical routes of administration include, without limitation, enteral, parenteral, transdermal/transmucosal, and inhalation. The term enteral, as used herein, is a route of administration in which the agent is absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract or oral mucosa, including oral, rectal, and sublingual. The term parenteral, as used herein, describes administration routes that bypass the gastrointestinal tract, including intraarterial, intradermal, intramuscular, intranasal, intraocular, intraperitoneal, intravenous, subcutaneous, submucosal, and intravaginal injection or infusion techniques. The term transdermal/transmucosal, as used herein, is a route of administration in which the agent is administered through or by way of the skin, including topical. The term inhalation encompasses techniques of administration in which an agent is introduced into the pulmonary tree, including intrapulmonary or transpulmonary. Preferably, the compositions of the present invention are administered intramuscularly.

[0062] Depending upon the application, the dose of hybrid polypeptide in the compositions will vary, generally, from about 10 μg to about 10 mg, preferably from about 100 μg to 1 mg, more preferably from about 150 μg to 500 μg, and most preferably from about 200 μg to about 400 μg, in combination with the biologically acceptable excipient, adjuvant, binder, and/or diluent, including any integer with the dosing range. As used herein, the term “about” or “consists essentially of” refers to ±10% of any indicated structure, value, or range. Booster immunizations may be given at multiple times, at desired intervals ranging from about 2 weeks to about 24 weeks, preferably 2, 4 and 8 week intervals, and more preferably 2, 4, and 16 week intervals, and even more preferably 0, 4, and 24 week intervals to maximize the immune response.

[0063] The invention further provides a plurality of antibodies produced by the method for preventing a microbial infection that comprises administering to a subject a composition of the subject invention at a dose sufficient to elicit antibodies specific for one or more hybrid polypeptide, wherein the antibodies are opsonic and are not tissue cross-reactive. In one embodiment, the antibodies comprise at least one antibody specific for a M serotype not represented in a hybrid polypeptide, such as type 4 M protein. In another embodiment, a method for treating or preventing a microbial infection comprises administering to a subject a composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a plurality of antibodies of the subject invention.

[0064] Antibodies and Assays

[0065] In another aspect, the hybrid polypeptides and variants thereof of the present invention are utilized to elicit antibodies specific for at least one epitope present on the hybrid polypeptides provided herein. Accordingly, the present invention also provides such antibodies. In preferred embodiments the antibodies bind to specific protective epitopes present on a M protein. Within the context of the present invention, the term “antibodies” includes polyclonal antibodies, monospecific antibodies, monoclonal antibodies, anti-idiotypic antibodies, fragments thereof such as F(ab′)2 and Fab fragments, and recombinantly or synthetically produced antibodies. Such antibodies incorporate the variable regions that permit a monoclonal antibody to specifically bind, which means an antibody is able to selectively bind to a peptide produced from an emm or spa sequence of this invention. “Specific for” refers to the ability of a protein (e.g., an antibody) to selectively bind a polypeptide or peptide encoded by an emm or spa nucleic acid molecule or a synthesized hybrid polypeptide of this invention. Association or “binding” of an antibody to a specific antigen generally involve electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding, Van der Waals interactions, and hydrophobic interactions. Any one of these or any combination thereof can play a role in the binding between an antibody and its antigen. Such an antibody generally associates with an antigen, such as M protein, with an affinity constant (Ka) of at least 104, preferably at least 105, more preferably at least 106, still more preferably at least 107 and most preferably at least 108. Affinity constants may be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art using well-known techniques (see Scatchard, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 51:660-672, 1949). The affinity of a monoclonal antibody or antibody can be readily determined by one of ordinary skill in the art (see Scatchard, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 51:660-672, 1949).

[0066] In addition, the term “antibody,” as used herein, includes naturally occurring antibodies as well as non-naturally occurring antibodies, including, for example, single chain antibodies, chimeric, bifunctional and humanized antibodies, as well as antigen-binding fragments thereof. Such non-naturally occurring antibodies may be constructed using solid phase peptide synthesis, may be produced recombinantly, or may be obtained, for example, by screening combinatorial libraries consisting of variable heavy chains and variable light chains (Huse et al., Science 246:1275-1281 (1989)). These and other methods of making, for example, chimeric, humanized, CDR-grafted, single chain, and bifunctional antibodies are well known in the art (Winter and Harris, Immunol. Today 14:243, 1993; Ward et al., Nature 341:544, 1989; Harlow and Lane, Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, 1992; Borrabeck, Antibody Engineering, 2d ed., Oxford Univ. Press, 1995; Hilyard et al., Protein Engineering: A practical approach, IRL Press, 1992).

[0067] In a preferred embodiment, a plurality of antibodies comprises two or more different antibodies wherein each antibody is specific for a different immunogenic peptide of a hybrid polypeptide, the polypeptide comprises at least six different immunogenic peptides linked in tandem, each peptide comprises at least 30 amino acids and the amino-terminal peptide is reiterated as a carboxy-terminal peptide, wherein the polypeptide is capable of eliciting an immune response against more than one serotype of group A streptococci. Preferably, a hybrid polypeptide is capable of eliciting an immune response against at least serotypes 5, 6, 14, 19, 24, and 29; or at least against serotypes 2, 11, 22, 33, 43, 59, and 94; or at least against serotypes 75, 76, 77, 89, 92, 101, and 114; or at least against serotypes 1.0, 1.2, 3, 12, 18, and 28. In another preferred embodiment, a hybrid polypeptide is capable of eliciting an immune response against a M serotype not represented in the hybrid polypeptide, such as serotype 4. More preferably the antibodies are elicited by the hybrid polypeptides of SEQ ID NOS:2, 4, 6, and 8, individually or in combination, and most preferably at least one antibody is opsonic and not tissue cross-reactive in a subject. As used herein, “opsonic” means any epitope that enhances phagocytosis of a cell or particle having the epitope. As commonly understood by those having ordinary skill in the art, “opsonic antibodies” are antibodies that facilitate phagocytic activity of a particle having the antigen, such as a bacterial cell. In yet another preferred embodiment, the antibodies elicited by the hybrid polypeptides of the invention are polyclonal.

[0068] Polyclonal antibodies can be readily generated by one of ordinary skill in the art from a variety of warm-blooded animals such as horses, cows, goats, sheep, dogs, chickens, turkeys, rabbits, mice, or rats. Briefly, the desired hybrid polypeptide or mixtures of hybrid polypeptides, or variants thereof are administered to immunize an animal through parenteral, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intraocular, or subcutaneous injections. The immunogenicity of the hybrid polypeptide of interest may be increased through the use of an adjuvant, such as alum and Freund's complete or incomplete adjuvant. Following several booster immunizations over a period of weeks, small samples of serum are collected and tested for reactivity to the desired M peptide or Spa peptide. Particularly preferred polyclonal immune sera give a signal that is at least three times greater than background. Once the titer of the animal has reached a plateau in terms of its reactivity to the hybrid polypeptide, larger quantities of polyclonal immune sera may be readily obtained either by weekly bleedings or by exsanguinating the animal.

[0069] For example, the hybrid polypeptides of SEQ ID NOS:2, 4, 6, and 8 (see FIG. 1) were purified, mixed in equimolar concentrations, and formulated with alum to contain 400 μg total protein and 750 μg alum in each 0.5 ml dose. Three rabbits each received three intramuscular injections of the hybrid polypeptide cocktail at either 0, 4, and 8 weeks or 0, 4, and 16 weeks, and immune serum was recovered at 18 weeks. The harvested sera were analyzed by ELISA, as described herein, using the purified recombinant dimeric peptide components of each of the larger vaccine polypeptides. Using ELISA (with purified recombinant dimeric immunogenic peptides of the hybrid molecule), the immune sera from rabbits immunized at 0, 4, and 16 weeks were found to contain high titers of antibodies against the vast majority of the M peptides and the Spa peptide contained in the hybrid polypeptides of the cocktail (FIG. 3). In certain preferred embodiments, the polyclonal antibodies include those that are specific for group A streptococci of serotypes 5, 6, 14, 19, 24, and 29, or of serotypes 2, 11, 22, 33, 43, 59, and 94, or of serotypes 75, 76, 77, 89, 92, 101, and 114, or of serotypes 1.0, 1.2, 3, 12, 18, and 28.

[0070] Monoclonal antibodies may also be readily generated using well-known techniques (see U.S. Pat. Nos. RE 32,011, 4,902,614, 4,543,439, and 4,411,993; see also Monoclonal Antibodies, Hybridomas: A New Dimension in Biological Analyses, Plenum Press, Kennett, McKearn, and Bechtol (eds.), 1980, and Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Harlow and Lane (eds.), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1988). Briefly, in one embodiment, a subject animal such as a rat or mouse is injected with a desired protein or peptide. If desired, various techniques may be utilized in order to increase the resultant immune response generated by the protein, in order to develop greater antibody reactivity. For example, the desired protein or peptide may be coupled to another carrier protein (such as ovalbumin, keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), or E. coli labile toxin B subunit) or through the use of adjuvants (such as alum or Freund's complete and incomplete adjuvant) and the like.

[0071] Once suitable antibodies have been obtained, they may be isolated or purified by many techniques well known to those of ordinary skill in the art (see Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Harlow and Lane, supra). Suitable techniques include peptide or protein affinity columns, HPLC or RP-HPLC, purification on protein A or protein G columns, or any combination of these techniques. Within the context of the present invention, the term “isolated” as used to define antibodies or antibodies means “substantially free of other blood components.”

[0072] Several assays are available as described herein to examine the activity of the antibodies elicited by the hybrid polypeptides of the subject invention. An exemplary assay is an opsonophagocytosis assay, which detects phagocytosis facilitated by the presence of opsonic antibodies present in test antisera. Briefly, the assay measures the amount of phagocytosis of selected bacterial cells by neutrophils after preincubating the cells in the presence or absence of antisera raised against, for example, hybrid polypeptide immunogens. Preincubation with the immune sera coats the cells with M protein reactive antibodies, some of which will be opsonic antibodies elicited from opsonic epitopes present on the M protein antigens. Preincubated, coated cells are then mixed with whole blood from an animal, typically a mammal for which opsonic protection is to be sought (e.g., a human) to determine the percentage of neutrophils that associate with the bacterial cells, which is a measure of phagocytic activity facilitated by opsonic antibodies. Immune sera containing opsonic antibodies induce a higher percentage of neutrophils associated with the selected bacteria than does immune sera lacking opsonic antibodies. In a variation of this test, the bactericidal activity of immune sera may be tested by incubating the immune sera with fewer bacterial cells, incubating in blood for a longer period of time, and then plating the mixture on a culture medium to score for viable bacteria. The presence of opsonic antibodies in the immune sera increase the number of bacteria destroyed by phagocytosis and, therefore, lowers the number of colony forming units (CFUs) detected on the plate culture. Another exemplary assay analyzes bactericidal activity of the test antibodies (see Example 5).

[0073] Nucleic Acid Molecules and Host Cells

[0074] The invention also encompasses isolated nucleic acid molecules comprising a sequence encoding a hybrid polypeptide wherein each peptide comprises an amino-terminal portion of a streptococcal M protein (e.g., SEQ ID NOS:2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, or 16). Also provided by the present invention are nucleic acid expression constructs, and host cells containing such nucleic acids, which encode hybrid polypeptide and variants thereof, which hybrid polypeptides are capable of eliciting an immune response against more than one serotype of group A streptococci. This aspect of the invention pertains to isolated nucleic acid sequences encoding a hybrid polypeptide sequence as described herein, as well as those sequences readily derived from isolated nucleic acid molecules such as, for example, complementary sequences, reverse sequences and complements of reverse sequences.

[0075] “Nucleic acid” or “nucleic acid molecule” refers to any of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), oligonucleotides, fragments generated by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and fragments generated by any of ligation, scission, endonuclease action, and exonuclease action. Nucleic acids may be composed of monomers that are naturally occurring nucleotides (such as deoxyribonucleotides and ribonucleotides), analogs of naturally occurring nucleotides (e.g., α-enantiomeric forms of naturally-occurring nucleotides), or a combination of both. Modified nucleotides can have modifications in sugar moieties and/or in pyrimidine or purine base moieties. Sugar modifications include, for example, replacement of one or more hydroxyl groups with halogens, alkyl groups, amines, and azido groups, or sugars can be functionalized as ethers or esters. Moreover, the entire sugar moiety may be replaced with sterically and electronically similar structures, such as aza-sugars and carbocyclic sugar analogs. Examples of modifications in a base moiety include alkylated purines and pyrimidines, acylated purines or pyrimidines, or other well-known heterocyclic substitutes. Nucleic acid monomers can be linked by phosphodiester bonds or analogs of such linkages. Analogs of phosphodiester linkages include phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate, phosphoroselenoate, phosphorodiselenoate, phosphoroanilothioate, phosphoranilidate, phosphoramidate, and the like. The term “nucleic acid” also includes so-called “peptide nucleic acids,” which comprise naturally occurring or modified nucleic acid bases attached to a polyamide backbone. Nucleic acids can be either single stranded or double stranded.

[0076] Further, an “isolated nucleic acid molecule” refers to a polynucleotide molecule in the form of a separate fragment or as a component of a larger nucleic acid construct, which has been separated from its source cell (including the chromosome it normally resides in) at least once in a substantially pure form. For example, a DNA molecule that encodes a Spa polypeptide, peptide, or variant thereof, which has been separated from a Streptococcus cell or from the genomic DNA of a Streptococcus cell, is an isolated DNA molecule. Another example of an isolated nucleic acid molecule is a chemically synthesized nucleic acid molecule. Nucleic acid molecules may be comprised of a wide variety of nucleotides, including DNA, cDNA, RNA, nucleotide analogues, or some combination thereof. In one preferred embodiment, an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprises a sequence encoding a hybrid polypeptide of SEQ ID NOS:2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, or 16.

[0077] In certain aspects, the invention relates to nucleic acid vectors and constructs that include nucleic acid sequences of the present invention, and in particular to “nucleic acid expression constructs” that include any polynucleotide encoding a hybrid polypeptide as provided above; to host cells that are genetically engineered with vectors and/or constructs of the invention and to the production and use in methods for treating or preventing a microbial infection or eliciting an immune response. The hybrid polypeptides may be expressed in mammalian cells, yeast, bacteria or other cells under the control of appropriate expression control sequences. Cell-free translation systems may also be employed to produce such proteins using RNAs derived from the nucleic acid expression constructs of the present invention. Appropriate cloning and expression vectors for use with prokaryotic and eukaryotic hosts are described, for example, by Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Second Edition, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., (1989), and may include plasmids, cosmids, shuttle vectors, viral vectors and vectors comprising a chromosomal origin of replication as disclosed therein. In one preferred embodiment, a nucleic acid expression construct comprises an expression control sequence operably linked to a polynucleotide encoding a hybrid polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, or 16. In another preferred embodiment, the nucleic acid expression construct has an inducible promoter, which may be lac, tac, trc, ara, trp, λ phage, T7 phage, and T5 phage promoter, and more preferably is a T5 phage promoter/lac operator expression control sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:17. The “expression control sequence” refers to any sequences sufficient to allow expression of a protein of interest in a host cell, including one or more promoter sequences, enhancer sequences, operator sequences (e.g., lacO), and the like. In certain embodiments, the hybrid polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid is in a plasmid, more preferably in plasmid pT5 (SEQ ID NO:17) and the host cell is a bacterium, most preferably Escherichia coli.

[0078] It should be understood that hybrid polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid may be a variant of the natural sequence due to, for example, the degeneracy of the genetic code (including alleles). Briefly, such “variants” may result from natural polymorphisms or may be synthesized by recombinant methodology (e.g., to obtain codon optimization for expression in a particular host) or chemical synthesis, and may differ from wild-type polypeptides by one or more amino acid substitutions, insertions, deletions, or the like. Variants encompassing conservative amino acid substitutions include, for example, substitutions of one aliphatic amino acid for another, such as Ile, Val, Leu, or Ala or substitutions of one polar residue for another, such as between Lys and Arg, Glu and Asp, or Gln and Asn. Such substitutions are well known in the art to provide variants having similar physical properties and functional activities, such as for example, the ability to elicit and cross-react with similar antibodies. Other variants include nucleic acids sequences that encode a hybrid polypeptide having at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or 95% amino acid identity to SEQ ID NOS:2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, or 16. Preferred embodiments are those having greater than 90% or 95% identity with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOS:2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, or 16. As will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art, a nucleotide sequence encoding an hybrid polypeptide or variant thereof may differ from the native sequences presented herein due to codon degeneracy, nucleotide polymorphism, or nucleotide substitution, deletion or insertion. Thus, in certain aspects the present invention includes all degenerate nucleic acid molecules that encode polypeptides and peptides comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOS:2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, or 16. In another aspect, included are nucleic acid molecules that encode hybrid polypeptide variants having conservative amino acid substitutions or deletions or substitutions such that the hybrid polypeptide variant retains at least one epitope capable of eliciting antibodies specific for one or more streptococcal serotypes.

[0079] In certain aspects, a nucleic acid sequence may be modified to encode a hybrid polypeptide variant wherein specific codons of the nucleic acid sequence have been changed to codons that are favored by a particular host and can result in enhanced levels of expression (see, e.g., Haas et al., Curr. Biol. 6:315, 1996; Yang et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 24:4592, 1996). For example, certain codons of the immunogenic peptides obtained from streptococcal M proteins were optimized, without changing the primary sequence of the peptides, for improved expression in Escherichia coli. By way of illustration and not limitation, eleven of the thirteen arginine (Arg) codons of AGG/AGA in the hexavalent hybrid polypeptide as set forth in SEQ ID NO:9 were changed to the Arg codons of CGT/CGC as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1. Similarly, twelve of twenty AGG/AGA Arg codons of SEQ ID NO:15 were optimized to CGT/CGC codons as set forth in SEQ ID NO:8; seven of thirteen AGG/AGA Arg codons of SEQ ID NO:11 were optimized to CGT/CGC codons as set forth in SEQ ID NO:3; and five of nine AGG/AGA Arg codons of SEQ ID NO:13 were optimized to CGT/CGC codons as set forth in SEQ ID NO:5. As is known in the art, codons may be optimized for whichever host the hybrid polypeptide is to be expressed in, including without limitation bacteria, fungi, insect cells, plant cells, and mammalian cells. Additionally, codons encoding different amino acids may be changed as well, wherein one or more codons encoding different amino acids may be altered simultaneously as would best suit a particular host (e.g., codons for arginine, glycine, leucine, and serine may all be optimized or any combination thereof). Alternatively, codon optimization may result in one or more changes in the primary amino acid sequence, such as a conservative amino acid substitution, addition, deletion, or combination thereof.

[0080] While particular embodiments of isolated nucleic acids encoding hybrid polypeptides are depicted in SEQ ID NOS:1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, and 15, within the context of the present invention, reference to one or more isolated nucleic acids includes variants of these sequences that are substantially similar in that they encode native or non-native hybrid polypeptides with similar structure and ability to elicit serospecific antibodies to at least one immunogenic peptide subunit contained in the hybrid polypeptides of SEQ ID NOS:2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, or 16. As used herein, the nucleotide sequence is deemed to be “substantially similar” if: (a) the nucleotide sequence is derived from the coding region of a emm gene isolated from a streptococcus (including, for example, portions of the sequence or allelic variations of the sequences discussed above) and contains a M protein epitope with substantially the same ability to elicit opsonic antibodies protective against streptococci that are not tissue cross-reactive; (b) the nucleotide sequence is capable of hybridization to the nucleotide sequences of the present invention under moderate or high stringency; (c) the nucleotide sequences are degenerate (i.e., sequences which code for the same amino acids using a different codon sequences) as a result of the genetic code to the nucleotide sequences defined in (a) or (b); or (d) is a complement of any of the sequences described in (a), (b) or (c).

[0081] As used herein, two nucleotide sequences are said to “hybridize” under conditions of a specified stringency when stable hybrids are formed between substantially complementary nucleic acid sequences. Stringency of hybridization refers to a description of the environment under which hybrids are annealed and washed, which typically includes ionic strength and temperature. Other factors that might affect hybridization include the probe size and the length of time the hybrids are allowed to form. For example, “high,” “medium” and “low” stringency encompass the following conditions or equivalent conditions thereto: high stringency is 0.1×SSPE or SSC, 0.1% SDS, 65° C.; medium stringency is 0.2×SSPE or SSC, 0.1% SDS, 50° C.; and low stringency is 1.0×SSPE or SSC, 0.1% SDS, 50° C. As used herein, the term “high stringency conditions” means that one or more sequences will remain hybridized only if there is at least 95%, and preferably at least 97%, identity between the sequences. In preferred embodiments, the nucleic acid sequences that remain hybridized to a hybrid polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid molecule encode polypeptides that retain at least one epitope of a hybrid polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid of any one of SEQ ID NOS:1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, and 15.

[0082] Methods for producing the hybrid polypeptides of the subject invention are provided as well wherein any of the nucleic acid molecules and host cells described herein may be used. In a preferred embodiment, a method of producing a hybrid polypeptide comprises culturing a host cell containing a nucleic acid expression vector comprising at least one expression control sequence operably linked to a nucleic acid molecule encoding a hybrid polypeptide, such as a hybrid polypeptide as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS:2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, or 16, under conditions and for a time sufficient for expression of the polypeptide. In one particularly preferred embodiment, a hybrid polypeptide is produced by this method, and more preferably the hybrid polypeptides produced are of SEQ ID NOS:10, 12, 14, or 16, and more preferably the hybrid polypeptides produced are of SEQ ID NOS:2, 4, 6, or 8.

[0083] The following examples are offered by way of illustration and not by way of limitation.

EXAMPLES

Example 1

Generation of Recombinant Multivalent and Individual Streptococcal Proteins

[0084] Once the specific 5′ sequences of each emm and spa gene had been selected for inclusion in the vaccine, they were used to design four hybrid nucleic acid molecules, each containing 6-7 emm and/or spa coding sequences linked in tandem by unique restriction enzyme recognition sites (FIGS. 1-5). The four hybrid nucleic acid molecules were constructed using PCR-generated emm or spa nucleic acid molecules that were amplified from streptococcal genomic DNA of the corresponding serotype using oligonucleotide forward and reverse primers containing restriction enzyme sites at the 5′ end. The PCR-generated fragments were purified, digested with the appropriate restriction enzymes, ligated using methods previously described (Dale et al., J. Immunol. 151:2188, 1993; Dale, Vaccine 17:193, 1999), and then sequentially cloned into the expression vector pT5. Plasmid pT5 (SEQ ID NO:17) comprises a bacteriophage T5 promoter operably to lac operators, which means expression from the T5 promoter can be induced with isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG).

[0085] The 5′ emm fragment was reiterated at the 3′ end of each hybrid nucleic acid molecule based on observations that an amino-terminal M protein peptide reiterated on the carboxy-terminus of a hybrid polypeptide appears to enhance or protect the immunogenicity of the adjacent M protein peptides (see Dale, Vaccine 17:193, 1999; WO 99/13084). In addition, the emm nucleic acid molecule cloned at the 3′-end of the hybrid molecule was engineered to include at the 5′ end the following: (a) at least six histidine codons, (b) a XhoI restriction enzyme site, (c) optionally one or more amino acid codons (e.g., cysteine), and (d) at least one stop codon (TAA or TAG). Several of the Arg codons from each of the hexavalent and septavalent polypeptides were optimized (see FIGS. 2-5), without changing the primary amino acid sequence, for expression in E. coli, which yielded from about a 2-fold to about a 10-fold increase in polypeptide production. The nucleic acid and amino acid sequences of the hybrid polypeptides used to make admixtures for immunizing rabbits and/or humans are set forth in SEQ ID NOS:1-16. Each expression plasmid construct of pT5 was used to transform E. coli strain JM105 (genotype F′ traD36 lacIqΔ(lacZ)M15proA+B+/thi rpsL (strr) endA sbcB15 sbcC? hsdR4(rk−mk−) Δ(lac-proAB). The sequence identity of each hybrid DNA molecule transformed into JM105 E. coli was verified by sequencing both strands. Expression of each component fusion protein was detected by SDS-PAGE analysis using whole cell lysates before and after 1 mM IPTG induction.

[0086] In addition to the hybrid multivalent polypeptides generated to immunize a particular subject, recombinant homodimeric peptides comprising a single serotype immunogenic peptide were expressed and purified to test immune sera elicited by the hybrid streptococcal polypeptides. Each emm or spa gene fragment, included in the hybrid nucleic acid molecules described above, was independently amplified by PCR, purified, and cloned sequentially into the expression vector pT5 as an in-frame dimer with a restriction enzyme site between each coding sequence. Each PCR-generated sequence was verified by sequencing both strands of the dimer-encoding nucleic acid molecule. Expression of each peptide in transformed JM105 E. coli was detected by SDS-PAGE analysis, as described above.

[0087] Each hybrid polypeptide encoded by the hybrid nucleic acid molecules was further analyzed by BlastP (matrix BLOSUM62) to assure that there were no significant homologies with human proteins in the GenBank database. The linking restriction enzyme sites between the emm and/or spa encoding nucleic acid molecules were selected to avoid creating a sequence encoding potential human tissue cross-reactive epitopes. Specifically, the two amino acid residues encoded by each restriction enzyme site along with the six flanking M protein or Spa residues on each side of the sites (14 residues in total) were searched using BlastP (matrix PAM30) to detect potential homologies with human proteins in the GenBank database. Any restriction enzyme site matching more than four contiguous amino acids of a human protein sequences was not used.

Example 2

Purification of Multivalent and Individual Streptococcal Proteins

[0088] Each hybrid polypeptide and individual dimeric peptide was purified separately. Cell paste of E. coli JM105 expressing His-tagged hybrid polypeptide was lysed in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) by microfluidation (Microfluidics, Inc., Newton, Mass.). After centrifugation, the clarified lysate was batch adsorbed to nickel-loaded affinity chelate resin (Tosoh Biosep, Montgomeryville, Pa.), washed and eluted with a step gradient of imidazole in PBS. Fractions containing the eluted hybrid polypeptide were pooled, pumped through a 5 ml HITRAP® Q anion exchange cartridge (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Piscataway, N.J.) and concentrated in a stir cell (Millipore, Bedford, Mass.). The concentrated hybrid polypeptide was further purified by size exclusion chromatography using a Superdex 200 column (600 cm length, Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) equilibrated with PBS. Fraction purity was monitored using SDS-PAGE and fractions containing pure hybrid polypeptide were pooled and stored at −20° C. until use. Purity, identity and concentration of the hybrid polypeptide were further assessed by reverse-phase HPLC, amino acid analysis, and electrospray mass spectrometry.

[0089] Individual dimeric peptides were similarly purified, but with notable differences. E. coli JM105 expressing 6xHis-tagged dimeric peptide were lysed in PBS containing 8M urea for 3 hours with stirring. After centrifugation, the clarified lysate was batch adsorbed to nickel-loaded affinity chelate resin (Tosoh Biosep) and washed and eluted with a step gradient of imidazole in PBS. The eluted dimeric peptide was then loaded onto a preparative reverse-phase C4 column (Vydac, Hesperia, Calif.), washed, and eluted with increasing concentrations of acetonitrile in water containing 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid. Fractions of eluted dimeric peptide were monitored using SDS-PAGE. Fractions containing purified dimeric peptide were pooled and dialyzed against PBS before storage at −20° C.

Example 3

Formulation of Hybrid Polypeptide Cocktail and Immunization of Rabbits

[0090] The four multivalent polypeptides (Hexa A.1 [SEQ ID NO:10], Septa B.2 [SEQ ID NO:16], Septa C.2 [SEQ ID NO:4], and Septa D.1 [SEQ ID NO:14]) were mixed in equimolar amounts and adsorbed to alum (REHYDRAGEL®, low viscosity, Reheis, Inc., Berkeley Heights, N.J.) to achieve a final protein concentration of 800 μg/ml and a final alum concentration of 1.5 μg/ml. This cocktail of immunogenic polypeptides represent at least 27 antigens.

[0091] New Zealand white rabbits were each immunized with 400 μg (i.e., about 100 μg of each multivalent polypeptide) of the vaccine via the intramuscular route at either 0, 4, and 8 weeks or 0, 4, and 16 weeks (see Dale, Vaccine 17:193, 1999). Serum was obtained prior to the first injection and two weeks after the final injection.

Example 4

Elisa Using Serum From Immunized Rabbits

[0092] Type-specific antibodies were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) essentially by methods previously described (McLellan et al., Infect. Immun. 69:2943, 2001). Briefly, microtiter wells were coated with purified recombinant dimeric M peptides (i.e., copying the vaccine subunits and used as solid-phase antigens). Wells without peptide but containing all other reagents served as negative controls. The ELISAs were performed using pre-immune and immune rabbit sera. The sera were serially diluted in PBS (pH 7.4) with 0.05% TWEEN® 20, added to the wells, and incubated at 37° C. for 2 hours. The wells were washed with 0.15% saline-TWEEN® 20. A horse radish peroxidase-conjugated goat immunoglobulin G (IgG) to rabbit immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, and IgM) (ICN Biomedicals, Aurora, Ohio) diluted 1:2,000 was added and incubated at 37° C. for 2 hours. The wells were then washed, 5-aminosalicylic acid was added, and the A450 was recorded after 15 minutes in an MR 600 microplate reader (Dynatech Laboratories, Inc., Chantilly, Va.).

[0093] The immune sera from rabbits (obtained 2 weeks after the final immunization) contained high titers of antibodies to the majority of the M peptides contained in the vaccine (FIG. 7). Antibody titers were determined for each of the 26 M peptides and Spa, a new protective antigen of group A streptococci (Dale et al., J. Clin. Invest. 130:1261, 1999). All pre-immune titers were less than 200. Out of the 81 immune serum titers determined (27 antigens×3 rabbits), 69 titers (85%) increased by four-fold or greater over the pre-immune levels (FIG. 7).

Example 5

Opsonization Assays Using Serum From Immunized Rabbits

[0094] Opsonic antibodies were detected by in vitro opsonization assays, essentially as previously described (Beachey et al., J. Exp. Med. 145:1469, 1977). The test mixture consisted of 0.05 ml of a standard suspension of streptococci grown to mid-log phase, 0.05 ml test serum, and 0.2 ml whole, heparinized (10 U/ml) nonimmune human blood. For these assays, the number of streptococcal CFU per leukocyte was approximately 10. The tubes were rotated end-over-end for 45 minutes at 37° C. Smears were then made on glass slides and stained with Wright's stain (Sigma Diagnostics, St. Louis, Mo.). Opsonization was quantitated by counting 50 consecutive neutrophils and calculating the percentage with associated streptococci (percent opsonization).

[0095] The pre-immune sera from all three rabbits resulted in ≦10% opsonization of each of the 26 serotypes tested (data not shown), indicating that the donor blood used for these assays did not contain antibodies against the test organism and that each organism was fully resistant to opsonization in nonimmune blood. Using 30% opsonization in the presence of immune serum as a positive threshold result (i.e., three or more times the pre-immune level), 18 of the 26 serotypes (69%) were opsonized by at least one of three immune rabbit sera (FIG. 8).

Example 6

Bactericidal Assays Using Serum From Immunized Rabbits

[0096] Bactericidal assays were performed similar to Example 5 (Lancefield, J. Exp. Med. 106:525, 1957) except that 0.05 ml of Todd-Hewitt broth containing fewer bacteria was added to 0.1 ml of test serum and 0.35 ml of blood and the mixture was rotated for three hours at 37° C. Then 0.1 ml aliquots of this mixture were added to melted sheep's blood agar, pour plates were prepared, and viable organisms (CFU) were counted after overnight incubation at 37° C. For each serotype tested, three different inocula were used to assure that the growth in blood containing pre-immune serum was optimal and was quantifiable. The results are expressed as percent killing, which was calculated using the following formula: [(CFU after three hours growth with pre-immune serum)−(CFU after three hours growth with immune serum)]÷[CFU after three hours growth with pre-immune serum]×100. Only those assays that resulted in growth of the test strain to at least eight generations in the presence of pre-immune serum were used to express percent killing in the presence of immune serum.

[0097] In all experiments, the test mixture containing pre-immune serum resulted in growth of the organisms to eight generations or more (data not shown), again indicating that the human blood did not contain opsonic antibodies against the test strains and that each organism was fully resistant to bactericidal killing in nonimmune blood. Using 50% reduction in growth after the three-hour rotation in immune serum compared to the pre-immune serum (percent killing), bactericidal activity was observed against 22 of the 26 serotypes tested (FIG. 9). When the results of the opsonization and bactericidal assays were combined, 24 of the 26 serotypes (92%) tested were opsonized by the immune sera in one or both assays.

Example 7

Assays to Detect Tissue Cross-Reactive Antibodies in Immunized Rabbits

[0098] Rabbit immune sera raised against a composition comprising a cocktail of four different hybrid polypeptides (i.e., a 27-valent vaccine) were tested for the presence of tissue cross-reactive antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence assays (Dale and Beachey, J. Exp. Med. 161:113, 1985) using frozen sections (4 μm) of human myocardium, kidney, basal ganglia, cerebral cortex, and cartilage. The sections were placed on gelatin-coated slides and fixed with 1% paraformaldehyde for 10 min. The slides were washed with PBS, incubated with the immune sera diluted 1:5 in PBS for 30 minutes at room temperature, and washed thoroughly in PBS. The sections were then incubated with fluorescein-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG (Cappel, West Chester, Pa.) at a dilution of 1:40 in PBS for 30 minutes at room temperature. After washing, the slides were mounted in Gelvatol and examined in a fluorescent microscope. Rabbit anti-sera known to cross-react with human myocardium, kidney, and brain were used as positive controls and rabbit pre-immune sera as negative controls.

[0099] While the hybrid polypeptides elicited opsonic antibodies to most GrAS serotypes tested, none of the hybrid polypeptides elicited human cross-reactive antibodies. This indicates that the hybrid polypeptides, alone or in combination, do not contain potentially harmful autoimmune epitopes.

Example 8

Bactericidal Activity of Serum From Immunized Rabbits Against Other Serotypes

[0100] Type 4 streptococci are relatively common causes of uncomplicated pharyngitis and invasive infections. Type 4 organisms currently account for 3.8% of all invasive infections and 8.6% of all pharyngitis isolates in the ongoing U.S. surveillance program (personal communication, S. T. Shulman). Not wishing to be bound by theory, it appears that purified recombinant type 4 M protein either does not evoke opsonic antibodies or the type 4 streptococcal strains are resistant to opsonization. For this reason, the emm4 gene fragment was not included in the composition comprising the four hybrid polypeptides of Hexa A.1 [SEQ ID NO:10], Septa B.2 [SEQ ID NO:16], Septa C.2 [SEQ ID NO:4], and Septa D.1 [SEQ ID NO:14] (i.e., the 27-valent vaccine). To determine whether any of the antibodies elicited by the 27-valent vaccine might be directed against cross-reactive opsonic epitopes on the surface of type 4 streptococci, bactericidal assays were performed using seven clinical isolates obtained from the U.S. Streptococcal Pharyngitis Surveillance Program (FIG. 10).

[0101] Interestingly, bactericidal activity was detected against five of the seven strains of type 4 streptococci. The strains isolated from patients in Florida (FL9) and Illinois (IL23 and IL12) were opsonized by both of the 27-valent antisera tested. One of the two antisera opsonized both isolates from California (CA8 and CA12), while the strains from Connecticut (CT5) and South Dakota (SD32) were not opsonized by either antiserum (FIG. 10). The results suggest that the 27-valent cocktail vaccine can evoke antibodies that cross-react with protective epitopes on the surface of some strains of type 4 streptococci. In addition, the data indicate that type 4 streptococci may be a heterogeneous group of organisms that express different protective epitopes even though they all express the type-specific M4 protein.

Example 9

Formulation of Hybrid Polypeptide Cocktail and Immunization of Humans

[0102] The formulated bulk vaccine consists of the four recombinant proteins (Hexa A.3 [SEQ ID NO:2], Septa B.3a [SEQ ID NO:8], Septa C.2 [SEQ ID NO:4], and Septa D.3 [SEQ ID NO:6]) adsorbed onto aluminum hydroxide (final alum concentration of about 1.5 μg/ml) and diluted to a target concentration of about 400 μg/ml or about 800 μg/ml (100 μg/ml or 200 μg/ml, respectively, of each hybrid polypeptide) with phosphate buffered saline. This cocktail of immunogenic polypeptides represents at least 27 antigens.

[0103] Briefly, the calculated volumes of the purified hybrid polypeptides in PBS are measured out and added to a sterile polystyrene media bottle. The mixture is stirred until homogenous, and then diluted with an equal volume of sterile water for injection. This dilution step reduces the concentration of Na2HPO4 and NaCl in the mixture to the desired final concentration (5 mM phosphate, 150 mM NaCl, pH 7.5). The pooled HYBRID polypeptides are then passed through a sterilizing filter unit (MILLIPAK® 20, Millipore, Bedford, Mass.) using a peristaltic pump. If some peptides require some special conditions to homogenize or dilute, then the solutions are made separately and subsequently mixed with an adjustment to pH, as needed.

[0104] The required volume of recombinant hybrid polypeptides is measured out, and added to a formulation bottle. REHYDRAGEL® (low viscosity, Reheis, Inc., Berkeley Heights, N.J.) is received as a sterile suspension of aluminum hydroxide in water for injection and is used without further preparation. The required volume of REHYDRAGEL® is measured out and added to the formulation bottle while stirring. The pH of the mixture is measured and adjusted to pH 7.5-7.7 using 1 M NaOH. Finally, formulation buffer is added to achieve the correct final volume and the mixture stirred for an additional 16-20 hours at room temperature. The bulk vaccine is divided into containers (sterile), samples are taken for testing, and the formulated vaccine is stored at 2-8° C.

[0105] Human volunteers were screened and 30 healthy subjects aged 18-50 years were enrolled. Each subject was immunized with 400 μg of the cocktail vaccine composition via the intramuscular route at 0, 30, and 120 days. Serum was obtained prior to the first injection and at days 14, 30, 44, 60, 120, 134 and 150.

Example 10

Elisa Using Serum From Immunized Human Subjects

[0106] Type-specific antibodies were detected by ELISA, similar to the methods described in Example 4 (see also McLellan et al., Infect. Immun. 69:2943, 2001). Briefly, microtiter wells were coated with purified recombinant dimeric M peptides (i.e., copying the vaccine subunits and used as solid-phase antigens). Wells without human sera but containing all other reagents served as negative controls. The ELISAs were performed using the collected human sera. The sera were serially diluted in PBS (pH 7.4) with 0.1% BSA and 0.05% TWEEN® 20, added to the wells, and incubated at 37° C. for 2 hours. The wells were washed with PBS-0.05% TWEEN® 20. A horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat immunoglobulin G (IgG) to human immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, and IgM) (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories, West Grove, Pa.) diluted 1:2,000 was added and incubated at 37° C. for 1 hour. The wells were then washed, 1-Step™ Turbo TMB-ELISA substrate (Pierce, Rockford, Ill.) was added, 1 N sulfuric acid was added after 30 minutes. The A450/595 was recorded in a VMAX® microplate reader (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, Calif.).

[0107] All of the immune sera from the human subjects (obtained at Day 134, which was two weeks after the third injection on Day 120) showed a statistically significant rise in antibody titer for all M antigens and the Spa antigen, with a p value <0.001 (FIG. 11). All subjects had a baseline level pre-immune titer for some antigens (Day 0) as seen in FIG. 11 (Day 0, open bars). The geometric mean fold increase in serum antibody to all of the antigens in the 27-valent cocktail was 12.6-fold, with a minimum increase of three-fold and a maximum increase of over 68-fold. Overall, 26 out of the 27 antigens represented in the vaccine evoked at least a four-fold mean increase in antibody titer.

Example 11

Bactericidal Assays Using Serum From Immunized Human Subjects

[0108] Bactericidal assays were performed essentially as described in Example 6 (see also Lancefield, J. Exp. Med. 106:525, 1957). Only those assays that resulted in growth of the test strain in the presence of Day 0 serum were used to express percent killing in the presence of Day 134 serum.

[0109] All subjects that showed a rise in antibody titers over baseline level pre-immune titers also showed an increase over baseline levels bactericidal activity (FIG. 12). The geometric mean antibody titer increase was determined as in Example 10 and converted to log normal (Ln) for comparison to functional activity (bactericidal killing) of the same immune sera. Thus, there is a quantitative correlation between increased antibody titers and the ability of antibodies to induce bacterial killing.

Example 12

Assays to Detect Tissue Cross-Reactive Antibodies in Serum From Immunized Human Subjects

[0110] Sera collected from human subjects, who were immunized with a 27-valent vaccine composition comprising a cocktail of four different hybrid polypeptides (Hexa A.3 [SEQ ID NO:2], Septa B.3a [SEQ ID NO:8], Septa C.2 [SEQ ID NO:4], and Septa D.3 [SEQ ID NO:6]), were tested for the presence of tissue cross-reactive antibodies as essentially described in Example 7.

[0111] Similar to the results observed in rabbits, none of the hybrid polypeptides elicited human cross-reactive antibodies. This indicates that the hybrid polypeptides, alone or in combination, do not contain potentially harmful human autoimmune epitopes.

Example 13

Comparison of Hexavalent Vaccine Versus 27-Valent Cocktail Vaccine Used to Immunized Human Subjects

[0112] A similar human trial was performed using single hexavalent polypeptide Hexa 1.2, which has a structure of M24-M5-M6-M19-M1-M3-M24 (see Dale, Vaccine 17:193, 1999; WO 99/13084). Human volunteers were screened and 11 healthy subjects were each immunized three times with 100 μg of Hexa 1.2 in the same formulation buffer as used for the 27-valent vaccine composition comprising a cocktail of four different hybrid polypeptides (Hexa A.3 [SEQ ID NO:2], Septa B.3a [SEQ ID NO:8], Septa C.2 [SEQ ID NO:4], and Septa D.3 [SEQ ID NO:6]). All six of the group A streptococcal antigens of Hexa 1.2 (M24, M5, M6, M19, M1, and M3) are represented in two of the four multivalent polypeptides that comprise the 27-valent vaccine. ELISAs were then performed on sera from immunized subjects to identify type-specific antibodies for each of the Hexa 1.2 antigens, essentially as described in Example 10. The geometric mean titers were calculated using antibody titers from the 11 subjects that received the Hexa 1.2 multivalent polypeptide and using antibody titers from the 30 subjects in the 27-valent cocktail of four different multivalent polypeptides clinical trial, respectively (FIG. 13). The fold-increase in antibody titers represents the fold rise in geometric mean titers after immunization as compared to the geometric mean titers before immunization.

[0113] Surprisingly, the subjects immunized with the 27-valent composition showed a much greater fold-increase in antibody titers overall than did the subjects who received the hexavalent composition (FIG. 13). The 27-valent showed a greater fold-increase for all M antigens, ranging from about 1.1- to about a 4-fold increase. As noted above, the increase in antibody titer also correlates with an increase in bactericidal activity. Hence, the four multivalent peptides together unexpectedly showed a synergistic effect in evoking an immune response as compared to a single hexavalent peptide.

[0114] From the foregoing it will be appreciated that, although specific embodiments of the invention have been described herein for purposes of illustration, various modifications may be made without deviating from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is not limited except as by the appended claims.

Multivalent streptococcal vaccine compositions and methods for use

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