Nano-photonics reflector for LED emitters

Abstract

A system, method and device for use as a reflector for a light emitting diode (LED) are disclosed. The system, method and device include a first layer designed to reflect transverse-electric (TE) radiation emitted by the LED, a second layer designed to block transverse-magnetic (TM) radiation emitted from the LED, and a plurality of ITO layers designed to operate as a transparent conducting oxide layer. The first layer may be a one-dimension (1D) distributed Bragg reflective (DBR) layer. The second layer may be a two-dimension (2D) photonic crystal (PhC), a three-dimension (3D) PhC, and/or a hyperbolic metamaterial (HMM). The 2D PhC may include horizontal cylinder bars, vertical cylinder bars, or both. The system, method and device may include a bottom metal reflector that may be Ag free and may act as a bonding layer.

Description

FIELD OF INVENTION

The present invention is directed to a nano-photonics reflector for light emitting diode (LED) emitters, and more particularly, to a reflector structure that improves the limited reflectance of the distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) to fully block the incident light.

BACKGROUND

The reflectance of typical composite mirror architectures is limited by the index contrast between the semiconductor and a rather thick oxide layer separating the lossy metal reflector. Light incident at angles outside the critical cone interact with the metal and hence get partly absorbed. To improve this, a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) structure might be placed between the thick oxide layer and the metal reflector. Practical DBR designs however employ layers with restricted refractive index contrast that ends up limiting the performance gains.

There is a need, therefore, for a reflector structure that improves the limited reflectance of the DBR to fully block the incident light efficiently.

SUMMARY

A system, method and device for use as a reflector for a light emitting diode (LED) are disclosed. The system, method and device include a first layer designed to reflect transverse-electric (TE) radiation emitted by the LED, a second layer designed to block transverse-magnetic (TM) radiation emitted from the LED, and a plurality of ITO layers designed to operate as a transparent conducting oxide layer.

The first layer may be a one-dimension (1D) distributed Bragg reflective (DBR) layer. The second layer may be a two-dimension (2D) photonic crystal (PhC), a three-dimension (3D) PhC, and/or a hyperbolic metamaterial (HMM). The 2D PhC may include horizontal cylinder bars, vertical cylinder bars, or both. The system, method and device may include a bottom metal reflector that may be Ag free and may act as a bonding layer.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

A more detailed understanding can be had from the following description, given by way of example in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein:

FIG. 1 illustrates a light emitting diode (LED) composite mirror loss contribution;

FIG. 2 illustrates an angular resolved spectral distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) loss breakdown in a composite mirror LED emitter demonstrating that losses are highest in the blue and 60° angle of incidence (AOI);

FIG. 3 illustrates a DBR cumulative loss at 60° AOI at 450 nm corresponding to the location of maxima in FIG. 1;

FIG. 4 illustrates a polarization dependence reflectance at 450 nm demonstrating that transverse-magnetic (TM) polarization reflectance is low in the Brewster angle region;

FIG. 5 illustrates the relation between band diagram and reflectance for a typical DBR solution which can be compared to FIG. 3;

FIG. 6 illustrates a reflector with one dimension (1D) DBR plus two dimensions (2D) photonic crystals (PhC) or three dimensions (3D) PhC;

FIG. 7 illustrates the electric field normal at various AOIs (450 nm) of the reflector of FIG. 6 using SiO2 and TiOx layers;

FIG. 8 illustrates the reflectance response at 450 nm of both 1D DBR and the reflector of FIG. 6;

FIG. 9 illustrates a reflector with 1D DBR and a hyperbolic metamaterial (HMM) layer;

FIG. 10 illustrates a bandgap diagram for the reflector of FIG. 9 using a HMM formed by metal-dielectric pairs of deep sub-wavelength thickness; and

FIG. 11 illustrates a method of reflecting light emitted from an LED.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth, such as particular structures, components, materials, dimensions, processing steps, and techniques, in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present embodiments. However, it will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill of the art that the embodiments may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known structures or processing steps have not been described in detail in order to avoid obscuring the embodiments. It will be understood that when an element such as a layer, region, or substrate is referred to as being “on” or “over” another element, it can be directly on the other element or intervening elements may also be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly on” or “directly” over another element, there are no intervening elements present. It will also be understood that when an element is referred to as being “beneath,” “below,” or “under” another element, it can be directly beneath or under the other element, or intervening elements may be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly beneath” or “directly under” another element, there are no intervening elements present.

In the interest of not obscuring the presentation of embodiments in the following detailed description, some structures, components, materials, dimensions, processing steps, and techniques that are known in the art may have been combined together for presentation and for illustration purposes and in some instances may have not been described in detail. In other instances, some structures, components, materials, dimensions, processing steps, and techniques that are known in the art may not be described at all. It should be understood that the following description is rather focused on the distinctive features or elements of various embodiments described herein.

A reflector structure that improves the limited reflectance of the distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) to fully block the incident light efficiently is disclosed. Particularly, the reflector structure increases reflectance in practical DBR architectures, reduces transverse-magnetic (TM) polarization related losses, reflects TM polarization radiation with practical (industrially mature) material selection (silicon dioxide (SiO₂), titanium oxide (TiO₂) magnesium floride (MgF) and niodium oxide (wb₂O₅), mitigates light interaction with a metal reflector, thus enabling silver (Ag) free solutions, which may offer significant advantages at high temperature, high current density (i.e. reliable, robust solutions) and/or ultraviolet (UV) emitters, provides a gold (Au) reflector as alternative to Ag to provide a more reliable solution, increases extraction efficiency (ExE) and color efficiency (CE) in direct phosphor-converted LED (pcLED) emitters, and improves directionality (i.e., increased brightness). Additionally, the present reflector structure may provide a complete bandgap DBR by using materials, such as materials with extremely high refractive indices (RI).

Current DBR designs employ layers with restricted refractive index contrast that end up limiting the performance gains. For example, FIG. 1 illustrates a light emitting diode (LED) loss breakdown composite mirror loss contribution. Any LED may benefit from the designs herein. This is generally a DBR between silver mirrors. FIG. 1 shows the loss breakdown 100 of the LED equipped with a composite mirror die including the DBR. The loss breakdown illustrates that 55% (5.5/9.9) of the die losses 110 are due to composite mirror absorption 120. The losses correspond to approximately 5.5% of all generated (blue) light. Of the 5.5% of blue light losses, 50% (2.7/5.5) is due to DBR (Ag) losses 130. Of the approximately 2.7% of DBR (Ag) losses 130, about 80% (79.4%) is attributable to Ag losses 140. Therefore, DBR is blocking light interaction with the metal. As shown, TiO₂ losses in DBR (Ag) account for 17% of the absorption loss. Based on these statistics, an improvement opportunity exists for scenarios where the Ag losses are mitigated or eliminated.

FIG. 2 illustrates an angular resolved spectral distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) loss breakdown 200 in the composite mirror LED emitter depicted from FIG. 1. The loss breakdown 200 demonstrates that losses are highest in the blue wavelengths 210, such as around 450 nm, for example, and approximately 60° angle of incidence. This area 220 is highlighted within FIG. 2.

FIG. 3 illustrates a DBR cumulative loss 300 at 60° angle of incidence (AOI) at 450 nm corresponding to the location of maxima in FIG. 1. P polarization is referred to as transverse-magnetic (TM), and has also in the field been called pi-polarized or tangential plane polarized. S polarization is referred to as transverse-electric (TE), and has also in the field been called sigma-polarized or sagittal plane polarized. The transverse-electric (TE) cumulative loss 320 and transverse-magnetic (TM) cumulative loss 310 at 450 nm for 32° AOI are shown in FIG. 3. The TM cumulative relative loss 310 peaks to approximately 80% (shown at point 330) at a thickness of 200 nm (the Ag layer) and continues to steadily rise until a jump 340 is demonstrated at a thickness of approximately 2000 nm (the ITO layer). The TE cumulative relative loss 320 remains near zero with a small increase 350 at thickness of approximately 2000 nm (the ITO layer). The losses (the majority of the TM losses occur in the first 200 nm of thickness attributable to the Ag layer) are dominated by Ag absorption 360 of TM radiation in the Brewster angular range.

FIG. 2 and FIG. 3 demonstrate that from the angular resolved spectral loss, the losses peak at 450 nm near 60° angle of incidence, which coincides with the Brewster angle. The cumulative loss distribution across DBR layers at the peak loss region clearly shows that TM absorption dominates as it reaches the Ag layers and gets absorbed, while TE loss contribution is very low and primarily due to indium tin oxide (ITO) losses.

FIG. 4 illustrates a polarization dependence reflectance 400 at 450 nm of the composite mirror LED. The plot of the reflectance 400 demonstrates that TM polarization reflectance 410 is low in the Brewster angle (near 60°) region. A comparison between reflection of the p-polarization (Rp) and the reflection of the s-polarization (Rs) in FIG. 4 confirms that TM reflectivity is the poorest (as Rp is the lower of the three reflectance values, with R in the middle and Rs as the largest). The weakest TM reflectance 410, which is the maximum Ag exposure, is around 60°. The Brewster angle (100% transmission) is defined by: atan(nTiO2/nSiO2)≈60°, and hence the associated losses cannot be avoided with the selected materials.

FIG. 5 illustrates the relation 500 between band diagram 508 and reflectance 504 in the case of a DBR as described with respect to FIG. 3. As shown, the dark grey regions are allowed states. The band diagram 508 of FIG. 5 for a DBR reveals that a photonic bandgap may be engineered for TE around the pump wavelength (where losses are the highest) but TM polarization cannot be blocked (i.e., fully reflected). The complete TE bandgap is illustrated in the labeled box 510 in the figure that remains all light grey. The incomplete TM bandgap is illustrated in the labeled box 520 in the figure that does not remain completely light grey. As a result, the incomplete TM bandgap illustrates that the losses cannot be avoided with the materials selected, as was concluded and described with respect to FIG. 4.

FIG. 6 illustrates a reflector 600 with one dimension (1D) DBR 610 plus two dimensions (2D) photonic crystals (PhC) 620 and/or three dimensions (3D) PhC 620. FIG. 6 shows one possible embodiment of such a reflector 600 adjacent to a semiconductor layer 650. The reflector combines a 1D DBR structure 610 with a 2D PhC 620 and/or 3D PhC 620. The PhC 620 may include material pairs, such as SiO2 and TiO2, as would be understood by those possessing an ordinary skill in the art. The PhC 620 may include cylinder bars arranged vertically or horizontally, although the figure illustrates the horizontal arrangement of a 2D PhC 620. In the vertical arrangement, the PhC 620 becomes 3D. Other geometrics may be used including vertical cylinders, spheres, woodpiles, and combinations of these. The bottom metal reflector may be Ag free and therefore may be understood to be a bonding layer 630.

The respective layers of the reflector include the 1D DBR 610 designed to reflect TE radiation, and 2D/3D PhC 620 structures to block TM radiation. The thickness of the 2D/3D PhC structures 620 may be approximately the same size as the DBR layer 610. There may also be ITO layer(s) 640 adjacent to the multiple quantum well (MQW) of the semiconductor layer 650. The ITO layer(s) 640 operates as a transparent conducting oxide layer.

While the present description indicates that the TE radiation is reflected before the TM radiation is reflected, this order may be reversed. Also, the layers may operate to reflect TM radiation, then TE radiation, and then an additional layer may be designed to reflect any additional TM radiation. As would be understood to those possessing an ordinary skill in the art, the use of metal in layers affects the transmission and reflection of both TE and TM radiation.

Although these structures of FIG. 6 do not feature a full photonic bandgap, the structures may feature a complete bandgap for TM radiation. Thus, the need to use the 1D DBR 610 in order to reflect TE radiation.

FIG. 7 illustrates the electric field normal 700 at various AOIs for 450 nm light. Illustrated are the electric field normal of the DBR and the combined 1D DBR and 2D PhC using SiO₂ and TiO_x layers of FIG. 6. As may be seen, the field intensity shows that only a few periodic layers are necessary to fully reflect the incoming waves.

Specifically, as is illustrated in the first (AOI=0 degrees) 710 of the five comparisons the DBR and DBR plus 2DPhC look alike so there is no difference indicated at AOI-0 degrees. Similarly, at AOI=30 degrees 720 the DBR and DBR plus 2DPhC look alike, but slight variations in performance are starting to show. Notably, the DBR portion deviates slightly from that same depiction at 0 degrees for example. The next three comparisons at AOIs of 45 degrees 730, 60 degrees 740 and 75 degrees 750 illustrate that the combination DBR plus 2DPhC functions much better and further illustrates the DBR performance degrading.

FIG. 8 illustrates the reflectance plot 800 at 450 nm of both 1D DBR reflectance 810 and the reflector of FIG. 6 reflectance 820. As shown, the 1D DBR reflectance of TM 810 begins decreasing at approximately 40° AOI and by 50° and until nearly 80° is lower than 20%, until finally increasing beyond 80°. On the other hand, the 1D DBR plus 2D PhC reflectance of TM 820 remains very high approaching approximately 100%.

Collectively FIG. 7 and FIG. 8 show the effectiveness of the combined 1D DBR plus 2D PhC (the reflector of FIG. 6) to obtain nearly 100% reflectivity at pump wavelength.

FIG. 9 illustrates a reflector 900 with 1D DBR 910 and a hyperbolic metamaterial (HMM) layer 925. The respective layers of the reflector include the 1D DBR 910 designed to reflect TE radiation, and the HMM layer 925 to block TM radiation: The thickness of the HMM layer 925 may be approximately the same size as the DBR layer 910. The HMM layer 925 may be thinner than the corresponding PhC layer 620 of FIG. 6. The HMM layer 925 may include nano-engineered material designed with certain properties to tailor light-emitter interaction at the nanoscale. There may also be ITO layer(s) 940 adjacent to the MQW of the semiconductor layer 950. The ITO layer(s) 940 operates as a transparent conducting oxide layer. The bottom metal reflector may be Ag free (e.g., bonding layer 930).

In the reflector 900 illustrated in FIG. 9, many of the layers are similar to the layers described with respect to the reflector 600 of FIG. 6. The PhC 620 from FIG. 6 is replaced by a HMM layer 925. The HMM layer 925 may be formed in a number of different ways, for instance, by alternating metal/dielectric layers of subwavelength thickness. Other methods of creating HMM layer 925 are listed in an article entitled Photonic Hypercrystals by Evgenii E. Narimanov (Phys. Rev X 4, 041014 (2014)). The presence of the HMM layer 925 creates surface modes that enable the forming of complete TM bandgaps.

FIG. 10 illustrates a bandgap diagram 1000 of the reflector 900 of FIG. 9 with the HMM layer 925 formed by metal-dielectric pairs of sub-wavelength thickness. The bandgap diagram 1000 shows that a complete TM bandgap 1010 may be formed. Again, the dark grey regions are allowed states. The indicated area of the TM region provides a complete TM bandgap 1010 because the entire region is light grey. Thus, by combining this HMM layer 925 with a conventional 1D DBR 910, a complete bandgap structure is achieved.

FIG. 11 illustrates a method 1100 of reflecting light emitted from an LED. The method 1100 includes reflecting transverse-electric (TE) radiation emitted by the LED by a first layer at step 1110, blocking transverse-magnetic (TM) radiation emitted from the LED by a second layer at step 1120, and providing a transparent conducting oxide layer with a plurality of ITO layers ag step 1130.

The first layer may be a one-dimension (1D) distributed Bragg reflective (DBR) layer 610, 910. The second layer may be a two-dimension (2D) photonic crystal (PhC) 620, a three-dimension (3D) PhC 620, and/or a hyperbolic metamaterial (HMM) 925. The 2D PhC 620 may include horizontal cylinder bars, vertical cylinder bars, or both. The method 1100 may include providing a bonding layer 630, 930 that may include a metal reflector that is Ag free. The first layer and the second layer may be approximately the same thickness.

Although features and elements are described above in particular combinations, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that each feature or element can be used alone or in any combination with or without the other features and elements. In addition, the methods described herein may be implemented in a computer program, software, or firmware incorporated in a computer-readable medium for execution by a computer or processor. Examples of computer-readable media include electronic signals (transmitted over wired or wireless connections) and computer-readable storage media. Examples of computer-readable storage media include, but are not limited to, a read only memory (ROM), a random access memory (RAM), a register, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media such as internal hard disks and removable disks, magneto-optical media, and optical media such as CD-ROM disks, and digital versatile disks (DVDs).

Claims

1. A light emitting diode (LED) device comprising: a light emitting semiconductor layer that in operation emits light having a peak wavelength,a plurality of indium tin oxide (ITO) layers, anda reflective structure comprising: a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) configured to highly reflect light emitted by the light emitting semiconductor layer at the peak wavelength and incident with transverse-electric (TE) polarization on the reflective structure; andeither: a photonic crystal (PhC) configured to highly reflect light emitted by the light emitting semiconductor layer at the peak wavelength and incident with transverse-magnetic (TM) polarization on the reflective structure; ora hyperbolic metamaterial structure (HMM) configured to highly reflect light emitted by the light emitting semiconductor layer at the peak wavelength and incident with TM polarization on the reflective structure.

2. The LED device of claim 1 wherein the ITO layers are not in direct contact with the PhC nor the HMM.

3. The LED device of claim 1, wherein the reflective structure comprises the PhC.

4. The LED device of claim 3, wherein the PhC is a two-dimension (2D) PhC.

5. The LED device of claim 3, wherein the PhC includes material pairs.

6. The LED device of claim 5, wherein the material pairs include SiO2 and TiO2.

7. A light emitting diode (LED) device comprising: a light emitting semiconductor layer that in operation emits light having a peak wavelength,a reflective structure comprising: a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) configured to highly reflect light emitted by the light emitting semiconductor layer at the peak wavelength and incident with transverse-electric (TE) polarization on the reflective structure; andeither: a three-dimension photonic crystal (3D PhC) configured to highly reflect light emitted by the light emitting semiconductor layer at the peak wavelength and incident with transverse-magnetic (TM) polarization on the reflective structure; ora hyperbolic metamaterial structure (HMM) configured to highly reflect light emitted by the light emitting semiconductor layer at the peak wavelength and incident with TM polarization on the reflective structure.

8. The LED device of claim 7, wherein the reflective structure comprises the 3D PhC and the 3D PhC includes vertical cylinder bars.

9. The device of claim 7 wherein the reflective structure comprises the 3D PhC and the 3D PhC includes at least one of spheres and woodpiles.

10. The LED device of claim 1, wherein the DBR is in contact with the PhC or the HMM.

11. The LED device of claim 7, wherein the reflective structure comprises the HMM.

12. The LED device of claim 11, wherein the HMM is formed by alternating metal/dielectric layers of subwavelength thickness.

13. The LED device of claim 1, further comprising a bottom metal reflector.

14. The LED device of claim 13, wherein the bottom metal reflector is Ag free.

15. The LED device of claim 13, wherein the bottom metal reflector acts as a bonding layer.

16. The LED device of claim 1, wherein the DBR, the PhC, and the HMM are approximately the same thickness.

17. A light emitting diode device (LED) comprising: a semiconductor layer formed as a III/V direct bandgap semiconductor that in operation emits light having a peak wavelength;a reflective structure comprising: a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) configured to highly reflect light emitted by the light emitting semiconductor layer at the peak wavelength and incident with transverse-electric (TE) polarization on the reflective structure; andeither: a photonic crystal (PhC) configured to highly reflect light emitted by the light emitting semiconductor layer at the peak wavelength and incident with transverse-magnetic (TM) polarization on the reflective structure; ora hyperbolic metamaterial structure (HMM) configured to highly reflect light emitted by the light emitting semiconductor layer at the peak wavelength and incident with TM polarization on the reflective structure; anda plurality of indium tin oxide (ITO) layers; anda bottom metal reflector that is Ag free and a bonding layer.

18. The light emitting diode device of claim 17, wherein the bottom metal reflector comprises Au.

19. The LED device of claim 1, wherein the reflective structure comprises the HMM.

20. The LED device of claim 7, wherein the reflective structure comprises the 3D PhC.