Patent Grant
8129694
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to treatment of solid cancers. More particularly, the invention relates to an negative ion beam source vacuum system used as part of a ion beam injection system, which is used in conjunction with charged particle cancer therapy beam acceleration, extraction, and/or targeting methods and apparatus.
2. Discussion of the Prior Art
Cancer Treatment
Proton therapy systems typically include: a beam generator, an accelerator, and a beam transport system to move the resulting accelerated protons to a plurality of treatment rooms where the protons are delivered to a tumor in a patient's body.
Proton therapy works by aiming energetic ionizing particles, such as protons accelerated with a particle accelerator, onto a target tumor. These particles damage the DNA of cells, ultimately causing their death. Cancerous cells, because of their high rate of division and their reduced ability to repair damaged DNA, are particularly vulnerable to attack on their DNA.
Due to their relatively enormous size, protons scatter less easily in the tissue and there is very little lateral dispersion. Hence, the proton beam stays focused on the tumor shape without much lateral damage to surrounding tissue. All protons of a given energy have a certain range, defined by the Bragg peak, and the dosage delivery to tissue ratio is maximum over just the last few millimeters of the particle's range. The penetration depth depends on the energy of the particles, which is directly related to the speed to which the particles were accelerated by the proton accelerator. The speed of the proton is adjustable to the maximum rating of the accelerator. It is therefore possible to focus the cell damage due to the proton beam at the very depth in the tissues where the tumor is situated. Tissues situated before the Bragg peak receive some reduced dose and tissues situated after the peak receive none.
Patents related to the current invention are summarized here.
Proton Beam Therapy System
F. Cole, et. al. of Loma Linda University Medical Center “Multi-Station Proton Beam Therapy System”, U.S. Pat. No. 4,870,287 (Sep. 26, 1989) describe a proton beam therapy system for selectively generating and transporting proton beams from a single proton source and accelerator to a selected treatment room of a plurality of patient treatment rooms.
Accelerator/Synchrotron
H. Tanaka, et. al. “Charged Particle Accelerator”, U.S. Pat. No. 7,259,529 (Aug. 21, 2007) describe a charged particle accelerator having a two period acceleration process with a fixed magnetic field applied in the first period and a timed second acceleration period to provide compact and high power acceleration of the charged particles.
V. Kulish, et. al. “Inductional Undulative EH-Accelerator”, U.S. Pat. No. 6,433,494 (Aug. 13, 2002) describe an inductive undulative EH-accelerator for acceleration of beams of charged particles. The device consists of an electromagnet undulation system, whose driving system for electromagnets is made in the form of a radio-frequency (RF) oscillator operating in the frequency range from about 100 KHz to 10 GHz.
K. Saito, et. al. “Radio-Frequency Accelerating System and Ring Type Accelerator Provided with the Same”, U.S. Pat. No. 5,917,293 (Jun. 29, 1999) describe a radio-frequency accelerating system having a loop antenna coupled to a magnetic core group and impedance adjusting means connected to the loop antenna. A relatively low voltage is applied to the impedance adjusting means allowing small construction of the adjusting means.
J. Hirota, et. al. “Ion Beam Accelerating Device Having Separately Excited Magnetic Cores”, U.S. Pat. No. 5,661,366 (Aug. 26, 1997) describe an ion beam accelerating device having a plurality of high frequency magnetic field inducing units and magnetic cores.
J. Hirota, et. al. “Acceleration Device for Charged Particles”, U.S. Pat. No. 5,168,241 (Dec. 1, 1992) describe an acceleration cavity having a high frequency power source and a looped conductor operating under a control that combine to control a coupling constant and/or de-tuning allowing transmission of power more efficiently to the particles.
Vacuum Chamber
T. Kobari, et. al. “Apparatus For Treating the Inner Surface of Vacuum Chamber”, U.S. Pat. No. 5,820,320 (Oct. 13, 1998) and T. Kobari, et. al. “Process and Apparatus for Treating Inner Surface Treatment of Chamber and Vacuum Chamber”, U.S. Pat. No. 5,626,682 (May 6, 1997) both describe an apparatus for treating an inner surface of a vacuum chamber including means for supplying an inert gas or nitrogen to a surface of the vacuum chamber with a broach. Alternatively, the broach is used for supplying a lower alcohol to the vacuum chamber for dissolving contaminants on the surface of the vacuum chamber.
Intensity
H. Akiyama, et. al. “Charged-Particle Beam Irradiation Method and System”, U.S. Pat. No. 6,433,349 (Aug. 13, 2002) and H. Akiyama, et. al. “Charged-Particle Beam Irradiation Method and System”, U.S. Pat. No. 6,265,837 (Jul. 24, 2001) both describe a charged particle beam irradiation system that includes a changer for changing energy of the particle and an intensity controller for controlling an intensity of the charged-particle beam.
Problem
There exists in the art of particle beam therapy of cancerous tumors a need for efficiently operating a negative ion beam source vacuum system. There further exists in the art a need for extracting the negative ion, focusing the negative ion, converting the negative ion into a positive ion, and injecting the positive ion into a synchrotron. There further exists in the art of particle beam treatment of cancerous tumors in the body a need for reduced synchrotron power supply requirements, reduced synchrotron size, and control of synchrotron magnetic fields. Still further, there exists a need in the art to control the charged particle cancer therapy system in terms of specified energy, intensity, and/or timing of charged particle delivery. Yet still further, there exists a need for efficient, precise, and/or accurate noninvasive, in-vivo treatment of a solid cancerous tumor with minimization of damage to surrounding healthy tissue in a patient.
The invention comprises a negative ion beam source vacuum method and apparatus used as part of an ion beam injection system, which is part of a charged particle cancer therapy beam system.
The invention relates generally to treatment of solid cancers. More particularly, the invention relates to a negative ion source vacuum system as part of an ion beam injection system used in conjunction with charged particle cancer therapy beam injection, acceleration, extraction, and/or targeting methods and apparatus.
Novel design features of a synchrotron are described. Particularly, a negative ion beam source with novel features in the negative ion source, ion source vacuum system, ion beam focusing lens, and tandem accelerator are described. Additionally, turning magnets, edge focusing magnets, magnetic field concentration magnets, winding and correction coils, flat magnetic field incident surfaces, and extraction elements are described that minimize the overall size of the synchrotron, provide a tightly controlled proton beam, directly reduce the size of required magnetic fields, directly reduce required operating power, and allow continual acceleration of protons in a synchrotron even during a process of extracting protons from the synchrotron. The ion beam source system and synchrotron are preferably computer integrated with a patient imaging system and a patient interface including breath monitoring sensors and patient positioning elements.
Used in conjunction with the injection vacuum system, an imaging system, breathing sensors, and novel features of a synchrotron are described. Particularly, intensity control of a charged particle beam acceleration, extraction, and/or targeting method and apparatus used in conjunction with charged particle beam radiation therapy of cancerous tumors are described. More particularly, intensity and energy control of a charged particle stream of a synchrotron is described where the synchrotron includes any of: turning magnets, edge focusing magnets, concentrating magnetic field magnets, winding and control coils, and extraction elements. The synchrotron control elements allow tight control of the charged particle beam, which compliments the tight control of patient positioning to yield efficient treatment of a solid tumor with reduced tissue damage to surrounding healthy tissue. In addition, the system reduces the overall size of the synchrotron, provides a tightly controlled proton beam, directly reduces the size of required magnetic fields, directly reduces required operating power, and allows continual acceleration of protons in a synchrotron even during a process of extracting protons from the synchrotron.
Charged Particle Beam Therapy
Throughout this document, a charged particle beam therapy system, such as a proton beam, hydrogen ion beam, or carbon ion beam, is described. Herein, the charged particle beam therapy system is described using a proton beam. However, the aspects taught and described in terms of a proton beam are not intended to be limiting to that of a proton beam and are illustrative of a charged particle beam system. Any of the techniques described herein are equally applicable to any charged particle beam system.
Referring now to
An exemplary method of use of the charged particle beam system 100 is provided. The main controller 110 controls one or more of the subsystems to accurately and precisely deliver protons to a tumor of a patient. For example, the main controller 110 obtains an image, such as a portion of a body and/or of a tumor, from the imaging system 170. The main controller 110 also obtains position and/or timing information from the patient interface module 150. The main controller 110 then optionally controls the injection system 120 to inject a proton into a synchrotron 130. The synchrotron typically contains at least an accelerator system 132 and an extraction system 134. The main controller preferably controls the proton beam within the accelerator system, such as by controlling speed, trajectory, and timing of the proton beam. The main controller then controls extraction of a proton beam from the accelerator through the extraction system 134. For example, the controller controls timing, energy, and/or intensity of the extracted beam. The controller 110 also preferably controls targeting of the proton beam through the scanning/targeting/delivery system 140 to the patient interface module 150. One or more components of the patient interface module 150 are preferably controlled by the main controller 110. Further, display elements of the display system 160 are preferably controlled via the main controller 110. Displays, such as display screens, are typically provided to one or more operators and/or to one or more patients. In one embodiment, the main controller 110 times the delivery of the proton beam from all systems, such that protons are delivered in an optimal therapeutic manner to the patient.
Herein, the main controller 110 refers to a single system controlling the charged particle beam system 100, to a single controller controlling a plurality of subsystems controlling the charged particle beam system 100, or to a plurality of individual controllers controlling one or more sub-systems of the charged particle beam system 100.
Synchrotron
Herein, the term synchrotron is used to refer to a system maintaining the charged particle beam in a circulating path. Further, the charged particle beam is referred to herein as circulating along a circulating path about a central point of the synchrotron. The circulating path is alternatively referred to as an orbiting path; however, the orbiting path does not refer to a perfect circle or ellipse, rather it refers to cycling of the protons around a central point or region.
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Ion Beam Generation System
An ion beam generation system generates a negative ion beam, such as a hydrogen anion or H− beam; preferably focuses the negative ion beam; converts the negative ion beam to a positive ion beam, such as a proton or H+ beam; and injects the positive ion beam into the synchrotron 130. Portions of the ion beam path are preferably under partial vacuum. Each of these systems are further described, infra.
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Negative Ion Source
An example of the negative ion source 310 is further described herein. Referring now to
In the first stage, hydrogen gas is injected through an inlet port 442 into a high temperature plasma region 490. The injection port 442 is open for a short period of time, such as less than about 1, 5, or 10 microseconds to minimize vacuum pump requirements to maintain vacuum chamber 320 requirements. The high temperature plasma region is maintained at reduced pressure by the partial vacuum system 330. The injection of the hydrogen gas is optionally controlled by the main controller 110, which is responsive to imaging system 170 information and patient interface module 150 information, such as patient positioning and period in a respiration cycle.
In the second stage, a high temperature plasma region is created by applying a first high voltage pulse across a first electrode 422 and a second electrode 424. For example a 5 kV pulse is applied for about 20 microseconds with 5 kV at the second electrode 424 and about 0 kV applied at the first electrode 422. Hydrogen in the chamber is broken, in the high temperature plasma region 490, into component parts, such as any of: atomic hydrogen, H0, a proton, H+, an electron, e−, a hydrogen anion, and H−.
In the third stage, the high temperature plasma region 490 is at least partially separated from a low temperature plasma region 492 by a magnetic field or magnetic field barrier 430. High energy electrons are restricted from passing through the magnetic field barrier 430. In this manner, the magnetic field barrier 430 acts as a filter between, zone A and zone B, in the negative ion source. Preferably, a central magnetic material 410 is placed within the high temperature plasma region 490, such as along a central axis of the high temperature plasma region 490. Preferably, the first electrode 422 and second electrode 424 are composed of magnetic materials, such as iron. Preferably, the outer walls 450 of the high temperature plasma region, such as cylinder walls, are composed of a magnetic material, such as a permanent magnet, ferric, or iron based material, or a ferrite dielectric ring magnet. In this manner a magnetic field loop is created by: the central magnetic material 410, first electrode 422, the outer walls 450, the second electrode 424, and the magnetic field barrier 430. Again, the magnetic field barrier 430 restricts high energy electrons from passing through the magnetic field barrier 430. Low energy electrons interact with atomic hydrogen, H0, to create a hydrogen anion, H−, in the low temperature plasma region 492.
In the fourth stage, a second high voltage pulse or extraction pulse is applied at a third electrode 426. The second high voltage pulse is preferentially applied during the later period of application of the first high voltage pulse. For example, an extraction pulse of about 25 kV is applied for about the last 5 microseconds of the first creation pulse of about 20 microseconds. The potential difference, of about 20 kV, between the third electrode 426 and second electrode 424 extracts the negative ion, H−, from the low temperature plasma region 492 and initiates the negative ion beam 390, from zone B to zone C.
The magnetic field barrier 430 is optionally created in number of ways. An example of creation of the magnetic field barrier 430 using coils is provided. In this example, the elements described, supra, in relation to
Ion Beam Focusing System
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In an example of a two electrode negative beam ion focusing system having a first cross-sectional diameter, d1, the negative ions are focused using the two electrode system to a second cross-sectional diameter, d2, where d1>d2. Similarly, in an example of a three electrode negative beam ion focusing system having a first cross-sectional diameter, d1, the negative ions are focused using the three electrode system to a third cross-sectional diameter, d3, where d1>d3. For like potentials on the electrodes, the three electrode system provides tighter or stronger focusing compared to the two-electrode system, d3<d2.
In the examples provided, supra, of a multi-electrode ion beam focusing system, the electrodes are rings. More generally, the electrodes are of any geometry sufficient to provide electric field lines that provide focusing force vectors to the negative ion beam when the ions in the negative ion beam translate through the electric field lines, as described supra. For example, one negative ring electrode is optionally replaced by a number of negatively charged electrodes, such as about 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, or more electrodes placed about the outer region of a cross-sectional area of the negative ion beam probe. Generally, more electrodes are required to converge or diverge a faster or higher energy beam.
In another embodiment, by reversing the polarity of electrodes in the above example, the negative ion beam is made to diverge. Thus, the negative ion beam path is optionally focused and expanded using combinations of electrode pairs. For example, if the electrode having the mesh across the negative ion beam path is made negative, then the negative ion beam path is made to defocus. Hence, combinations of electrode pairs are used for focusing and defocusing a negative ion beam path, such as where a first pair includes a positively charged mesh for focusing and a where a second pair includes a negatively charged mesh for defocusing.
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Further, by isolating the inlet gas from the synchrotron vacuum system, the synchrotron vacuum pumps, such as turbo molecular pumps can operate over a longer lifetime as the synchrotron vacuum pumps have fewer gas molecules to deal with. For example, the inlet gas is primarily hydrogen gas but may contain impurities, such as nitrogen and carbon dioxide. By isolating the inlet gases in the negative ion source system 310, first partial vacuum system 330, ion beam focusing system 350 and negative ion beam side of the tandem accelerator 390, the synchrotron vacuum pumps can operate at lower pressures with longer lifetimes, which increases the efficiency of the synchrotron 130.
Referring now to
Circulating System
A synchrotron 130 preferably comprises a combination of straight sections 910 and ion beam turning sections 920. Hence, the circulating path of the protons is not circular in a synchrotron, but is rather a polygon with rounded corners.
In one illustrative embodiment, the synchrotron 130, which as also referred to as an accelerator system, has four straight sections and four turning sections. Examples of straight sections 910 include the: inflector 240, accelerator 270, extraction system 290, and deflector 292. Along with the four straight sections are four ion beam turning sections 920, which are also referred to as magnet sections or turning sections. Turning sections are further described, infra.
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In physics, the Lorentz force is the force on a point charge due to electromagnetic fields. The Lorentz force is given by equation 1 in terms of magnetic fields with the election field terms not included.
F=q(v×B) eq. 1
In equation 1, F is the force in newtons; B is the magnetic field in Teslas; and v is the instantaneous velocity of the particles in meters per second.
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As described, supra, a larger gap size requires a larger power supply. For instance, if the gap 1110 size doubles in vertical size, then the power supply requirements increase by about a factor of four. The flatness of the gap 1110 is also important. For example, the flat nature of the gap 1110 allows for an increase in energy of the extracted protons from about 250 to about 330 MeV. More particularly, if the gap 1110 has an extremely flat surface, then the limits of a magnetic field of an iron magnet are reachable. An exemplary precision of the flat surface of the gap 1110 is a polish of less than about five microns and preferably with a polish of about one to three microns. Unevenness in the surface results in imperfections in the applied magnetic field. The polished flat surface spreads unevenness of the applied magnetic field.
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Multiple turning magnets provide multiple magnet edges that each have edge focusing effects in the synchrotron 130. If only one turning magnet is used, then the beam is only focused once for angle alpha or twice for angle alpha and angle beta. However, by using smaller turning magnets, more turning magnets fit into the turning sections 920 of the synchrotron 130. For example, if four magnets are used in a turning section 920 of the synchrotron, then for a single turning section there are eight possible edge focusing effect surfaces, two edges per magnet. The eight focusing surfaces yield a smaller cross-sectional beam size. This allows the use of a smaller gap 1110.
The use of multiple edge focusing effects in the turning magnets results in not only a smaller gap 1110, but also the use of smaller magnets and smaller power supplies. For a synchrotron 130 having four turning sections 920 where each turning sections has four turning magnets and each turning magnet has two focusing edges, a total of thirty-two focusing edges exist for each orbit of the protons in the circulating path of the synchrotron 130. Similarly, if 2, 6, or 8 magnets are used in a given turning section, or if 2, 3, 5, or 6 turning sections are used, then the number of edge focusing surfaces expands or contracts according to equation 2.
where TFE is the number of total focusing edges, NTS is the number of turning sections, M is the number of magnets, and FE is the number of focusing edges. Naturally, not all magnets are necessarily beveled and some magnets are optionally beveled on only one edge.
The inventors have determined that multiple smaller magnets have benefits over fewer larger magnets. For example, the use of 16 small magnets yields 32 focusing edges whereas the use of 4 larger magnets yields only 8 focusing edges. The use of a synchrotron having more focusing edges results in a circulating path of the synchrotron built without the use of focusing quadrupoles magnets. All prior art synchrotrons use quadrupoles in the circulating path of the synchrotron. Further, the use of quadrupoles in the circulating path necessitates additional straight sections in the circulating path of the synchrotron. Thus, the use of quadrupoles in the circulating path of a synchrotron results in synchrotrons having larger diameters, circulating beam pathlengths, and/or larger circumferences.
In various embodiments of the system described herein, the synchrotron has any combination of:
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In one example, the initial cross-section distance 1410 is about fifteen centimeters and the final cross-section distance 1420 is about ten centimeters. Using the provided numbers, the concentration of the magnetic field is about 15/10 or 1.5 times at the incident surface 1270 of the gap 1110, though the relationship is not linear. The taper 1460 has a slope, such as about 20, 40, or 60 degrees. The concentration of the magnetic field, such as by 1.5 times, leads to a corresponding decrease in power consumption requirements to the magnets.
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The winding and/or correction coils correct 1, 2, 3, or 4 turning magnets, and preferably correct a magnetic field generated by two turning magnets. A winding or correction coil covering multiple magnets reduces space between magnets as fewer winding or correction coil ends are required, which occupy space. In the illustrated example, a correction coil 1610 winds around a single turning magnet. In another example, a correction coil 1620 wraps around two magnets and corrects a winding coil 1630 wrapping around the two magnets.
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The feedback or the magnetic field design coupled with the correction coils allows for the extraction cycle to match the varying respiratory rate of the patient.
Traditional extraction systems do not allow this control as magnets have memories in terms of both magnitude and amplitude of a sine wave. Hence, in a traditional system, in order to change frequency, slow changes in current must be used. However, with the use of the feedback loop using the magnetic field sensors, the frequency and energy level of the synchrotron are rapidly adjustable. Further aiding this process is the use of a novel extraction system that allows for acceleration of the protons during the extraction process, described infra.
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Flat Gap Surface
While the gap surface is described in terms of the first turning magnet 1010, the discussion applies to each of the turning magnets in the synchrotron. Similarly, while the gap 1110 surface is described in terms of the magnetic field incident surface 1270, the discussion additionally optionally applies to the magnetic field exiting surface 1280.
The magnetic field incident surface 1270 of the first magnet 1210 is preferably about flat, such as to within about a zero to three micron finish polish or less preferably to about a ten micron finish polish. By being very flat, the polished surface spreads the unevenness of the applied magnetic field across the gap 1110. The very flat surface, such as about 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, or 20 micron finish, allows for a smaller gap size, a smaller applied magnetic field, smaller power supplies, and tighter control of the proton beam cross-sectional area.
Proton Beam Extraction
Referring now to
In the proton extraction process, an RF voltage is applied across the first pair of blades, where the first blade 1812 of the first pair of blades is on one side of the circulating proton beam path 264 and the second blade 1814 of the first pair of blades is on an opposite side of the circulating proton beam path 264. The applied RF field applies energy to the circulating charged-particle beam. The applied RF field alters the orbiting or circulating beam path slightly of the protons from the original central beamline 264 to an altered circulating beam path 265. Upon a second pass of the protons through the RF cavity system, the RF field further moves the protons off of the original proton beamline 264. For example, if the original beamline is considered as a circular path, then the altered beamline is slightly elliptical. The applied RF field is timed to apply outward or inward movement to a given band of protons circulating in the synchrotron accelerator. Each orbit of the protons is slightly more off axis compared to the original circulating beam path 264. Successive passes of the protons through the RF cavity system are forced further and further from the original central beamline 264 by altering the direction and/or intensity of the RF field with each successive pass of the proton beam through the RF field.
The RF voltage is frequency modulated at a frequency about equal to the period of one proton cycling around the synchrotron for one revolution or at a frequency than is an integral multiplier of the period of one proton cycling about the synchrotron. The applied RF frequency modulated voltage excites a betatron oscillation. For example, the oscillation is a sine wave motion of the protons. The process of timing the RF field to a given proton beam within the RF cavity system is repeated thousands of times with each successive pass of the protons being moved approximately one micrometer further off of the original central beamline 264. For clarity, the approximately 1000 changing beam paths with each successive path of a given band of protons through the RF field are illustrated as the altered beam path 265.
With a sufficient sine wave betatron amplitude, the altered circulating beam path 265 touches or traverses a material 1830, such as a foil or a sheet of foil. The foil is preferably a lightweight material, such as beryllium, a lithium hydride, a carbon sheet, or a material of low nuclear charge. A material of low nuclear charge is a material composed of atoms consisting essentially of atoms having six or fewer protons. The foil is preferably about 10 to 150 microns thick, is more preferably 30 to 100 microns thick, and is still more preferably about 40 to 60 microns thick. In one example, the foil is beryllium with a thickness of about 50 microns. When the protons traverse through the foil, energy of the protons is lost and the speed of the protons is reduced. Typically, a current is also generated, described infra. Protons moving at a slower speed travel in the synchrotron with a reduced radius of curvature 266 compared to either the original central beamline 264 or the altered circulating path 265. The reduced radius of curvature 266 path is also referred to herein as a path having a smaller diameter of trajectory or a path having protons with reduced energy. The reduced radius of curvature 266 is typically about two millimeters less than a radius of curvature of the last pass of the protons along the altered proton beam path 265.
The thickness of the material 1830 is optionally adjusted to created a change in the radius of curvature, such as about ½, 1, 2, 3, or 4 mm less than the last pass of the protons 265 or original radius of curvature 264. Protons moving with the smaller radius of curvature travel between a second pair of blades. In one case, the second pair of blades is physically distinct and/or are separated from the first pair of blades. In a second case, one of the first pair of blades is also a member of the second pair of blades. For example, the second pair of blades is the second blade 1814 and a third blade 1816 in the RF cavity system 1810. A high voltage DC signal, such as about 1 to 5 kV, is then applied across the second pair of blades, which directs the protons out of the synchrotron through an extraction magnet 292, such as a Lamberson extraction magnet, into a transport path 268.
Control of acceleration of the charged particle beam path in the synchrotron with the accelerator and/or applied fields of the turning magnets in combination with the above described extraction system allows for control of the intensity of the extracted proton beam, where intensity is a proton flux per unit time or the number of protons extracted as a function of time. For example, when a current is measured beyond a threshold, the RF field modulation in the RF cavity system is terminated or reinitiated to establish a subsequent cycle of proton beam extraction. This process is repeated to yield many cycles of proton beam extraction from the synchrotron accelerator.
Because the extraction system does not depend on change in magnetic field properties, it allows the synchrotron to continue to operate in acceleration or deceleration mode during the extraction process. Stated differently, the extraction process does not interfere with synchrotron acceleration. In stark contrast, traditional extraction systems introduce a new magnetic field, such as via a hexapole, during the extraction process. More particularly, traditional synchrotrons have a magnet, such as a hexapole magnet, that is off during an acceleration stage. During the extraction phase, the hexapole magnetic field is introduced to the circulating path of the synchrotron. The introduction of the magnetic field necessitates two distinct modes, an acceleration mode and an extraction mode, which are mutually exclusive in time.
Charged Particle Beam Intensity Control
Control of applied field, such as a radio-frequency (RF) field, frequency and magnitude in the RF cavity system 1810 allows for intensity control of the extracted proton beam, where intensity is extracted proton flux per unit time or the number of protons extracted as a function of time.
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The amplified signal or measured intensity signal resulting from the protons passing through the material 1830 is preferably used in controlling the intensity of the extracted protons. For example, the measured intensity signal is compared to a goal signal, which is predetermined in an irradiation of the tumor plan. The difference between the measured intensity signal and the planned for goal signal is calculated. The difference is used as a control to the RF generator. Hence, the measured flow of current resulting from the protons passing through the material 1830 is used as a control in the RF generator to increase or decrease the number of protons undergoing betatron oscillation and striking the material 1830. Hence, the voltage determined off of the material 1830 is used as a measure of the orbital path and is used as a feedback control to control the RF cavity system. Alternatively, the measured intensity signal is not used in the feedback control and is just used as a monitor of the intensity of the extracted protons.
As described, supra, the photons striking the material 1830 is a step in the extraction of the protons from the synchrotron 130. Hence, the measured intensity signal is used to change the number of protons per unit time being extracted, which is referred to as intensity of the proton beam. The intensity of the proton beam is thus under algorithm control. Further, the intensity of the proton beam is controlled separately from the velocity of the protons in the synchrotron 130. Hence, intensity of the protons extracted and the energy of the protons extracted are independently variable.
For example, protons initially move at an equilibrium trajectory in the synchrotron 130. An RF field is used to excite the protons into a betatron oscillation. In one case, the frequency of the protons orbit is about 10 MHz. In one example, in about one millisecond or after about 10,000 orbits, the first protons hit an outer edge of the target material 130. The specific frequency is dependent upon the period of the orbit. Upon hitting the material 130, the protons push electrons through the foil to produce a current. The current is converted to voltage and amplified to yield a measured intensity signal. The measured intensity signal is used as a feedback input to control the applied RF magnitude, RF frequency, or RF field. Preferably, the measured intensity signal is compared to a target signal and a measure of the difference between the measured intensity signal and target signal is used to adjust the applied RF field in the RF cavity system 1810 in the extraction system to control the intensity of the protons in the extraction step. Stated again, the signal resulting from the protons striking and/or passing through the material 130 is used as an input in RF field modulation. An increase in the magnitude of the RF modulation results in protons hitting the foil or material 130 sooner. By increasing the RF, more protons are pushed into the foil, which results in an increased intensity, or more protons per unit time, of protons extracted from the synchrotron 130.
In another example, a detector 1850 external to the synchrotron 130 is used to determine the flux of protons extracted from the synchrotron and a signal from the external detector is used to alter the RF field or RF modulation in the RF cavity system 1810. Here the external detector generates an external signal, which is used in a manner similar to the measured intensity signal, described in the preceding paragraphs.
In yet another example, when a current from material 130 resulting from protons passing through or hitting material is measured beyond a threshold, the RF field modulation in the RF cavity system is terminated or reinitiated to establish a subsequent cycle of proton beam extraction. This process is repeated to yield many cycles of proton beam extraction from the synchrotron accelerator.
In still yet another embodiment, intensity modulation of the extracted proton beam is controlled by the main controller 110. The main controller 110 optionally and/or additionally controls timing of extraction of the charged particle beam and energy of the extracted proton beam.
The benefits of the system include a multi-dimensional scanning system. Particularly, the system allows independence in: (1) energy of the protons extracted and (2) intensity of the protons extracted. That is, energy of the protons extracted is controlled by an energy control system and an intensity control system controls the intensity of the extracted protons. The energy control system and intensity control system are optionally independently controlled. Preferably, the main controller 110 controls the energy control system and the main controller simultaneously controls the intensity control system to yield an extracted proton beam with controlled energy and controlled intensity where the controlled energy and controlled intensity are independently variable. Thus the irradiation spot hitting the tumor is under independent control of:
In addition, the patient is optionally independently rotated relative to a translational axis of the proton beam at the same time.
Patient Positioning
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Any of the semi-vertical, sitting, or laying patient positioning embodiments described, infra, are optionally vertically translatable along the y-axis or rotatable about the rotation or y-axis.
Preferably, the top and bottom units 1912, 1914 move together, such that they rotate at the same rates and translate in position at the same rates. Optionally, the top and bottom units 1912, 1914 are independently adjustable along the y-axis to allow a difference in distance between the top and bottom units 1912, 1914. Motors, power supplies, and mechanical assemblies for moving the top and bottom units 1912, 1914 are preferably located out of the proton beam path 269, such as below the bottom unit 1912 and/or above the top unit 1914. This is preferable as the patient positioning unit 1910 is preferably rotatable about 360 degrees and the motors, power supplies, and mechanical assemblies interfere with the protons if positioned in the proton beam path 269
Proton Beam Position Control
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For example, in the illustrated system in
The focused beam spot volume dimension is preferably tightly controlled to a diameter of about 0.5, 1, or 2 millimeters, but is alternatively several centimeters in diameter. Preferred design controls allow scanning in two directions with: (1) a vertical amplitude of about 100 mm amplitude and frequency up to 200 Hz; and (2) a horizontal amplitude of about 700 mm amplitude and frequency up to 1 Hz. More or less amplitude in each axis is possible by altering the scanning magnet systems.
In
Combined, the system allows for multi-axes control of the charged particle beam system in a small space with small power supply. For example, the system uses multiple magnets where each magnet has at least one edge focusing effect in each turning section of the synchrotron and/or multiple magnets having concentrating magnetic field geometry, as described supra. The multiple edge focusing effects in the circulating beam path of the synchrotron combined with the concentration geometry of the magnets and described extraction system yields a synchrotron having:
The result is a 3-dimensional scanning system, x-, y-, and z-axes control, where the z-axes control resides in the synchrotron and where the z-axes energy is variably controlled during the extraction process inside the synchrotron.
Referring now to
Imaging/X-Ray System
Herein, an X-ray system is used to illustrate an imaging system.
Timing
An X-ray is preferably collected either (1) just before or (2) concurrently with treating a subject with proton therapy for a couple of reasons.
First, movement of the body, described supra, changes the local position of the tumor in the body relative to other body constituents. If the subject has an X-ray taken and is then bodily moved to a proton treatment room, accurate alignment of the proton beam to the tumor is problematic. Alignment of the proton beam to the tumor using one or more X-rays is best performed at the time of proton delivery or in the seconds or minutes immediately prior to proton delivery and after the patient is placed into a therapeutic body position, which is typically a fixed position or partially immobilized position.
Second, the X-ray taken after positioning the patient is used for verification of proton beam alignment to a targeted position, such as a tumor and/or internal organ position.
Positioning
An X-ray is preferably taken just before treating the subject to aid in patient positioning. For positioning purposes, an X-ray of a large body area is not needed. In one embodiment, an X-ray of only a local area is collected. When collecting an X-ray, the X-ray has an X-ray path. The proton beam has a proton beam path. Overlaying the X-ray path with the proton beam path is one method of aligning the proton beam to the tumor. However, this method involves putting the X-ray equipment into the proton beam path, taking the X-ray, and then moving the X-ray equipment out of the beam path. This process takes time. The elapsed time while the X-ray equipment moves has a couple of detrimental effects. First, during the time required to move the X-ray equipment, the body moves. The resulting movement decreases precision and/or accuracy of subsequent proton beam alignment to the tumor. Second, the time required to move the X-ray equipment is time that the proton beam therapy system is not in use, which decreases the total efficiency of the proton beam therapy system.
X-Ray Source Lifetime
It is desirable to have components in the particle beam therapy system that require minimal or no maintenance over the lifetime of the particle beam therapy system. For example, it is desirable to equip the proton beam therapy system with an X-ray system having a long lifetime source, such as a lifetime of about 20 years.
In one system, described infra, electrons are used to create X-rays. The electrons are generated at a cathode where the lifetime of the cathode is temperature dependent. Analogous to a light bulb, where the filament is kept in equilibrium, the cathode temperature is held in equilibrium at temperatures at about 200, 500, or 1000 degrees Celsius. Reduction of the cathode temperature results in increased lifetime of the cathode. Hence, the cathode used in generating the electrons is preferably held at as low of a temperature as possible. However, if the temperature of the cathode is reduced, then electron emissions also decrease. To overcome the need for more electrons at lower temperatures, a large cathode is used and the generated electrons are concentrated. The process is analogous to compressing electrons in an electron gun; however, here the compression techniques are adapted to apply to enhancing an X-ray tube lifetime.
Referring now to
Still referring to
More generally, the X-ray generation device 2100 produces electrons having initial vectors. One or more of the control electrode 2112, accelerating electrodes 2140, magnetic lens 2160, and quadrupole magnets 2170 combine to alter the initial electron vectors into parallel vectors with a decreased cross-sectional area having a substantially parallel path, referred to as the accelerated electrons 2150. The process allows the X-ray generation device 2100 to operate at a lower temperature. Particularly, instead of using a cathode that is the size of the electron beam needed, a larger electrode is used and the resulting electrons 2120 are focused and/or concentrated into the required electron beam needed. As lifetime is roughly an inverse of current density, the concentration of the current density results in a larger lifetime of the X-ray generation device. A specific example is provided for clarity. If the cathode has a 15 mm radius or d1 is about 30 mm, then the area (π r2) is about 225 mm2 times pi. If the concentration of the electrons achieves a radius of 5 mm or d2 is about 10 mm, then the area (π r2) is about 25 mm2 times pi. The ratio of the two areas is about 9 (225π/25π). Thus, there is about 9 times less density of current at the larger cathode compared to the traditional cathode having an area of the desired electron beam. Hence, the lifetime of the larger cathode approximates 9 times the lifetime of the traditional cathode, though the actual current through the larger cathode and traditional cathode is about the same. Preferably, the area of the cathode 2110 is about 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, 20, or 25 times that of the cross-sectional area of the substantially parallel electron beam 2150.
In another embodiment of the invention, the quadrupole magnets 2170 result in an oblong cross-sectional shape of the electron beam 2150. A projection of the oblong cross-sectional shape of the electron beam 2150 onto the X-ray generation source 2148 results in an X-ray beam that has a small spot in cross-sectional view, which is preferably substantially circular in cross-sectional shape, that is then passed through the patient 1930. The small spot is used to yield an X-ray having enhanced resolution at the patient.
Referring now to
As a whole, the system generates an X-ray beam that lies in substantially the same path as the proton therapy beam. The X-ray beam is generated by striking a tungsten or equivalent material with an electron beam. The X-ray generation source is located proximate to the proton beam path. Geometry of the incident electrons, geometry of the X-ray generation material, and/or geometry of the X-ray beam blocker 262 yield an X-ray beam that runs either in substantially in parallel with the proton beam or results in an X-ray beam path that starts proximate the proton beam path an expands to cover and transmit through a tumor cross-sectional area to strike an X-ray detector array or film allowing imaging of the tumor from a direction and alignment of the proton therapy beam. The X-ray image is then used to control the charged particle beam path to accurately and precisely target the tumor, and/or is used in system verification and validation.
Referring now to
Patient Immobilization
Accurate and precise delivery of a proton beam to a tumor of a patient requires: (1) positioning control of the proton beam and (2) positioning control of the patient. As described, supra, the proton beam is controlled using algorithms and magnetic fields to a diameter of about 0.5, 1, or 2 millimeters. This section addresses partial immobilization, restraint, and/or alignment of the patient to insure the tightly controlled proton beam efficiently hits a target tumor and not surrounding healthy tissue as a result of patient movement.
In this section an x-, y-, and z-axes coordinate system and rotation axis is used to describe the orientation of the patient relative to the proton beam. The z-axis represent travel of the proton beam, such as the depth of the proton beam into the patient. When looking at the patient down the z-axis of travel of the proton beam, the x-axis refers to moving left or right across the patient and the y-axis refers to movement up or down the patient. A first rotation axis is rotation of the patient about the y-axis and is referred to herein as a rotation axis, bottom unit 1912 rotation axis, or y-axis of rotation. In addition, tilt is rotation about the x-axis, yaw is rotation about the y-axis, and roll is rotation about the z-axis. In this coordinate system, the proton beam path 269 optionally runs in any direction. As an illustrative matter, the proton beam path running through a treatment room is described as running horizontally through the treatment room.
In this section, three examples of positioning systems 2400 are provided: (1) a semi-vertical partial immobilization system; (2) a sitting partial immobilization system; and (3) a laying position. Elements described for one immobilization system apply to other immobilization systems with small changes. For example, a head rest will adjust along one axis for a reclined position, along a second axis for a seated position, and along a third axis for a laying position. However, the headrest itself is similar for each immobilization position.
Vertical Patient Positioning/Immobilization
The semi-vertical patient positioning system is preferably used in conjunction with proton therapy of tumors in the torso. The patient positioning and/or immobilization system controls and/or restricts movement of the patient during proton beam therapy. In a first partial immobilization embodiment, the patient is positioned in a semi-vertical position in a proton beam therapy system. As illustrated, the patient is reclining at an angle alpha, α, about 45 degrees off of the y-axis as defined by an axis running from head to foot of the patient. More generally, the patient is optionally completely standing in a vertical position of zero degrees off the of y-axis or is in a semi-vertical position alpha that is reclined about 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, or 65 degrees off of the y-axis toward the z-axis.
Patient positioning constraints are used to maintain the patient in a treatment position, including one or more of: a seat support, a back support, a head support, an arm support, a knee support, and a foot support. The constraints are optionally and independently rigid or semi-rigid. Examples of a semi-rigid material include a high or low density foam or a visco-elastic foam. For example the foot support is preferably rigid and the back support is preferably semi-rigid, such as a high density foam material. One or more of the positioning constraints are movable and/or under computer control for rapid positioning and/or immobilization of the patient. For example, the seat support is adjustable along a seat adjustment axis, which is preferably the y-axis; the back support is adjustable along a back support axis, which is preferably dominated by z-axis movement with a y-axis element; the head support is adjustable along a head support axis, which is preferably dominated by z-axis movement with a y-axis element; the arm support is adjustable along an arm support axis, which is preferably dominated by z-axis movement with a y-axis element; the knee support is adjustable along a knee support axis, which is preferably dominated by y-axis movement with a z-axis element; and the foot support is adjustable along a foot support axis, which is preferably dominated by y-axis movement with a z-axis element.
If the patient is not facing the incoming proton beam, then the description of movements of support elements along the axes change, but the immobilization elements are the same.
An optional camera is used with the patient immobilization system. The camera views the subject creating an video image. The image is provided to one or more operators of the charged particle beam system and allows the operators a safety mechanism for determining if the subject has moved or desires to terminate the proton therapy treatment procedure. Based on the video image, the operators optionally suspend or terminate the proton therapy procedure. For example, if the operator observes via the video image that the subject is moving, then the operator has the option to terminate or suspend the proton therapy procedure.
An optional video display is provided to the patient. The video display optionally presents to the patient any of: operator instructions, system instructions, status of treatment, or entertainment.
Motors for positioning the constraints, the camera, and video display are preferably mounted above or below the proton path.
Respiration control is optionally performed by using the video display. As the patient breathes, internal and external structures of the body move in both absolute terms and in relative terms. For example, the outside of the chest cavity and internal organs both have absolute moves with a breath. In addition, the relative position of an internal organ relative to another body component, such as an outer region of the body, a bone, support structure, or another organ, moves with each breath. Hence, for more accurate and precise tumor targeting, the proton beam is preferably delivered at point a in time where the position of the internal structure or tumor is well defined, such as at the bottom of each breath.
The video display is used to help coordinate the proton beam delivery with the patient's breathing cycle. For example, the video display optionally displays to the patient a command, such as a hold breath statement, a breathe statement, a countdown indicating when a breath will next need to be held, or a countdown until respiration may resume.
Sitting Patient Positioning/Immobilization
In a second partial immobilization embodiment, the patient is partially restrained in a seated position. The sitting restraint system has support structures that are similar to the support structures used in the semi-vertical positioning system, described supra with the exception that the seat support is replaced by a chair and the knee support is not required. The seated restraint system generally retains the adjustable support, rotation about the y-axis, camera, video, and breath control parameters described in the semi-vertical embodiment, described supra.
Referring now to
Laying Patient Positioning/Immobilization
In a third partial immobilization embodiment, the patient is partially restrained in a laying position. The laying restraint system has support structures that are similar to the support structures used in the sitting positioning system and semi-vertical positioning system, described supra. In the laying position, optional restraint, support, or partial immobilization elements include one or more of: the head support and the back, hip, and shoulder support. The supports preferably have respective axes of adjustment that are rotated as appropriate for a laying position of the patient. The laying position restraint system generally retains the adjustable supports, rotation about the y-axis, camera, video, and breath control parameters described in the semi-vertical embodiment, described supra.
If the patient is very sick, such as the patient has trouble standing for a period of about one to three minutes required for treatment, then being in a partially supported system can result in some movement of the patient due to muscle strain. In this and similar situations, treatment of a patient in a laying position on a support table is preferentially used. The support table has a horizontal platform to support the bulk of the weight of the patient. Preferably, the horizontal platform is detachable from a treatment platform
Additionally, leg support and/or arm support elements are optionally added to raise, respectively, an arm or leg out of the proton beam path 269 for treatment of a tumor in the torso or to move an arm or leg into the proton beam path 269 for treatment of a tumor in the arm or leg. This increases proton delivery efficiency, as described infra.
In a laying positioning system, the patient is positioned on a platform, which has a substantially horizontal portion for supporting the weight of the body in a horizontal position. Optional hand grips are used, described infra. One or more leg support elements are used to position the patient's leg. A leg support element is preferably adjustable along at least one leg adjustment axis or along an arc to position the leg into the proton beam path 269 or to remove the leg from the proton beam path 269, as described infra. An arm support element is preferably adjustable along at least one arm adjustment axis or along an arc to position the arm into the proton beam path 269 or to remove the arm from the proton beam path 269, as described infra. Both the leg support and arm support elements are optional.
Preferably, the patient is positioned on the platform in an area or room outside of the proton beam path 269 and is wheeled or slid into the treatment room or proton beam path area. For example, the patient is wheeled into the treatment room on a gurney where the top of the gurney, which is the platform, detaches and is positioned onto a table. The platform is preferably lifted onto the table or slid onto the table so that the gurney or bed need not be lifted onto the table.
The semi-vertical patient positioning system and sitting patient positioning system are preferentially used to treatment of tumors in the head or torso due to efficiency. The semi-vertical patient positioning system, sitting patient positioning system, and laying patient positioning system are all usable for treatment of tumors in the patient's limbs.
Support System Elements
Positioning constraints include all elements used to position the patient, such as those described in the semi-vertical positioning system, sitting positioning system, and laying positioning system. Preferably, positioning constraints or support system elements are aligned in positions that do not impede or overlap the proton beam path 269. However, in some instances the positioning constraints are in the proton beam path 269 during at least part of the time of treatment of the patient. For instance, a positioning constraint element may reside in the proton beam path 269 during part of a time period where the patient is rotated about the y-axis during treatment. In cases or time periods that the positioning constraints or support system elements are in the proton beam path, then an upward adjustment of proton beam energy is preferably applied that increases the proton beam energy to offset the positioning constraint element impedance of the proton beam. This time period and energy are optionally controlled as a function of rotational orientation of the patient. In one case, the proton beam energy is increased by a separate measure of the positioning constraint element impedance determined during a reference scan of the positioning constraint system element or set of reference scans of the positioning constraint element as a function of rotation about the y-axis.
For clarity, the positioning constraints or support system elements are herein described relative to the semi-vertical positioning system; however, the positioning elements and descriptive x-, y-, and z-axes are adjustable to fit any coordinate system, to the sitting positioning system, or the laying positioning system.
An example of a head support system is described to support, align, and/or restrict movement of a human head. The head support system preferably has several head support elements including any of: a back of head support, a right of head alignment element, and a left of head alignment element. The back of head support element is preferably curved to fit the head and is optionally adjustable along a head support axis, such as along the z-axis. Further, the head supports, like the other patient positioning constraints, is preferably made of a semi-rigid material, such as a low or high density foam, and has an optional covering, such as a plastic or leather. The right of head alignment element and left of head alignment elements or head alignment elements, are primarily used to semi-constrain movement of the head. The head alignment elements are preferably padded and flat, but optionally have a radius of curvature to fit the side of the head. The right and left head alignment elements are preferably respectively movable along translation axes to make contact with the sides of the head. Restricted movement of the head during proton therapy is important when targeting and treating tumors in the head or neck. The head alignment elements and the back of head support element combine to restrict tilt, rotation or yaw, roll and/or position of the head in the x-, y-, z-axes coordinate system.
Referring now to
The straps are preferably of known impedence to proton transmission allowing a calculation of peak energy release along the z-axis to be calculated, such as an adjustment to the Bragg peak is made based on the slowing tendency of the straps to proton transport.
Referring now to
Elements of the above described head support, head positioning, and head immobilization systems are optionally used separately or in combination.
Still referring to
Positioning System Computer Control
One or more of the patient positioning unit components and/or one of more of the patient positioning constraints are preferably under computer control, where the computer control positioning devices, such as via a series of motors and drives, to reproducibly position the patient. For example, the patient is initially positioned and constrained by the patient positioning constraints. The position of each of the patient positioning constraints is recorded and saved by the main controller 110, by a sub-controller or the main controller 110, or by a separate computer controller. Then, medical devices are used to locate the tumor 1920 in the patient 1930 while the patient is in the orientation of final treatment. The imaging system 170 includes one or more of: MRI's, X-rays, CT's, proton beam tomography, and the like. Time optionally passes at this point where images from the imaging system 170 are analyzed and a proton therapy treatment plan is devised. The patient may exit the constraint system during this time period, which may be minutes, hours, or days. Upon return of the patient to the patient positioning unit, the computer can return the patient positioning constraints to the recorded positions. This system allows for rapid repositioning of the patient to the position used during imaging and development of the treatment plan, which minimizes setup time of patient positioning and maximizes time that the charged particle beam system 100 is used for cancer treatment.
Proton Delivery Efficiency
A Bragg peak energy profile shows that protons deliver their energy across the entire length of the body penetrated by the proton up to a maximum penetration depth. As a result, energy is being delivered to healthy tissue, bone, and other body constituents before the proton beam hits the tumor. It follows that the shorter the pathlength in the body prior to the tumor, the higher the efficiency of proton delivery efficiency, where proton delivery efficiency is a measure of how much energy is delivered to the tumor relative to healthy portions of the patient. Examples of proton delivery efficiency include: (1) a ratio proton energy delivered the tumor and proton energy delivered to non-tumor tissue; (2) pathlength of protons in the tumor versus pathlength in the non-tumor tissue; and (3) damage to a tumor compared to damage to healthy body parts. Any of these measures are optionally weighted by damage to sensitive tissue, such as a nervous system element, heart, brain, or other organ. To illustrate, for a patient in a laying position where the patient is rotated about the y-axis during treatment, a tumor near the hear would at times be treated with protons running through the head-to-heart path, leg-to-heart path, or hip-to-heart path, which are all inefficient compared to a patient in a sitting or semi-vertical position where the protons are all delivered through a shorter chest-to-heart; side-of-body-to-heart, or back-to-heart path. Particularly, compared to a laying position, using a sitting or semi-vertical position of the patient, a shorter pathlength through the body to a tumor is provided to a tumor located in the torso or head, which is a higher or better proton delivery efficiency.
Herein proton delivery efficiency is separately described from the time efficiency or synchrotron use efficiency, which is a fraction of time that the charged particle beam apparatus is in operation.
Patient Placement
Preferably, the patient 1930 is aligned in the proton beam path 269 in a precise and accurate manner. Several placement systems are described. The patient placement systems are described using the laying positioning system, but are equally applicable to the semi-vertical and sitting positioning systems.
In a first placement system, the patient is positioned in a known location relative to the platform. For example, one or more of the positioning constraints position the patient in a precise and/or accurate location on the platform. Optionally, a placement constraint element connected or replaceably connected to the platform is used to position the patient on the platform. The placement constraint element(s) is used to position any position of the patient, such as a hand, limb, head, or torso element.
In a second placement system, one or more positioning constraints or support element, such as the platform, is aligned versus an element in the patient treatment room. Essentially a lock and key system is optionally used, where a lock fits a key. The lock and key elements combine to locate the patient relative to the proton beam path 269 in terms of any of the x-, y-, and z-position, tilt, yaw, and roll. Essentially the lock is a first registration element and the key is a second registration element fitting into, adjacent to, or with the first registration element to fix the patient location and/or a support element location relative to the proton beam path 269. Examples of a registration element include any of a mechanical element, such as a mechanical stop, and an electrical connection indicating relative position or contact.
In a third placement system, the imaging system, described supra, is used to determine where the patient is relative to the proton beam path 269 or relative to an imaging marker placed in an support element or structure holding the patient, such as in the platform. When using the imaging system, such as an X-ray imaging system, then the first placement system or positioning constraints minimize patient movement once the imaging system determines location of the subject. Similarly, when using the imaging system, such as an X-ray imaging system, then the first placement system and/or second positioning system provide a crude position of the patient relative to the proton beam path 269 and the imaging system subsequently determines a fine position of the patient relative to the proton beam path 269.
Monitoring Respiration
Preferably, the patient's respiration pattern is monitored. When a subject, also referred to herein as a patient, is breathing many portions of the body move with each breath. For example, when a subject breathes the lungs move as do relative positions of organs within the body, such as the stomach, kidneys, liver, chest muscles, skin, heart, and lungs. Generally, most or all parts of the torso move with each breath. Indeed, the inventors have recognized that in addition to motion of the torso with each breath, various motion also exists in the head and limbs with each breath. Motion is to be considered in delivery of a proton dose to the body as the protons are preferentially delivered to the tumor and not to surrounding tissue. Motion thus results in an ambiguity in where the tumor resides relative to the beam path. To partially overcome this concern, protons are preferentially delivered at the same point in each of a series of breathing cycles.
Initially a rhythmic pattern of breathing of a subject is determined. The cycle is observed or measured. For example, a proton beam operator can observe when a subject is breathing or is between breaths and can time the delivery of the protons to a given period of each breath. Alternatively, the subject is told to inhale, exhale, and/or hold their breath and the protons are delivered during the commanded time period.
Preferably, one or more sensors are used to determine the respiration cycle of the individual. Two examples of a breath monitoring system are provided: (1) a thermal monitoring system and (2) a force monitoring system.
Referring again to
Referring again to
Respiration Control
Once the rhythmic pattern of the subject's breathing is determined, a signal is optionally delivered to the subject to more precisely control the breathing frequency. For example, a display screen is placed in front of the subject directing the subject when to hold their breath and when to breath. Typically, a breathing control module uses input from one or more of the breathing sensors. For example, the input is used to determine when the next breath exhale is to complete. At the bottom of the breath, the control module displays a hold breath signal to the subject, such as on a monitor, via an oral signal, digitized and automatically generated voice command, or via a visual control signal. Preferably, a display monitor is positioned in front of the subject and the display monitor displays at least breathing commands to the subject. Typically, the subject is directed to hold their breath for a short period of time, such as about one-half, one, two, or three seconds. The period of time the subject is asked to hold their breath is less than about ten seconds. The period of time the breath is held is preferably synchronized to the delivery time of the proton beam to the tumor, which is about one-half, one, two, or three seconds. While delivery of the protons at the bottom of the breath is preferred, protons are optionally delivered at any point in the breathing cycle, such as upon full inhalation. Delivery at the top of the breath or when the patient is directed to inhale deeply and hold their breath by the breathing control module is optionally performed as at the top of the breath the chest cavity is largest and for some tumors the distance between the tumor and surrounding tissue is maximized or the surrounding tissue is rarefied as a result of the increased volume. Hence, protons hitting surrounding tissue is minimized. Optionally, the display screen tells the subject when they are about to be asked to hold their breath, such as with a 3, 2, 1, second countdown so that the subject is aware of the task they are about to be asked to perform.
Proton Beam Therapy Synchronization with Respiration
A proton delivery control algorithm is used to synchronize delivery of the protons to the tumor within a given period of each breath, such as at the top or bottom of a breath when the subject is holding their breath. The proton delivery control algorithm is preferably integrated with the breathing control module. Thus, the proton delivery control algorithm knows when the subject is breathing, where in the breath cycle the subject is, and/or when the subject is holding their breath. The proton delivery control algorithm controls when protons are injected and/or inflected into the synchrotron, when an RF signal is applied to induce an oscillation, as described supra, and when a DC voltage is applied to extract protons from the synchrotron, as described supra. Typically, the proton delivery control algorithm initiates proton inflection and subsequent RF induced oscillation before the subject is directed to hold their breath or before the identified period of the breathing cycle selected for a proton delivery time. In this manner, the proton delivery control algorithm can deliver protons at a selected period of the breathing cycle by simultaneously or nearly simultaneously delivering the high DC voltage to the second pair of plates, described supra, which results in extraction of the protons from the synchrotron and subsequent delivery to the subject at the selected time point. Since the period of acceleration of protons in the synchrotron is constant or known for a desired energy level of the proton beam, the proton delivery control algorithm is used to set an AC RF signal that matches the breathing cycle or directed breathing cycle of the subject.
Multi-Field Irradiation
The 3-dimensional scanning system of the proton spot focal point, described supra, is preferably combined with a rotation/raster method. The method includes layer wise tumor irradiation from many directions. During a given irradiation slice, the proton beam energy is continuously changed according to the tissue's density in front of the tumor to result in the beam stopping point, defined by the Bragg peak, to always be inside the tumor and inside the irradiated slice. The novel method allows for irradiation from many directions, referred to herein as multi-field irradiation, to achieve the maximal effective dose at the tumor level while simultaneously significantly reducing possible side-effects on the surrounding healthy tissues in comparison with existing methods. Essentially, the multi-field irradiation system distributes dose-distribution at tissue depths not yet reaching the tumor.
Although the invention has been described herein with reference to certain preferred embodiments, one skilled in the art will readily appreciate that other applications may be substituted for those set forth herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Accordingly, the invention should only be limited by the Claims included below.
This application: is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/425,683 filed Apr. 17, 2009 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,939,809, which claims the benefit of: U.S. provisional patent application No. 61/055,395 filed May 22, 2008;U.S. provisional patent application No. 61/137,574 filed Aug. 1, 2008;U.S. provisional patent application No. 61/192,245 filed Sep. 17, 2008;U.S. provisional patent application No. 61/055,409 filed May 22, 2008;U.S. provisional patent application No. 61/203,308 filed Dec. 22, 2008;U.S. provisional patent application No. 61/188,407 filed Aug. 11, 2008;U.S. provisional patent application No. 61/188,406 filed Aug. 11, 2008;U.S. provisional patent application No. 61/189,815 filed Aug. 25, 2008;U.S. provisional patent application No. 61/201,731 filed Dec. 15, 2008;U.S. provisional patent application No. 61/205,362 filed Jan. 21, 2009;U.S. provisional patent application No. 61/134,717 filed Jul. 14, 2008;U.S. provisional patent application No. 61/134,707 filed Jul. 14, 2008;U.S. provisional patent application No. 61/201,732 filed Dec. 15, 2008;U.S. provisional patent application No. 61/198,509 filed Nov. 7, 2008;U.S. provisional patent application No. 61/134,718 filed Jul. 14, 2008;U.S. provisional patent application No. 61/190,613 filed Sep. 2, 2008;U.S. provisional patent application No. 61/191,043 filed Sep. 8, 2008;U.S. provisional patent application No. 61/192,237 filed Sep. 17, 2008;U.S. provisional patent application No. 61/201,728 filed Dec. 15, 2008;U.S. provisional patent application No. 61/190,546 filed Sep. 2, 2008;U.S. provisional patent application No. 61/189,017 filed Aug. 15, 2008;U.S. provisional patent application No. 61/198,248 filed Nov. 5, 2008;U.S. provisional patent application No. 61/198,508 filed Nov. 7, 2008;U.S. provisional patent application No. 61/197,971 filed Nov. 3, 2008;U.S. provisional patent application No. 61/199,405 filed Nov. 17, 2008;U.S. provisional patent application No. 61/199,403 filed Nov. 17, 2008; andU.S. provisional patent application No. 61/199,404 filed Nov. 17, 2008;claims the benefit of U.S. provisional patent application No. 61/209,529 filed Mar. 9, 2009;claims the benefit of U.S. provisional patent application No. 61/208,182 filed Feb. 23, 2009;claims the benefit of U.S. provisional patent application No. 61/208,971 filed Mar. 3, 2009;claims the benefit of U.S. provisional patent application No. 61/270,298, filed Jul. 7, 2009; andclaims priority to PCT patent application serial No.: PCT/RU2009/00015, filed Mar. 4, 2009,all of which are incorporated herein in their entirety by this reference thereto.
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| 5969367 | Hiramoto | Oct 1999 | A |
| 5986274 | Akiyama | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5993373 | Nonaka | Nov 1999 | A |
| 6008499 | Hiramoto | Dec 1999 | A |
| 6034377 | Pu | Mar 2000 | A |
| 6057655 | Jongen | May 2000 | A |
| 6087670 | Hiramoto | Jul 2000 | A |
| 6087672 | Matsuda | Jul 2000 | A |
| 6148058 | Dobbs | Nov 2000 | A |
| 6207952 | Kan | Mar 2001 | B1 |
| 6218675 | Akiyama | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6236043 | Tadokoro | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6265837 | Akiyama | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6282263 | Arndt | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| 6316776 | Hiramoto | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6322249 | Wofford | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6335535 | Miyake | Jan 2002 | B1 |
| 6339635 | Schardt | Jan 2002 | B1 |
| 6356617 | Besch | Mar 2002 | B1 |
| 6365894 | Tadokoro | Apr 2002 | B2 |
| 6421416 | Sliski | Jul 2002 | B1 |
| 6433336 | Jongen | Aug 2002 | B1 |
| 6433349 | Akiyama | Aug 2002 | B2 |
| 6433494 | Kulish | Aug 2002 | B1 |
| 6437513 | Stelzer | Aug 2002 | B1 |
| 6444990 | Morgan | Sep 2002 | B1 |
| 6462490 | Matsuda | Oct 2002 | B1 |
| 6470068 | Cheng | Oct 2002 | B2 |
| 6472834 | Hiramoto | Oct 2002 | B2 |
| 6476403 | Dolinskii | Nov 2002 | B1 |
| 6545436 | Gary | Apr 2003 | B1 |
| 6560354 | Maurer, Jr. | May 2003 | B1 |
| 6580084 | Hiramoto | Jun 2003 | B1 |
| 6597005 | Badura et al. | Jul 2003 | B1 |
| 6600164 | Badura | Jul 2003 | B1 |
| 6614038 | Brand | Sep 2003 | B1 |
| 6617598 | Matsuda | Sep 2003 | B1 |
| 6626842 | Oka | Sep 2003 | B2 |
| 6635882 | Pavlovic | Oct 2003 | B1 |
| 6639234 | Badura | Oct 2003 | B1 |
| 6670618 | Hartmann | Dec 2003 | B1 |
| 6683318 | Haberer | Jan 2004 | B1 |
| 6683426 | Kleeven | Jan 2004 | B1 |
| 6710362 | Kraft | Mar 2004 | B2 |
| 6717162 | Jongen | Apr 2004 | B1 |
| 6730921 | Kraft | May 2004 | B2 |
| 6736831 | Hartmann | May 2004 | B1 |
| 6745072 | Badura | Jun 2004 | B1 |
| 6774383 | Norimine | Aug 2004 | B2 |
| 6777700 | Yanagisawa | Aug 2004 | B2 |
| 6785359 | Lemaitre | Aug 2004 | B2 |
| 6787771 | Bashkirov | Sep 2004 | B2 |
| 6792078 | Kato | Sep 2004 | B2 |
| 6799068 | Hartmann | Sep 2004 | B1 |
| 6800866 | Amemiya | Oct 2004 | B2 |
| 6803591 | Muramatsu | Oct 2004 | B2 |
| 6809325 | Dahl | Oct 2004 | B2 |
| 6819743 | Kato | Nov 2004 | B2 |
| 6822244 | Beloussov | Nov 2004 | B2 |
| 6823045 | Kato | Nov 2004 | B2 |
| 6838676 | Jackson | Jan 2005 | B1 |
| 6859741 | Haberer | Feb 2005 | B2 |
| 6873123 | Marchand | Mar 2005 | B2 |
| 6881970 | Akiyama | Apr 2005 | B2 |
| 6891177 | Kraft | May 2005 | B1 |
| 6897451 | Kaercher | May 2005 | B2 |
| 6900446 | Akiyama | May 2005 | B2 |
| 6903351 | Akiyama | Jun 2005 | B1 |
| 6903356 | Muramatsu | Jun 2005 | B2 |
| 6931100 | Kato | Aug 2005 | B2 |
| 6936832 | Norimine | Aug 2005 | B2 |
| 6937696 | Mostafavi | Aug 2005 | B1 |
| 6953943 | Yanagisawa | Oct 2005 | B2 |
| 6979832 | Yanagisawa | Dec 2005 | B2 |
| 6984835 | Harada | Jan 2006 | B2 |
| 6992312 | Yanagisawa | Jan 2006 | B2 |
| 7012267 | Moriyama | Mar 2006 | B2 |
| 7026636 | Yanagisawa | Apr 2006 | B2 |
| 7030396 | Muramatsu | Apr 2006 | B2 |
| 7045781 | Adamec | May 2006 | B2 |
| 7049613 | Yanagisawa | May 2006 | B2 |
| 7053389 | Yanagisawa | May 2006 | B2 |
| 7054801 | Sakamoto | May 2006 | B2 |
| 7058158 | Sako | Jun 2006 | B2 |
| 7060997 | Norimine et al. | Jun 2006 | B2 |
| 7071479 | Yanagisawa | Jul 2006 | B2 |
| 7081619 | Bashkirov | Jul 2006 | B2 |
| 7084410 | Beloussov | Aug 2006 | B2 |
| 7091478 | Haberer | Aug 2006 | B2 |
| 7102144 | Matsuda | Sep 2006 | B2 |
| 7109505 | Sliski | Sep 2006 | B1 |
| 7122811 | Matsuda | Oct 2006 | B2 |
| 7141810 | Kakiuchi | Nov 2006 | B2 |
| 7154107 | Yanagisawa | Dec 2006 | B2 |
| 7154108 | Tadokoro | Dec 2006 | B2 |
| 7173264 | Moriyama | Feb 2007 | B2 |
| 7173265 | Miller | Feb 2007 | B2 |
| 7193227 | Hiramoto | Mar 2007 | B2 |
| 7199382 | Rigney | Apr 2007 | B2 |
| 7208748 | Sliski | Apr 2007 | B2 |
| 7212608 | Nagamine | May 2007 | B2 |
| 7212609 | Nagamine | May 2007 | B2 |
| 7227161 | Matsuda | Jun 2007 | B2 |
| 7247869 | Tadokoro | Jul 2007 | B2 |
| 7252745 | Gorokhovsky | Aug 2007 | B2 |
| 7259529 | Tanaka | Aug 2007 | B2 |
| 7262424 | Moriyama | Aug 2007 | B2 |
| 7274018 | Adamec | Sep 2007 | B2 |
| 7274025 | Berdermann | Sep 2007 | B2 |
| 7280633 | Cheng | Oct 2007 | B2 |
| 7297967 | Yanagisawa | Nov 2007 | B2 |
| 7301162 | Matsuda | Nov 2007 | B2 |
| 7307264 | Brusasco | Dec 2007 | B2 |
| 7310404 | Tashiro | Dec 2007 | B2 |
| 7315606 | Tsujii | Jan 2008 | B2 |
| 7319231 | Moriyama | Jan 2008 | B2 |
| 7345291 | Kats | Mar 2008 | B2 |
| 7345292 | Moriyama | Mar 2008 | B2 |
| 7351988 | Naumann | Apr 2008 | B2 |
| 7355189 | Yanagisawa | Apr 2008 | B2 |
| 7356112 | Brown | Apr 2008 | B2 |
| 7368740 | Beloussov | May 2008 | B2 |
| 7372053 | Yamashita | May 2008 | B2 |
| 7381979 | Yamashita | Jun 2008 | B2 |
| 7385203 | Nakayama | Jun 2008 | B2 |
| 7394082 | Fujimaki | Jul 2008 | B2 |
| 7397054 | Natori | Jul 2008 | B2 |
| 7397901 | Johnsen | Jul 2008 | B1 |
| 7402822 | Guertin | Jul 2008 | B2 |
| 7402823 | Guertin | Jul 2008 | B2 |
| 7402824 | Guertin | Jul 2008 | B2 |
| 7402963 | Sliski | Jul 2008 | B2 |
| 7425717 | Matsuda | Sep 2008 | B2 |
| 7432516 | Peggs | Oct 2008 | B2 |
| 7439528 | Nishiuchi | Oct 2008 | B2 |
| 7446490 | Jongen | Nov 2008 | B2 |
| 7449701 | Fujimaki | Nov 2008 | B2 |
| 7456415 | Yanagisawa | Nov 2008 | B2 |
| 7456591 | Jongen | Nov 2008 | B2 |
| 7465944 | Ueno | Dec 2008 | B2 |
| 7531818 | Brahme | May 2009 | B2 |
| 7555103 | Johnsen | Jun 2009 | B2 |
| 7560717 | Matsuda | Jul 2009 | B2 |
| 7576342 | Hiramoto | Aug 2009 | B2 |
| 7586112 | Chiba | Sep 2009 | B2 |
| 7589334 | Hiramoto | Sep 2009 | B2 |
| 7626347 | Sliski | Dec 2009 | B2 |
| 7634057 | Ein-Gal | Dec 2009 | B2 |
| 7659521 | Pedroni | Feb 2010 | B2 |
| 7668585 | Green | Feb 2010 | B2 |
| 7692168 | Moriyama | Apr 2010 | B2 |
| 7701677 | Schultz | Apr 2010 | B2 |
| 7709818 | Matsuda | May 2010 | B2 |
| 7718982 | Sliski | May 2010 | B2 |
| 7728311 | Gall | Jun 2010 | B2 |
| 7729469 | Kobayashi | Jun 2010 | B2 |
| 7741623 | Sommer | Jun 2010 | B2 |
| 7755305 | Umezawa | Jul 2010 | B2 |
| 7772577 | Saito | Aug 2010 | B2 |
| 7796730 | Marash | Sep 2010 | B2 |
| 7801277 | Zou | Sep 2010 | B2 |
| 7807982 | Nishiuchi | Oct 2010 | B2 |
| 7817778 | Nord | Oct 2010 | B2 |
| 7825388 | Nihongi | Nov 2010 | B2 |
| 7826593 | Svensson | Nov 2010 | B2 |
| 7834336 | Boeh | Nov 2010 | B2 |
| 7838855 | Fujii | Nov 2010 | B2 |
| 7848488 | Mansfield | Dec 2010 | B2 |
| 7860216 | Jongen | Dec 2010 | B2 |
| 7875868 | Moriyama | Jan 2011 | B2 |
| 7894574 | Nord | Feb 2011 | B1 |
| 7906769 | Blasche | Mar 2011 | B2 |
| 7919765 | Timmer | Apr 2011 | B2 |
| 7940891 | Star-Lack | May 2011 | B2 |
| 7961844 | Takeda | Jun 2011 | B2 |
| 7977656 | Fujimaki | Jul 2011 | B2 |
| 7982198 | Nishiuchi | Jul 2011 | B2 |
| 7987053 | Schaffner | Jul 2011 | B2 |
| 7995813 | Foshee | Aug 2011 | B2 |
| 8003964 | Stark | Aug 2011 | B2 |
| 8009804 | Siljamaki | Aug 2011 | B2 |
| 20030163015 | Yanagisawa | Aug 2003 | A1 |
| 20030164459 | Schardt | Sep 2003 | A1 |
| 20040022361 | Lemaitre | Feb 2004 | A1 |
| 20040155206 | Marchand | Aug 2004 | A1 |
| 20050161618 | Pedroni | Jul 2005 | A1 |
| 20050211905 | Stark | Sep 2005 | A1 |
| 20050238134 | Brusasco | Oct 2005 | A1 |
| 20050269497 | Jongen | Dec 2005 | A1 |
| 20060106301 | Kats | May 2006 | A1 |
| 20060255285 | Jongen | Nov 2006 | A1 |
| 20070018121 | Leyman | Jan 2007 | A1 |
| 20070093723 | Keall | Apr 2007 | A1 |
| 20070170994 | Peggs | Jul 2007 | A1 |
| 20080023644 | Pedroni | Jan 2008 | A1 |
| 20080093567 | Gall | Apr 2008 | A1 |
| 20080191142 | Pedroni | Aug 2008 | A1 |
| 20090096179 | Stark | Apr 2009 | A1 |
| 20090140672 | Gall | Jun 2009 | A1 |
| 20090168960 | Jongen | Jul 2009 | A1 |
| 20090200483 | Gall | Aug 2009 | A1 |
| 20090236545 | Timmer | Sep 2009 | A1 |
| 20090283704 | Nishiuchi | Nov 2009 | A1 |
| 20090289194 | Saito | Nov 2009 | A1 |
| 20090304153 | Amelia | Dec 2009 | A1 |
| 20100001212 | Nishiuchi | Jan 2010 | A1 |
| 20100008468 | Balakin | Jan 2010 | A1 |
| 20100008469 | Balakin | Jan 2010 | A1 |
| 20100033115 | Cleland | Feb 2010 | A1 |
| 20100045213 | Sliski | Feb 2010 | A1 |
| 20100059688 | Claereboudt | Mar 2010 | A1 |
| 20100060209 | Balakin | Mar 2010 | A1 |
| 20100128846 | Balakin | May 2010 | A1 |
| 20100230617 | Gall | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20100272241 | Amelia | Oct 2010 | A1 |
| 20100308235 | Sliski | Dec 2010 | A1 |
| 20110073778 | Natori | Mar 2011 | A1 |
| 20110089329 | Jongen | Apr 2011 | A1 |
| 20110127443 | Comer | Jun 2011 | A1 |
| 20110137159 | Jongen | Jun 2011 | A1 |
| 20110186720 | Jongen | Aug 2011 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 1683545 | Jul 2006 | EP |
| WO 2008044194 | Apr 2008 | WO |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20100014640 A1 | Jan 2010 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61055395 | May 2008 | US | |
| 61137574 | Aug 2008 | US | |
| 61192245 | Sep 2008 | US | |
| 61055409 | May 2008 | US | |
| 61203308 | Dec 2008 | US | |
| 61188407 | Aug 2008 | US | |
| 61188406 | Aug 2008 | US | |
| 61189815 | Aug 2008 | US | |
| 61201731 | Dec 2008 | US | |
| 61205362 | Jan 2009 | US | |
| 61134717 | Jul 2008 | US | |
| 61134707 | Jul 2008 | US | |
| 61201732 | Dec 2008 | US | |
| 61198509 | Nov 2008 | US | |
| 61134718 | Jul 2008 | US | |
| 61190613 | Sep 2008 | US | |
| 61191043 | Sep 2008 | US | |
| 61192237 | Sep 2008 | US | |
| 61201728 | Dec 2008 | US | |
| 61190546 | Sep 2008 | US | |
| 61189017 | Aug 2008 | US | |
| 61198248 | Nov 2008 | US | |
| 61198508 | Nov 2008 | US | |
| 61197971 | Nov 2008 | US | |
| 61199405 | Nov 2008 | US | |
| 61199403 | Nov 2008 | US | |
| 61199404 | Nov 2008 | US | |
| 61209529 | Mar 2009 | US | |
| 61208182 | Feb 2009 | US | |
| 61208971 | Mar 2009 | US | |
| 61270298 | Jul 2009 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 12425683 | Apr 2009 | US |
| Child | 12571589 | US |
