Patent Grant
9333597
The present disclosure relates to a method of nitride component surface repair and more particularly to method of nitride component surface repair with autofrettage.
Electroless metal coatings on machine components for enhanced performance are known in the art. The electroless coating process is typically used for enriching the surface of metallic components for protection against corrosion, wear, etc. For example, U.S. Published Application No. 2011/206532 relates to an electroless coating process including coating a substrate with an electroless coating and then heating to a specific temperature.
Some engines are assembled with surface hardened components. A nitriding process is widely used for surface hardening of the components. The nitriding process is a heat treatment process that diffuses nitrogen into the surface of the metallic component to create a case hardened surface. The component may be made from steel, iron, titanium, and the like. The component that is subjected to the nitriding process may already be in a hardened and tempered condition. This may allow for the nitriding process to take place at a temperature lower than the last tempering temperature. Further surface treatment, such as, for example, coating or cladding, may be conducted at a lower temperature than that of the nitriding temperature, in order to avoid damaging of the nitride hardened layer.
During operation, the nitrided surface of the component may be subjected to wear, cavitation, erosion, tear, corrosion, or other damage. The damage may be due to the application of higher force, surface strain, torsion, bending moment, or other environmental conditions. Damage to the nitrided surface may result in unsatisfactory performance, sometimes requiring replacement of the parts with new components. This may lead to an overall increase in costs.
Various methods for repairing these damaged components are known in the art. For example, micro arc welding and laser beam cladding can be used for coating a material on the nitrided surface. However, these techniques are thermal based repair processes that may damage a base material strength of the nitrided surface. High temperatures involved in thermal based repair processes can lead to out-gassing of nitrogen from the nitrided surface, causing a reduction in the hardness of the nitrided surface. The out-gassing of nitrogen may also lead to porosity issues in the coated material.
Other known techniques include chrome plating and High Velocity Fuel Oxygen (HVOF). However, the chrome plating technique is not environment friendly. In the HVOF method, bonding between the coated material and the nitrided surface is not metallurgical, thus affecting the bond strength.
Hence, there is a need of providing an improved method of repair for nitrided components.
In one aspect of the disclosure, a method for repairing a nitrided surface having a damaged area is disclosed. The method includes introducing the nitrided surface into a bath containing electroless material for a predetermined period of time. The method also includes coating the damaged area with a layer of the electroless material. The method further includes performing an autofrettage process on the layer. In addition, the method includes heat treating the electroless material at a predetermined temperature for a predefined time.
In another aspect of the disclosure, a plunger for a fuel injection assembly is disclosed. The plunger includes an outer nitrided surface having a first hardness. The outer nitride surface includes at least one damaged area. An electroless material is coated on the damaged area. The electroless material has a second hardness different from the first hardness. The electroless material is subjected to an autofrettage process.
Reference will now be made in detail to specific embodiments or features, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Generally, corresponding or similar reference numbers will be used, when possible, to refer to the same or corresponding parts.
Referring now to
During operation of fuel injection assembly 100, the barrel 104 may receive a substantial quantity of fuel through the inlet port 106. Thereafter, the plunger 102 may compress the fuel in the barrel 104 in order to increase the pressure of the fuel. The high pressure fuel from the barrel 104 may then be introduced into a connector portion 114 through a delivery valve 110. The delivery valve 110 is located within an outlet portion 112 of the fuel injection assembly 100. Further, the connector portion 114 may deliver the high pressure fuel to an injector (not shown) in order to inject the fuel into the cylinder. The spill port 108 may be configured to provide the additional fuel in the barrel back to a fuel tank.
Another exemplary machine component is depicted in
During operation, the first portion 302 may receive the pressurized fuel from the fuel injection assembly 100. The first portion 302 of the fuel injector assembly 300 may then deliver the pressurized fuel to the nozzle portion 306 via the passages 312 located within the intermediate portion 304 and the passages 310 of the first portion 302. Thereafter, the nozzle portion 306 may inject the pressurized fuel in the cylinder of the diesel engine.
The plunger 102 and/or the poppet 308 may be made of a metal. In some embodiments the metal may include an alloy of steel, iron, or titanium. Other embodiments may include any metal known in the art. The outer surface 202 of the plunger 102 and/or the poppet 308 may be hardened by a surface treatment process, such as, but not limited to, a nitriding treatment process. The nitriding treatment process involves diffusing nitrogen into a base material at high temperatures. The high temperatures may include a range of 550-590° C. to provide the required surface hardness.
In one embodiment, during the operation of the fuel injection assembly 100, the plunger 102 may be damaged due to contact with other components in the fuel injection assembly 100. This damage on the nitrided surface 202 may be caused by a variety of factors including cavitation, erosion, corrosion, wear and tear, and/or higher forces. For example, the middle portion 206 of the plunger 102 may be damaged due to contact with the inner wall of the barrel 104 of the fuel injection assembly 100. In another example, increased fuel injection pressure within the barrel 104 may cause cavitation damage on the plunger 102. Usually, the cavitation damage is similar to scars, shown as the on the damaged area 212 in
During the operation of the fuel injector assembly 300, the poppet 308 may be exposed to damage due to contact with other components of the fuel injector assembly 300. For example, a surface of the tapered middle portion 404 of the poppet 308 may be damaged due to contact with the inner wall of the first portion 302. In another example, increased friction between the surface of the tapered middle portion 404 and inner wall of first portion 302 as well as abrupt changes in fuel pressure may cause cavitation and/or erosion damage on the poppet 308. The exemplary damaged area 212 on the poppet 308 is shown in the
The damaged area 212 on the nitrided surface 202 of the plunger 102 and/or poppet 308 may be repaired by coating damaged area 212 with an electroless material. The electroless material may include nickel (Ni), phosphorus (P), boron (B), or any combination thereof. For example, the electroless material may be a solution of nickel (Ni) with high phosphorus (P) content. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the electroless solution of nickel (Ni) with high phosphorus (P) content may result in a coated surface with a relatively higher surface hardness. In one exemplary embodiment, the coated surface may have a surface hardness that may be different from a surface hardness of the un-coated surface.
The coating of the electroless material on the nitrided surface 202 is configured to provide a surface hardness in a range of approximately 60-70 HRC. Known electroless Ni coating has plated hardness values in a range a range of approximately 49-62 HRC. These hardness values can be increased to approximately 64-70 HRC on heat treatment. It should be understood that surface hardness in the approximate range of approximately 60-70 HRC is desirable on the machine components, in order to provide protection from wear and tear that these components may undergo during operation.
Additionally, the coated surface may be subjected to an autofrettage process, which may alter the surface characteristics of the coated surface to make it more resistant to cavitation damage. An autofrettage process typically involves subjecting the coated surface to a large fluid pressure so that residual compressive stresses are introduced in the coated surface. Tensile forces introduced during operation of the component must first overcome the residual compressive stresses introduced in the coated surface before damage can be induced in the coated surface. To accomplish autofrettage, the coated surface may be subject to a fluid pressure for a predetermined duration of time to allow plastic deformation of the coated surface, which in turn induces compressive stresses on the coated surface.
A method 700 for repairing the nitrided surface 202 will be further described in detail in connection with
The fuel injection assembly plunger 102 and/or the poppet 308 of the fuel injector assembly 300 may be subjected to damage during operation. The damage may result in unsatisfactory overall performance of the plunger 102 and/or the poppet 308. One solution includes replacing the plunger 102 and/or the poppet 308 by a new one. However this solution poses cost considerations. Other approaches include repairing the damaged area 212 on the nitrided surface 202 of the plunger 102 and/or the poppet 308. Many surface repairing methods such as thermal processes, plating processes and other deposition methods are known in the art.
Thermal repairing processes like micro arc welding, laser beam cladding, etc. may have an effect on surface properties of the repaired surface. During the nitriding process, nitrogen gas is diffused into the surface of the base material, to form a coated base material. The base materials used in the manufacture of the machine components include steel, iron, titanium, and the like. The thermal processes are carried at relatively higher temperatures, causing the out-gassing of nitrogen from the coated base material.
For example, in laser or welding based cladding processes, due to high heat input from the cladding processes the temperature attained at the coated base material is higher than the temperature at which nitriding process is performed. As a consequence, the diffused nitrogen is released from the coated base material, leading to the formation of pores. This may reduce the surface hardness of the base material nitrided surface and also cause porosity in the coated layer.
Further, the known plating process, such as chrome plating, may provide a surface with relatively lesser hardness. This may be undesirable due to the harsh working environment conditions that the machine components are generally subjected to. The lesser hardness may impact the tendency of these components of being susceptible to damage. Other deposition processes like HVOF provide negligible metallurgical bonding between the coating and the base material.
The present disclosure relates to the method 700 of repairing the damaged area 212 on the nitrided surface 202 of the plunger 102 and/or the poppet 308 by using electroless process. The method 700 may be carried out at relatively lower temperatures, preventing the out-gassing of nitrogen from the nitrided surface 202. Additionally, the method 700 does not require electric current, resulting in uniform and continuous coating on the nitrided surface 202. The electroless coating may provide a relatively high bond strength of about 40,000-60,000 psi on steel. Further, the method 700 provides for the resultant surface hardness in a range of approximately 60-70 HRC. This may be a desired hardness required for the machine component to be less susceptible to damage.
In one embodiment, remaining areas of the nitrided surface 202 of the plunger 102 and/or the poppet 308, i.e. damage-free areas or areas which do not require coating, may be masked or covered with a polymer mask or any other suitable material mask. The masking may involve tying of a cloth or a polymeric sheet on exposed areas of the nitrided surface 202 by mechanical fasteners like bands, on a temporary basis, until the method 700 is completed. The masking or covering may prevent deposition of electroless material on the damage-free area.
At step 704, the nitrided surface 202 may be introduced into a bath of an electroless solution containing ionic Nickel and ionic Phosphorus (1% to 13% Phosphorus) for a predetermined period of time. The bath may include an open vessel containing the electroless solution. In other embodiments other electroless solutions may be used as would be known in the art. At step 706, the electroless material may be coated on the damaged area 212. It should be noted that the predetermined period of time for which the nitrided surface 202 is held in the electroless solution may depend on a thickness of the coating required on the damaged area 212.
During the electroless Nickel coating at step 506, the coating process auto-catalytically deposits Nickel alloyed with Phosphorus (12% by weight) on the nitrided surface 202. For example, electroless nickel coating using sodium hypophosphite as the reducing agent proceeds via the following overall reduction/oxidation reaction:
Ni2++4H2PO2−+H2O→Ni0↓+3H2PO3−+H++P↓+3/2H2↑ Equation 1
At step 708, the component with the nitride surface may be introduced into an autofrettage chamber. During the autofrettage process, the chamber may be filled with autofrettage liquid. The autofrettage liquid may be pressurized to a predetermined pressure. In one exemplary embodiment, the predetermined pressure may be about 150,000 psi (1 Giga Pascal). The predetermined pressure may be maintained for a first period of time. In one exemplary embodiment, the first period of time may be about 0.5 to 1.0 seconds. The autofrettage pressure may be gradually reduced to atmospheric pressure. In one exemplary embodiment, the autofrettage pressure may be linearly or non-linearly reduced over a second period of time. In one exemplary embodiment, the second period of time may range from about 1 hour to about 5 hours. Nitrided surface 202 may have a first porosity. Area 212 of surface 202 may have a second porosity different from the first porosity after completion of the autofrettage process.
At step 710, the nitrided surface 202 may be subjected to heat treatment. The heat treatment may increase the hardness imparted by the electroless material on the nitrided surface 202, resulting in hardness of approximately 60 to 70 HRC. In an exemplary case, heat treatment of the nitrided surface 202 of the plunger 102 and/or the poppet 308 may involve baking, wherein there is rise in temperature at the start of the heat treatment and relatively slow decrease in temperature at the end of the heat treatment. This may avoid any micro-cracking in the electroless material coated on the damaged area 212.
The nitrided surface 202 may be heated at a predetermined temperature for a predefined time period. The predetermined temperature at which the nitrided surface 202 is heated is in a range of approximately 200° C. to 400° C. Also, the predefined time for which the nitrided surface 202 is heated lies may be less than 24 hours. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the predetermined temperature and the predefined time should be selected in such a way that the properties of the nitrided surface 202 is subjected to minimal or no change. More importantly, the predetermined temperature should be low enough in order to prevent the out-gassing of nitrogen from the nitrided surface 202.
At step 712, the nitrided surface 202 may be subjected to machining, wherein after the heat treatment, one or more dimensions of the resultant surface are processed to achieve desired engineering standards. The engineering standards may be engineering dimensions, surface finish, or any other standard which is necessary for the plunger 102 and/or the poppet 308 being repaired to function in the respective working environment. The machining process could be any standard machining process known in the art. The machining process may include polishing, precision grinding, turning, or any other method known in the art.
The present disclosure has been explained with reference to the damaged area 212 present on the plunger 102 and/or the poppet 308. However, the present disclosure does not restrict itself to the nitrided fuel injection plunger 102 and/or the nitrided poppet 308. The nitrided component can include any nitrided element that may be used in standard automobile engine applications or any other industrial application known in the art.
While aspects of the present disclosure have been particularly shown and described with reference to the embodiments above, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various additional embodiments may be contemplated by the modification of the disclosed machines, systems and methods without departing from the spirit and scope of what is disclosed. Such embodiments should be understood to fall within the scope of the present disclosure as determined based upon the claims and any equivalents thereof.
This application is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/795,044 filed Mar. 12, 2013, the contents of which are expressly incorporated herein by reference.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4358922 | Feldstein | Nov 1982 | A |
| 4636255 | Tauda et al. | Jan 1987 | A |
| 8381402 | Grant et al. | Feb 2013 | B2 |
| 20020045053 | Hoskin | Apr 2002 | A1 |
| 20110206532 | Sorbo et al. | Aug 2011 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 2011-174181 | Sep 2011 | JP |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20150158131 A1 | Jun 2015 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 13795044 | Mar 2013 | US |
| Child | 14625273 | US |
