Patent Application
20150348626
The present disclosure relates to a nonvolatile semiconductor storage device including resistive memory cells each of which includes a variable resistance element and a cell transistor for selecting the variable resistance element, which are connected together in series. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to a technique of stabilizing resistance values in a low resistance state and a high resistance state of the variable resistance element irrespective of variations in the cell transistor and thereby improving read characteristics and reliability characteristics of the nonvolatile semiconductor storage device.
There has in recent years been an increasing demand for electronic apparatuses, particularly mobile telephones (smartphones), portable music players, digital cameras, tablet terminals, etc., leading to an increasing demand for nonvolatile semiconductor storage devices. Various technologies for further improving capacity, size, write speed, read speed, and low power consumption operation are currently under development.
Flash memory dominates the nonvolatile memory market today. However, the write time is topping out at as low as the microsecond or millisecond scale. This is a factor that inhibits improvement in performance of set apparatuses including the nonvolatile memory device.
Various alternative nonvolatile memory technologies that can write at higher speed and lower power consumption than those of flash memory have in recent years been developed. One of such nonvolatile memory devices is, for example, resistive random access memory (ReRAM), which employs a variable resistance element as a memory element. Resistive random access memory can have a nanosecond-scale write time, i.e., can perform high-speed write. In addition, a voltage used to write in resistive random access memory is about 1.6 V compared to 10 V or more in flash memory, which allows the nonvolatile memory to operate with lower power consumption.
Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2004-234707 describes a memory array configuration of resistive random access memory. A memory cell in resistive random access memory includes a series connection of a variable resistance element and a cell transistor. The variable resistance element stores data (“0” or “1”) according to whether the variable resistance element is set to a low resistance value or a high resistance value, where the resistance value ranges from 1 kΩ to 1 MΩ, for example. When the resistance value of the variable resistance element is low, the memory cell current is large. When the resistance value of the variable resistance element is high, the memory cell current is small. Therefore, by detecting the difference in memory cell current using a sense amplifier circuit during read operation, data stored in a memory cell is read out.
Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2008-052781 describes a programming circuit configuration of resistive random access memory. The variable resistance element is reversibly switched between the low and high resistance states, depending on the polarity of a voltage applied to the opposite ends of the variable resistance element.
However, the above conventional nonvolatile resistive random access memory has the following problem. Specifically, the resistance values in the high and low resistance states depend on a voltage applied to the variable resistance element during program operation or erase operation, and such a voltage is largely affected by the threshold voltage of the cell transistor. Therefore, the resistance values in the high and low resistance states vary depending on manufacturing variations in the threshold voltage of the cell transistor.
The above problem will be described with reference to
In the memory cell, the gate of the cell transistor is connected to a word line WL, a terminal closer to the variable resistance element is connected to a bit line BL, and a terminal closer to the cell transistor is connected to a source line SL.
During program operation of the memory cell, a program word line voltage Vg_reset (e.g., 2.4 V) is applied to the word line WL, so that the memory cell is in the conducting state, and a program bit line voltage Vreset (e.g., 2.4 V) is applied to the bit line BL and a ground voltage VSS is applied to the source line SL, and therefore, a voltage VR applied to the variable resistance element RR causes the memory cell to be in the high resistance state.
During erase operation, an erase word line voltage Vg_set (e.g., 2.4 V) is applied to the word line WL, so that the memory cell is in the conducting state, and the ground voltage VSS is applied to the bit line BL and an erase voltage Vset (e.g., 2.4 V) is applied to the source line SL, so that the voltage VR applied to the variable resistance element RR causes the memory cell to be in the low resistance state.
During read operation, a read word line voltage Vg_read (e.g., 1.8 V) is applied to the word line WL, so that the cell transistor is in the conducting state. Thereafter, a read bit line voltage Vread (e.g., 0.4 V) is applied to the bit line BL and the ground voltage VSS is applied to the source line SL, so that a current flows through the memory cell. The current is small when the variable resistance element RR is in the high resistance state and large when the variable resistance element RR is in the low resistance state. Based on this, the data state is determined.
Here, during erase operation in which the variable resistance element RR is caused to be in the low resistance state, the voltage VR applied to the variable resistance element RR varies depending on the threshold voltage of the cell transistor TC, and is lower than the erase source line voltage Vset. Therefore, if the threshold voltage of the cell transistor TC is low, the voltage VR applied is relatively high, and the resistance value after erase operation becomes low (current-voltage characteristics 40). If the threshold voltage of the cell transistor TC is high, the voltage VR applied is relatively low, and the resistance value after erase operation becomes high (current-voltage characteristics 41).
During program operation in which the variable resistance element RR is caused to be in the high resistance state, if the threshold voltage of the cell transistor TC is low, the resistance value after program operation becomes high. If the threshold voltage is high, the resistance value after program operation becomes low. Note that, as compared to erase operation, the reduction in the voltage VR applied to the variable resistance element RR with respect to the program bit line voltage Vreset is low and therefore has a relatively small influence.
When the threshold voltage of the cell transistor TC is low due to the influence of the threshold voltage of the cell transistor TC on the resistance value after write operation, the resistance value after erase operation becomes low, so that the bit current distribution (bit current distribution 50) is located in a region where the current is high, and the resistance value after program operation becomes high, so that the bit current distribution (bit current distribution 50) is located in a region where the current is low.
On the other hand, if the threshold voltage of the cell transistor TC is high, the resistance value after erase operation becomes high, so that the bit current distribution (bit current distribution 51) is located in a region where the current is lower than in the bit current distribution 50, and the resistance value after program operation becomes low, so that the bit current distribution (bit current distribution 51) is located in a region where the current is higher than in the bit current distribution 50.
Thus, the influence of the threshold voltage of the cell transistor TC on the bit current distribution after write operation affects reliability characteristics, such as read operation characteristics, repetitive write characteristics, etc.
For example, the bit current distribution 50 can have a larger current difference 52 than a current difference 53 between the bit current distribution after write operation in the bit current distribution 51 and the reference current (Iref). Therefore, to improve read operation characteristics, it is necessary to cause the voltage VR applied to the variable resistance element RR during write operation to be higher than or equal to a predetermined voltage. However, this does not mean that any high voltage is effective. If a predetermined voltage or more is applied, repetitive write characteristics may be adversely affected. For example, the variable resistance element RR may not be switched from the high resistance state to the low resistance state, or from the low resistance state to the high resistance state, so that write operation cannot be performed. Therefore, the voltage VR may be limited to a predetermined voltage or less.
Thus, to allow a nonvolatile semiconductor storage device including resistive memory cells to have write operation that simultaneously has good read operation characteristics and repetitive write characteristics, it is necessary to optimize the voltage applied to the variable resistance element RR during write operation.
However, in conventional nonvolatile semiconductor storage devices, a predetermined voltage is applied during write operation, and therefore, if there are manufacturing variations in threshold voltage of the cell transistor TC, the voltage VR applied to the variable resistance element RR during write operation varies, and therefore, it is difficult to apply an optimal voltage to the variable resistance element RR.
The present disclosure describes implementations of a nonvolatile semiconductor storage device in which a predetermined voltage is applied to the variable resistance element during write operation irrespective of the threshold voltage of the cell transistor, and therefore, the resistance values in the low and high resistance states can be caused to be stable, whereby read operation characteristics and reliability characteristics can be improved.
A nonvolatile semiconductor storage device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes a plurality of memory cells arranged in a matrix having rows and columns, each memory cell including a cell transistor and a variable resistance element connected to a first terminal of the cell transistor, a plurality of word lines provided, corresponding to the respective rows of the plurality of memory cells, each word line being connected to gates of the cell transistors included in the memory cells provided in the corresponding row, a plurality of first data lines provided, corresponding to the respective rows or columns of the plurality of memory cells, each first data line being connected to the variable resistance elements included in the plurality of memory cells provided in the corresponding row or column, a plurality of second data lines provided, corresponding to the respective rows or columns of the plurality of memory cells, each second data line being connected to second terminals of the cell transistors included in the plurality of memory cells provided in the corresponding row or column, at least one cell transistor performance measuring cell arranged in a matrix having rows and columns, each cell transistor performance measuring cell including a transistor, and at least one cell transistor performance measuring word line provided, corresponding to the respective rows of the at least one cell transistor performance measuring cell, each cell transistor performance measuring word line being connected to a gate of the at least one transistor provided in the corresponding row. The transistor of the at least one cell transistor performance measuring cell is provided, corresponding to each row or column of the at least one cell transistor performance measuring cell, and a drain or source of the transistor of at least one cell transistor performance measuring cell provided in the row or column is connected to all or a portion of the plurality of first data lines. The transistor of the at least one cell transistor performance measuring cell is provided, corresponding to each row or column of the at least one cell transistor performance measuring cell, and one of the drain and source of the transistor of the at least one cell transistor performance measuring cell provided in the row or column, the one of the drain and source being not connected to the first data line, is connected to all or a portion of the plurality of second data lines.
According to the present disclosure, a predetermined voltage can be applied to the variable resistance element during write operation irrespective of the threshold voltage of the cell transistor. Therefore, the resistance values in the low and high resistance states can be caused to be stable. Therefore, a nonvolatile semiconductor storage device with improved read operation characteristics and reliability characteristics can be provided.
Embodiments will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. Note that terms meaning “sameness” (e.g., “the same,” “the same shape,” etc.) are assumed to encompass manufacturing variations.
As shown in
A current measuring device 29 is connected to the nonvolatile semiconductor storage device. The current measuring device 29 may be provided external to or within the nonvolatile semiconductor storage device.
The memory array 10 includes a plurality of memory cells for storing data, and cell transistor performance measuring cells described below, in addition to the adjustment value storage area 20. The memory array 10 will be described in detail below.
The column gate 21 is a circuit that receives a control signal (not shown), and selects and connects a bit line BL and a source line SL that are specified by the control signal to the sense amplifier 22 or the write driver 23.
The sense amplifier 22 is a circuit that determines whether data read from a memory cell in the memory array 10 is “0” or “1.” The column gate 21 selects one of the bit lines BL0-BLm, and compares a current flowing through a memory cell with a reference current, to read data from the memory cell.
The write driver 23 is a circuit that applies a write voltage to a memory cell in the memory array 10 to perform data write operation on the memory cell, or applies a current measuring voltage to a cell transistor performance measuring cell described below. Specifically, the write driver 23 applies a positive voltage supplied from the switch 24, or a ground voltage, to a bit line BL or source line SL that is selected by the column gate 21.
The switch 24 is a circuit that selects a positive voltage that is to be supplied to the write driver 23. During write operation, the switch 24 supplies an output voltage of the bit line/source line regulator 26, as a voltage that is to be applied to a bit line BL or a source line SL, to the write driver 23. When a cell transistor performance measuring cell performs current measurement, the switch 24 supplies a voltage supplied from the current measuring device 29 to the write driver 23.
The word line driver 25 is a circuit that receives a control signal (not shown), and selects a word line WL or cell transistor performance measuring word line WLM that is specified by the control signal, to drive a voltage (described below) applied from the word line regulator 27.
The bit line/source line regulator 26 is a voltage generation circuit that, during data write operation on a memory cell, supplies a voltage that is to be applied to a bit line BL or a source line SL, to the write driver 23 through the switch 24. The bit line/source line regulator 26 adjusts and outputs the voltage that is to be supplied, according to a control signal from the control circuit 28.
The word line regulator 27 is a voltage generation circuit that, during data write or read operation on a memory cell, supplies a voltage that is to be applied to a word line WL, to the word line driver 25, and adjusts and outputs the voltage that is to be supplied, according to a control signal from the control circuit 28.
The control circuit 28 is a circuit that controls various operation modes, such as data read or write operation on the memory array 10, cell transistor performance measuring operation described below, etc. The control circuit 28 controls the column gate 21, the sense amplifier 22, the write driver 23, the switch 24, the word line driver 25, the bit line/source line regulator 26, and the word line regulator 27.
The current measuring device 29 is a device that, during cell transistor performance measurement, supplies a voltage to a bit line BL or a source line SL through the switch 24, and measures a current through the switch 24.
The memory cell 11 includes a series connection of a variable resistance element RR and a cell transistor TC. Here, the variable resistance element RR is an element that can store data based on a change in the resistance value.
A word line WL which is provided, corresponding to the memory cells 11 in each row, is connected to the gates of the cell transistors TC included in the memory cells 11 in that row. A bit line BL which is provided, corresponding to the memory cells 11 in each column, is connected to an end of each of the variable resistance elements RR included in the memory cells 11 in that column A source line SL which is provided, corresponding to the memory cells 11 in each column, is connected to an end of each of the cell transistors TC included in the memory cells 11 in that column
Two cell transistor performance measuring cells 12 corresponding to two rows are connected to a bit line BL and a source line SL in each column The cell transistor performance measuring cell 12 includes a MOS transistor MTC. The gates of the cell transistor performance measuring cells 12 in each row are connected to the cell transistor performance measuring word line WLM0 or WLM1. The drain and source of each of the cell transistor performance measuring cells 12 in each column are connected to a bit line BL and a source line SL, respectively, in that column
Although, in this embodiment, the two cell transistor performance measuring cells 12 corresponding to two rows are provided in each column, at least one cell transistor performance measuring cell 12 may be provided. For example, one cell transistor performance measuring cell 12 may be provided, corresponding to only a single row or column
The memory cell 11 includes a series connection of the variable resistance element RR and the cell transistor TC. A word line WL is connected to the gate of the cell transistor TC. A bit line BL is connected to the variable resistance element RR. A source line SL is connected to the source terminal of the cell transistor TC.
Although, in this embodiment, it is assumed that the variable resistance element RR is connected to the bit line BL and the cell transistor TC is connected to the source line SL, the cell transistor TC may be connected to the bit line BL and the variable resistance element RR may be connected to the source line SL. In other words, the memory cell of this embodiment is a so-called 1T1R resistive memory cell which includes a single cell transistor TC and a single variable resistance element RR.
In the memory cell 11, diffusion regions 61a and 61b are formed on a semiconductor substrate 60. The diffusion region 61a functions as the source terminal of the cell transistor TC, and the diffusion region 61b functions as the drain terminal of the cell transistor TC. The channel region of the cell transistor TC is located between the diffusion regions 61a and 61b. An oxide film 62, and a gate electrode 63 of, for example, polysilicon, are formed on the channel region. The oxide film 62 and the gate electrode 63 function as the word line WL. The cell transistor TC is thus configured.
The diffusion region 61a as the source terminal of the cell transistor TC is connected to the source line SL, which is a first interconnection layer 65a, through a via 64a. The diffusion region 61b as the drain terminal is connected to a first interconnection layer 65b through a via 64b. The first interconnection layer 65b is connected to a second interconnection layer 67 through a via 66. The second interconnection layer 67 is connected to the variable resistance element RR through a via 68.
The variable resistance element RR includes a lower electrode 69, a variable resistance layer 70, and an upper electrode 71. The variable resistance element RR is connected to the bit line BL, which is a third interconnection layer 73, through a via 72.
The cell transistor performance measuring cell 12 includes a MOS transistor MTC. The cell transistor performance measuring word line WLM is connected to the gate of the MOS transistor MTC. The bit line BL is connected to the drain of the MOS transistor MTC. The source line SL is connected to the source of the MOS transistor MTC.
In the cell transistor performance measuring cell 12, the gate electrode 63 of the MOS transistor MTC formed on the semiconductor substrate 60 operates as the cell transistor performance measuring word line WLM. The second interconnection layer 67 is connected to the bit line BL, which is the third interconnection layer 73, through a via 74. The other configuration is similar to that of the memory cell 11 described in
Note that the MOS transistor MTC and the cell transistor TC desirably have the same gate length and gate width. Also, the MOS transistor MTC and the cell transistor TC desirably have the same thickness of the oxide film 62.
Next, operation of the nonvolatile semiconductor storage device of this embodiment will be described with reference to
In
The BL driver 231 receives, as power supply, a voltage supplied from a BL switch 241 provided in the switch 24. When a control signal PENBL from the control circuit 28 is high, the BL driver 231 outputs the voltage supplied from the BL switch 241. When the control signal PENBL is low, the BL driver 231 outputs the ground voltage.
The SL driver 232 receives, as power supply, a voltage supplied from an SL switch 242 provided in the switch 24. When a control signal PENSL from the control circuit 28 is high, the SL driver 232 outputs the voltage supplied from the SL switch 242. When the control signal PENSL is low, the SL driver 232 outputs the ground voltage.
The BL switch 241 is a switch circuit that supplies, to the BL driver 231, an output voltage of a BL regulator 261 provided in the bit line/source line regulator 26 during write operation, and an output voltage of the current measuring device 29 during cell transistor performance measuring operation.
The SL switch 242 is a switch circuit that supplies, to the SL driver 232, an output voltage of the SL regulator 262 provided in the bit line/source line regulator 26 during write operation, and an output voltage of the current measuring device 29 during cell transistor performance measuring operation.
The WL driver 251 receives, as power supply, a voltage supplied from the word line regulator 27. When a control signal WLEN from the control circuit 28 is high, the WL driver 251 outputs the voltage supplied from the word line regulator 27. When the control signal WLEN is low, the WL driver 251 outputs the ground voltage. The WL driver 251 thus drives the word line WL.
The WLM driver 252 receives, as power supply, a voltage supplied from the word line regulator 27. When a control signal WLMEN from the control circuit 28 is high, the WLM driver 252 outputs the voltage supplied from the word line regulator 27. When the control signal WLMEN is low, the WLM driver 252 outputs the ground voltage. The WLM driver 252 thus drives the cell transistor performance measuring word line WLM.
The BL regulator 261 adjusts and outputs a bit line voltage value for write operation to the BL switch 241 according to a control signal CBLREG from the control circuit 28.
The SL regulator 262 adjusts and outputs a source line voltage value for write operation to the SL switch 242 according to a control signal CSLREG from the control circuit 28.
The word line regulator 27 adjusts and outputs a word line voltage value for write operation to the WL driver 251 and the WLM driver 252 according to a control signal CWLREG from the control circuit 28.
Write operation that is performed using this configuration will now be overviewed. Initially, in a cell transistor performance measurement mode, a predetermined bias is applied to the cell transistor performance measuring cell 12 so that current measurement is performed. Based on the result of the current measurement, values of voltages that are to be applied to the word line WL, the bit line BL, and the source line SL during write operation are determined and stored. Write operation is performed using voltages that are obtained by adjusting the outputs of the BL regulator 261, the SL regulator 262, and the word line regulator 27 to the stored voltage values. Detailed operation will now be described with reference to
The current measurement of the cell transistor performance measurement mode is performed during, for example, testing of the nonvolatile semiconductor storage device of
During program operation in which the variable resistance element RR is caused to be in the high resistance state, the output of the word line regulator 27 is adjusted to a WLM voltage Vg_resetm (e.g., 2.4 V) as a setting for providing a program voltage according to the control signal CWLREG in the cell transistor performance measurement mode. For example, the current measuring device 29, which is a semiconductor testing device for use in a testing step, outputs a bit line voltage Vresetm (e.g., 2.4 V) as a setting for providing a program voltage.
Next, the control signal WLMEN to the WLM driver 252 is caused to go high, so that the cell transistor performance measuring word line WLM is at Vg_resetm, and therefore, the MOS transistor MTC of the cell transistor performance measuring cell 12 is in the conducting state. At this time, the control signal WLEN is caused to go low, so that 0 V is applied to the word line WL, and therefore, the cell transistor TC is cut off.
The BL switch 241 supplies the output voltage Vresetm of the current measuring device 29, as power supply, to the BL driver 231.
The control signal ENBL to the gate 211 is caused to go high, and the control signal ENSL to the gate 212 is caused to go high, so that the bit line BL is connected to the output of the BL driver 231, and the source line SL is connected to the output of the SL driver 232.
The control signal PENBL to the BL driver 231 is caused to go high, and the control signal PENSL to the SL driver 232 is caused to go low, so that Vresetm is applied to the bit line BL, and the ground voltage VSS (=0 V) is applied to the source line SL.
The above operation allows the voltages shown as the “settings for providing program voltage” of
This current is measured using the current measuring device 29. If the current has a predetermined value or more, it can be determined that the threshold voltage of the cell transistor performance measuring cell 12 is low due to manufacturing variations. Here, if the cell transistor TC included in the memory cell 11 and the MOS transistor MTC of the cell transistor performance measuring cell 12 have the same characteristics, it can be determined that the threshold voltage of the cell transistor TC is also low. In this case, it can be determined that it is optimal to set the voltages applied to the word line WL and the bit line BL during program operation to be lower than Vg_resetm and Vresetm, and the optimal voltage values are determined to be Vg_reseta and Vreseta, respectively. Conversely, if the current has a predetermined value or less, it can be determined that the threshold voltage of the cell transistor performance measuring cell 12 is high due to manufacturing variations. In this case, it can be determined that the threshold voltage of the cell transistor TC is also high, and it is optimal to set the voltages applied to the word line WL and the bit line BL during program operation to be higher than Vg_resetm and Vresetm, and the optimal voltage values are determined to be Vg_reseta and Vreseta, respectively.
Here, data indicating the voltage values thus determined is stored in the adjustment value storage area 20 provided in the memory array 10. The adjustment value storage area 20 includes a portion of the memory cells in the memory array 10 for storing data.
During erase operation in which the variable resistance element RR is caused to be in the low resistance state, the output of the word line regulator 27 is adjusted to the WLM voltage Vg_setm (e.g., 2.4 V) as a setting for providing an erase voltage according to the control signal CWLREG in the cell transistor performance measurement mode. The current measuring device 29 outputs a source line voltage Vsetm (e.g., 2.4 V) as a setting for providing an erase voltage.
Next, the control signal WLMEN to the WLM driver 252 is caused to go high, so that the cell transistor performance measuring word line WLM is at Vg_setm, and therefore, the MOS transistor MTC of the cell transistor performance measuring cell 12 is in the conducting state. At this time, the control signal WLEN is caused to go low, so that 0 V is applied to the word line WL, and therefore, the cell transistor TC is cut off.
The SL switch 242 supplies the output voltage Vsetm of the current measuring device 29, as power supply, to the SL driver 232.
The control signal ENBL to the gate 211 is caused to go high, and the control signal ENSL to the gate 212 is caused to go high, so that the bit line BL is connected to the output of the BL driver 231, and the source line SL is connected to the output of the SL driver 232.
The control signal PENBL to the BL driver 231 is caused to go low, and the control signal PENSL to the SL driver 232 is caused to go high, so that the ground voltage VSS is applied to the bit line BL, and Vsetm is applied to the source line SL.
The above operation allows the voltages shown as the “settings for providing erase voltage” of
This current is measured using the current measuring device 29. If the current has a predetermined value or more, it can be determined that the threshold voltage of the cell transistor performance measuring cell 12 is low due to manufacturing variations. As during program operation, it can be determined that the threshold voltage of the cell transistor is also low. In this case, it can be determined that it is optimal to set the voltages applied to the word line WL and the bit line BL during erase operation to be lower, and the optimal voltage voltages are determined to be Vg_seta and Vseta, respectively. Conversely, if the current has a predetermined value or less, it can be determined that the threshold voltage of the cell transistor performance measuring cell 12 is high due to manufacturing variations. In this case, it can be determined that the threshold voltage of the cell transistor TC is also high, and it is optimal to set the voltages applied to the word line WL and the source line SL during erase operation to be higher, and the optimal voltage voltages are determined to be Vg_seta and Vseta, respectively.
Here, the voltage values thus determined are stored in the adjustment value storage area 20 provided in the memory array 10.
Write operation of the memory cell 11 will now be described.
During program operation, the optimal program voltage values Vg_reseta and Vreseta stored in the adjustment value storage area 20 are read out, and based on the result, the control circuit 28 sets the control signal CWLREG to allow the word line regulator 27 to output Vg_reseta, and the word line regulator 27 outputs Vg_reseta.
The control circuit 28 sets the control signal CBLREG to allow the BL regulator 261 to output Vreseta, and the BL regulator 261 outputs Vreseta.
Next, the control signal WLEN to the WL driver 251 is caused to go high, so that the word line WL is at Vg_reseta, and therefore, the cell transistor TC is in the conducting state. At this time, the control signal WLMEN is caused to go low, so that 0 V is applied to the cell transistor performance measuring word line WLM, and therefore, the MOS transistor MTC of the cell transistor performance measuring cell 12 is cut off. The BL switch 241 supplies the output voltage Vreseta of the BL regulator 261, as power supply, to the BL driver 231.
The control signal ENBL to the gate 211 is caused to go high, and the control signal ENSL to the gate 212 is caused to go high, so that the bit line BL is connected to the output of the BL driver 231, and the source line SL is connected to the SL driver 232.
The control signal PENBL to the BL driver 231 is caused to be high during a predetermined period of time (e.g., 10 ns), and the control signal PENSL to the SL driver 232 is caused to go low, so that the program bit line voltage Vreseta in a pulsed form is applied to the bit line BL while the ground voltage VSS is applied to the source line SL, and therefore, the variable resistance element RR is caused to be in the high resistance state.
During erase operation, the optimal erase voltage values Vg_seta and Vseta stored in the adjustment value storage area 20 are read out, and the control circuit 28 sets the control signal CWLREG to allow the word line regulator 27 to output Vg_seta, and the word line regulator 27 outputs Vg_seta.
The control circuit 28 also sets the control signal CSLREG to allow the SL regulator 262 to output Vseta, and the SL regulator 262 outputs Vseta.
Next, the control signal WLEN to the WL driver 251 is caused to go high, so that the word line WL is at Vg_seta, and therefore, the cell transistor is in the conducting state. At this time, the control signal WLMEN is caused to go low, so that 0 V is applied to the cell transistor performance measuring word line WLM, and therefore, the MOS transistor MTC of the cell transistor performance measuring cell 12 is cut off.
The SL switch 242 supplies the output voltage Vseta of the SL regulator 262 as power supply to the SL driver 232.
The control signal ENBL to the gate 211 is caused to go high, and the control signal ENSL to the gate 212 is caused to go high, so that the bit line BL is connected to the output of the BL driver 231, and the source line SL is connected to the output of the SL driver 232.
The control signal PENBL to the SL driver 232 is caused to be high during a predetermined period of time (e.g., 10 ns), and the control signal PENSL to the BL driver 231 is caused to go low, so that the erase source line voltage Vseta in a pulsed form is applied to the source line SL while the ground voltage VSS is applied to the bit line BL, and therefore, the variable resistance element RR is caused to be in the low resistance state.
By the above configuration and write operation, a predetermined voltage can be applied to the variable resistance element RR during write operation irrespective of manufacturing variations in the threshold voltage of the cell transistor TC. This allows for stabilization of the resistance values in the low and high resistance states, and therefore, read operation characteristics and reliability characteristics can be improved.
The memory array 10 includes cell transistor performance measuring cells including program cell transistor performance measuring cells 12a and erase cell transistor performance measuring cells 12b.
The program cell transistor performance measuring cell 12a includes a series connection of a MOS transistor MTC and a fixed resistor R0 that is formed of, for example, polysilicon. The gate of the MOS transistor MTC is connected to a cell transistor performance measuring word line WLM0. A bit line BL is connected to an end of the fixed resistor R0. A source line SL is connected to an end of the MOS transistor MTC. The fixed resistor R0 has a resistance value (e.g., 100 kΩ after program operation of a memory cell.
The erase cell transistor performance measuring cell 12b includes a series connection of a MOS transistor MTC and a fixed resistor R1. The gate of the MOS transistor MTC is connected to a cell transistor performance measuring word line WLM1. A bit line BL is connected to an end of the fixed resistor R1. A source line SL is connected to an end of the MOS transistor MTC. The fixed resistor R1 has a resistance value (e.g., 10 kΩ) after erase operation of a memory cell.
The MOS transistor MTC desirably has the same gate length, gate width, and oxide film thickness as those of the cell transistor TC.
Next, operation of the nonvolatile semiconductor storage device of this embodiment will be described with reference to
In
The WLM driver 252 receives, as power supply, a voltage supplied from the word line regulator 27. When a control signal WLMEN0 from the control circuit 28 is high, the WLM driver 252 outputs the voltage supplied from the word line regulator 27. When the control signal WLMEN0 is low, the WLM driver 252 outputs the ground voltage. The WLM driver 252 thus drives the cell transistor performance measuring word line WLM0.
The WLM driver 253 also receives, as power supply, a voltage supplied from the word line regulator 27. When a control signal WLMEN1 from the control circuit 28 is high, the WLM driver 253 outputs the voltage supplied from the word line regulator 27. When the control signal WLMEN1 is low, the WLM driver 253 outputs the ground voltage. The WLM driver 253 thus drives the cell transistor performance measuring word line WLM1.
Write operation that is performed using this configuration will now be overviewed. As in the first embodiment, initially, in the cell transistor performance measurement mode, a predetermined bias is applied to the cell transistor performance measuring cells 12a and 12b so that current measurement is performed. Based on the result of the current measurement, values of voltages that are to be applied to the word line WL, the bit line BL, and the source line SL during write operation are determined and stored. Write operation is performed using voltages that are obtained by adjusting the outputs of the BL regulator 261, the SL regulator 262, and the word line regulator 27 to the stored voltage values. Detailed operation will now be described with reference to
During program operation in which the variable resistance element RR is caused to be in the high resistance state, the output of the word line regulator 27 is adjusted to a WLM voltage Vg_resetm (e.g., 2.4 V) as a setting for providing a program voltage according to a control signal CWLREG in the cell transistor performance measurement mode as in the first embodiment. For example, the current measuring device 29 outputs a bit line voltage Vresetm (e.g., 2.4 V) as a setting for providing a program voltage.
Next, the control signal WLMEN0 to the WLM driver 252 is caused to go high, so that the cell transistor performance measuring word line WLM0 is at Vg_setm, and therefore, the MOS transistor MTC of the cell transistor performance measuring cell 12a is in the conducting state.
At this time, the control signals WLEN and WLMEN1 are caused to go low, so that the cell transistor TC and the MOS transistor MTC of the erase cell transistor performance measuring cell 12b are cut off.
The control of the BL switch 241, the gate 211, the gate 212, the BL driver 231, and the SL driver 232 is similar to that which is performed when a program voltage is determined in the first embodiment, and therefore, will not be described.
The above operation allows the voltages shown as the “settings for providing program voltage” of
This current is measured using the current measuring device 29. The optimal voltage values Vg_reseta and Vreseta are determined based on the value of the current, and then stored to the adjustment value storage area 20, using a technique similar to that of the first embodiment.
In this embodiment, the fixed resistor R0 that is set to have a resistance value after program operation of a memory cell is provided in the program cell transistor performance measuring cell 12a. Therefore, the drain-source voltage of the MOS transistor MTC can be caused to be similar to that of the cell transistor TC during program operation of the memory cell 11. As a result, threshold voltage characteristics of the cell transistor during actual program operation can be more accurately predicted than in the first embodiment, leading to an improvement in accuracy of optimization of a voltage value.
During erase operation in which the variable resistance element RR is caused to be in the low resistance state, the output of the word line regulator 27 is adjusted to a WLM voltage Vg_setm (e.g., 2.4 V) as a setting for providing an erase voltage according to the control signal CWLREG in the cell transistor performance measurement mode as in the first embodiment. The current measuring device 29 outputs an SL voltage Vsetm (e.g., 2.4 V) as a setting for providing an erase voltage.
Next, the control signal WLMEN1 to the WLM driver 253 is caused to go high, so that the cell transistor performance measuring word line WLM1 is at Vg_resetm, and therefore, the MOS transistor MTC of the erase cell transistor performance measuring cell 12b is in the conducting state.
At this time, the control signals WLEN and WLMEN0 are caused to go low, so that the cell transistor TC and the MOS transistor MTC of the program cell transistor performance measuring cell 12a are cut off.
The control of the BL switch 241, the gate 211, the gate 212, the BL driver 231, and the SL driver 232 is similar to that which is performed when an erase voltage is determined in the first embodiment, and therefore, will not be described.
The above operation allows the voltages shown as the “settings for providing erase voltage” of
This current is measured using the current measuring device 29. The optimal voltage values Vg_seta and Vseta are determined based on the value of the current, and then stored to the adjustment value storage area 20, using a technique similar to that of the first embodiment.
In this embodiment, the fixed resistor R1 that is set to have a resistance value after erase operation of a memory cell is provided in the erase cell transistor performance measuring cell 12b. Therefore, by the fixed resistor R1, the gate-source voltage (the source refers to one of the drain and source of the transistor MTC that has a lower voltage value) of the MOS transistor MTC can be caused to be similar to that of the cell transistor TC during erase operation of the memory cell 11. As a result, threshold voltage characteristics of a cell transistor can be more accurately predicted than in the first embodiment, leading to an improvement in accuracy of optimization of a voltage value.
In particular, during erase operation, the source of the cell transistor TC has a voltage that is higher than 0 V due to a voltage drop that is caused by a current flowing through the resistance of the variable resistance element RR. As a result, the threshold voltage of the cell transistor can be accurately predicted using this embodiment, taking the substrate bias effect into account, irrespective of a change in the threshold voltage of the cell transistor TC due to the substrate bias effect.
During write operation of the memory cell 11, when the WL driver 251 is selected using WLEN that is high, the control signals WLMEN0 and WLMEN1 are caused to be low. Program operation and erase operation of the memory cell 11 are similar to those of the first embodiment, except that the MOS transistor MTC of each of the program cell transistor performance measuring cell 12a and the erase cell transistor performance measuring cell 12b is cut off.
By the above configuration and write operation, a predetermined voltage can be applied to the variable resistance element during write operation irrespective of manufacturing variations in the threshold voltage of the cell transistor. This allows for stabilization of the resistance values in the low and high resistance states, and therefore, read operation characteristics and reliability characteristics can be improved.
A memory array 10 includes a plurality of word lines WL0-WLn, a plurality of bit lines BL0-BLm, a plurality of source lines SL0-SLm, and cell transistor performance measuring word lines WLM0 and WLM1 as in the first embodiment, and in addition, a reference word line RWL, a reference bit line RBL, and a reference source line RSL.
A column gate 21 is a circuit that selects and connects a bit line BL and a source line SL to the sense amplifier 22 or the write driver 23, and receives a control signal (not shown), and selects and connects the reference bit line RBL and the reference source line RSL to the sense amplifier 22 or the write driver 23 according to the control signal.
A word line driver 25 is a circuit that selects and drives a word line WL and the cell transistor performance measuring word line WLM, and in addition, receives a control signal (not shown) and drives the reference word line RWL according to the control signal.
The reference cell 13 includes, for example, a series connection of a MOS transistor and a fixed resistor. The gate of the MOS transistor is the reference word line RWL. The reference bit line RBL is fixed to an end of the fixed resistor. The reference source line RSL is connected to an end of the MOS transistor.
The program cell transistor performance measuring cell 12a is similar to that of the second embodiment, except that the reference bit line RBL is connected to an end of the fixed resistor R0, and the reference source line RSL is connected to an end of the MOS transistor MTC.
The erase cell transistor performance measuring cell 12b is similar to that of the second embodiment, except that the reference bit line RBL is connected to an end of the fixed resistor R1, and the reference source line RSL is connected to an end of the MOS transistor MTC.
Next, operation of the nonvolatile semiconductor storage device of this embodiment will be described with reference to
In
Transistors included in the gates 211 and 213 desirably the same gate length, gate width, and gate oxide film thickness. Transistors included in the gates 212 and 214 desirably have the same gate length, gate width, and gate oxide film thickness.
When control signals ENRBL and ENRSL to the gates 213 and 214, respectively, from the control circuit 28 go high, the reference bit line RBL and the reference source line RSL are connected to a BL driver 231 and an SL driver 232, respectively.
Write operation that is performed using this configuration is basically similar to that of the second embodiment. Initially, in the cell transistor performance measurement mode, a predetermined bias is applied to the cell transistor performance measuring cells 12a and 12b so that current measurement is performed. Based on the result of the current measurement, values of voltages that are to be applied to the word line WL, the bit line BL, and the source line SL during write operation are determined and stored. Write operation is performed using voltages that are obtained by adjusting the outputs of the BL regulator 261, the SL regulator 262, and the word line regulator 27 to the stored voltage values. Detailed operation will now be described with reference to
During program operation in which the variable resistance element RR is caused to be in the high resistance state, the output of the word line regulator 27 is adjusted to a WLM voltage Vg_resetm (e.g., 2.4 V) as a setting for providing a program voltage according to a control signal CWLREG in the cell transistor performance measurement mode as in the first embodiment. For example, a current measuring device 29 outputs a bit line voltage Vresetm (e.g., 2.4 V) as a setting for providing a program voltage.
Next, a control signal WLMEN0 to a WLM driver 252 is caused to go high, so that the cell transistor performance measuring word line WLM0 is at Vg_resetm, and therefore, the MOS transistor MTC of the program cell transistor performance measuring cell 12a is in the conducting state. At this time, control signals WLEN and WLMEN1 are caused to go low, so that the cell transistor TC and the MOS transistor MTC of the erase cell transistor performance measuring cell 12b are cut off.
The control signal ENRBL to the gate 213 is caused to go high, and the control signal ENRSL to the gate 214 is caused to go high, so that the reference bit line RBL is connected to the output of the BL driver 231, and the reference source line RSL is connected to the output of the SL driver 232. At this time, the control signal ENBL to the gate 211 is caused to go low, and the control signal ENSL to the gate 212 is caused to go low, so that the bit line BL and the source line SL are not connected to the BL driver 231 and the SL driver 232, respectively.
The control of the BL switch 241, the BL driver 231, and the SL driver 232 is similar to that which is performed when a program voltage is determined in the second embodiment, and therefore, will not be described.
The above operation allows the voltages shown as the “settings for providing program voltage” of
This current is measured using the current measuring device 29. The optimal voltage values Vg_reseta and Vreseta are determined based on the value of the current, and then stored to the adjustment value storage area 20, using a technique similar to that of the first embodiment.
During erase operation in which the variable resistance element RR is caused to be in the low resistance state, the output of the word line regulator 27 is adjusted to a WLM voltage Vg_setm (e.g., 2.4 V) as a setting for providing an erase voltage according to the control signal CWLREG in the cell transistor performance measurement mode as in the first embodiment. The current measuring device 29 outputs an SL voltage Vsetm (e.g., 2.4 V) as a setting for providing an erase voltage.
Next, the control signal WLMEN1 to the WLM driver 253 is caused to go high, so that the cell transistor performance measuring word line WLM1 is at Vg_setm, and therefore, the MOS transistor MTC of the erase cell transistor performance measuring cell 12b is in the conducting state.
At this time, the control signals WLEN and WLMEN0 are caused to go low, so that the cell transistor TC and the MOS transistor MTC of the program cell transistor performance measuring cell 12a are cut off.
The control signal ENRBL to the gate 213 is caused to go high, and the control signal ENRSL to the gate 214 is caused to go high, so that the reference bit line RBL is connected to the output of the BL driver 231, and the reference source line RSL is connected to the output of the SL driver 232.
At this time, the control signal ENBL to the gate 211 is caused to go low, and the control signal ENSL to the gate 212 is caused to go low, so that the bit line BL and the source line SL are not connected to the BL driver 231 and the SL driver 232, respectively.
The control of the BL switch 241, the BL driver 231, and the SL driver 232 is similar to that which is performed when an erase voltage is determined in the second embodiment, and therefore, will not be described.
The above operation allows the voltages shown as the “settings for providing erase voltage” of
This current is measured using the current measuring device 29. The optimal voltage values Vg_seta and Vseta are determined based on the value of the current, and then stored to the adjustment value storage area 20, using a technique similar to that of the first embodiment.
Write operation of the memory cell 11 is similar to the program operation and erase operation of the second embodiment, and therefore, will not be described.
Although, in this embodiment, the cell transistor performance measuring cells 12a and 12b include a series connection of a MOS transistor and a fixed resistor as in the second embodiment, the cell transistor performance measuring cells 12a and 12b may just include a MOS transistor as in the first embodiment.
In the first and second embodiments, in the memory array 10, the cell transistor performance measuring cells 12, 12a, and 12b are provided in the vicinity of the memory cell 11. In this case, to allow the variable resistance elements RR or metal interconnects to have a uniform pattern, it is necessary to provide a dummy pattern in a boundary between the memory cell 11 and the cell transistor performance measuring cells 12, 12a, and 12b, leading to an increase in memory array area. However, in the third embodiment, the cell transistor performance measuring cells 12a and 12b are provided in a region of the memory array 10 where the reference cell 13 is provided, and therefore, the increase in the area of the memory array 10 can be reduced or prevented.
By the above configuration and write operation, a predetermined voltage can be applied to the variable resistance element during write operation irrespective of manufacturing variations in the threshold voltage of the cell transistor. This allows for stabilization of the resistance values in the low and high resistance states, and therefore, read operation characteristics and reliability characteristics can be improved.
Embodiments of the present disclosure have been described above. The nonvolatile semiconductor storage device of the present disclosure is not limited to the above embodiments. Various changes, etc., can be made to the embodiments without departing the scope of the present disclosure.
For example, although, in the first to third embodiments, it is assumed that both of the word line voltage and the bit line voltage are adjusted, only any one of them may be adjusted. Also, although it is assumed above that the currents of the cell transistor performance measuring cells 12, 12a, and 12b are measured using a predetermined bias only once to determine an optimal voltage value, the voltage that has been once determined may be used to measure the current again and thereby finely adjust the voltage value to a final optimal voltage value.
Also, it is assumed above that an optimal voltage value is set for each of program operation and erase operation. Alternatively, to reduce the complexity of the testing step, an optimal voltage value may be set only for any one of program operation and erase operation, and a fixed voltage may be set for the other operation. In this case, an optimal voltage value may be desirably set only for erase operation because variations in the threshold voltage of the cell transistor TC have a more significant influence on erase operation, in which a voltage is applied from the source line SL to the variable resistance element RR through the cell transistor TC.
Although, in these embodiments, the configuration that employs resistive random access memory (ReRAM) has been described, the present disclosure is also applicable to magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM), phase change random access memory (PRAM), etc.
In the nonvolatile semiconductor storage device of the present disclosure, a predetermined voltage can be applied to the variable resistance element during write operation irrespective of manufacturing variations in the threshold voltage of the cell transistor. This allows for stabilization of the resistance values in the low and high resistance states, and therefore, good read operation characteristics and reliability characteristics can be simultaneously achieved. Therefore, the present disclosure is useful for memory that stores data using the memristive effect.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2013-030228 | Feb 2013 | JP | national |
This is a continuation of International Application No. PCT/JP2014/000806 filed on Feb. 17, 2014, which claims priority to Japanese Patent Application No. 2013-030228 filed on Feb. 19, 2013. The entire disclosures of these applications are incorporated by reference herein.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | PCT/JP2014/000806 | Feb 2014 | US |
| Child | 14826162 | US |
