Patent Grant
7544481
This invention relates to a novel protein which binds to the intracellular region of the CD40 receptor.
CD40 antigen is a cell surface transmembrane 45-kDa glycoprotein receptor expressed on a number of cell types, including B-lymphocytes (“B cells”). Stamenkovic et al. (1989) EMBO J. 8:1403-1410. It is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family and, like other members, it appears to possess no intrinsic signaling capacity (e.g., kinase activity), suggesting that signal transduction is likely mediated by associating molecules. CD40 antigen has a short cytoplasmic tail (65 amino acid residues), and mutagenesis studies suggest that Thr234 in the cytoplasmic domain is essential for signal transduction. Inui et al. (1990) Eur. J. Immunol. 20:1747-1753.
The ligand to CD40, “CD40L”, is expressed on activated T-helper cells. Armitage et al. (1992) Nature 357:80-82. Activation of CD40 receptor is critical for B-cell proliferation, cytokine production, immunoglobulin class switching, and rescue of germinal center B cells from apoptosis following somatic mutation. Banchereau et al. (1991) Science 251:70-72; Liu et al. (1989) Nature 342:929-931; and Zhang et al. (1991) J. Immunol. 146:1836-1842.
Mutations in CD40L result in an immuno-deficiency (X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome) characterized by IgM-producing B cells that do not form germinal centers in response to foreign antigens. Allen et al. (1993) Science 259:990-993; Korthauer (1993) Nature 361:539-541; and Fuleihan (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90:2170-2173. Hyper-IgM syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by recurrent infections and is associated with low serum levels of IgG, IgA, and IgE, and normal or increased levels of IgM. Clinical features of this syndrome include recurrent bacterial infections of the upper and lower respiratory tract, usually beginning in the first or second year of life. Ochs et al. (1993) Curr. Opin. Pediatr. 5:684-691. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in early infancy, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia, nephritis and arthritis also have been associated with this genetic disorder.
Activation and transduction through the CD40 pathway is in large part, responsible for B cell activation and accordingly, the cellular immune response. However, it is still unknown how the receptor transduces its signal. Thus, in view of the variety of immune responses mediated through the CD40 receptor, it would be desirable to have a means to study the CD40 receptor pathway as well as modulate its effects. This invention satisfies this need and provides related advantages as well.
This invention provides a novel purified mammalian protein designated CD40bp having the ability to bind the cytoplasmic region or domain of a CD40 receptor.
Also provided by this invention are nucleic acid molecules that encode the mammalian protein which binds the intracellular domain of CD40.
An antibody, such as a monoclonal antibody, which specifically binds CD40bp is further provided by this invention.
Methods of using the proteins, nucleic acids and antibodies described above are further provided herein.
This invention provides purified proteins having the ability to bind the cytoplasmic region of the CD40 receptor. Previous attempts using traditional methods, including co-immunoprecipitation and chemical cross-linking, have failed to identify molecules associating with the cytoplasmic domain of the CD40 receptor. Thus, Applicants are the first to provide such molecules. The purified proteins of this invention, termed “CD40bp” are defined by their specific ability to bind to the cytoplasmic domain of the CD40 receptor. The CD40 receptor is present on various cell types, including for example, B cells, dendritic cells, epithelial cells, monocytes, blood mononuclear cells, and some carcinoma cell lines Any cell expressing CD40 is intended to be encompassed by the term “CD40+ cell”. See Banchereau et al. (1991) Science 251:70-72; Caux et al. (1994) J. Exp. Med. 180:1263-1272; Fuleihan et al. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 90:2170-2173; Werner-Favre et al. (1994) Immunology 81:111-114; and Stamenkovic et al. (1989) Embo J. 8:1403-1410.
In one embodiment of this invention, a purified protein is a human protein having an apparent molecular weight of about 64 kD as determined by an SDS polyacrylamide gel under reducing conditions. In a separate embodiment, a protein has the amino acid sequence shown in Seq. ID. No. 2 and
It is understood that functional equivalents of the protein shown in
An agent having the ability to inhibit the ability of CD40bp to bind to the cytoplasmic domain of CD40 receptor is further provided by this invention. Such agents include, but are not limited to, an anti-CD40 bp antibody, a dominant inhibitory fragment of CD40bp or a soluble intracellular CD40. “Soluble intracellular CD40” is an intracellular portion of the CD40 receptor which binds CD40bp. These soluble receptors can be produced using the sequence of the cytoplasmic domain provided in Stamenkovic et al. (1989) supra and methods well known to those of skill in the art.
The terms “proteins” and “polypeptides” also are intended to include molecules containing amino acids linearly coupled through peptide bonds. As used herein, the term “peptide bond” or “peptide linkage” refers to an amide linkage between a carboxyl group of one amino acid and the α-amino group of another amino acid. Such polypeptides also can contain amino acid derivatives or non-amino acid moieties. The amino acids can be in the L or D form so long as the binding function of the polypeptide is maintained. The term amino acid refers both to the naturally occurring amino acids and their derivatives, such as TyrMe and PheCl, as well as other moieties characterized by the presence of both an available carboxyl group and an amine group. Non-amino acid moieties which can be contained in such polypeptides include, for example, amino acid mimicking structures. Mimicking structures are those structures which exhibit substantially the same spatial arrangement of functional groups as amino acids but do not necessarily have both the α-amino and α-carboxyl groups characteristic of amino acids.
As used herein, the term “hydrophobic” is intended to include those amino acids, amino acid derivatives, amino acid mimics and chemical moieties which are non-polar. Hydrophobic amino acids include Phe, Val, Trp, Ile and Leu. As used herein, the term “positively charged amino acid” refers to those amino acids, amino acid derivatives, amino acid mimics and chemical moieties which are positively charged. Positively charged amino acids include, for example, Lys, Arg and His.
The proteins and polypeptides of this invention are distinct from native or naturally occurring proteins or polypeptides because they exist in a purified state. As used herein, the term “purified” when referring to a protein or a polypeptide or any of the intended variations as described herein shall mean that the compound or molecule is substantially free of contaminants normally associated with a native or natural environment.
The proteins and polypeptides of this invention can be obtained by a number of methods well known to those of skill in the art, which include purification, chemical synthesis and recombinant methods. For example, the proteins and polypeptides can be purified from CD40+ cell or tissue lysates using methods such as immuno-precipitation with anti-CD40bp antibody, and standard techniques such as gel filtration, ion-exchange, reversed-phase, and affinity chromatography using a CD40 fusion protein as shown herein. For such methodology, see for example Deutscher et al., Guide to Protein Purification: Methods in Enzymology (1990) Vol. 182, Academic Press.
The proteins and polypeptides also can be obtained by chemical synthesis using a commercially available automated peptide synthesizer such as those manufactured by Applied Biosystems, Inc., Model 430A or 431A, Foster City, Calif. and the amino acid sequence provided in
Alternatively, the proteins and polypeptides can be obtained by well-known recombinant methods as described, for example, in Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual 2d ed. (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (1989)) using the host vector systems described and exemplified below. As an example, CD40bp fusion protein can be made by first utilizing a CD40− cell line such as 293T cells. The cells are first transiently transfected with pHATagCD40bp (constructed as described below). About 72 to 96 hours after transfection, the cells are lysed in 50 mMTris Ph7.6+1% NP-40. CD40bp fusion protein is purified from the cell-extract using standard immunochemical means since it contains an hemagglutinin epitope tag allowing one to use commercially available anti-HA monoclonal antibody to purify the tagged molecule.
The CD40b protein and polypeptides have several utilities. For example, they can be bound to a column and used for the purification of CD40 receptors or to detect CD40 in a cell or tissue sample. They also are useful as immunogens for the production of anti-CD40bp antibodies as described below. They have further utility in an in vitro assay system to screen for immunosuppressant drugs and to test possible therapies.
When used to detect CD40, the CD40bp can be bound to a solid phase carrier for example, glass, polystyrene, polyethylene, dextran, nylon, natural and modified celluloses, polyacrylamides, glutathione-agarose beads and agaroses. Those skilled in the art will know of other suitable carriers for this purpose. Accordingly, this invention also provides a method of detecting CD40 in a cell sample by first immobilizing CD40bp onto a solid support such as glutathione-agarose beads at a suitable concentration, eg., between about 5 mg/ml to about 12 mg/ml, and more preferably between about 6 mg/ml and about 10 mg/ml. The sample containing or suspected of containing CD40 is prepared and contacted with the beads under conditions favoring binding between the CD40 receptor and CD40bp. Suitable conditions are for example, those set forth in Experiment II. The beads are then subjected to conditions to release the complex from the solid support and protein complex can then be visualized by autoradiography.
The proteins of this invention also can be combined with various liquid phase carriers, such as sterile or aqueous solutions, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers as defined below, suspensions and emulsions. Examples of non-aqueous solvents include propyl ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol and vegetable oils. When used to prepare antibodies, the carriers also can include an adjuvant which is useful to non-specifically augment a specific immune response. A skilled artisan can easily determine whether an adjuvant is required and select one. However, for the purpose of illustration only, suitable adjuvants include, but are not limited to Freund's Complete and Incomplete, mineral salts and polynucleotides.
Nucleic Acids
Isolated nucleic acid molecules which encode amino acid sequences corresponding to CD40bp protein, mutein, antibodies and active fragments thereof are further provided by this invention. As used herein, “nucleic acid” shall mean single and double stranded DNA, cDNA and RNA, including anti-sense RNA. One can obtain an anti-sense RNA using the sequence provided in
In one aspect of this invention, the nucleic acid molecule encoding CD40bp protein or polypeptide has the sequence or parts thereof shown in
The invention also encompasses nucleic acid molecules which differ from that of the nucleic acid molecules shown in
The nucleic acid molecules of this invention can be isolated using the technique described in Experiment I or replicated using PCR (Perkin-Elmer) and the methods described in Experiment III. For example, the sequence can be chemically replicated using PCR (Perkin-Elmer) which in combination with the synthesis of oligonucleotides, allows easy reproduction of DNA sequences. A DNA segment of up to approximately 6000 base pairs in length can be amplified exponentially starting from as little as a single gene copy by means of PCR. In this technique, a denatured DNA sample is incubated with two oligonucleotide primers that direct the DNA polymerase-dependent synthesis of new complementary strands. Multiple cycles of synthesis each afford an approximate doubling of the amount of target sequence. Each cycle is controlled by varying the temperature to permit denaturation of the DNA strands, annealing the primers, and synthesizing new DNA strands. The use of a thermostable DNA polymerase eliminates the necessity of adding new enzyme for each cycle, thus permitting fully automated DNA amplification. Twenty-five amplification cycles increase the amount of target sequence by approximately 106-fold. The PCR technology is the subject matter of U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,683,195, 4,800,159, 4,754,065, and 4,683,202. Alternatively, one of skill in the art can use the sequence provided herein and a commercial DNA synthesizer to replicate the DNA. RNA can be obtained by using the isolated DNA and inserting it into a suitable cell where it is transcribed into RNA. The RNA can then be isolated using methods well known to those of skill in the art, for example, as set forth in Sambrook et al. (1989) supra.
The invention further provides the isolated nucleic acid molecule operatively linked to a promoter of RNA transcription, as well as other regulatory sequences for replication and/or expression of the DNA or RNA. As used herein, the term “operatively linked” means positioned in such a manner that the promoter will direct the transcription of RNA off the nucleic acid molecule. Examples of such promoters are SP6, T4 and T7. Vectors which contain a promoter or a promoter/enhancer, with termination codons and selectable marker sequences, as well as a cloning site into which an inserted piece of DNA can be operatively linked to that promoter are well known in the art. See for example, Gacesa and Ramji, Vectors: Essential Data Series (1994) John Wiley & Sons, N.Y., which contains maps, functional properties, commercial suppliers and a reference to GenEMBL accession numbers for various suitable vectors. Preferable, these vectors are capable of transcribing RNA in vitro or in vivo.
Fragments of the sequence shown in
As noted above, an isolated nucleic acid molecule of this invention can be operatively linked to a promoter of RNA transcription. These nucleic acid molecules are useful for the recombinant production of CD40bp proteins and polypeptides or as vectors for use in gene therapy. Accordingly, this invention also provides a vector having inserted therein an isolated nucleic acid molecule described above, for example, a viral vector, such as bacteriophages, baculoviruses and retroviruses, or cosmids, plasmids and other recombination vectors. Nucleic acid molecules are inserted into vector genomes by methods well known in the art. For example, insert and vector DNA can both be exposed to a restriction enzyme to create complementary ends on both molecules that base pair with each other and which are then joined together with a ligase. Alternatively, synthetic nucleic acid linkers can be ligated to the insert DNA that correspond to a restriction site in the vector DNA, which is then digested with a restriction enzyme that recognizes a particular nucleotide sequence. Additionally, an oligonucleotide containing a termination codon and an appropriate restriction site can be ligated for insertion into a vector containing, for example, some or all of the following: a selectable marker gene, such as neomycin gene for selection of stable or transient transfectants in mammalian cells; enhancer/promoter sequences from the immediate early gene of human cytomegalovirus (CMV) for high levels of transcription; transcription termination and RNA processing signals from SV40 for mRNA stability; SV40 polyoma origins of replication and ColE1 for proper episomal replication; versatile multiple cloning sites; and T7 and SP6 RNA promoters for in vitro transcription of sense and anti-sense RNA.
An additional example of a vector construct of this invention is a bacterial expression vector including a promoter such as the lac promoter and for transcription initiation, the Shine-Dalgarno sequence and the start codon AUG (Sambrook et al., (1989) supra). Similarly, a eucaryotic expression vector is a heterologous or homologous promoter for RNA polymerase II, a downstream polyadenylation signal, the start codon AUG, and a termination codon for detachment of the ribosome. Such vectors can be obtained commercially or assembled by the sequences described in methods noted above.
Expression vectors containing these nucleic acids are useful to obtain host vector systems to produce CD40bp proteins and polypeptides. It is implied that these expression vectors must be replicable in the host organisms either as episomes or as an integral part of the chromosomal DNA. Suitable expression vectors include viral vectors, including adenoviruses, adeno-associated viruses, retroviruses, cosmids, etc. Adenoviral vectors are particularly useful for introducing genes into tissues in vivo because of their high levels of expression and efficient transformation of cells both in vitro and in vivo. When a nucleic acid is inserted into a suitable host cell, e.g., a procaryotic or a eucaryotic cell and the host cell replicates, CD40bp can be recombinantly produced. Suitable host cells will depend on the vector and can include mammalian cells, animal cells, human cells, simian cells, insect cells, yeast cells, and bacterial cells constructed using well known methods. See Sambrook et al., (1989) supra. In addition to the use of viral vector for insertion of exogenous nucleic acid into cells, the nucleic acid can be inserted into the host cell by methods well known in the art such as transformation for bacterial cells; transfection using calcium phosphate precipitation for mammalian cells; or DEAE-dextran; electroporation; or microinjection. See Sambrook et al. (1989) supra for this methodology. Thus, this invention also provides a host cell, e.g. a mammalian cell, a animal cell, a human cell, or a bacterial cell, containing a nucleic acid molecule encoding a CD40bp protein or polypeptide.
Using the host vector system described above, a method of producing recombinant CD40bp or active fragments thereof is provided by growing the host cells described herein under suitable conditions such that the nucleic acid encoding the CD40 protein or polypeptide is expressed. Suitable conditions can be determined using methods well known to those of skill in the art, see for example, Sambrook et al., (1989) supra. Proteins and polypeptides purified from the cellular extract and thereby produced in this manner also are provided by this invention.
A vector containing the isolated nucleic acid encoding CD40bp also is useful for gene therapy to modulate CD40+ cellular functions such as CD40-regulated antibody production and immune disorders caused by CD40 disfunction. The terms “CD40+ cellular function” is intended to mean cellular functions which are affected by the binding of the receptor to its ligands, i.e., CD40L and CD40bp, alone or in combination with each other. In some instances, it is desirable to augment CD40+ function to increase production of antibodies by introducing into the cell CD40bp protein or nucleic acid. A related CD40 immune disfunction wherein CD40 function is suitably augmented is Hyper-IgM Syndrome. In other instances, it is desirable to down-regulate CD40+ cellular function by introducing into the cell a CD40bp antibody or a nucleic acid encoding an anti-CD40bp antibody or alternatively, a CD40bp fragment or nucleic acid encoding it which is a dominant negative inhibitor of functionally intact native CD40bp. This therapy will inhibit or disable CD40 signaling and therefore is a useful therapy where constitutive, unabated activation of B cells leads to production of inordinate amounts of antibodies contributing to an autoimmune disease or state.
When used for gene therapy, a pharmaceutically acceptable vector is preferred, such as a replication-incompetent retroviral vector. As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable vector” includes, but is not limited to, a vector or delivery vehicle having the ability to selectively target and introduce the nucleic acid into dividing cells. An example of such a vector is a “replication-incompetent” vector defined by its inability to produce viral proteins, precluding spread of the vector in the infected host cell. An example of a replication-incompetent retroviral vector is LNL6 (Miller, A. D. et al., (1989) BioTechniques 7:980-990). The methodology of using replication-incompetent retroviruses for retroviral-mediated gene transfer of gene markers is well established (Correll, et al. (1989), PNAS USA 86:8912; Bordignon, (1989), PNAS USA 86:8912-52; Culver, K., (1991), PNAS USA 88:3155; and Rill, D. R. (1991), Blood 79(10):2694-700. Clinical investigations have shown that there are few or no adverse effects associated with the viral vectors, see Anderson, (1992), Science 256:808-13.
Antibodies
Also provided by this invention is an antibody capable of specifically forming a complex with CD40bp protein or a fragment thereof, as well as nucleic acids encoding them. Vectors and host cells containing these nucleic acids also are encompassed by this invention. The term “antibody” includes polyclonal antibodies and monoclonal antibodies. The antibodies include, but are not limited to mouse, rat, rabbit or human antibodies.
As used herein, an “antibody or polyclonal antibody” means a protein that is produced in response to immunization with an antigen or receptor. The term “monoclonal antibody” means an immunoglobulin derived from a single clone of cells. All monoclonal antibodies derived from the clone are chemically and structurally identical, and specific for a single antigenic determinant. The hybridoma cell lines producing the monoclonal antibodies also are within the scope of this invention.
Laboratory methods for producing polyclonal antibodies and monoclonal antibodies, as well as deducing their corresponding nucleic acid sequences, are known in the art, see Harlow and Lane, Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York (1988) and Sambrook et al. (1989) supra. The monoclonal antibodies of this invention can be biologically produced by introducing CD40bp or a fragment thereof into an animal, e.g., a mouse or a rabbit. The antibody producing cells in the animal are isolated and fused with myeloma cells or heteromyeloma cells to produce hybrid cells or hybridomas. Accordingly, the hybridoma cells producing the monoclonal antibodies of this invention also are provided.
Thus, using the CD40bp protein or fragment thereof, and well known methods, one of skill in the art can produce and screen the hybridoma cells and antibodies of this invention for antibodies having the ability to bind CD40bp.
If a monoclonal antibody being tested binds with CD40bp, then the antibody being tested and the antibodies provided by the hybridomas of this invention are equivalent. It also is possible to determine without undue experimentation, whether an antibody has the same specificity as the monoclonal antibody of this invention by determining whether the antibody being tested prevents a monoclonal antibody of this invention from binding CD40bp with which the monoclonal antibody is normally reactive. If the antibody being tested competes with the monoclonal antibody of the invention as shown by a decrease in binding by the monoclonal antibody of this invention, then it is likely that the two antibodies bind to the same or a closely related epitope. Alternatively, one can pre-incubate the monoclonal antibody of this invention with CD40bp with which it is normally reactive, and determine if the monoclonal antibody being tested is inhibited in its ability to bind the antigen. If the monoclonal antibody being tested is inhibited then, in all likelihood, it has the same, or a closely related, epitopic specificity as the monoclonal antibody of this invention.
The term “antibody” also is intended to include antibodies of a different isotype than the monoclonal antibody of this invention. Particular isotypes of a monoclonal antibody can be prepared either directly by selecting from the initial fusion, or prepared secondarily, from a parental hybridoma secreting a monoclonal antibody of different isotype by using the sib selection technique to isolate class switch variants using the procedure described in Steplewski et al. (1985) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 82:8653 or Spira et al. (1984) J. Immunol. Methods 74:307. Thus, the monoclonal antibodies of this invention would include class-switch variants having specificity for an epitope on CD40bp.
This invention also provides biological active fragments of the polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies described above. These “antibody fragments” retain some ability to selectively bind with its antigen or immunogen. Such antibody fragments can include, but are not limited to:
(1) Fab, the fragment which contains a monovalent antigen-binding fragment of an antibody molecule produced by digestion with the enzyme papain to yield an intact light chain and a portion of one heavy chain;
(2) Fab′, the fragment of an antibody molecule obtained by treating with pepsin, followed by reduction, to yield an intact light chain and a portion of the heavy chain; two Fab′ fragments are obtained per antibody molecule;
(3) (Fab′)2, the fragment of the antibody that is obtained by treating with the enzyme pepsin without subsequent reduction; F(ab′)2 is a dimer of two Fab′ fragments held together by two disulfide bonds;
(4) Fv, defined as a genetically engineered fragment containing the variable region of the light chain and the variable region of the heavy chain expressed as two chains; and
(5) SCA, defined as a genetically engineered molecule containing the variable region of the light chain, the variable region of the heavy chain, linked by a suitable polypeptide linker as a genetically fused single chain molecule.
A specific examples of “biologically active antibody fragment” include the CDR regions of the antibodies. Methods of making these fragments are known in the art, see for example, Harlow and Lane, (1988) supra.
The antibodies of this invention also can be modified to create chimeric antibodies (Oi, et al. (1986) BioTechniques 4(3):214). Chimeric antibodies are those in which the various domains of the antibodies' heavy and light chains are coded for by DNA from more than one species.
The isolation of other hybridomas secreting monoclonal antibodies with the specificity of the monoclonal antibodies of the invention can also be accomplished by one of ordinary skill in the art by producing anti-idiotypic antibodies (Herlyn, et al., Science, 232:100, 1986). An anti-idiotypic antibody is an antibody which recognizes unique determinants present on the monoclonal antibody produced by the hybridoma of interest. These determinants are located in the hypervariable region of the antibody. It is this region which binds to a given epitope and, thus, it is responsible for the specificity of the antibody. The anti-idiotypic antibody can be prepared by immunizing an animal with the monoclonal antibody of interest. The animal immunized will recognize and respond to the idiotypic determinants of the immunizing antibody by producing an antibody to these idiotypic determinants. By using the anti-idiotypic antibodies of the second animal, which are specific for the monoclonal antibodies produced by a single hybridoma which was used to immunize the second animal, it is now possible to identify other clones with the same idiotype as the antibody of the hybridoma used for immunization.
Idiotypic identity between monoclonal antibodies of two hybridomas demonstrates that the two monoclonal antibodies are the same with respect to their recognition of the same epitopic determinant. Thus, by using antibodies to the epitopic determinants on a monoclonal antibody it is possible to identify other hybridomas expressing monoclonal antibodies of the same epitopic specificity.
It is also possible to use the anti-idiotype technology to produce monoclonal antibodies which mimic an epitope. For example, an anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibody made to a first monoclonal antibody will have a binding domain in the hypervariable region which is the “image” of the epitope bound by the first monoclonal antibody. Thus, in this instance, the anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibody could be used for immunization for production of these antibodies.
As used in this invention, the term “epitope” is meant to include any determinant capable of specific interaction with the monoclonal antibodies of the invention. Epitopic determinants usually consist of chemically active surface groupings of molecules such as amino acids or sugar side chains and usually have specific three dimensional structural characteristics, as well as specific charge characteristics. Also encompassed by this invention are proteins or polypeptides that have been recombinantly produced, biochemically synthesized, chemically synthesized or chemically modified, that retain the ability to bind CD40bp or a fragment thereof, as the corresponding native polyclonal or monoclonal antibody.
The antibodies of this invention can be linked to a detectable agent or a hapten. The complex is useful to detect the CD40bp protein and fragments in a sample using standard immunochemical techniques such as immunohistochemistry as described by Harlow and Lane (1988) supra. Examples of types of immunoassays which can utilize monoclonal antibodies of the invention are competitive and non-competitive immunoassays in either a direct or indirect format. Examples of such immunoassays are the enzyme linked immunoassay (ELISA) radioimmunoassay (RIA) and the sandwich (immunometric) assay. Detection of CD40bp using the monoclonal antibodies of the invention can be done utilizing immunoassays which are run in either the forward, reverse, or simultaneous modes, including immunohistochemical assays on physiological samples. Those of skill in the art will know, or can readily discern, other immunoassay formats without undue experimentation.
Another technique which may also result in greater sensitivity consists of coupling the antibodies to low molecular weight haptens. These haptens can then be specifically detected by means of a second reaction. For example, it is common to use such haptens as biotin, which reacts avidin, or dinitropherryl, pyridoxal, and fluorescein, which can react with specific anti-hapten antibodies. See Harlow and Lane (1988) supra.
The monoclonal antibodies of the invention can be bound to many different carriers. Examples of well-known carriers include glass, polystyrene, polypropylene, polyethylene, dextran, nylon, amylases, natural and modified celluloses, polyacrylamides, agaroses and magnetite. The nature of the carrier can be either soluble or insoluble for purposes of the invention. Those skilled in the art will know of other suitable carriers for binding monoclonal antibodies, or will be able to ascertain such, using routine experimentation.
There are many different labels and methods of labeling known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Examples of the types of labels which can be used in the present invention include enzymes, radioisotopes, fluorescent compounds, colloidal metals, chemiluminescent compounds, and bioluminescent compounds. Those of ordinary skill in the art will know of other suitable labels for binding to the monoclonal antibody, or will be able to ascertain such, using routine experimentation. Furthermore, the binding of these labels to the monoclonal antibody of the invention can be done using standard techniques common to those of ordinary skill in the art.
For purposes of the invention, CD40bp may be detected by the monoclonal antibodies of the invention when present in biological fluids and tissues. Any sample of CD40+ cell or tissue lysate containing a detectable amount of CD40bp can be used.
Compositions
This invention also provides compositions containing any of the above-mentioned proteins, muteins, polypeptides or fragments thereof, and an acceptable solid or liquid carrier. When the compositions are used pharmaceutically, they are combined with a “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” for administration. As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” encompasses any of the standard pharmaceutical carriers, such as a phosphate buffered saline solution, water, and emulsions, such as an oil/water or water/oil emulsion, and various types of wetting agents. The compositions also can include stabilizers and preservatives. For examples of carriers, stabilizers and adjuvants, see Martin, Remington's Pharm. Sci., 15th Ed (Mack Publ. Co., Easton (1975)). These compositions can be used for the preparation of medicaments for the diagnosis and treatment of pathologies associated with the loss of functional CD40bp.
Utilities
The antibodies and nucleic acid molecules of this invention also are useful to detect and determine the presence of CD40bp in a cell or a sample taken from a patient. Because the presence of CD40bp in a cell is an important indicator of immune function and CD40 disfunction; the absence of CD40bp has been implicated in a number of immunological diseases, such as systemic lupus. It is therefore advantageous to use the antibody to screen for the presence or absence of CD40bp in a CD40+ or CD40+ tissue sample cell extract taken from a subject. This procedure is preferred over the use of hybridization assays to detect CD40bp transcript levels because it is a precise indicator of loss of CD40bp in the cells. That is, CD40bp transcript may be present in the cell but not translated thereby leading to the CD40bp deficiency and immune disfunction.
CD40bp also is useful to detect the presence of CD40 in a cell or tissue sample suspected of containing the receptor. The sample is prepared using methods well known in the art (see, for example, Armitage et al. (1992) Nature 357:80-82; Armitage et al. (1993) Eur. J. Immunol. 23:2326-2331; Caux et al. (1994) J. Exp. Med. 180:1263-1272; Torres and Clark (1992) J. of Immunol. 148(2):620-626; and Werner-Favre, et al. (1994) 81:111-114). A CD40bp or polypeptide is then added to the sample under conditions favoring binding of the protein to the receptor for example, as provided in Example II.
The use of the compositions and methods in vitro provides a powerful bioassay for screening for drugs which are agonists or antagonists of CD40 pathway function in these cells. It also provides a powerful assay to determine whether an agent of interest, such as a pharmaceutical, is useful to treat a CD40 related disorder or to further augment CD40 function. For example, the composition to be tested can be added prior to, simultaneously or subsequent to CD40bp as described above. A separate “control”, assay is run simultaneously under the same conditions but without the addition of the composition or drug being tested. If the agent inhibits binding of CD40 to CD40bp (as compared to control) the agent is a candidate for immunosuppressive therapy. If the agent augments binding, then the agent is a candidate for immunotherapy for conditions such as hyper-IgM syndrome.
Accordingly, this invention also provides a method for screening for a CD40 immunosuppressive agent, comprising the steps of: a) providing a CD40 cytoplasmic domain receptor bound to a solid support; b) contacting the agent with the receptor bound support of step a) under conditions favoring binding of the cytoplasmic domain to the receptor to CD40bp; c) contacting detectably-labeled CD40bp to the solid support of step b) under conditions favoring binding of CD40 cytoplasmic domain receptor to CD40bp; d) detecting the presence of any complex formed between CD40 receptor and CD40bp to form CD40 receptor-CD40bp complex; and e) the absence of CD40 receptor-CD40bp complex being indicative that the agent inhibits binding of CD40bp to CD40 receptor and therefore is an immunosuppressive agent.
This invention provides an alternative method for screening for a CD40 immunosuppressive agent, which comprises the steps of a) providing a CD40 cytoplasmic domain receptor bound to a solid support; b) contacting detectably-labeled CD40bp to the solid support of step a) under conditions favoring binding of CD40 cytoplasmic domain receptor to —CD40bp; c) contacting the agent to be screened with the receptor bound support of step b) under conditions favoring binding of the cytoplasmic domain to the receptor to CD40bp; d) detecting the presence of any complex formed between CD40 receptor and CD40bp to form CD40 receptor-CD40bp complex; and e) the absence of CD40 receptor-CD40bp complex being indicative that the agent inhibits binding of CD40bp to CD40 receptor and therefore is an immunosuppressive agent.
As is apparent to those of skill in the art, the above compositions can be combined with instructions for use to provide a kit for a commercially available screen.
The compositions provided herein also are useful to modulate the CD40 receptor pathway and cellular functions associated with this pathway, for example, CD40-related cytokine production, B cell proliferation, and hyper-IgM syndrome. Additional CD40-related functions are known to those of skill in the art. (See, for example, those disclosed in PCT Publications WO 93/08207 and WO 94/04570 and European Patent Publication Nos. 555 880 A2 and 585 943 A2).
When a function associated with the CD40 pathway should be augmented, nucleic acid molecules coding for CD40bp can be inserted into a CD40+ cell, such as a B cell, using an appropriate pharmaceutical vector. Alternatively, when a function, associated with the CD40 pathway should be suppressed a nucleic acid coding for CD40bp fragment, a dominant inhibitory CD40bp polypeptide fragment, or anti-sense CD40bp RNA can be introduced into a CD40+ cell using an appropriate pharmaceutical vector.
This method can be practiced in vitro, ex vivo or in vivo. When the method is practiced in vitro or ex vivo, the expression vector, protein or polypeptide can be added to the cells in culture or taken from a subject or added to a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier as defined below. In addition, the expression vector or CD40bp DNA can be inserted into the target cell using well known techniques such as transfection, electroporation or microinjection.
More specifically, the in vitro assay method comprises culturing suitable cell cultures or tissue cultures under conditions (temperature, growth or culture medium and gas (CO2)) and for an appropriate amount of time to attain exponential proliferation without density dependent constraints. Suitable cell or tissue cultures or CD40+ or CD40−. In one embodiment, the cells are then exposed to preliminary conditions for CD40 activation, e.g., by exposing them to CD40L or to CD40 antibodies such as those described in Armitage et al. (1992) supra, Armitage et al. (1993) supra, Caux et al. (1994) supra, Torres and Clark (1992) supra, or Werner-Favre et al. (1994) supra. CD40L and CD40 antibodies are well known to those of skill in the art. (See PCT Publication Nos. WO 93/08207 supra and 94/04570) supra. The “activated” cells are again cultured under suitable temperature and time conditions. In some embodiments, a drug or agent to be tested is added in varying concentrations at a time that is simultaneous with, prior to, or after the activating agent.
The nucleic acid or protein of this invention is then added to the culture in an effective amount and the cells are cultured under suitable temperature and time conditions to effect transcription of the nucleic acid or binding of the protein to the receptor. The nucleic acid or protein can be added prior to, simultaneously with, or after, the activating agent. The cells are assayed for CD40 activity using methods well known to those of skill in the art and described herein, for example, by monitoring CD40-associated IgG production. It is apparent to those of skill in the art that two separate culture of cells must be treated and maintained as the test population. One is maintained without receiving an activating agent to determine background release and the second without receiving the agent to be tested. This second population of cells acts as a control.
When the method is practiced in vivo in a human patient or when activated cells are treated ex vivo, it is unnecessary to provide the activating agent since it is provided by the patient's immune system. However, when practiced in an experimental animal model, it can be necessary to provide an effective amount of the activating agent in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier prior to administration of the nucleic acid or protein to activate CD40+ cells. When the method is practiced in vivo, the carrying vector, polypeptide, polypeptide equivalent, or expression vector can be added to a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and systemically administered to the subject, such as a human patient or an animal such as a mouse, a guinea pig, a simian, a rabbit or a rat. Alternatively, it can be directly infused into the cell by microinjection.
When practiced in vivo, the compositions and methods are particularly useful for maintaining CD40 function in a subject or an individual suffering from or predisposed to suffer from CD40-related disfunction, such as Hyper-IgM Syndrome. When the animal is an experimental animal such as a mouse, this method provides a powerful assay to screen for new drugs that may be used alone or in combination with this invention to ameliorate or reduce the symptoms and infections associated with CD40-related disfunction.
As used herein, the term “administering” for in vivo purposes means providing the subject with an effective amount of the nucleic acid molecule, polypeptide or antibody, effective to modulate CD40-related function of the target cell. Methods of administering pharmaceutical compositions are well known to those of skill in the art and include, but are not limited to, microinjection, intravenous or parenteral administration. The compositions are intended for topical, oral, or local administration as well as intravenously, subcutaneously, or intramuscularly. Administration can be effected continuously or intermittently throughout the course of treatment. Methods of determining the most effective means and dosage of administration are well known to those of skill in the art and will vary with the vector used for therapy, the polypeptide or protein used for therapy, the purpose of the therapy, the target cell being treated, and the subject being treated. Single or multiple administrations can be carried out with the dose level and pattern being selected by the treating physician.
The compositions also can be administered to subjects or individuals susceptible to or at risk of developing a CD40-related disease. In one embodiment, the composition can be administered to a subject susceptible to CD40-related lymphocyte disfunction to maintain-lymphocyte cell function such as antibody production. In these instances, a “prophylactically effective amount” of the composition is administered which is defined herein to be an amount that is effective to maintain the targeted CD40 function, such as lymphocyte function, at an acceptable level.
It should be understood that by preventing or inhibiting CD40 disfunction in a subject or individual, the compositions and methods of this invention also provide methods for treating, preventing or ameliorating the symptoms associated with a disease characterized by CD40 disfunction.
The following examples are provided merely to illustrate, but not limit, the invention described herein.
Yeast Two-hybrid Screen—Using a modification of the method of Harper et al. (1993) Cell 75:805-816, a hybrid gene encoding the GAL4 DNA-binding domain (amino acids 1-147), hemagglutinin (“HA”) epitope tag, and CD40 cytoplasmic region (amino acids 216-279) was constructed in the yeast bait vector pAS1CYH2. This construct was designated GAL4CD40, and expression of the fusion protein was confirmed by anti-HA immunoblotting. This bait plasmid was cotransformed with a human B-cell cDNA expression library (prey) fused to the activation domain of GAL4 in the pACT plasmid. Interaction between bait- and prey-encoded genes in the Y190 yeast strain reconstitutes GAL4 as an active transcriptional complex, allowing growth in the absence of histidine and activation of the β-galactosidase reporter gene. Thirty-six of the 106 transformants screened grew in the absence of histidine and had detectable β-galactosidase staining within 10 minutes of incubation with the chromogenic substrate 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl β-D-galactoside. Plasmids recovered from the original yeast strains were used in a cotransformation assay with GAL4CD40 or control heterologous baits. Twelve plasmids encoded proteins that interacted with native CD40 but not with the control heterologous baits. DNA sequencing revealed 9 of 12 to encode the same protein, designated CD40-binding protein (CD40bp). Cotransformation assays were repeated in the yeast Y190 strain, where CD40bp fused to the activation domain of GAL4 was cotransformed with native CD40 (pCD40T) or the indicated heterologous baits expressed as fusions with the DNA-binding domain of GAL4. These included mutant CD40 (where Thr234 was changed to an alanine: pCD40A), the cytoplasmic domain of the p55 TNF receptor (pTNFR amino acids 206-426), FAS receptor cytoplasmic domain (pFAS amino acids 178-319), truncated p55 TNF receptor cytoplasmic domain missing 20 C-terminal residues (ΔTNFR amino acids 206-406), the helix-loop-helix motif of E12 (amino acids 508-564) (from Staudinger et al. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268:4608-4611) and the yeast Ser-Thr kinase SNF1 (from Yang et al. (1992) Science 257:680-682). Colonies from each transformation were patched onto a selective plate and a β-galactosidase assay performed on yeast transferred to nitrocellulose filters and permeabilized in liquid nitrogen as described in Harper et al. (1993) supra.
Nine independent clones were found to encode the same protein, designated CD40-binding protein (CD40bp) in the yeast Y190 strain (
GST Fusion Protein Expression and In Vitro Binding Assay—Native (CD40T) and mutant (CD40A) CD40 sequences used in the construction of the yeast bait vectors were excised and subcloned into the glutathione S-transferase (“GST”) fusion protein vector pGSTag (as described in Ron et al. (1992) BioTechniques 13:866-869) and transformed into the Escherichia coli strain BL21 (DF3) pLysS (as described in Studier et al. (1991) J. Mol. Bio. 219:37-44). GST and GST fusion proteins were prepared using published procedures of Studier et al. (1991) supra, and the recombinant proteins were immobilized onto glutathione-agarose beads at a concentration of about 8 mg/ml (as described in Harper et al. (1993) supra).
Labeled CD40bp was prepared by in vitro transcription translation using the TNT T7-coupled reticulocyte lysate system from Promega according to the manufacturer's instructions. Briefly, a 2.2-kilobase pair cDNA encoding CD40bp was excised from the yeast prey vector (pACT) using XhoI and subcloned into the pBluescript II plasmid (Stratagene), which had a flanking T7 promoter allowing generation of sense strand transcript. The luciferase construct was provided by the vendor and could similarly be transcribed by T7 polymerase.
Following translation, 5 μl of total 36S labeled reticulocyte lysate was either subjected to SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fluorography or diluted into 1 ml of GST binding buffer (10 mM Tris, pH 7.6, 50 mM NaCl, 5 mM EDTA, 1% Triton X-100, 0.1% bovine serum albumin, 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride), and incubated with 40 μl of a 50% slurry of GST-, GSTCD40T-, or GSTCD40A-agarose beads for 2 hours at 4° C., following which the beads were pelleted by pulse centrifugation in a micrdcentrifuge, washed three times in GST buffer (without bovine serum albumin), boiled in SDS-sample buffer, and resolved on a 10% SDS-acrylamide gel. Bound proteins were visualized following autoradiography at −80° C. for 1 hour.
To independently confirm the CD40-CD40bp interaction, the identical cytoplasmic domain regions of CD40 and mutant CD40 used in the yeast two-hybrid system were expressed as GST fusion proteins, immobilized to glutathione-agarose beads, and used to precipitate radiolabeled in vitro translated CD40bp.
Construction of CD40 and CD40bp Expression Vectors—Full-length CD40 coding sequence was obtained by PCR from a human B-cell library (as described in Harper et al. (1993) supra) and confirmed by sequencing. The primers used were: CGGGGTACCGCCACCATGG-TTCGTCTGCCTCTGCAG (SEQ ID NO: 10) for the upstream primer and TTTGTCGAC-TCACTGTCTCTCCTGCAC (SEQ ID NO: 11) for the downstream primer. The upstream primer had a built-in KpnI site and the downstream primer a SalI site (underlined) to facilitate cloning into the eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA3 (Invitrogen). Mutant CD40 (pCD40A) was made by site-directed mutagenesis using a two-step PCR protocol of Higuchi et al. (1988) Nucleic Acids Res. 16:7351-7367, and employing two additional oligonucleotides: GCTCCAG-TGCAGGAAGCTTTACATGGATGC (SEQ ID NO: 12) and GCATCCATGTAAAGCTTCCTGCACTGG-AGC (altered bases are underlined). The Thr234→Ala mutation in pCD40A was confirmed by sequence analysis.
To construct pHATagCD40bp, CD40bp was excised from the yeast vector pACT by XhoI digestion and subcloned into pcDNA3 in which an HA epitope tag (YPYDVPDYA) (SEQ ID NO: 14) had previously been placed downstream of the cytomegalovirus promoter/enhancer. The orientation of CD40bp and the junctional sequence between the HA tag and CD40bp were confirmed by sequence analysis.
To demonstrate the interaction in vivo, 293T cells, a human epithelioid cell line available from the ATCC, (which is CD40-negative), were cotransfected with a HA epitope-tagged CD40bp expression construct and vector alone, mutant CD40 (CD40A), or native CD40 (CD40T) expression constructs. Following metabolic labeling with [31S]methionine and [35S]cysteine, cell lysates were subjected to an immunoprecipitation analysis with an anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody (
Transfection, Metabolic Cell Labeling, and Immunoprecipitation Analysis—These methods were performed essentially as described in O'Rourke et al. (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267:24921-24924. For re-immunoprecipitation analysis, the initial immune complex was dissociated by boiling in PBS+1% SDS, diluted 10-fold in PBS containing 1% Triton X-100 and 1% deoxy-cholate, and subjected to a second round of immunoprecipitation analysis.
To conclusively show that CD40bp interacted with native CD40 in B-cells, the Epstein-Barr virus-negative, CD40-positive human B-cell line BJAB was transiently transfected with the epitope-tagged CD40bp expression construct and metabolically labeled, and endogenous. CD40 was immunoprecipitated with an anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody (
Transcript Analysis—mRNA analysis by Northern blotting and reverse transcriptase PCR (“RT-PCR”) was performed as described previously in O'Rourke et al. (1992) supra using a commercially available kit from Perkin-Elmer. For the Northern blot, 7 μg of poly(A)+ RNA from SKW6.4 cells was hybridized to a 32P-labeled CD40bp encoding XhoI fragment.
For RT-PCR, CD40bp-specific 18-mer oligonucleotide primers were used. The downstream primer (AGAGGAGTTGCCTTCTGC) (SEQ ID NO: 15) was used initially for the reverse transcriptase reaction and later for PCR in conjunction with an upstream primer (GGCATGACCAGATGCTGA) (SEQ ID NO: 16) to give an expected size product of ˜600 base pairs on agarose gel electrophoresis.
DNA Sequencing and Data Base Searching—Double stranded plasmid template was sequenced on both strands as described previously in O'Rourke et al. (1992) supra using modified T7 DNA polymerase. Initial data base homology searching revealed hundreds of matches to myosins and other α-helical, coiled-coil proteins. To further characterize portions of the CD40bp that might have coiled-coil potential, we used the COILS 2 program of Lupas et al. ((1991) Science 252:1162-1164), which has been updated recently (at lupas@ums.biochem.mpg.cle).
The deduced sequence of the 2350-base pair CD40bp cDNA revealed an open reading frame that began with an initiator methionine conforming to Kozak's consensus and that ended 567 residues later at an Opal codon. Given the presence of the open reading frame and the size of the CD40bp transcript (−2.5 kilobase pairs;
Importantly, one of the matches was the N-terminal RING finger sequence motif of TRAF2, which together with TRAF1, binds to the cytoplasmic domain of the 75-kDa TNF receptor as a heterodimeric complex in which TRAF2 contacts the receptor directly. The remaining matches included the human RING 1 gene product itself, the 52-kDA ribonucleoprotein autoantigen in Sjogren's syndrome, the Neurospora uvs-2 gene product thought to be involved in DNA repair, and a developmentally regulated Dictyostelium gene (DG17) of unknown function. The region between the RING finger and coiled-coil domains contains 17 cysteines and 10 histidines out of a total of 168 residues. These Cys/His residues are arranged in patterns resembling the “B box” motifs observed in some other RING finger proteins. Neither the RING finger or the coiled-coil segment, a motif known to mediate homo- and/or hetero-oligomerization appears necessary for binding to CD40 since one class of interacting CD40bp cDNAs identified in the two-hybrid screen encoded only the C-terminal half of CD40bp (beginning at Phe297, which deletes the RING finger and truncates the coiled-coil segment). Instead, it appears likely that the C-terminal portion mediates CD40 binding.
This is supported by the finding that a similarly truncated TRAF2 protein (missing the RING finger domain) could still associate with the 75-kDA TNF receptor. In keeping with a common function for the C termini of these proteins is the remarkable sequence similarity that exists between the C-terminal half of CD40bp and the TRAF domains of TRAF1 and TRAF2 (
Throughout this application, reference is made to various journal articles, U.S. patents and published applications. The disclosures of these references are hereby incorporated by reference into the present disclosure.
It is to be understood that while the invention has been described in conjunction with the above embodiments, that the foregoing description and the examples are intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the invention. Other aspects, advantages and modifications within the scope of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art to which the invention pertains.
This application is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 08/826,577, filed Apr. 2, 1997, which in turn is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 08/404,832, filed Mar. 13, 1995, now abandoned, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference into the present disclosure.
This invention was made with government support under Grant No. CA61348, awarded by the National Institutes of Health. Accordingly, the United States government has certain rights in this invention.
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 0 555 880 | Aug 1993 | EP |
| 0 585 943 | Mar 1994 | EP |
| WO 9308207 | Apr 1993 | WO |
| WO 9404570 | Mar 1994 | WO |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 08826577 | Apr 1997 | US |
| Child | 09224556 | US | |
| Parent | 08404832 | Mar 1995 | US |
| Child | 08826577 | US |
