Patent Application
20170356841
The present disclosure generally relates to an optical filter including at least one of a high refractive index material and a low refractive index material, wherein the optical filter exhibits a reduced angle shift in at least one of a visible, near infrared, and an extreme ultraviolet wavelength. A method of depositing a film, such as a film of an optical filter, is also disclosed herein.
Silicon carbide (SiC) has a relatively high refractive index in the visible region. Additionally, silicon carbide is a ceramic that is known for its hard, strong and inert properties. It is commonly used in the abrasion refractory fields as a hard coat material. Silicon carbide films and coatings have been produced through chemical vapor deposition, sputtering (radio frequency (RF), primarily), sol gel coating or plasma spraying. In particular, silicon carbide has been sputtered with RF and ion beam processes from silicon carbide targets, however, rates are typically quite slow, usually single angstroms/sec. Reactive sputtering of silicon carbide has been performed using a silicon target with methane as the reactive gas.
In an aspect, there is disclosed an optical filter comprising at least one of a high refractive index material and a low refractive index material, wherein the optical filter exhibits a reduced angle shift in at least one of a visible, near infrared, and an extreme ultraviolet wavelength.
In another aspect, there is disclosed a method for depositing a film comprising (i) introducing, to a process chamber of a cathode sputter-deposition system, a first target including a high refractive index material; (ii) introducing at least one of argon gas and hydrogen gas into the process chamber; and (iii) depositing particles created from the first target on a substrate to form a film, wherein the film exhibits increased transmission of light at least one of the visible and near infrared wavelengths.
Additional features and advantages of various aspects of the invention will be set forth, in part, in the description that follows, and will, in part, be apparent from the description, or may be learned by the practice of various aspects. The objectives and other advantages of various aspects will be realized and attained by means of the elements and combinations particularly pointed out in the description herein.
The present invention in its several aspects can be more fully understood from the detailed description and the accompanying drawings, wherein:
Throughout this specification and figures like reference numbers identify like elements.
For simplicity and illustrative purposes, the present disclosure is described by referring mainly to examples thereof. In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present disclosure. It will be readily apparent however, that the present disclosure may be practiced without limitation to these specific details. In other instances, some methods and structures readily understood by one of ordinary skill in the art have not been described in detail so as not to unnecessarily obscure the present disclosure.
For purposes of the present disclosure, the word “cathode” or “cathodes” include(s) one or more of a coating supply incorporated in the cathode, a coating supply positioned on the cathode, or a coating supply that also acts as the cathode. Additionally, for purposes of the present disclosure the word “cathode” and “target” may be used interchangeably.
Furthermore, numeric values and ranges herein, unless otherwise stated, are intended to have associated with them a tolerance and to account for variances of design and manufacturing. Thus, a number is intended to include values “about” that number. For example, a value X is also intended to be understood as “about X”. Likewise, a range of Y-Z, is also intended to be understood as a range of from “about Y-about Z”. Unless otherwise stated, significant digits disclosed for a number are not intended to make the number an exact limiting value. Variance and tolerance is inherent in mechanical design and the numbers disclosed herein are intended to be construed to allow for such factors (in non-limiting e.g., ±10 percent of a given value). Example numbers disclosed within ranges are intended also to disclose sub-ranges within a broader range which have an example number as an endpoint. A disclosure of any two example numbers which are within a broader range is also intended herein to disclose a range between such example numbers. Likewise, the claims are to be broadly construed in their recitations of numbers and ranges.
Aspects of the present disclosure include an optical filter comprising a high refractive index material and a low refractive index material, wherein the optical filter exhibits a reduced angle shift in a visible wavelength. In an aspect, the high refractive index material can be a silicon carbide having a refractive index of about 2.66. Silicon carbide can also be used in the extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUV) as a reflector material due to its high K (potentially greater than 2) value at wavelengths of about 50 nm to about 200 nm. In the near infrared range (800 nm to 1100 nm), silicon carbide can be used as a low index material to produce low angle shift filters for three-dimensional sensing applications.
A limitation for realizing optical filters with low or reduced angle shift in at least one of the visible, near infrared, and an extreme ultraviolet wavelength can be the availability of high refractive index materials. Non-limiting examples of materials having higher refractive indices are as follows with their corresponding refractive index (including their combinations):
Non-limiting examples of low refractive index materials include SiO2, MgF, Al2O3, and combinations thereof.
While it is possible to design optical filters with a high refractive index when using TiO2 as a higher refractive index layer and Ta2O5 as a lower refractive index layer, the small difference in refractive index of these two materials (delta_n=0.29) may require a lot of layers in many designs, specifically bandpass filters which require extensive blocking. Additionally, TiO2 may not be very easy to sputter because it grows polycrystalline which causes scatter loss in thicker coatings. In an aspect, the optical filter can include at least one layer, wherein a thickness of the optical filter is less than about 10 μm, for example less than about 9.0 μm, and as a further example less than about 8.5 μm.
The table below shows the summary of a design study of double bandpass design in the visible and NIR (wavelength shift at 800 nm of design for angles of incidence of 0 to 40 degrees).
The Ta2O5/SiO2 mixture contains 80% Ta2O5 and 20% SiO2. This reduces the refractive index of Ta2O5 from 2.18 to 2.04 and thus increases the delta_n from 0.48 to 0.62. This allows for a thinner filter design.
In an aspect, the optical filter can include a high refractive index material, such as silicon carbide, having a thickness of from about 1 nm to about 2000 nm, for example from about 2 nm to 1000 nm, such as from about 3 nm to about 20 nm or from about 5 nm to about 20 nm. This range of thickness can provide light transmission in a visible wavelength. Moreover, the method of depositing the high refractive material, such as a SiC layer, can play a part in the performance of the optical filter.
In an aspect, the high refractive index material can be deposited on any substrate, such as a wafer, or optical element and can be deposited by a method that would allow very precise thickness control. For example, a thickness of the optical filter, for example a film formed of a high refractive index material, can be reduced by using a material with a higher refractive index. Such a method can include different sputtering process systems, such as dual cathode sputtering process and single cathode sputtering process.
The optical properties of the SiC layer can depend on the hydrogen content in the process chamber and, therefore, on the hydrogen flow rate. However, the optical properties of the SiC layer can also be influenced by other parameters, such as the flow rate of an inert gas, the PAS power level, the cathode power level, and the deposition rate.
The process parameters and values can vary depending on the coating process, chamber size, and many other factors. Generally, the temperature of the process chamber can be from 10° C. or less to 150° C. or more, such as from 15° C. to 100° C. or from 20° C. to 90° C. Furthermore, the pressure of the process chamber can be from 1×10−6 mtorr to 1×10−2 mtorr, such as from 5×10−3 mtorr to 5×10−4 mtorr. Moreover, the gas flow, such as the hydrogen and/or the argon gas flow, can be from 10 SCCM or less to 200 SCCM or more, such as 20 SCCM, 40 SCCM, 60 SCCM, 80 SCCM, 100 SCCM, 120 SCCM, 140 SCCM, 160 SCCM, 180 SCCM, and 200 SCCM. Furthermore, the inert gas, such as argon gas, flow can be from 50 SCCM to 500, for example, 150 SCCM or more, such as 200 SCCM, 204 SCCM, 295 SCCM, and 390 SCCM.
In an aspect, a method of depositing a film, for example for use in an optical filter, can include introducing, to a process chamber of a cathode sputter-deposition system, a first target including a high refractive index material. The high refractive index material is selected from TiO2, Nb2O5, SiC, Ta2O5, and combinations thereof. In an aspect, the high refractive index material is silicon carbide. In another aspect, the method can further include introducing into the process chamber a second target including silicon.
The method can further include introducing at least one of argon gas and hydrogen gas into the process chamber. In an aspect, argon gas is the only gas introduced into the process chamber. In another aspect, hydrogen gas is the only gas introduced into the process chamber. In a further aspect, both argon gas and hydrogen gas are introduced into the process chamber. The hydrogen gas can be introduced in an amount ranging from about 0 SCCM to about 100 SCCM, for example from about 20 SCCM to about 80 SCCM, for example from about 40 SCCM to about 60 SCCM.
The method can further include depositing particle created from the first target onto a substrate, such as those disclosed above, to form a film, wherein the film can exhibit increased transmission of light in at least one of the visible and near infrared wavelengths. In an aspect, the film can exhibit increased transmission of light in the visible wavelength.
In an aspect, the method can further include tilting a cathode exchanger in the cathode sputter-deposition system to a tilt angle selected from the group consisting of 30°, 35°, 40°, and 45°. Tilting of the cathode exchanger to a tilt angle ranging from 0° C. to about 30° C. can increase light transmission of the film.
To deposit the high refractive index material, a first target can include silicon carbide, and a second target can include silicon. These two targets can be sputtered in the presence of hydrogen (H2), and a cathode exchanger tilt angle ranging from about 0° C. to about 30° C. to deposit the SiC material as a layer on the substrate or on a layer previously deposited on the substrate.
In an aspect, the method can include depositing particles created from the sputtering of a third target and/or a fourth target having a lower refractive index material onto the film. The layers of high and low refractive index materials can alternate a predetermined number of times. Depending on the desired number of layers with the compound having the lower refractive index and the number of layers with the compound having the higher refractive index, this process can be repeated as many times as necessary.
The final product can be annealed. The method can further include annealing the film to the substrate so that the annealed film can exhibit an increased transmission of light in the near infrared wavelength. The annealing temperature can be at any temperature greater than 90° C. For example, the annealing can take place at a temperature of 100° C., 200° C., 250° C., 280° C., 300° C., 350° C., 400° C., or more. The annealing process can take anywhere from 30 minutes to 24 hours. For example, the annealing process can take from 40 minutes to 10 hours, from 45 minutes to 5 hours, from 50 minutes to 2 hours, such as an hour. In one example, the annealing process takes place at a temperature of about 280° C. for about 1 hour. The annealed film can exhibit increased transmission of light in the near infrared wavelength.
A SiC target from Saint-Gobain Advanced Ceramics was used for this experiment. The target (Hexoloy SG silicon carbide) was an electrically conductive sintered SiC target with a density of 3.0 g/cm3. The target contained 5.35% by weight free carbon. Saint-Gobain claims an electrical resistivity of 1.0 ohm-cm and a target porosity of 2-3%. The SiC films were deposited in the UCP machine M2105. All films were deposited at a frequency of 30 kHz, a reversal time of 4.5 μs and a cathode power of 5 kW unless otherwise stated. This resulted in a cathode voltage of about 600V, depending on gas flows. The flow of Ar and H2 were varied to determine the best deposition conditions. Using the optimized parameters a single layer film was deposited for characterization in the material characterization lab (MCL). MCL characterization included stoichiometry, n and k values, hardness, film stress and surface roughness. Also, the SiC films were deposited by co-sputtering from two cathodes, using SiC and Si targets. Through the course of film characterization, Cu contamination was identified in the SiC coatings. A set of experiments was performed to identify the source of the contamination as the center puck of the cathode, as described below.
Effects of Ar Gas Flow
The first set of experiments looked at the effect of Ar gas flow on the transmission of 2 μm SiC films. Table 2 summarizes the Argon flow parameters used for the tests.
Effects of H2 Gas Flow
As shown in
As the H2 flow increased beyond 100 SCCM, the SiC films delaminated. Films deposited at 160 SCCM and 180 SCCM of H2 delaminated from Si and Ge witnesses immediately after removal from the coating chamber and from fused silica witnesses within a week. Films deposited at 140 SCCM of H2 delaminated within two days of coating from Si and Ge witnesses and from fused silica witnesses within a week. Films deposited with 120 SCCM of H2 delaminated from Si and Ge witnesses within two weeks of coating with the films delaminating from fused silica within three-four weeks of coating. Transmission scans of these films are shown in
Adding H2 to the sputtering process increased the transmission of the deposited SiC films significantly between 1-4 μm. As shown in
To test the effect of annealing on the absorption of the SiC films, a SiC film was deposited on a fused silica substrates with 120 SCCM H2. After deposition, the coatings were annealed at 280 and 400° C. for 1 hour. The film delaminated from the substrates 2 days after annealing. The scans of the films before and after annealing are shown in
Materials Characterization Lab Analysis
Included in several of the aforementioned runs were different witnesses for MCL analysis. A 2 μm SiC sample was deposited on fused silica for variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry (VASE) testing. A graph of the calculated optical constants is shown in
A possibility for the linear index gradient could be contamination of the SiC film with copper. Cu contamination was discovered in the first set of experiments. Films measured after the removal of the Cu contamination source did not show this linear index gradient. It is believed that this Cu contamination also led to the differences in the reported and measured extinction values.
EDS Analysis
The SiC films deposited with different Ar and H2 gas flows all had similar C/Si ratios. Table 4 includes the Ar and H2 flows used for the films that were analyzed with EDS and the analysis of a sample of the target. The C/Si results for the target differed significantly from those of the deposited films.
As can be seen in Table 4, a significant amount of Cu was present in the SiC films. This was not expected. Analysis of the target found no Cu in the target material. This led to a separate set of experiments to identify the source of contamination. It was eventually determined that the Cu contamination originated from the Cu coated center puck of the cathode.
TEM Analysis
SiC films deposited on Ge substrates were cross sectioned and analyzed with TEM to determine film morphology. TEM images at increasing magnification for the cross sectioned sample are shown in
Surface Roughness Measurements
100 nm and 2000 nm thick SiC films deposited on polished Si wafers were used for surface roughness measurements using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The average roughness measured for 2000 nm thick films was 2.6 Å and the average roughness for 100 nm thick films was 1.1 Å. The results are summarized in Table 5 where center and edge are locations on the wafer respectively.
Film Stress Measurements
100 nm and 2000 nm thick SiC films were deposited on pre-characterized fused silica stress wits for stress measurements. The film stress was highly compressive, −1.5-−1.8 GPa for the 2000 nm film and −1.8 GPa for the 100 nm films. A summary of the film stress measurements are shown in Table 6 where center and edge are the locations within the 200 mm UCP tooling.
Hardness Measurements
Single Layer UCP Films
2 μm thick films of SiC, Si and SiO2 were deposited on fused silica and compared to fused silica and sapphire substrates in a measurement of relative hardness. The samples were indented with three known loads and the impressions created by the indentation were measured by AFM. From these measurements, a plot of indentation depth vs indentation load was created for sapphire and fused silica substrates and the SiO2, Si and SiC coatings. These measurements do not provide absolute hardness values, but provide a measure of relative hardness. The results are summarized in
Hardness Analysis of SiC Film on Previously Coated Long-Wave Infrared (LWIR) Design
The absorption of SiC in the 7-11 μm IR wavelengths led to further testing of the hardness of thinner SiC films. Film thicknesses of 5, 50, and 100 nm were deposited on fused silica witnesses and then indented with the nano-indenter. SiC films with thicknesses of 50 nm and 100 nm performed similarly to the 2000 nm film previously deposited. The 5 nm film did not perform well and did not increase the hardness of the fused silica substrate. This 5 nm SiC film was also deposited on an infrared anti-reflective (IR AR) coating and submitted for eraser rub testing. The addition of the 5 nm SiC film did not improve the eraser rub performance of the LWIR AR coating, with the IR coating failing immediately or nearly immediately with or without the added 5 nm thick SiC coating.
Cathode Tilting Experiments
Ar Flow Only
An objective of these experiments was the deposition of SiC films for use as a high index material in the visible region. All films deposited to this point, were absorbing in the visible region. One possible explanation for the absorbing films was the extra carbon in the target. The target was fabricated with additional carbon to enable DC sputtering. The surplus carbon in the target was sputtered into the growing film resulting in non-stoichiometric films (as presented in the EDS results in Table 4). To investigate the impact of the extra carbon content on the optical properties of SiC, films were deposited with two cathodes sputtering at the same time, using SiC and Si targets.
SiC and Si targets were placed in cathode positions 1 and 2 in M2105. This configuration is illustrated in
The two cathode sputtering did not have a significant impact on the transmission measurements in the visible region for the deposited films. A summary of the EDS results of these films is included in Table 8. As expected the C/Si ratio decreased as the Si cathode was tilted more toward the substrate. The initial EDS C/Si ratio of 1.40 decreased to 1.0 for cathode angle of 45°. The films contained trace amounts of oxygen as well as copper and germanium.
Cathode Tilting Experiment—with H2
The addition of H2 to single cathode sputtering improved the transmission of the films, so the dual cathode sputtering experiments were repeated with H2 gas in the plasma. Cathode tilt angles of 30, 35, 40 and 45° were selected and 80 SCCM of H2 was used. All other sputtering parameters remained the same as previous depositions. The transmission scans of the 4 films are shown in
VASE analysis of the three films deposited with 30°, 35° and 40° of tilt is shown in
Film Contamination
Cu contamination in optical coatings can lead to significant absorption. A possible source of contamination was identified as the center puck of the cathode. The center pucks for the UCP cathodes had recently changed from Al to ones which are coated with Cu. The Cu coated center puck was removed from the cathode and replaced it with an old Al coated one. A SiC film was deposited with the same deposition conditions before and after the swap and compared the transmission scans.
From the foregoing description, those skilled in the art can appreciate that the present teachings can be implemented in a variety of forms. Therefore, while these teachings have been described in connection with particular aspects and examples thereof, the true scope of the present teachings should not be so limited. Various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the teachings herein.
This scope disclosure is to be broadly construed. It is intended that this disclosure disclose equivalents, means, systems and methods to achieve the devices, activities and mechanical actions disclosed herein. For each device, article, method, mean, mechanical element or mechanism disclosed, it is intended that this disclosure also encompass in its disclosure and teaches equivalents, means, systems and methods for practicing the many aspects, mechanisms and devices disclosed herein. Additionally, this disclosure regards a coating and its many aspects, features and elements. Such a device can be dynamic in its use an operation, this disclosure is intended to encompass the equivalents, means, systems and methods of the use of the device and/or article of manufacture and its many aspects consistent with the description and spirit of the operations and functions disclosed herein. The claims of this application are likewise to be broadly construed.
The description of the inventions herein in their many aspects is merely an example and, thus, variations that do not depart from the gist of the invention are intended to be within the scope of the invention. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the spirit and scope of the invention.
This application claims the benefit of priority from U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/349,406, filed Jun. 13, 2016, the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference herein.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 62349406 | Jun 2016 | US |
