Patent Application
20110004102
The present invention relates to an organic piezoelectric material, an ultrasonic oscillator suitable for a high frequency and broadband range using the same, a method for producing the ultrasonic oscillator, an ultrasonic probe, and an ultrasonic medical diagnostic imaging device.
Usually, ultrasonic waves are collectively referred to as sound waves of at least 16,000 Hz and can inspect the interior nondestructively and harmlessly, having thereby been applied to various fields such as defect inspection and disease diagnosis. One of these is an ultrasonic diagnostic system in which the interior of a tested subject is scanned with an ultrasonic wave, and then based on a received signal generated from a reflective wave (echo) of the ultrasonic wave from the interior of the tested subject, an image of the interior state in the tested subject is formed. In such an ultrasonic diagnostic system, an ultrasonic probe to transmit and receive an ultrasonic wave with respect to a tested subject is used. As this ultrasonic probe, an ultrasonic transmitting and receiving element constituted of a oscillator is used in which an ultrasonic wave is generated via mechanical vibration based on a transmitting signal, and a received signal is generated by receiving a reflective signal of the ultrasonic wave generated based on the difference in acoustic impedance within a tested subject.
In recent years, a harmonic imaging technology has been studied and developed to form an image of the interior state within a tested subject, not based on a frequency (basic frequency) component of an ultrasonic wave having been transmitted into the tested subject interior from an ultrasonic probe, but based on its harmonic frequency component. Such a harmonic imaging technology has various advantages as follows: (1) the sidelobe level is smaller than the level of a basic frequency component and the S/N ratio (signal to noise ratio) is improved, whereby contrast resolution is enhanced; (2) higher frequency is realized and then beam width becomes narrowed, whereby lateral resolution is enhanced; (3) in a close range, sound pressure is small and also sound pressure variation is minimal, whereby multiple reflection is inhibited; and (4) the attenuation beyond the focus is comparable to that of a basic wave and a larger deep velocity is realized compared with the case of use of a high frequency as the basic wave. For an ultrasonic probe used in such harmonic imaging, a broad frequency band is required ranging from the frequency of a basic wave to the frequency of a harmonic. The frequency range of the low frequency side is used for transmission to transmit the basic wave. In contrast, the frequency range of the high frequency side is used for reception to receive the harmonic (for example, refer to Patent Document 1).
The ultrasonic probe disclosed in Patent Document 1 is an ultrasonic probe which is applied to a tested subject to transmit ultrasonic waves into the tested subject and to receive the ultrasonic waves having been returned via reflection within the tested subject. This ultrasonic probe has a first piezoelectric layer containing a plurality of arranged first piezoelectric elements with a predetermined first acoustic impedance to transmit a basic wave having ultrasonic waves of a predetermined central frequency toward the interior of a tested subject and to receive the basic wave among the ultrasonic waves having been returned via reflection within the tested subject, and further has a second piezoelectric layer containing a plurality of arranged piezoelectric elements with a second acoustic impedance, which is smaller than the first acoustic impedance, to receive a harmonic among the ultrasonic waves having been returned via reflection within the tested subject. Herein, the second piezoelectric layer is entirely layered on the first piezoelectric layer on the side in which this ultrasonic probe is applied to the tested subject. Therefore, the ultrasonic probe can transmit and receive ultrasonic waves in a broad frequency band with such a constitution. For a basic wave in harmonic imaging, a sound wave having as narrow a band width as possible is preferable. As a piezoelectric body playing such a role, a single crystal such as crystal, LiNbO3, LiTaO3, or KNbO3; a thin film such as ZnO or MN; and a so-called inorganic piezoelectric material obtained by polarization treatment of a fired body such as a Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 based body are widely used. These piezoelectric materials of inorganic materials have features such as high elasticity stiffness and mechanical loss coefficient, as well as high density and dielectric constant. On the other hand, for a piezoelectric element to detect received waves of the high frequency side, sensitivity is required in a broader band width. Therefore, these inorganic materials are unsuitable.
As a piezoelectric element suitable in the high frequency and broadband range, an organic piezoelectric material employing an organic polymer substance is known. There have been developed organic piezoelectric materials such as, for example, polyvinylidene fluoride (hereinafter referred to as “PVDF”), polyvinylidene cyanide (hereinafter referred to as “PVDCN”), and a polyurea resin containing a ureine group obtained from a diisocyanate compound such as 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MCI) and a diamine compound such as 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane (MDA) (refer to Patent Documents 2-4). These organic piezoelectric materials exhibit excellent processability such as thinner layer formation and larger area formation, being able to produce any appropriate shape and configuration. These materials have features such as small elastic modulus and dielectric constant, producing whereby features enabling high sensitivity detection in view of use as a sensor.
However, when an ultrasonic probe is formed using any of these organic piezoelectric materials, piezoelectric characteristics are inadequate, and especially in high temperatures, its physical properties such as piezoelectric characteristics and elasticity stiffness tend to decrease to a large extent. Therefore, there have been noted problems such that the applicable temperature range is limited; and piezoelectricity is impaired and deformation is produced by heating during production.
Patent Document 1: Unexamined Japanese Patent Application Publication (hereinafter referred to as JP-A) No. 11-276478
Patent Document 2: JP-A No. 6-216422
Patent Document 3: JP-A No. 2-284485
Patent Document 4: JP-A No. 5-311399
In view of the above problems and circumstances, the present invention was completed. An object to solve these problems is to provide an organic piezoelectric material exhibiting excellent transparency, surface gloss, adhesion properties, and piezoelectric characteristics, and specifically exhibiting excellent heat resistance. Further, the object is to provide an ultrasonic oscillator, capable of receiving high-frequency waves with high sensitivity, used in an ultrasonic medical diagnostic imaging device suitable for the harmonic imaging technology; a method for producing the ultrasonic oscillator, and an ultrasonic probe. Still further, thereby, the object is to provide an ultrasonic medical diagnostic imaging device.
The above-described problems relating to the present invention are resolved by the following means.
1. An organic piezoelectric material comprising two or more films which are produced by simultaneously laminating with a coating method.
2. The organic piezoelectric material of the above-described item 1, containing particles having an average particle diameter of 1 μm or less.
3. The organic piezoelectric material of the above-described items 1 or 2, comprising one film which contains the particles and one film which does not contain the particles.
4. The organic piezoelectric material of any one of the above-described items 1 to 3, comprising three or more films, wherein the film located at an outermost surface of the organic piezoelectric material contains the particles, and at least one of the films which compose the organic piezoelectric material does not substantially contain the particles.
5. The organic piezoelectric material of any one of the above-described items 1 to 4, having an electromechanical coupling coefficient of 0.3 or more.
6. An ultrasonic oscillator produced with the organic piezoelectric material of any one of the above-described items 1 to 4.
7. A method for producing the ultrasonic oscillator of the above-described item 6, wherein polarization treatment is carried out to the organic piezoelectric material of any one of the above-described items 1 to 4 at one of the moments of:
before providing two electrodes on both surfaces of the organic piezoelectric material;
after providing one of the two electrodes on one of the surfaces of the organic piezoelectric material; and
after providing the two electrodes on the both surfaces of the organic piezoelectric material.
8. The method for producing the ultrasonic oscillator of the above-described item 7, wherein the polarization treatment is a voltage applying treatment or a corona discharge treatment.
9. An ultrasonic probe comprising an ultrasonic transmitting oscillator and an ultrasonic receiving oscillator, wherein an ultrasonic oscillator produced using the organic piezoelectric material of any one of the above-described items 1 to 4 is used for the ultrasonic transmitting oscillator or for the ultrasonic receiving oscillator.
10. An ultrasonic medical diagnostic imaging device comprising:
an electric signal generating means;
an ultrasonic probe provided with a plurality of oscillators which emit an ultrasonic wave to a tested subject after receiving the electric signal, and produce a received signal corresponding to a reflected wave from the tested subject; and
an image processing means which produces an image of the tested subject by using the received signal produced by the ultrasonic probe,
wherein the ultrasonic probe is provided with an ultrasonic transmitting oscillator and an ultrasonic receiving oscillator, and at least one of the ultrasonic transmitting oscillator and the ultrasonic receiving oscillator is an ultrasonic oscillator produced with the organic piezoelectric material of any one of the above-described items 1 to 4.
According to the above methods of the present invention, an organic piezoelectric material exhibiting excellent transparency, surface gloss, adhesion properties, and piezoelectric characteristics, and specifically exhibiting excellent heat resistance can be provided. Further, there can be provide an ultrasonic oscillator, capable of receiving high-frequency waves with high sensitivity, used in an ultrasonic medical diagnostic imaging device suitable for the harmonic imaging technology; a method for producing the ultrasonic oscillator; and an ultrasonic probe. Still further, an ultrasonic medical diagnostic imaging device can be provided using the same.
The organic piezoelectric material of the present invention is characterized by being formed by simultaneously laminating films of at least 2 layers via a coating method. This feature is a technological one common to the inventions according to item 1-item 10. Herein, the meaning of “to simultaneously laminate films of at least 2 layers via a coating method” refers to the meaning that films of at least 2 layers containing an upper layer and a lower layer are laminated via a wet-on-wet method in which while the lower layer is in the wet state, the upper layer is coated (JP-A Nos. 62-212933 and 63-191315). Such films of at least 2 layers are laminated simultaneously, whereby compared with the wet-on-dry method in which a lower layer is coated and once dried, followed by coating an upper layer, productivity is improved and mutual adhesion properties of each layer are enhanced, resulting in preference. As the production method used to form an organic piezoelectric material by simultaneously laminating films of at least 2 layers, a co-casting method is preferable. The “co-casting method” may be any of a successive multi-layer casting method in which a 2-layer or 3-layer constitution is formed via different dies; a simultaneous multi-layer casting method in which a 2-layer or 3-layer constitution is formed via confluence in a die having 2 or 3 slits; and a multi-layer casting method in which successive multi-layer casting and simultaneous multi-layer casting are combined. The simultaneous multi-layer casting method is more preferably used than the successive multi-layer casting method in view of adhesion enhancement.
From the viewpoint of solving the above problems of the present invention, the preferred embodiment of the present invention is preferably an embodiment in which an organic piezoelectric material contains particles having an average particle diameter of at most 1 μm. Further, preferable is an embodiment in which such an organic piezoelectric material has a film containing the above particles and also a film not containing the particles. Still further, preferable is an embodiment in which an at least 3-layered film is provided; a film arranged on the uppermost surface contains particles; and at least one film selected from the other films constituting the organic piezoelectric material does not practically contain the above particles. Moreover, the electromechanical coupling coefficient of the organic piezoelectric material is preferably at least 0.3. Herein, the “electromechanical coupling coefficient” refers to one of the coefficients expressing piezoelectric characteristics, representing a ratio at which a piezoelectric body mutually converts electrical energy and mechanical energy. And the coefficient is also referred to as the coupling factor. With regard to the electromechanical coupling coefficient, the square of its magnitude is defined as energy dynamically stored with respect to an electrical input energy or energy electrostatically stored with respect to a dynamic input energy. This is a fundamental physical quantity which represents characteristics as an energy oscillator, providing also an indication of energy conversion, as well as being widely used as an evaluation value of fundamental characteristics of a piezoelectric body.
The organic piezoelectric material of the present invention has features of excellent piezoelectric characteristics and heat resistance, being whereby suitable for a material to for iii an organic piezoelectric film. Further, the organic piezoelectric film can suitably be used for an ultrasonic oscillator. Especially, in an ultrasonic probe having an ultrasonic transmitting oscillator and an ultrasonic receiving oscillator, the above film can suitably be used as an ultrasonic transmitting oscillator or an ultrasonic receiving oscillator. Further, this ultrasonic probe can be used for an ultrasonic medical diagnostic imaging device. The use as the above ultrasonic probe can preferably be realized in an ultrasonic medical diagnostic imaging device, for example, having a member to generate an electrical signal; an ultrasonic probe with a plurality of arranged oscillators to receive the electrical signal and to transmit ultrasonic waves toward a tested subject, as well as generating a received signal based on a reflective wave having been received from the tested subject; and an image processing member to form an image of the tested subject based on the received signal having been generated by the ultrasonic probe.
The present invention, constituent elements thereof, and the preferred embodiment to carry out the present invention will now be detailed.
The organic piezoelectric material of the present invention is characterized by being formed by simultaneously laminating films of at least 2 layers. An organic polymer material can suitably be employed for such an organic piezoelectric material. Further, when the organic polymer material is used to form an organic piezoelectric material, particles and appropriate other materials also can be mixed for the intended purpose.
As particles according to the present invention, inorganic compounds or organic compounds can be cited. As such inorganic compounds, preferable are silicon-containing compounds, silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, calcium carbonate, talc, clay, fired kaolin, fired calcium silicate, hydrated calcium silicate, aluminum silicate, magnesium silicate, and calcium phosphate. Of these, silicon-containing inorganic compounds and zirconium oxide are more preferable.
As particles of silicon dioxide according to the present invention, usable are commercially available products with trade names such as AEROSIL R972, R974, R812, 200, 300, R202, OX50, and TT600 (all produced by Nihon Aerosil Co., Ltd.); MEK-ST (produced by Nissan Chemical Industries, Ltd.); and OSCAL (produced by Catalists & Chemicals Ind. Co., Ltd.). Further, smectite, LUCENTITE SWN, SAN, STN, SEN, and SPN (produced by Co-op Chemical Co., Ltd.) are cited. And, as bentonite, ESBEN C, E, W, WX, N-400, NX, NX80, NZ, NZ70, NE, NEZ, NO12S, and NO12, as well as ORGANITE D and T (all produced by Hojun Co., Ltd.) can be cited. As particles of zirconium oxide according to the present invention, commercially available products with trade names such as AEROSIL R976 and R811 (produced by Nihon Aerosil Co., Ltd.) and QUEEN TITANIC (produced by Catalists & Chemicals Ind. Co., Ltd.) are usable.
As organic compounds, polymers such as, for example, acrylic resins, urethane resins, silicone resins, or fluorine resins are preferable. Of these, acrylic resins and silicone resins can preferably be used. Of the acrylic resins and silicone resins, those having a three-dimensional network structure are preferable. For example, as resin particles of the acrylic resins, usable are commercially available products with trade names such as MG-151, MG-152, MG-153, MG-154, MG-251, S-1200, S-0597, S-1500, S-4100, and 4000 (produced by Nippon Paint Co., Ltd.) and LIOSPHERE (produced by Toyo Ink Mfg. Co., Ltd). As the silicone resins, commercially available products with trade names such as TOSPAL103, 105, 108, 120, 145, 3120, and 240 (all produced by Toshiba Silicones Co., Ltd.) are usable.
The primary average particle diameter of such particles is preferably at most 1 μm from the viewpoint of controlling the surface shape, more preferably at most 500 nm, specifically preferably at most 200 nm. Determination of the primary average particle diameter of the particles was conducted as follows: particles were observed using a transmission electron microscope (magnification: 500,000-2,000,000 times) and of these, 100 particles were examined and then the average value was designated as the primary particle diameter. The apparent specific gravity of the particles is preferably at least 70 g/liter, more preferably 90-200 g/liter, specifically preferably 100-200 g/liter. Larger apparent specific gravity is preferable, whereby a highly concentrated dispersion can be prepared and aggregates are reduced, and then polarization operability is enhanced and piezoelectric properties are improved.
Silicon dioxide particles featuring a primary average particle diameter of at most 200 nm and an apparent specific gravity of at least 70 g/liter can be obtained, for example, by burning those obtained by mixing vaporized silicon tetrachloride and hydrogen at 1000-1200° C. in air. These silicon dioxide particles are commercially available under trade names such as AEROSIL200V and AEROSIL R972V (produced by Nihon Aerosil Co., Ltd.) and any of these is usable. In the present invention, the above apparent specific gravity was calculated using the following expression, in which a certain amount of silicon dioxide particles was placed in a measuring cylinder and the weight was measured at this time.
Apparent specific gravity(g/liter)=silicon dioxide mass(g)/silicon dioxide volume(liter)
A solvent and particles are stirred and mixed and then dispersed using a homogenizer. The resulting product is designated as a particle dispersion. The particle dispersion is added to an organic piezoelectric material liquid and the resulting mixture is stirred.
A solvent and particles are stirred and mixed and then dispersed using a homogenizer. The resulting product is designated as a particle dispersion. Separately, a small amount of an organic piezoelectric material (for example, PVDF, polyurea resin, or polythiourea resin) is added to a solvent and the resulting mixture was dissolved with stirring. The above particle dispersion is added to the resulting product, followed by stirring. The resulting liquid is designated as a fine particle added liquid. The fine particle added liquid is sufficiently mixed with the organic piezoelectric material liquid using an in-line mixer.
A small amount of an organic piezoelectric material (for example, PVDF, polyurea resin, or polythiourea resin) is added to a solvent and the resulting mixture was dissolved with stirring. Particles are added to the resulting product and dispersed using a homogenizer. The resulting liquid is designated as a fine particle added liquid. The fine particle added liquid is sufficiently mixed with the organic piezoelectric material liquid using an in-line mixer.
Preparation method A exhibits excellent fine particle dispersibility and preparation method C is excellent in view of no tendency of re-aggregation of particles. Preparation method B is excellent in view of both fine particle dispersibility and no tendency of re-aggregation of particles, resulting in a preferable preparation method which is excellent in both respects.
When particles are mixed with a solvent and then dispersed, the concentration of the particles is preferably 5-30% by mass (weight %), more preferably 10-25% by mass, most preferably 15-20% by mass. Larger dispersion concentration is preferable, since liquid turbidity tends to be decreased with respect to the added amount and aggregates are reduced.
As a solvent used, there is usable any of alcohols such as methyl alcohol or ethyl alcohol, ketones such as acetone or methyl ethyl ketone, aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, or xylene, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, and N-methylpyrrolidone. Any of these solvents is preferably usable. However, of these, preferable is a solvent which dissolves an organic piezoelectric material to be used (for example, PVDF or a polyurea resin) at a concentration of 5% by mass or more.
Particles are preferably added to an organic piezoelectric material at 0.01-10% by mass based on 100% by mass of the organic piezoelectric material, more preferably 0.05-3% by mass.
As the homogenizer, a common homogenizer can be used. The homogenizer is roughly divided into a media homogenizer and a medialess homogenizer. The medialess homogenizer is preferably used for dispersion of silicon dioxide particles since aggregates can be minimized.
The media homogenizer includes a ball mill, a sand mill, and a Dyno mill. The medialess homogenizer includes an ultrasonic type, a centrifugal type, and a high pressure type. Of these, in the present invention, a high pressure homogenizer is preferable. The high pressure homogenizer is an apparatus creating special conditions such as a high shear or high pressure state passing a composition prepared by mixing fine particle with a solvent through a narrow tube at high speed. In the case of treatment using such a high pressure homogenizer, for example, the maximum pressure condition within the apparatus is preferably at least 9.81×106 Pa (100 kgf/cm2) in a narrow tube of a tube diameter of 1-2,000 μm, more preferably at least 1.96×107 Pa (200 kgf/cm2). Further, in this case, those attaining a maximum attainable rate of at least 100 in/second and a heat transfer rate of at least 100 kcal/hour are preferable. Homogenizers as described above include an ultrahigh-pressure homogenizer (trade name: Microfluidizer, produced by Microfluidics Corp.) and Nanomizer (produced by Nanomizer Inc.), as well as Manton Gaulin-type high pressure homogenizers such as a homogenizer produced by Izumi Food Machinery Co., Ltd. and UHN-01 (produced by Sanwa Machinery Co., Ltd.).
As an organic polymer material (hereinafter also referred to as a “polymer material”) serving as a constituent material of the organic piezoelectric material of the present invention, various organic polymer materials, having been conventionally used as a piezoelectric material, can be used.
For example, as a typical material, an organic polymer material containing vinylidene fluoride as a main component is usable from the viewpoint of excellent piezoelectric characteristics and easy availability.
Specifically, a homopolymer of polyvinylidene fluoride or a copolymer having vinylidene fluoride as a main component, which has a CF2 group with a large dipole moment, is preferable.
Incidentally, as a second component of a copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene, trifluoroethylene, hexafluoropropane, or chlorofluoroethylene is usable.
For example, in the case of a vinylidene fluoride/trifluoroethylene copolymer, the electromechanical coupling coefficient of the thickness direction varies with the copolymerization ratio. Therefore, the copolymerization ratio of the former is preferably 60-99 mol %, more preferably 70-95 mol %.
Herein, a polymer formed from 70-95 mol % of vinylidene fluoride and 5-30 mol % of perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether, perfluoroalkoxyetylene, or perfluorohexaethylene can inhibit a transmitting basic wave and increase the sensitivity of harmonic reception in combination of a transmitting inorganic piezoelectric element with a receiving organic piezoelectric element.
The above polymer piezoelectric material is characterized by being formed into a thin film compared with an inorganic piezoelectric material formed of ceramics, being whereby able to be formed as a oscillator responding to transmission and reception of high-frequency waves.
In the present invention, other than the above polymer materials, various organic polymer materials can be used. Of these, preferable is an organic polymer material formed from a polymerizable compound having an electron attracting group acting to increase the dipole moment amount of the organic polymer material. Such an organic polymer material acts to increase the dipole moment amount, whereby in the case of use as an organic piezoelectric material (film), excellent piezoelectric characteristics can be realized.
In the present invention, “an electron withdrawing group” designates a group having a Hammett constant (σp) of 0.10 or more. A Hammett constant is a value indicating the degree of electron withdrawing property. Here, the values of Hammett constant σp are preferably taken from the values described in the reports by Hansch, C. Leo, et al., (for example, J. Med. Chem., 16, 1207 (1973); and ibd. 20, 304 (1977)).
Examples of a group or an atom having the σp value of 0.10 or more are: a halogen atom (a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom and iodine atoms), a carboxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a halogenated alkyl group (for example, trichloromethyl, trifluoromethyl, chloromethyl, trifluoromethylthiomethyl, trifluoromethanesulfonylmethyl and perfluorobutyl), an aliphatic, aromatic, or aromatic heterocyclic acyl group (for example, formyl, acetyl and benzoyl), an aliphatic, aromatic, or aromatic heterocyclic sulfonyl group (for example, trifluoromethanesulfonyl, methanesulfonyl and benzenesulfonyl), a carbamoyl group (for example, carbamoyl, methylcarbamoyl, phenylcarbamoyl and 2-chloro phenylcarbamoyl), an alkoxycarbonyl group (for example, methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl and diphenylmethylcarbonyl), a substituted aryl group (for example, pentachlorophenyl, pentafluorophenyl, 2,4-dimethanesulfonyl phenyl and 2-trifluoromethylphenyl), an aromatic heterocyclic group (for example, 2-benzoxazolyl, 2-benzthiazolyl, 1-phenyl-2-benzimidazolyl and 1-tetrazolyl), an azo group (for example, phenylazo), a ditrifluoromethylamino group, a trifluoromethoxy group, an alkylsulfonyloxy group (for example, methanesulfonyloxy), an acyloxy group (for example, acyloxy and benzoyloxy), an arylsulfonyloxy group (for example, benzenesulfonyloxy), a phosphoryl group (for example, dimethoxyphosphoryl, diphenylphosphoryl), and a sulfamoyl group (for example, N-ethyl sulfamoyl, N,N-dipropyl sulfamoyl, N-(2-dodecyloxyethyl)sulfamoyl, N-ethyl-N-dodecyl sulfamoyl and N,N-diethyl sulfamoyl).
As specific examples of the compound which can be used for the present invention, the following compounds or their derivatives can be cited. However, the examples are not limited to these. For example, a compound containing a urea bond which is formed by the reaction of a diamine compound described later with a diisocyanate compound containing a isocyanate group, and a compound containing a thiourea bond which is formed by the reaction of a diamine compound described later with a dithiocyanate compound containing a thioisocyanate group are cite.
Examples of a diamine compound are: 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane (MDA), 4,4′-methylenebis(2-methylaniline), 4,4′-methylenebis(2,6-dimethylaniline), 4,4′-methylenebis(2-ethyl-6-methylaniline), 4,4′-methylenebis(2,6-diethylaniline), 4,4′-methylenebis(2,6-di-t-butylaniline), 4,4′-methylenebis(2,6-dicyclohexylaniline), 4,4′-methylenebis(2-ethylaniline), 4,4′-methylenebis(2-t-butylaniline), 4,4′-methylenebis(2-cyclohexylaniline), 4,4′-methylenebis(3,5-dimethylaniline), 4,4′-methylenebis(2,3-dimethylaniline), 4,4′-methylenebis(2,5-dimethylaniline), 2,2-bis(4-aminophenyl)hexafluoropropane, 2,2-bis(4-aminophenyl)propane, 1,1-bis(4-aminophenyl)cyclohexane, α,α-bis(4-aminophenyl)toluene, 4,4′-methylenebis(2-chloroaniline), 4,4′-methylenebis(2,6-dichloroaniline), 4,4′-methylenebis(2,3-dibromoaniline), 3,4′-diaminodiphenyl ether, 4,4′-diaminooctafluorodiphenyl ether, 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl sulfide, 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl disulfide, bis(4-aminophenyl)sulfone, bis(3-aminophenyl)sulfone, bis(3-amino-4 hydroxyphenyl)sulfone, bis(4-aminophenyl)sulfoxide, 1,4-bis(4-aminophenoxy)benzene, 1,3-bis(4-aminophenoxy)benzene, 1,3-bis(3-aminophenoxy)benzene, 2,2-bis[(4-(4-aminophenoxy)phenyl)]propane, 2,2-bis[(4-(4-aminophenoxy)phenyl)]hexafluoropropane, 2,5-bis(4-aminophenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole, neopentyl glycol bis(4-aminophenyl)ether, 4,4′-diaminostilbene, α,α′-bis-(4-aminophenyl)-1,4-diisopropylbenzene, 1,2-phenylenediamine, 1,3-phenylenediamine, 1,4-phenylenediamine, benzidine, 4,4′-diaminooctafluoro biphenyl, 3,3′-diaminobenzidine, 3,3′-dimethylbenzidine, 2,2′-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzidine, 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine, 3,3′-dihydroxybenzidine, 3,3′-dimethylbenzidine, 3,3′-dihydroxy-5,5′-dimethylbenzidine, 4,4″-diamino-p-terphenyl, 1,5-diaminonaphthalene, 1,8-diaminonaphthalene, 2,3-diaminonaphthalene, 2,6-diaminonaphthalene, 2,7-diaminonaphthalene, 3,3′-dimethylnaphthidine, 2,7-diaminocarbazole, 3,6-diaminocarbazole, 3,4-diaminobenzoic acid, 3,5-diaminobenzoic acid, 1,5-diaminopentane, 1,6-diaminohexane, 1,7-diaminoheptane, 1,8-diaminooctane, 1,9-diaminononane, 1,5-dimethylhexylamine, 1,3-bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane, 1,4-bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane, 1-1:4,4′-diaminobenzophenone, 4,4′-dimethylamino-3,3′-dichlorobenzophenone, 4,4′-diamino-5,5′-diethyl-3,3′-difluorobenzophenone, 4,4′-diamino-3,3′,5,5′-tetrafluorobenzophenone, 2,2-bis(4-aminophenyl)propane, 2,2-bis(4-amino-3,5-dichlorophenyl)propane, 2,2-bis(4-aminophenyl)hexafluoropropane, 2,2-bis(4-amino-3-fluorophenyl)hexafluoropropane, 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl ether (ODA), 4,4′-diamino-3,3′,5,5′-tetrachlorodiphenyl ether, 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl sulfide, 4,4′-diamino-3,3′-dibromodiphenyl sulfide, 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl disulfide, 4,4′-diamino-3,3′,5,5′-tetrafluorodiphenyl disulfide, bis(4-aminophenyl)sulfone, bis(4-amino-3-chloro-5-methylphenyl)sulfone, bis(4-aminophenyl)sulfoxide, bis(4-amino-3-bromophenyl)sulfoxide, 1,1-bis(4-aminophenyl)cyclopropane, 1,1-bis(4-aminophenyl)cyclooctane, 1,1-bis(4-aminophenyl)cyclohexane, 1,1-bis(4-amino-3,5-difluorophenyl)cyclohexane, 4,4′-(cyclohexylmethylene)dianiline, 4,4′-(cyclohexylmethylene)bis(2,6-dichloroaniline), 2,2-bis(4-aminophenyl)diethyl malonate, 2,2-bis(4-amino-3-chlorophenyl)diethyl malonate, 4-(di p-aminophenyl methyl)pyridine, 1-(di-p-aminophenylmethyl)-1H-pyrrole, 1-(di-p-aminophenylmethyl)-1H-imidazole and 2-(di-p-aminophenyl methyl)oxazole, and derivatives thereof.
Examples of a diisocyanate compound which forms a compound containing a urea bond by reacting with the aforesaid diamine compound are: 4,4′-diphenylmethanediisocyanate (MDI), 4,4′-methylenebis(2,6-dimethylphenylisocyanate), 4,4′-methylenebis(2,6-diethylphenylisocyanate), 4,4′-methylenebis(2,6-di-t-butylphenylisocyanate), 4,4′-methylenebis(2,6-dicyclohexylphenylisocyanate), 4,4′-methylenebis(2-methylphenylisocyanate), 4,4′-methylenebis(2-ethylphenylisocyanate), 4,4′methylenebis(2-t-butylphenylisocyanate), 4,4′-methylenebis(2-cyclohexylphenylisocyanate), 4,4′-methylenebis(3,5-dimethylphenylisocyanate), 4,4′-methylenebis(2,3-dimethylphenylisocyanate), 4,4′-methylenebis(2,5-dimethylphenylisocyanate), 2,2-bis(4-isocyanatophenyl)hexafluoropropane, 2,2-bis(4-isocyanatophenyl)propane, 1,1-bis(4-isocyanatophenyl)cyclohexane, α,α-bis(4-isocyanatophenyl)toluene, 4,4′-methylenebis(2,6-dichlorophenylisocyanate), 4,4′-methylenebis(2-chlorophenylisocyanate), 4,4′-methylenebis(2,3-dibromophenylisocyanate), m-xylylene diisocyanate, 4,4′-diisocyanato-3,3′-dimethylbiphenyl, 1,5-diisocyanatonaphthalene, 1,3-phenylene diisocyanate, 1,4-phenylene diisocyanate, 2,4-toluene diisocyanate (2,4-TDI), 2,6-toluene diisocyanate (2,6-TDI), 1,3-bis(2-isocyanato-2-propyl)benzene, 1,3-bis(isocyanatomethyl)cyclohexane, dicyclohexylmethane-4,4′-diisocyanate, isophorone diisocyanate, hexamethylene diisocyanate, trimethyl hexamethylene diisocyanate, 2,7-fluorene diisocyanate, benzophenone-4,4′-diisocyanic acid, 3,3′-dichlorobenzophenone-4,4′-diisocyanic acid, 5,5′-diethyl-3,3′-difluorobenzophenone 4,4′-diisocyanic acid, 2,2-bis(4-isocyanatophenyl)propane, 2,2-bis(3,5-dichloro-4-isocyanatophenyl)propane, 2,2-bis(4-isocyanatophenyl)hexafluoropropane, 2,2-bis(3-fluoro-4-isocyanatophenyl)hexafluoropropane, bis(4-isocyanatophenyl)ether, bis(3,5-difluoro-4-isocyanatophenyl)ether, bis(4-isocyanatophenyl)sulfide, bis(3,5-dibromo-4-isocyanatophenyl)sulfide, bis(4-isocyanatophenyl)disulfide, bis(4-isocyanatophenyl)sulfone, bis(4-isocyanatophenyl)sulfoxide, bis(3,5-difluoro-4-isocyanatophenyl)sulfoxide, 1,1-bis(4-isocyanatophenyl)cyclopropane, 1,1-bis(4-isocyanatophenyl)cyclooctane, 1,1-bis(4-isocyanatophenyl)cyclohexane, 1,1-bis(3,5-dichloro-4-isocyanatophenyl)cyclohexane, 4,4′-(cyclohexylmethylene)bis(isocyanatobenzene), 4,4′-(cyclohexylmethylene)bis(1-isocyanato-2-chlorobenzene), 2,2-bis(4-isocyanatophenyl)diethyl malonate, 2,2-bis(3-chloro-4-isocyanatophenyl)diethyl malonate, 4-(di-p-isocyanatophenylmethyl)pyridine, 1-(di p-isocyanatophenylmethyl)-1H-pyrrole, 1-(di-p-isocyanatophenylmethyl)-1H-imidazole, 2-(di-p-isocyanatophenylmethyl)oxazole, and derivatives thereof.
Examples of a diisothiocyanate compound which forms a compound containing a thiourea bond by reacting with the aforesaid diamine compound are: 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisothiocyanate, 4,4′-methylenebis(2,6-diethylphenylisothiocyanate), 4,4′-methylenebis(2,6-di-t-butylphenylisothiocyanate, 1,3-bis(isothiocyanatomethyl)cyclohexane, benzophenone-4,4′-diisothiocyanic acid, 3,3′-difluorobenzophenone 4,4′-diisothiocyanic acid, 2,2-bis(3,5-dichloro-4-isothiocyanatophenyl)propane, bis(4-isothiocyanatophenyl)ether, bis(4-isothiocyanatophenyl)sulfone, bis(4-isothiocyanatophenyl)sulfoxide, bis(3,5-difluoro-4-isothiocyanatophenyl)sulfoxide, 1,1-bis(4-isothiocyanatophenyl)cyclopropane, 1,1-bis(4-isothiocyanatophenyl)cyclooctane, 4,4′-(cyclohexylmethylene)bis(isothiocyanatobenzene), 2,2-bis(4-isothiocyanatophenyl)diethyl malonate, 1-(di-p-isothiocyanatophenylmethyl)-1H-pyrrole, 2-(di-p-isothiocyanatophenylmethyl)oxazole, and derivatives thereof.
Hereafter, organic polymer materials which can be used in the present invention will be described in more detail.
In the present invention, it is preferable that the organic polymer material which constitutes the organic piezoelectric material contains the compound which has a urea bond or a thiourea bond as a composition ingredient. The aforesaid compound is preferably formed by the compound represented by the following Formulas (1) to (3) or the derivative thereof as a raw material.
(In Formula, R11 and R12 each independently represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, a 3 to 10 membered non-aromatic cyclic group, an aryl group or a heteroaryl group, these groups may further have a substituent; and R21 to R26 each independently represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, or an electron withdrawing group.)
(In Formula, R13 each independently represents a carboxyl group, a hydroxyl group, a mercapto group, or an amino group, provided that an active hydrogen atom in these groups may be further substituted with an alkyl group, a 3 to 10 membered non-aromatic cyclic group, an aryl group, or a heteroaryl group, moreover, R13 represents a carbonyl group, a sulfonyl group, a thiocarbonyl group, or a sulfonyl group, and these groups are bonded to a hydrogen atom, an aryl group, or a heteroaryl group; R21 to R26 each independently represents the same group as represented by R21 to R26 in the above-described Formula (5).)
(In Formula, Y each independently represents a keto group, an oxime group, or a substituted vinylidene group; and R21 to R26 each independently represents the same group as represented by R21 to R26 in the above-described Formula (1).)
Preferable examples are the compounds represented by the aforesaid Formulas (1) to (3), or the derivatives thereof
Examples of a compounds represented by Formula (1) are: 2,7-diaminofluorene, 2,7-diamino-4,5-dinitrofluorene, 2,7-diamino-3,4,5,6-tetrachlorofluorene, 2,7-diamino-3,6-difluorofluorene, 2,7-diamino-9-(n-hexyl)fluorene, 9,9-dimethyl-2,7-diaminofluorene, 2,7-diamino-9-benzylfluorene, 9,9-bisphenyl-2,7-diaminofluorene, 2,7-diamino-9-methylfluorene, 9,9-bis(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-2,7-diaminofluorene, 9,9-bis(3-methyl-4-chlorophenyl)-2,7-diaminofluorene, 9,9-bis(methyloxyethyl)-2,7-diaminofluorene and 2,7-diamino-3,6-dimethyl-9-aminomethylfluorene. However, the examples are not limited to the above-cited compounds.
Examples of a compound represented by Formula (2) are: 2,7-diamino-9-fluorene carboxylic acid, 2,7-diamino-9-fluorene carboxyaldehyde, 2,7-diamino-9-hydroxyfluorene, 2,7-diamino-3,6-difluoro-9-hydroxyfluorene, 2,7-diamino-4,5-dibromo-9-mercaptofluorene, 2,7,9-triaminofluorene, 2,7-diamino-9-hydroxymethylfluorene, 2,7-diamino-9-(methyloxy)fluorene, 2,7-diamino-9-acetoxyfluorene, 2,7-diamino-3,6-diethyl-9-(perfluorophenyloxy)fluorene, 2,7-diamino-4,5-difluoro-9-(acetamide)fluorene, 2,7-diamino-isopropylfluorene-9-carboxyamide and 2,7-diamino-4,5-dibromo-9-methylsulfinylfluorene. However, the examples are not limited to the above-cited compounds.
<<Compounds represented by Formula (3)>>
Examples of a compound represented by Formula (3) are: 9,9-dimethyl-2,7-diaminofluorenone, 2,7-diamino-9-benzyl fluorenone, 9,9-bisphenyl-2,7-diaminofluorenone, 2,7-diamino-9-methylfluorenone, 9,9-bis(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-2,7-diaminofluorenone, 9,9-bis(3-methyl-4-chlorophenyl)-2,7-diaminofluorenone, 9-hexylidene-2,7-diamino-4,5-dichlorofluorene, 1-(2,7-diamino-9-fluorenylidene)-2-phenylhydrazine and 2-(2,7-diamino-1,8-dimethyl-9-fluorenylidene)(methyl)pyridine. However, the examples are not limited to the above-cited compounds.
In the present invention, for example, after the aforesaid fluorenone compounds are allowed to react with a diol, a diamine, a diisocyanate, or a dithiocyanate in an aliphatic or an aromatic compound to prepare a polyurea or a polyurethane structure, the prepared compounds may be mixed with a compound represented by the following Formulas (4) to (6) or a high molecular weight compound derived therefrom so as to prepare a complex material.
(In Formula, Ra each independently represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group, an alkyl group containing an electron withdrawing group, an aryl group or a heteroaryl group containing an electron withdrawing group; X represents an atom which can be bonded, except for a carbon atom, or a single bond; and n represents an integer of not more than a value of an atomic valence of X minus 1.)
Examples of a compound represented by Formula (4) are: p-acetoxystyrene, p-acetylstyrene, p-benzoylstyrene,
p-trifluoroacetylstyrene, p-monochloroacetylstyrene,
p-(perfluorobutyryloxy)styrene, p-(perfluorobenzoyloxy)styrene, S-4-vinylphenylpyridine-2-carbothioate and N-(4-vinylphenyl)picolinamide. However, the examples are not limited to the above-cited compounds.
(In Formula, Rb each independently represents an alkyl group containing an electron withdrawing group, an aryl group or a heteroaryl group containing an electron withdrawing group; X represents an atom which can be bonded, except for a carbon atom, or a single bond; and n represents an integer of not more than a value of an atomic valence of X minus 1.)
Examples of a compound represented by Formula (5) are: p-trifluoromethylstyrene, p-dibromomethylstyrene, p-trifluoromethylstyrene, p-perfluorophenoxystyrene, p-bis(trifluoromethyl)aminostyrene and p-(1H-imidazolyloxy)styrene. However, the examples are not limited to the above-cited compounds.
(In Formula, Rc each independently represents an alkyl group containing an electron withdrawing group, an aryl group or a heteroaryl group containing an electron withdrawing group; X represents an atom which can be bonded, except for a carbon atom, or a single bond; and n represents an integer of not more than a value of an atomic valence of X minus 1.)
Examples of a compound represented by Formula (6) are: p-(methanesulfonyloxy)styrene, p-(trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy)styrene, p-tosylstyrene, p-(perfluoropropylsulfonyloxy)styrene, p-(perfluorobenzenesulfonyloxy)styrene and (4-vinylphenyl)bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl)amide. However, the examples are not limited to the above-cited compounds.
Moreover, in the present invention, there can be used an alcohol compound such as ethylene glycol, glycerol, triethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, 4,4-methylenebisphenol, and further, there can be used an amino alcohol or an amino phenol having both an amino group and a hydroxyl group such as ethanolamine, aminobutyl phenol and 4-(4-aminobenzyl)phenol (ABP).
In the present invention, one of the preferable embodiments is a compound having the aforesaid urea bond or thiourea bond which is produced from a macromonomer having a molecular weight of 400 to 10,000 as a raw material.
In the present invention, “a macromonomer” is a compound having the following structure: it has an isocyanate group, a group having an active hydrogen atom, or a polymerizable functional group such as a vinyl group at least at one portion of the molecular chain terminals; and it has two or more bonds selected from the group consisting of a urea bond (—NR1CONR2—), a thiourea bond (—NR3CSNR4—), a urethane bond (—OCOCR1—), an amide bond (—CONR1—), an ether bond (—O—), ester bond (—CO2—) and a carbonate bond (—OCO2—).
Moreover, in the present invention, R1 in the urethane bond represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms (for example, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isopropyl group, a tert-butyl group, a pentyl group, a hexyl group and a cyclohexyl group). Preferably, it is a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 5 carbon atoms or less, and more preferably, it is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group. Further, R1 in the amide bond represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms (for example, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isopropyl group, a tert-butyl group, a pentyl group, a hexyl group and a cyclohexyl group). Preferably, it is a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 5 carbon atoms or less, and more preferably, it is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group.
The macromonomer according to the present invention preferably contains a urea bond or a thiourea bond which exhibits a dipole moment. That is, since the macromonomer according to the present invention can be introduced a plurality of bonds or linking groups which have a dipole moment by allowing to condense successively the monomers which have a reactive group. As a results, controlling of the solubility or stiffness of the resin composition, which have been difficult to achieve, can be realized by selecting raw materials.
In addition, a urea bond is represented by Formula: —NR1CONR2— and a thiourea bond is represented by Formula: —NR3CSNR4—.
Here, R1 and R2, as well as R3 and R4 each independently represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms (for example, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isopropyl group, a tert-butyl group, a pentyl group, a hexyl group and a cyclohexyl group). Preferably, they are a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 5 carbon atoms or less, and more preferably, they are a hydrogen atom or a methyl group.
Although a urea bond or a thiourea bond may be formed using any means, it can be obtained by the reaction of an isocyanate with an amine, or by the reaction of an isothiocyanate with an amine. Or it may be obtained by a macromonomer which is prepared by a urea compound having a hydroxyl group or an amino group at a terminal position such as: 1,3-bis(2-aminoethyl)urea, 1,3-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)urea, 1,3-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)urea, 1,3-bis(2-hydroxymethyl)thiourea, 1,3-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)thiourea and 1,3-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)thiourea.
Although an isocyanate used as a raw material is not specifically limited as long as it is a polyisocyanate having at least two isocyanate groups in the molecule. An alkyl polyisocyanate or an aromatic polyisocyanate is preferable, and an alkyl diisocyanate or an aromatic diisocyanate is still more preferable. Moreover, it may be used together an unsymmetrical diisocyanate (for example, p-isocyanatobenzyl isocyanate) as a raw material.
An alkyl polyisocyanate is a compound in which all of a plurality of isocyanate groups exist through an alkyl chain. Examples thereof are: 1,3-bis(isocyanatomethyl)cyclohexane, isophorone diisocyanate, trimethylene diisocyanate, tetramethylene diisocyanate, pentamethylene diisocyanate, hexamethylene diisocyanate and 1,3-cyclopentane diisocyanate.
An aromatic polyisocyanate is a compound in which all of a plurality of isocyanate groups is directly bonded with an aromatic ring. Examples thereof are: 9H-fluorene-2,7-diisocyanate, 9H-fluorene-9-one-2,7-diisocyanate, 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, 1,3-phenylene diisocyanate, trilene-2,4-diisocyanate, trilene-2,6-diisocyanate, 1,3-bis(isocyanatomethyl)cyclohexane, 2,2-bis(4-isocyanatophenyl)hexafluoropropane and 1,5-diisocyanatonaphthalene.
As an amine used for a raw material, a polyamine having two or more amino groups in the molecule is preferred, and a diamine is most preferred. Examples of a polyamine include: 2,7-diamino-9H-fluorene, 3,6-diaminoacridine, acriflavine, acridine yellow, 2,2-bis(4-aminophenyl)hexafluoropropane, 4,4′-diaminobenzophenone, bis(4-aminophenyl)sulfone, 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl ether, bis(4-aminophenyl)sulfide, 1,1-bis(4-aminophenyl)cyclohexane, 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane, 3,3′-diaminodiphenylmethane, 3,3′-diaminobenzophenone, 4,4′-diamino-3,3′-dimethyldiphenylmethane, 4-(phenyldiazenyl)benzene-1,3-diamine, 1,5-diaminonaphthalene, 1,3-phenylenediamine, 2,4-diaminotoluene, 2,6-diaminotoluene, 1,8-diaminonaphthalene, 1,3-diaminopropane, 1,3-diaminopentane, 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediamine, 1,5-diaminopentane, 2-methyl-1,5-diaminopentane, 1,7-diaminoheptane, N,N-bis(3-aminopropyl)methylamine, 1,3-diamino-2-propanol, diethylene glycol bis(3-aminopropyl)ether, m-xylylenediamine, tetraethylenepentamine, 1,3-bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane, benzoguanamine, 2,4-diamino-1,3,5-triazine, 2,4-diamino-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazine, 6-chloro-2,4-diaminopyrimidine and 2-chloro-4,6-diamino-1,3,5-triazine. These polyamines may be allowed to react with phosgene, triphosgene, or thiophosgene to prepare a polyisocyanate or a polyisothiocyanate (hereafter, they are called as polyiso(thio)cyanate). They can be used as a raw material for preparing a macromonomer. These polyamines may be used as a chain extending agent.
When a macromonomer is prepared, a highly ordered macromonomer can be prepared by using the difference of the reactivity between an amino group and a hydroxyl group. For this reason, it is preferable that a macromonomer has at least one urethane bond. A urethane bond can be obtained by the reaction of a hydroxyl group and an isocyanate group. Examples of a compound having a hydroxyl group are: a polyol, an amino alcohol, an amino phenol and an alkylamino phenol. Preferable compounds are a polyol and an amino alcohol, and more preferred compound is an amino alcohol.
A polyol is a compound having two or more hydroxyl groups in the molecule. A diol is preferably used. Examples of a polyol are: ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, neopentyl glycol, polyethylene glycol, polytetramethylene glycol, 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol, pentaerythritol, 3-methyl-1,5-pentanediol, poly(ethylene adipate), poly(diethylene adipate), poly(propylene adipate), poly(tetramethylene adipate), poly(hexamethylene adipate) and poly(neopentylene adipate).
An amino alcohol is a compound having both an amino group and a hydroxyl group in the molecule. Examples of an amino alcohol are: aminoethanol, 3-amino-1-propanol, 2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethanol, 2-amino-1,3-propanediol, 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol and 1,3-diamino-2-propanol. In addition, these compounds having a hydroxyl group may be used as a chain extending agent.
The macromonomer may contain an amide bond or a carbonate bond other than a urea bond, a thiourea bond, a urethane bond, an ester bond or an ether bond.
In addition, when comparing the material containing a urea bond with the material containing a thiourea bond, the thiourea structure is preferable from the viewpoint of large piezoelectricity and excellent in handling property by considering the magnitude of a dipole moment and the strength of a hydrogen bonding.
Although the macromonomer has a molecular weight of 400 to 10,000, it may have a molecular weight distribution since it will contains a dimer or a trimer produced during the consecutive preparation steps. Here, the molecular weight designates a weight average molecular weight determined by a gel permuation chromatography (hereafter, it is called as “GPC”). The molecular weight is preferably 400 to 5,000, and more preferably it is 400 to 3,000. The molecular weight distribution is preferably 1.0 to 6.0, more preferably, it is 1.0 to 4.0, and still more preferably, it is 1.0 to 3.0.
The measurements of the molecular weight and the molecular weight distribution can be done in accordance with the following method and conditions.
Solvent: 30 mM LiBr in N-methylpyrrolidone
Apparatus: HLC-8220 GPC (made by Tosoh Co., Ltd.)
Column: TSK-Gel Super AWM-H×2 (made by Tosoh Co., Ltd.)
Column temperature: 40° C.
Concentration of sample: 1.0 g/L
Injection amount: 40 μl
Flow rate: 0.5 ml/min
Calibration curve: using calibration curve prepared by 9 samples of Standard polystyrene (PS-1, made by Polymer Laboratories) having Mw of 580 to 2,560,000.
In the present invention, since a resin composition having a piezoelectric property can be produced by polymerizing a macromonomer, it is preferable that at least one of terminal groups of the macromonomer is an isocyanate group, a group having an active hydrogen atom, a vinyl group, an acryloyl group, or a meth acryloyl group. As a group which has an active hydrogen atom, although an amino group, a hydroxyl group, a carboxyl group, an amino group, or a thiol group is cited, a preferable group is an amino group, a hydroxyl group, or a carboxyl group, and more preferable group is an amino group or a hydroxyl group.
In order to increase the orientation property of the macromonomer or the prepared resin composition, it is preferable to polymerize together with a compound having a large dipole moment in the molecule such as a compound represented by the aforesaid Formulas (4) to (6).
In order to improve an orientation property of a macromonomer or a polymerized resin composition, it is preferable that a macromonomer contains at least one condensed aromatic cyclic structure as a partial structure of a macromonomer. Examples of a condensed aromatic cyclic structure include: a naphthalene structure, a quinoline structure, an anthracene structure, a phenanthrene structure, a pyrene structure, a triphenylene structure, a perylene structure, a fluoranthene structure, an indacene structure, an acenaphthylene structure, a fluorene structure, a fluorene-9-one structure, a carbazole structure, a tetraphenylene structure and a structure further condensed with these structures (for example, an acridine structure, a benzanthracene structure, a benzopyrene structure, a pentacene structure, a coronene structure and a chrysene structure.)
Examples of a preferable condensed aromatic cyclic structure are represented by Formulas (ACR1) to (ACR4) as described below.
In Formula (ACR1), R11 and R12 each independently represents a hydrogen atom, or a substituent. Examples of the substituent are: an alkyl group having 1 to 25 carbon atoms (for example, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isopropyl group, and a tert-butyl group, a pentyl group, a hexyl group and a cyclohexyl group), a cycloalkyl group (for example, a cyclohexyl group and a cyclopentyl group), an aryl group (for example, a phenyl group), a heterocyclic group (for example, a pyridyl group, a thiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an imidazolyl group, a furyl group, a pyrrolyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a selenazolyl group, a sulfolanyl group, a piperidinyl group, a pyrazolyl group and a tetrazolyl group), an alkoxy group (for example, a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, a propyloxy group, a pentyloxy group, a cyclopentyloxy group, a hexyloxy group and a cyclohexyloxy group), an aryloxy group (for example, a phenoxy group), an acyloxy group (for example, an acetyloxy group and a propionyloxy group), an alkoxycarbonyl group (for example, a methyloxycarbonyl group, an ethyloxycarbonyl group and a butyloxycarbonyl group), an aryloxycarbonyl groups (for example, a phenyloxycarbonyl group), a sulfonamide group (for example, a methanesulfonamide group, an ethanesulfonamide group, a butanesulfonamide group, a hexanesulfonamide group, a cyclohexanesulfonamide group and a benzenesulfonamide group), a carbamoyl group (for example, an aminocarbonyl group, a methylaminocarbonyl group, a dimethylaminocarbonyl group, a propylaminocarbonyl group, a pentylaminocarbonyl group, a cyclohexylaminocarbonyl group, a phenylaminocarbonyl group and 2-pyridylaminocarbonyl group), a carboxyl group and a hydroxyl group. Preferable groups are: a hydrogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a carboxyl group, an alkoxy group, an acyloxy group and an alkyl group. More preferable groups are: a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, a hydroxyl group and an acyloxy group. Specifically preferable groups are a hydrogen atom and an alkyl group.
In addition, the asterisk (*) indicates the bonding position.
In Formulas (ACR2), X2 represents an oxygen atom, N—R23, or C—R24. R23 represents a hydrogen atom, a hydroxyl group, an alkoxy group, an alkyl group, or an amino group, preferably R23 represents a hydroxyl group or an alkoxy group. R24 represents an alkyl group, an aryl group, or a heterocyclic group. Preferably, R24 represents an alkyl group or an aryl group, and more preferably, R24 represents an alkyl group.
In addition, the asterisk (*) indicates the bonding position.
In Formulas (ACR3), X3 represents a nitrogen atom, or N(+)—R33. R33 represents an alkyl group or an aryl group. When X3 represents N(+), it may contain a counter ion to neutralize the charge. As a counter ion, for example, Cl−, Br−, I− and BE4− can be cited.
In addition, the asterisk (*) indicates the bonding position.
In Formulas (ACR4), the asterisk (*) indicates the bonding position.
These condensed aromatic cyclic structures may contain a substituent. Examples of the substituent are: an alkyl group having 1 to 25 carbon atoms (for example, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isopropyl group, and a tert-butyl group, a pentyl group, a hexyl group and a cyclohexyl group), a halogenated alkyl group (for example, a trifluoromethyl group and a perfluorooctyl group), a cycloalkyl group (for example, a cyclohexyl group and a cyclopentyl group), an alkynyl group (for example, a propargyl group), a glycidyl group, an acrylate group, a methacrylate group, an aryl group (for example, a phenyl group), a heterocyclic group (for example, a pyridyl group, a thiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an imidazolyl group, a furyl group, a pyrrolyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a selenazolyl group, a sulfolanyl group, a piperidinyl group, a pyrazolyl group and a tetrazolyl group), a halogen atom (for example, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, iodine atoms and a fluorine atom), an alkoxy group (for example, a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, a propyloxy group, a pentyloxy group, a cyclopentyloxy group, a hexyloxy group and a cyclohexyloxy group), an aryloxy group (for example, a phenoxy group), an alkoxycarbonyl group (for example, a methyloxycarbonyl group, an ethyloxycarbonyl group and a butyloxycarbonyl group), an aryloxycarbonyl groups (for example, a phenyloxycarbonyl group), a sulfonamide group (for example, a methanesulfonamide group, an ethanesulfonamide group, a butanesulfonamide group, a hexanesulfonamide group, a cyclohexanesulfonamide group and a benzenesulfonamide group), a sulfamoyl group (for example, an aminosulfonyl group, amethylaminosulfonyl group, a dimethylaminosulfonyl group, a butylaminosulfonyl group, a hexylaminosulfonyl group, a cyclohexylaminosulfonyl group, a phenylaminosulfonyl group and 2-pyridyl amino sulfonyl group, etc.), a urethane group (for example, a methylureido group, an ethylureido group, a pentylureido group, a cyclohexylureido group, a phenylureido group and 2-pyridyl ureido group), an acyl group (for example, an acetyl group, an propionyl group, a butanoly group, a hexanoly group, a cyclohexanoly group, a benzoyl group and a pyridinoyl group), a carbamoyl group (for example, an aminocarbonyl group, a methylaminocarbonyl group, a dimethylaminocarbonyl group, a propylaminocarbonyl group, a pentylaminocarbonyl group, a cyclohexylaminocarbonyl group, a phenylaminocarbonyl group and 2-pyridylaminocarbonyl group), an amide group (for example, an acetamide group, a propionamide group, a butaneamide group, a hexanamide group and a benzamide group), a sulfonyl group (for example, a methylsulfonyl group, an ethylsulfonyl group, a butylsulfonyl group, a cyclohexylsulfonyl group, a phenylslufonyl group and 2-pyridyl sulfonyl group), an amino group (for example, an amino group, an ethylamino group, a dimethylamino group, a butylamino group, a cyclopentylamino group, an anilino group and 2-pyridyl amino group), a cyano group, a carboxyl group and a hydroxyl group. In addition, these groups may be further substituted with these groups. Moreover, when there are two or more substituents, they may be the same or different with each other, and they may be jointed with each other to four a condensed cyclic structure. Preferable groups are: a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an amide group, an alkyl group and an aryl group. More preferable groups are: a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an amide group and an alkyl group. Specifically preferable groups are a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom and an alkyl group.
Examples of a preferable condensed aromatic cyclic structure are shown below, however, the present invention is not limited to them.
Examples of a Condensed Aromatic Cyclic Structure
A macromonomer can be synthesized by a method in which an active hydrogen-containing compound is allowed to serve as a starting material and then polyiso(thio)cyanate and the active hydrogen-containing compound are alternately condensed; or a method in which polyiso(thio)cyanate is allowed to serve as a starting material and then an active hydrogen-containing compound and the polyiso(thio)cyanate are alternately condensed.
As the active hydrogen-containing compound, the above-cited urea compounds substituted with an alkyl group having a hydroxyl group or an amino group at a terminal, polyamines, polyols, aminoalcohols, aminophenols, and alkylaminophenols are cited. As the starting material, urea compounds substituted with an alkyl group having a hydroxyl group or an amino group at a terminal or polyamines are preferable. Of these, polyamines having an aromatic condensed ring structure are more preferable. In the case of use in an alternate condensation process, aminoalcohols or polyols are preferable.
In the case of use of polyiso(thio)cyanate as a starting material, as the starting material, polyiso(thio)cyanate having an aromatic condensed ring structure is preferable. Via condensation with an active hydrogen-containing compound, a compound having active hydrogen at a terminal may be synthesized, or a diamine may be formed using the method described in JP-A No. 5-115841.
Further, a macromonomer having active hydrogen at a terminal is allowed to react with 3-chloro-1-butene, allyl chloride, acryloyl chloride, or methacryloyl chloride, whereby a macromonomer having a vinyl group, an acryloyl group, or a methacryloyl group at a terminal can be synthesized.
In reaction of polyiso(thio)cyanate with an active hydrogen-containing compound, when at least one terminal is allowed to be an isocyanate group, the used amount of the polyiso(thio)cyanate is preferably 1-10-fold mol based on the active hydrogen-containing compound, more preferably 1-5-fold mol, still more preferably 1-3-fold mol.
In reaction of polyiso(thio)cyanate with an active hydrogen-containing compound, when at least one terminal is allowed to be active hydrogen, the used amount of the active hydrogen-containing compound is preferably 1-10-fold mol based on the polyiso(thio)cyanate, more preferably 1-5-fold mol, still more preferably 1-3-fold mol.
Condensation reaction temperature is preferably as low as possible, being −40-60° C., preferably −20-30° C., more preferably −10-10° C. Further, the reaction temperature may be kept at a constant temperature from the reaction initiation to the termination. It is possible to employ a low temperate initially and thereafter to raise the temperature.
As a solvent used in the reaction, a highly-polar solvent needs to be used, since the targeted resin composition has high polarity and polymerization is required to proceed efficiently. A highly-polar aprotic solvent such as DMF (N,N-dimethylformamide), DMAc (N,N-dimethylacetamide), DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide), or NMP (N-methylpyrrolidone) is preferably selected. However, if a reactive substance and a targeted substance are well dissolved, there may be used solvents including an aliphatic hydrocarbon such as cyclohexane, pentane, or hexane; an aromatic hydrocarbon such as benzene, toluene, or chlorobenzene; an ether such as THF (tetrahydrofuran), diethyl ether, or ethylene glycol diethyl ether; a ketone such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, or 4-methyl-2-pentanone; or an ester such as methyl propionate, ethyl acetate, or butyl acetate. These solvents may be used as a mixture.
To efficiently accelerate urethane-bond formation, usable is a well-known urethane-bond formation catalyst including a tertiary alkyl amine such as N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-1,3-butanediamine, triethylamine, or tributylamine; a condensed ring amine such as 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane or 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]unde-7-ene; or an alkyl tin such as DBTL, tetrabutyltin, or tributyltin acetate.
In view of efficient reaction and reaction procedures, the used amount of such a catalyst is preferably 0.1-30 mol % based on a monomer substance.
A macromonomer may be isolated at each condensation process or synthesized in one pot, being, however, preferably isolated and purified on formation of a compound having active hydrogen at a terminal.
For purification of a macromonomer, any appropriate method may be used. However, purification via reprecipitation is preferable. The reprecipitation method is not specifically limited. But, a method is preferable in which a macromonomer is dissolved in a good solvent and then the resulting solution is dripped into a poor solvent for precipitation.
The “good solvent” referred to herein may be any solvent as long as the solvent dissolves such a macromonomer. A polar solvent is preferable. A highly-polar aprotic solvent such as DMF (N,N-dimethylformamide), DMAc (N,N-dimethylacetamide), DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide), or NMP (N-methylpyrrolidone) can specifically be cited.
Further, the “poor solvent” may be any solvent unless the solvent dissolves the macromonomer. There can be cited an aliphatic hydrocarbon such as cyclohexane, pentane, or hexane; an aromatic hydrocarbon such as benzene, toluene, or chlorobenzene; an ether such as diethyl ether or ethylene glycol diethyl ether; an ester such as methyl propionate, ethyl acetate, or butyl acetate; and an alcohol such as methanol, ethanol, or propanol.
Specific examples of the macromonomer will now be listed that by no means limit the scope of the present invention.
Under nitrogen atmosphere, 85.27 g of 9H-fluoren-2,7-diisocyanate was dissolved in 850 ml of THF, and therein, 5.0 g of 2-chloro-4,6-diamino-1,3,5-triazine having been dissolved in 50 ml of THF was slowly dripped at 0° C. After the termination of dripping, 1-hour stirring was conducted at 0° C., followed by 2-hour stifling at room temperature. The solvent in the reaction solution was concentrated under reduced pressure to distil away ⅔ thereof. Thereafter, reprecipitation was carried out using an ethyl acetate-heptane mixed solvent and the supernatant solution was removed by decantation, followed by reduced-pressure drying to obtain 20 g of a macromonomer (M-8), which was verified as the targeted substance using 1H-NMR
Forty g of diethylamine was mixed with 50 ml of THF and 20 g of 9H-fluoren-2,7-diisocyanate having been dissolved in 50 ml of THF was dripped at room temperature. After the termination of dripping, 1-hour stirring was carried out at room temperature and then precipitates were filtered and washed with THF.
Subsequently, 30 g of the thus-obtained compound and 180 g of 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediamine were mixed together and the resulting mixture was heated at 120° C. The distillate was removed, and then when no distillate was generated, reduced-pressure distillation was carried out under reduced pressure until no distillate was produced. The obtained residue was washed with THF and well dried to obtain 1,1′-(9H-fluoren-2,7-diyl)bis(3-(3-amino-2,2-dimethylpropyl)urea)).
Under nitrogen atmosphere, 7 g of p-isocyanatobenzyl isocyanate was dissolved in 70 ml of dimethyl sulfoxide and then the reaction solution was cooled to 0° C. Three g of 1,1′-(9H-fluoren-2,7-diyl)bis(3-(3-amino-2,2-dimethylpropyl)urea)) having been dissolved in 30 ml of dimethyl sulfoxide was slowly dripped. After the termination of dripping, 1-hour stirring was carried out at 0° C. The temperature was gradually raised and reaction was performed at room temperature for 1 hour, followed by reprecipitation with ethyl acetate. The supernatant solution was removed by decantation, followed by reduced-pressure drying to obtain 6.5 g of a macromonomer (M-15). Via GPC determination, the weight average molecular weight thereof was determined to be 810 and the molecular weight distribution was 1.6.
Under nitrogen atmosphere, 5.0 g of 9H-fluoren-2,7-diisocyanate was dissolved in 50 ml of THF, and therein, 3.2 g of 3-aminopropanol having been dissolved in 30 ml of THF was slowly dripped at 0° C. After the termination of dripping, 1-hour stirring was carried out at 0° C. to obtain a solution (A).
Dissolution of 13.0 g of 1,3-phenylenediisocyanate in 65 ml of THF was carried out. While the reaction solution was heated to 70° C., the solution (A) was dripped. After the termination of dripping, 5-hour stirring was carried out at 70° C. and then the solvent amount of the reaction solution was concentrated to 3/2 under reduced pressure. An ethyl acetate-heptane mixed solution was added to the residue and the resulting mixture was stirred. The supernatant solution was removed by decantation, followed by reduced-pressure drying to obtain 12.5 g of a macromonomer (M-31). Via GPC determination, the weight average molecular weight thereof was determined to be 750 and the molecular weight distribution was 2.0.
Under nitrogen atmosphere, 5.0 g of 9H-fluoren-2,7-diisocyanate was dissolved in 50 ml of THY, and therein, 10.0 g of 2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethanol having been dissolved in 30 ml of THF was slowly dripped at room temperature. After the termination of dripping, 3-hour stirring was carried out at room temperature. The residue was concentrated, followed by reprecipitation to obtain 2.9 g of a macromonomer (M-35), which was verified as the targeted substance using 1H-NMR.
As a solvent usable during polymerization in the present invention, a solvent which is commonly used in polymer material synthesis can be used, including tetrahydrofuran, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, ethyl acetate, methylene chloride, chloroform, toluene, and hexane with no limitation.
The organic piezoelectric material of the present invention can be produced using any of the various well-known methods in the technological field. Investigations conducted by the present inventors made it clear that it was preferable, from the viewpoint of adhesion properties, to cast a layer containing particles according to the present invention so that the layer was brought into direct contact to a casting support.
In the present invention, preferable is a production method of an embodiment in which an organic piezoelectric material liquid A containing particles and an organic piezoelectric material liquid B not containing the particles are subjected to co-casting and also such casting is carried out so that the organic piezoelectric material liquid A is brought into direct contact to the casting support.
A method employing such casting will now be described.
A production method of the organic piezoelectric material of the present invention will now be described with reference to the process chart shown in
Similarly, using the in-line mixer 5b, the organic piezoelectric material liquid 1a and an additive liquid 3a are well mixed to be sent to the slit of the slit die 6. The upper and lower surface layers are constituted of a mixed liquid of the organic dielectric material liquid 1a and the fine particle added liquid 2a flowing from the slit die 6 and the middle layer is co-cast from the casting opening in the state of a mixed liquid of the organic piezoelectric material liquid 1a and the additive liquid 3a. Then, casting is carried out from the drum 7 onto the casting belt 8 which continuously moves. An organic piezoelectric material liquid layer containing the thus-cast 3 layers is dried and thereafter peeled from the casting belt by the roller 9 as an organic piezoelectric material laminated film 10.
Herein, in production of such an organic piezoelectric material, 3 layers may be “co-cast” as described above, or casting of a single layer may be employable using only the in-line mixer 5a into which particles are added.
A co-casting method according to the production method of an organic piezoelectric material will now further be detailed.
“Co-casting” may be any of a successive multi-layer casting method in which a 2-layer or S-layer constitution is formed via different dies; a simultaneous multi-layer casting method in which a 2-layer or 3-layer constitution is formed via confluence in a die having 2 or 3 slits; and a multi-layer casting method in which successive multi-layer casting and simultaneous multi-layer casting are combined.
In the present invention, a “liquid in which an organic piezoelectric material is dissolved” represents the state where an organic piezoelectric material is dissolved in a dissolving medium (a solvent). Any appropriate additives such as a hardener, a plasticizer, and an antioxidant may be added to the organic piezoelectric material liquid. Of course, other additives may also be added as appropriate. The solid concentration in the organic piezoelectric material liquid is preferably 5-30% by mass, more preferably 10-25% by mass.
Solvents used in the present invention may be used individually or in combination. However, mixed use of a good solvent and a poor solvent is preferable from the viewpoint of production efficiency. With regard to a more preferable mixed ratio of the good solvent and the poor solvent, the good solvent is 70-99% by mass and the poor solvent is 30-1% by mass. As to the “good solvent” and the “poor solvent” used in the present invention, a solvent dissolving a used organic piezoelectric material on its own is defined as a good solvent and in contrast, a solvent swelling or not dissolving such a material on its own is defined as a poor solvent.
Therefore, the good solvent and the poor solvent are changed depending on the type and structure of an organic piezoelectric material. For example, when methyl ethyl ketone is used as a solvent, the solvent serves as a good solvent for PVDF and in contrast, results in serving as a poor solvent for a polyurea resin constituted of a diisocyanate compound such as 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) and a diamine compound such as 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane (MDA).
As a good solvent used in the present invention, a solvent such as methyl ethyl ketone, and dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, dimethylformamide, and N-methylpyrrolidone are cited.
Further, as a poor solvent used in the present invention, for example, methanol, ethanol, n-butanol, cyclohexane, or cyclohexanone is preferably used.
When an organic piezoelectric material liquid is prepared, as a dissolving method of an organic piezoelectric material, any common method can be used. However, as a preferable method, a method is preferably employed in which an organic piezoelectric material is mixed with a poor solvent to be wetted or swollen and then mixed with a good solvent. In this case, to prevent occurrence of aggregated insoluble substances called gel or aggregated powdery mass, a method may be used in which heating is carried out for dissolution with stirring under pressure at the boiling point or more of a solvent at room temperature and also in a temperature range where the solvent does not boil. Pressurization may be carried out by a method in which an inert gas such as nitrogen gas is injected or by increasing the vapor pressure of the solvent via heating. Heating is preferably carried out from the outside. For example, those of jacket types are preferable for easier temperature control.
Heating temperature after solvent addition is preferably at least the boiling point a used solvent and also in a temperature range where the solvent does not boil. The temperature is preferably set at 40° C. or more and also in the range of 50-100° C. Further, pressure is controlled at a set temperature so as for the solvent not to boil.
After dissolution, removal from the container is carried out while cooling or extraction from the container is performed by a pump, followed by cooling using a heat exchanger for film formation. At this moment, the cooling temperature may be lowered to room temperature. However, cooling is more preferably carried out down to a temperature which is 5-10° C. lower than the boiling point to reduce the viscosity of an organic piezoelectric material liquid.
For example, in production of an organic piezoelectric material of at least 2 layers, an organic piezoelectric material of at least 2 layers can also be obtained as follows: an organic piezoelectric material liquid A prepared by mixing and dispersing, using an in-line mixer, an organic piezoelectric material liquid in which an organic piezoelectric material is dissolved in a solvent, particles, and a solution in which a small amount of the organic piezoelectric material is dissolved and an organic piezoelectric material liquid B in which the organic piezoelectric material is dissolved (other additives such as a cross-linking agent are separately added if appropriate) are co-cast (i.e. the casting step) using a die slit with a plurality of slits so that the organic piezoelectric material liquid A containing particles is cast directly on the casting belt; then a part of the solvent is removed by heating (i.e. the drying step on the casting belt); and thereafter peeling from the casting belt is carried out and the thus-peeled film is dried (i.e. the film drying step).
As the support in the casting step, a support in which belt- or drum-shaped stainless steel is mirror-finished is preferably used. The temperature of such a support in the casting step is in a common temperature range, and namely at a temperature of 0° C.—less than the solvent boiling point, casting can be carried out. However, casting onto the support of 0-60° C. is preferable to gel the dope and to extend the peeling limit duration. Casting onto the support of 5-40° C. is more preferable. The peeling limit duration is duration in which in the casting speed limit under which a transparent film exhibiting excellent flatness can be obtained continuously, a cast organic piezoelectric material liquid remains on the support. A sorter peeling limit duration is preferable for enhanced productivity.
The surface temperature of the support of the casting side is 10-80° C. and the temperature of the solution is 15-60° C. Further, the temperature of the solvent is preferably higher than that of the support by at least 0° C., and such setting is more preferably made at 5° C. or more. Higher solvent temperature and support temperature are preferable to increase the drying speed of the solvent. However, excessively higher temperatures may cause foam formation or flatness degradation. A more preferable range of the temperature of the support is 20-40° C. and a more preferable range of the solution temperature is 35-45° C. The support temperature during peeling is allowed to be preferably 10-40° C., more preferably 15-30° C., whereby the adhesion force between the organic piezoelectric material and the support can be reduced.
To allow an organic piezoelectric material during production to exhibit excellent flatness, the residual solvent amount during peeling from the support is preferably 1-80%, more preferably 3-40%, specifically preferably 5-30%.
In the present invention, the residual solvent amount is defined by the following expression.
Residual solvent amount=(mass prior to heating treatment−mass after heating treatment)/(mass after heating treatment)×100%
Herein, heating treatment in determination of the residual solvent amount refers to 1-hour heating treatment for an organic piezoelectric material at a certain temperature ranging from 100-200° C.
The peeling tension during peeling of an organic piezoelectric material from the support is commonly 20-25 kg/m for peeling. However, the organic piezoelectric material of the present invention is a thin film, whereby wrinkles tend to occur during peeling. Therefore, peeling is preferably carried out in the range of the minimum peelable tension—17 kg/m, more preferably the minimum tension—14 kg/m. Further, in the drying step of an organic piezoelectric material, the organic piezoelectric material having been peeled from the support is further dried, whereby the residual solvent amount therein is allowed to be preferably at most 3% by mass, more preferably at most 0.1% by mass.
In the drying step, a system is commonly employed in which an organic piezoelectric material is dried while conveyed using a roll suspension system or a pin tenter system. The organic piezoelectric material is preferably dried while the width thereof is maintained using the pin tenter system to enhance dimensional stability. Especially, immediately after peeling from the support, while the residual solvent amount is large, such width maintenance is specifically preferably carried out, whereby dimensional stability enhancement effects are further expressed. The member for drying is not specifically limited, and hot air, infrared radiation, a heating roll, or microwaves are commonly employed. In view of simplicity, hot air is preferably employed. The drying temperature is preferably divided into temperatures of 3-5 stages in the range of 30-200° C. and gradually raised. Drying in the range of 50-140° is more preferable to improve the dimensional stability.
An organic piezoelectric film according to the present invention can be produced using the above piezoelectric material by any of the conventionally known methods such as a melting method and a casting method.
In the present invention, as the production method of such an organic piezoelectric film, employable is a method for forming a polymer film basically using a method in which a solution of the polymer material is coated onto a substrate and dried or a well-known solution polymerization coating method in which a raw material of the polymer material is used.
A specific method and condition of the solution polymerization coating method can be based on any of the well-known methods. For example, it is preferable to employ a method in which a mixed solution of raw materials is coated onto a substrate and dried to some extent under reduced pressure (the solvent is removed), and then heating and thermal polymerization are carried out. Thereafter or at the same time, polarization treatment is performed to form an organic piezoelectric film.
Herein, to enhance piezoelectric characteristics, it is useful to apply treatment to uniform the molecular arrangement. Such a method includes stretching film formation and polarization treatment.
As the stretching film formation method, various well-known methods are employable. For example, a liquid in which the above organic polymer material is dissolved in an organic solvent such as ethyl methyl ketone (MEK) is cast onto a substrate such as a glass plate and the solvent is dried at room temperature to obtain a film of a desired thickness. Then, this film is stretched to a length of a predetermined factor at room temperature. With regard to this stretching, stretching can be carried out in the uniaxial or biaxial direction to the extent that an organic piezoelectric film having a predetermined shape is not broken. The stretching factor is 2-10 times, preferably 2-6 times.
As the polarization treatment method in polarization treatment according to the resent invention, a well-known method such as direct voltage application treatment, alternating voltage application treatment, or corona discharge treatment is applicable.
For example, in the case of the corona discharge treatment method, corona discharge treatment can be carried out using an apparatus incorporating a commercially available high voltage power source and electrodes.
Discharge conditions depend on the equipment and the treatment ambience. Therefore, such conditions are preferably selected appropriately. The voltage of the high voltage power source is preferably −1-−20 kV, and the current and the electrode distance are preferably 1-80 mA and 1-10 cm, respectively. The applied voltage is preferably 0.5-2.0 MV/m.
As the electrodes, preferable are acicular electrodes, linear electrodes (wire electrodes), or net-shaped electrodes having been conventionally used. However, the present invention is not limited thereto.
When the organic piezoelectric material of the present invention is polarized by corona discharge, it is preferable that a flat surface electrode is placed so as to be brought into contact on a first surface of the organic piezoelectric material and also a columnar corona discharge electrode is placed on the second surface side opposed to the first surface to carry out polarization treatment by corona discharge.
The polarization treatment is preferably carried out via an embodiment in which the treatment is performed in the flow of nitrogen or a rare gas (helium or argon) under an ambience of a mass absolute humidity of at most 0.004 in order to prevent oxidation of the material surface caused by water and oxygen and in order not to impair piezoelectric properties. The treatment in the flow of nitrogen is specifically preferable.
Further, it is preferable that corona discharge is carried out while at least one of an organic piezoelectric material having a flat surface electrode placed so as to be in contact on the first surface and a columnar corona discharge electrode placed on the second surface side is moved at a certain rate.
Herein, in the present invention, the “mass absolute humidity” refers to the ratio SH (specific humidity) defined by the following expression, provided that the mass of dry air is mDA [kg] and the mass of water vapor contained in humid air is mW [kg]. The unit is represented by [kg/kg(DA)] (DA stands for dry air). However, in the present invention, expressions are made without this unit.
(Expression): SH=MW/MDA [kg/kg(DA)]
Herein, air containing water vapor is referred to as “humid air” and air in which water vapor is eliminated from the humid air is referred to as “thy air.”
Incidentally, the definition of the mass absolute humidity in the flow of nitrogen or a rare gas (helium or argon) is based on the above case of air and referred to as the ratio SH defined based on the above expression, provided that the mass of a dry gas is mDG [kg] and the mass of water vapor contained in a humid gas is mw [kg]. The unit is represented by [kg/kg(DG)] (DG stands for dry gas). However, in the present invention, expressions are made without this unit.
Further, “placement” means that an existing electrode having been previously produced separately is placed on the surface of an organic piezoelectric material so as to be brought into contact therewith, or that an electrode constituent material is bonded to the surface of an organic piezoelectric material by a deposition method to form an electrode on this surface.
Herein, it is preferable to form, under an electrical field in the formation process, an organic piezoelectric film which is formed using the organic piezoelectric material of the present invention, namely to carry out polarization treatment in the formation process. In this case, a magnetic field may be used in combination.
In a corona discharge treatment method according to the present invention, such treatment can be carried out using an apparatus incorporating a commercially available high voltage power source and electrodes.
Discharge conditions depend on the equipment and the treatment ambience. Therefore, such conditions are preferably selected appropriately. With regard to the voltage of the high voltage power source, the positive and the negative voltage are preferably 1-20 kV, and the current and the electrode distance are preferably 1-80 mA and 0.5-10 cm, respectively. The applied electrical field is preferably 0.5-2.0 MV/m. An organic piezoelectric material or an organic piezoelectric film in the polarization treatment is preferably kept in a temperature of 50-250° C., more preferably 70-180° C.
As an electrode used in corona discharge, a columnar electrode as described above needs to be used to carry out uniform polarization treatment.
Herein, in the present invention, the diameter of the circle of such a columnar electrode is preferably 0.1 mm-2 cm. The length of the column is preferably allowed to be an appropriate one depending on the size of an organic piezoelectric material to be polarized. For example, in general, from the viewpoint of uniform polarization treatment, the length is preferably at most 5 cm.
These electrodes are preferably in the stretched state at the portion where corona discharge is carried out, and such stretching can be realized by a method in which a certain load is applied to both end thereof or fixation is made in the state of applying a certain load. Further, as a constituent material of these electrodes, a common metal material is usable. However, gold, silver, and copper are specifically preferable.
A flat surface electrode placed so as to be in contact on the first surface is preferably kept in uniformly close contact with an organic piezoelectric material to carry out uniform polarization treatment. Namely, it is preferable to form an organic polymer film or an organic piezoelectric film on a substrate on which a flat surface electrode has been placed and thereafter to carry out corona discharge.
Herein, as a method for producing an ultrasonic oscillator according to the present invention, a production method of an embodiment is preferable in which polarization treatment is carried out prior to formation of electrodes placed on both sides of an organic piezoelectric (body) film, after electrode formation on one side, or after electrode formation on both sides. Further, the polarization treatment is preferably a voltage application treatment.
With regard to the substrate, a substrate is selected depending on the intended purpose and usage of an organic piezoelectric body film according to the present invention. In the present invention, usable is a plastic plate or a film such as polyimide, polyamide, polyimideamide, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), a polycarbonate resin, or a cycloolefin polymer. Further, those obtained by covering the surface of any of these materials with aluminum, gold, copper, magnesium, or silicon may be used. Still further, a plate or a film of an aluminum, gold, copper, magnesium, or silicon single body, or a single crystal of a rare earth halide. And, the substrate itself is not used in some cases.
An ultrasonic oscillator according to the present invention is characterized by using an organic piezoelectric film formed using the organic piezoelectric material of the present invention. The ultrasonic oscillator is preferably allowed to be an ultrasonic receiving oscillator used in an ultrasonic medical diagnostic imaging device probe provided with an ultrasonic transmitting oscillator and an ultrasonic transmitting oscillator.
Incidentally, an ultrasonic oscillator is usually constituted by arranging a pair of electrodes so as to sandwich a layer (or a film) formed of a film-shaped piezoelectric material (a “piezoelectric film,” a “piezoelectric body film,” or a “piezoelectric body layer”), and then an ultrasonic probe is constituted for example, via one-dimensional arrangement of a plurality of such oscillators.
A predetermined number of such oscillators of the long axis direction arranged with a plurality of the oscillators are set as an aperture, and thereby a function is performed in which a plurality of the oscillators belonging to the aperture are driven; an ultrasonic beam is focused on and irradiated to a measurement portion in a tested subject; and also an ultrasonic reflective echo emitted from the tested subject is received by a plurality of the oscillators belonging to the aperture for conversion into an electrical signal.
An ultrasonic receiving oscillator and an ultrasonic transmitting oscillator according to the present invention will now be detailed.
An ultrasonic receiving oscillator according to the present invention is a oscillator having an ultrasonic receiving piezoelectric material used for an ultrasonic medical diagnostic imaging device probe. A piezoelectric material constituting the oscillator is preferably an embodiment employing an organic piezoelectric film formed using the organic piezoelectric material of the present invention.
Herein, an organic piezoelectric material or an organic piezoelectric film used in an ultrasonic receiving oscillator preferably has a specific dielectric constant of 10-50 in the thickness resonance frequency. Adjustment of the specific dielectric constant can be carried out via adjustment of the number of the above substituent R possessed by a compound constituting the organic piezoelectric material or a polar functional group such as a CF2 group or CN group, the composition, and the degree of polymerization, as well as via the above polarization treatment.
Further, an organic piezoelectric body film constituting the receiving oscillator of the present invention can be constituted by laminating a plurality of polymer materials. In this case, as such laminated polymer materials, other than the above polymer materials, the following polymer materials having relatively small specific dielectric constant can be combined.
Herein, in the following examples, each number in a parenthesis represents the specific dielectric constant of a polymer material (resin).
For example, usable is a methyl methacrylate resin (3.0), an acrylonitrile resin (4.0), an acetate resin (3.4), an aniline resin (3.5), an aniline formaldehyde resin (4.0), an aminoalkyl resin (4.0), an alkyd resin (5.0), nylon-6-6 (3.4), an ethylene resin (2.2), an epoxy resin (2.5), a vinyl chloride resin (3.3), a vinylidene chloride resin (3.0), a urea formaldehyde resin (7.0), a polyacetal resin (3.6), polyurethane (5.0), a polyester resin (2.8), polyethylene (low-pressure) (2.3), polyethylene terephthalate (2.9), a polycarbonate resin (2.9), a melamine resin (5.1), a melamine formaldehyde resin (8.0), cellulose acetate (3.2), a vinyl acetate resin (2.7), a styrene resin (2.3), styrene butadiene rubber (3.0), a styrol resin (2.4), or an ethylene fluoride resin (2.0).
Herein, the polymer materials having relatively small specific dielectric constant are preferably selected depending on the intended purposes to adjust piezoelectric characteristics or to provide physical strength for an organic piezoelectric body film.
An ultrasonic transmitting oscillator according to the present invention is preferably constituted of a piezoelectric body material having an appropriate specific dielectric constant in view of the relationship with a oscillator incorporating the above receiving piezoelectric material. Further, a piezoelectric material exhibiting excellent heat resistance and voltage resistance is preferably used.
As an ultrasonic transmitting oscillator constituent material, various well-known organic piezoelectric materials and inorganic piezoelectric materials can be used.
As such an organic piezoelectric material, a polymer material similar to the above ultrasonic receiving oscillator constituent organic piezoelectric material can be used.
As such an inorganic material, usable is crystal, lithium niobate (LiNbO3), potassium niobate tantalate [K(Ta,Nb)O3], barium titanate (BaTiO3), lithium tantalate (LiTaO3), lead titanate zirconate (PZT), strontium titanate (SrTiO3), or barium strontium titanate (BST). Herein, PZT is preferably Pb(Zr1-nTin)O3 (0.47≦n≦1).
A piezoelectric (body) oscillator according to the present invention is produced in such a manner that an electrode is formed on both sides or one side of a piezoelectric body film (layer) and the piezoelectric body film is polarized. When an ultrasonic receiving oscillator employing an organic piezoelectric material is produced, the above first surface electrode having been used in polarization treatment can be used as such. The electrode is formed using an electrode material mainly containing gold (Au), platinum (Pt), silver (Ag), palladium (Pd), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), Tin (Sn), or aluminum (Al).
In formation of an electrode, initially, a base metal such as titanium (Ti) or chromium (Cr) is formed into a thickness of 0.02-1.0 μm by a sputtering method, and thereafter a metal mainly containing the above metal element and a metal material containing an alloy thereof, as well as partially an insulating material if appropriate are formed into a thickness of 1-10 μm using a sputtering method, a deposition method, or another appropriate method. Such electrode formation can be carried out, other than the sputtering method, via screen printing, a dipping method, or a spraying method using an electrically conductive paste prepared by mixing fine-powdered metal powder with low-boiling point glass.
Further, a predetermined voltage is supplied between the electrodes formed on both sides of a piezoelectric body film and thereby the piezoelectric body film is polarized to obtain a piezoelectric element.
An ultrasonic probe according to the present invention is an ultrasonic medical diagnostic imaging device probe provided with an ultrasonic transmitting oscillator and an ultrasonic receiving oscillator, and has such a feature that the ultrasonic receiving oscillator of the present invention is used as a receiving oscillator.
In the present invention, only a single oscillator may play a role for both transmission and reception of ultrasonic waves. However, more preferably, oscillators for transmission and reception are separately constituted in a probe.
As a piezoelectric material constituting a receiving oscillator, a well-known ceramics inorganic piezoelectric material or organic piezoelectric material can be used.
In an ultrasonic probe according to the present invention, the ultrasonic receiving oscillator of the present invention can be arranged on or in parallel to a transmitting oscillator.
As a more preferred embodiment, a constitution is preferable in which the ultrasonic receiving oscillator of the present invention is laminated on an ultrasonic transmitting oscillator. In this case, the ultrasonic receiving oscillator of the present invention may be laminated on a transmitting oscillator via attachment on another polymer material (the above polymer (resin) film of relatively small specific dielectric constant serving as a support, for example, polyester film). In such a case, the thickness of the receiving oscillator and such another polymer material in total preferably corresponds to a preferable receiving frequency band from the viewpoint of probe designing. In view of a practical ultrasonic medical diagnostic imaging device and an actual frequency band for living body information gathering, the thickness is preferably 40-150 μm.
Incidentally, a backing layer, an acoustic matching layer, and an acoustic lens may be arranged for the probe. Further, a probe may be formed in which oscillators having a large number of piezoelectric materials are arranged two-dimensionally. A constitution as a scanner may be employed to sequentially scan a plurality of two-dimensionally-arranged probes for imaging.
The ultrasonic probe of the present invention can be used for ultrasonic diagnostic systems of various embodiments, being preferably able to be used, for example, in the ultrasonic medial diagnostic imaging devices shown in
Further, an image data conversion circuit to convert an echo signal received by the transmitting and receiving circuit into ultrasonic image data of the tested subject is provided. Still further, a display control circuit to carry out displaying by controlling the monitor using ultrasonic image data converted by the image data conversion circuit and a control circuit to control the entire ultrasonic medical diagnostic imaging device are provided.
The control circuit is connected to the transmitting and receiving control circuit, the image data conversion circuit, and the display control circuit, and the control circuit controls the behavior of each section. An electrical signal is applied to each piezoelectric body oscillator of an ultrasonic probe and thereby an ultrasonic wave is transmitted to the tested subject. Thereafter, a reflective wave generated via acoustic impedance mismatching is received by the ultrasonic probe.
Herein, the above transmitting and receiving circuit corresponds to a “member to generate an electrical signal” and the image data conversion circuit corresponds to an “image processing member.”
According to the ultrasonic diagnostic system described above, an ultrasonic image having enhanced image quality, as well as enhanced reproducibility and stability thereof can be obtained compared with the prior art, utilizing the feature of the ultrasonic receiving oscillator of the present invention having excellent piezoelectric characteristics and heat resistance and being suitable for a high frequency/broad band.
The present invention will now specifically be described with reference to examples that by no means limit the scope of the present invention. Herein, in the following description, with regard to the amount of a compound, the unit “%” represents a relative amount based on 100% of the mass of a reference substance.
The above composition was stirred and mixed for 30 minutes using a dissolver and then dispersed using a Manton-Gaulin homogenizer. The liquid turbidity after dispersion was 93 ppm. The liquid turbidity was determined using T-2600DA (produced by Tokyo Denshoku Co., Ltd.).
The above composition was stirred and mixed for 30 minutes using a dissolver and then dispersed using a Manton-Gaulin homogenizer. The liquid turbidity after dispersion was 112 ppm.
The above composition was stirred and mixed for 30 minutes using a dissolver and then dispersed using a Manton-Gaulin homogenizer. The liquid turbidity after dispersion was 65 ppm.
The above composition was stirred and mixed for 30 minutes using a dissolver and then dispersed using a Manton-Gaulin homogenizer. The liquid turbidity after dispersion was 302 ppm.
Six percent of PVDF-3FE and at least 140% of methyl ethyl ketone were placed into a sealed container, and the resulting mixture was completely dissolved while heated and stirred and then filtered. Ten percent of the particle dispersion A was added to the resulting product with stirring, followed by stirring for 30 minutes and filtration to prepare an added liquid A.
In the same manner, an added liquid B, an added liquid C, and an added liquid D were prepared from the particle dispersion B, the particle dispersion C, and the particle dispersion D, respectively.
Herein, with regard to the molecular weight of the used PVDF, the weight average molecular weight was 100,000 and Mn/Mw was 2.6 as the results of GPC determination under the following conditions.
Solvent: 30 mM of LiBr in N-methylpyrrolidone
Apparatus: HCL-8220GPC (made by Tosoh Co., Ltd.)
Column: TSKgel Super AWM-H×2 (made by Tosoh Co., Ltd.)
Column temperature: 40° C.
Sample concentration: 1.0 g/L
Injection amount: 40 μl
Flow rate: 0.5 ml/minute
Calibration curve: using a calibration curve prepared based on 9 samples of Standard polystyrene (PS-1, made by Polymer Laboratories Co., Ltd.) having Mw of 580 to 2,560,000.
One hundred percent of PVDF-3FE and 400% of methyl ethyl ketone were placed into a sealed container. The resulting mixture was completely dissolved while heated and stirred, followed by filtration to prepare an organic piezoelectric material liquid A.
Under nitrogen ambience, the macromonomer M-31 was dissolved in N-methylpyrrolidone at room temperature. The macromonomer M-35 having been dissolved in N-methylpyrrolidone was added thereto and then the reaction solution was heated up to 80° C. and stirred for 3 hours. The thus-obtained reaction solution was filtered to prepare an organic piezoelectric material liquid B.
Herein, the molecular weight was determined using GPC under the above conditions, whereby the weight average molecular weight was 34,000 and Mw/Mn was 4.3.
Under nitrogen ambience, a macromonomer, 2,2-bis(4-aminophenyl)hexafluoropropane was dissolved in DMSO at room temperature. Benzophenone-4,4′-diisothiocyanic acid having been dissolved in DMSO was added thereto and then the reaction solution was heated up to 80° C. and stirred for 3 hours. The thus-obtained reaction solution was filtered to prepare an organic piezoelectric material liquid C.
Under the same conditions as for the organic piezoelectric material B, the molecular weight was determined using GPC, whereby the weight average molecular weight was 23,000 and Mw/Mn was 3.6.
An added liquid was added to 100% of the organic piezoelectric material liquid A at the amount described in Table 1. Each resulting mixture was sufficiently mixed using an in-line mixer (static in-line mixer Hi-Mixer, SWJ, produced by Toray Industries, Inc.) and filtered. Subsequently, using a belt casting apparatus, confluence was made in a die having 2 or 3 slits. Then, using a simultaneous multi-layer casting method to form a 2-layer or 3-layer constitution, the co-casting liquid was uniformly cast at 33° C. so that a first layer, a second layer, a third layer were formed in this sequential order from the bottom at a width of 1500 mm on a stainless steel casting belt. The solvent was evaporated until the residual solvent amount reached 25% on the stainless steel casting belt, and peeling from the casting belt was carried out at a peeling tension of 13 kg/m. The thus-peeled organic piezoelectric material was slit to a width of 700 mm, and then drying was terminated while conveyed in the drying zone with rolls to carry out slitting to a width of 500 Trim. Thereby, laminated samples were produced by changing the added liquid and the casting film thickness, as well as the heat treatment conditions, as described in Table 1. Further, in casting of the organic piezoelectric material liquid, the die was switched to a single layer casting die to produce a single layer sample in the same manner using the added liquid A of Sample 1 of the present invention.
Further, Sample 14 was produced in the same manner as in production of Sample 6 expect that C was used instead of A as the organic piezoelectric material liquid of the first layer, the second layer, and the third layer. Sample 15 was produced in the same manner as for Sample 1 except that in production of Sample 1, a wet-on-dry coating method was employed, namely a first layer was coated and dried, and thereafter a second layer was coated and dried. Sample 16 was produced in the same manner as for Sample 6 except that in production of Sample 6, a wet-on-dry coating method was employed, namely a first layer was coated and dried and a second layer was coated and dried, and thereafter a third layer was coated and dried.
In conformity with JIS K7136:2000, determination was made with respect to a sample using a haze meter (“NDH2000,” produced by Nippon Denshoku Industries Co., Ltd.).
In conformity with JIS Z 8741, determination was made using a handy gloss meter (“PG-1M,” produced by Nippon Denshoku Industries Co., Ltd.). In this case, the incident angle of light was set at 60°.
Table 1 shows that compared with the comparative samples, any of the samples of the present invention exhibits low haze and decreased gloss level, and therefore particles are uniformly mixed and an excellent surface state is realized.
Al was deposition-coated on both sides of a sample obtained in Example 1 at a surface resistance of at most 1Ω using vacuum deposition apparatus JEF-420 (produced by JOEL Datum Co.) to obtain a sample having surface electrodes. Subsequently, polarization treatment was carried out while an alternating voltage of 0.1 Hz was applied to these electrodes at room temperature. This polarization treatment was performed from the low voltage side and the voltage was gradually applied until the electrical field between the electrodes finally reached 50 MV/m. Thus, a sample of the organic piezoelectric material of the present invention was obtained.
Herein, a sample employing the organic piezoelectric material B was applied with an electrical field of 100 MV/m using high-voltage power source apparatus HARB-20R60 (produced by Matsusada Precision, Inc.). In this state, the sample temperature was raised up to 200° C. at a rate of 5° C./minute and maintained at 200° C. for 15 minutes. Thereafter, while the voltage was applied, gradual cooling was performed to room temperature to carry out polarization treatment.
After deposition coating the sample was left stand at 23° C. under a humidity of 55% for 24 hours, and then adhesion of the surface electrode thereof was examined by a grid tape peeling test based on JIS D0202-1988. A cellophane tape (“CT24” produced by Nichiban Co., Ltd.) was allowed to adhere to a film using the ball of a finger, followed by peeling. Judgment was conducted by the number of grids having not been peeled among 100 grids. The case of no peeling was expressed as 100/100 and in contrast, the case of complete peeling was expressed as 0/100.
Lead wires were attached to electrodes of both sides of the thus-obtained sample to which the electrodes have been attached. Then, with regard to the sample under an ambience of 25° C. and having been heated up to 100° C., using impedance analyzer 4294A (produced by Agilent Technologies), evaluation was conducted on piezoelectric e constant and electromechanical coupling coefficient using thickness resonance wavelength. The results are listed in Table 1. Herein, the piezoelectric e constant is expressed as a relative value in which the value of a comparative PVDF film determined at room temperature is designated as 100%. Incidentally, in the present invention, the “piezoelectric e constant” is one of the coefficients expressing piezoelectric characteristics, indicating stress generated when an electrical field is applied to a piezoelectric body.
In determination, 600-point frequency sweeping was carried out from 40 Hz-110 MHz at regular intervals to determine the value of specific dielectric constant in the thickness resonance frequency. In the same manner, the electromechanical coupling coefficient was determined from peak frequency P of a resistance value and peak frequency S of a conductance value in the vicinity of the thickness resonance frequency. Further, the piezoelectric e constant was determined from these numerical values. The determination method was based on item 4.2.6 with respect to the thickness vertical vibration of a disc oscillator described in Standard JEITA EM-4501 (formerly EMAS-6100) (set by Japan Electronics & Information Technology Industries Association) concerning the electrical testing method of a piezoelectric ceramic oscillator.
The various evaluation results are collectively listed in Table 1 and Table 2.
The results shown in Table 1 and Table 2 clearly show that the performance such as haze and surface gloss of any of the samples of the present invention is superior to that of the comparative examples, and the performance such as adhesion properties and piezoelectricity is also superior to that of the comparative examples, whereby excellent heat resistance is specifically expressed.
CaCO3, La2O3, Bi2O3, and TiO2 as component raw materials and MnO as an auxiliary component raw material were prepared. The component raw materials were weighed to allow the final component composition to be (Ca0.97La0.03)Bi4.01Ti4O15. Subsequently, pure water was added thereto and the resulting mixture was mixed for 8 hours using a ball mill containing zirconia media in pure water, followed by being sufficiently dried to obtain mixed powder. The thus-obtained mixed powder was tentatively shaped, followed by being tentatively fired in air at 800° C. for 2 hours to produce a tentatively fired substance. Thereafter, pure water was added to the thus-obtained tentatively fired substance, followed by fine pulverization using a ball mill containing zirconia media in pure water and by drying to produce piezoelectric ceramics raw material powder. In such fine pulverization, the duration for fine pulverization and fine pulverization conditions were varied, whereby piezoelectric ceramics raw material powders each having a particle diameter of 100 nm were obtained. Pure water serving as a binder was added to each of the piezoelectric ceramics raw material powders of different particle diameter at 6% by mass and the resulting mixture was press-shaped to give a plate-like tentatively shaped body of a thickness of 100 μm. This plate-like tentatively shaped body was vacuum-packed and then shaped using a press by applying a pressure of 235 MPa. Subsequently, the above shaped body was fired. Thus, a fired body having a thickness of 20 μm as the final fired body was obtained. Herein, each firing temperature was 1100° C. Then, polarization treatment was carried out by applying an electrical field of at least 1.5×Ec (MV/m).
Using the organic piezoelectric material of No. 9 produced in Example 2, a receiving laminated oscillator was laminated on the above transmitting piezoelectric material based on a common method, and also a backing layer and an acoustic coupling layer were placed to experimentally produce an ultrasonic probe.
Incidentally, a probe was produced as a comparative example in the same manner as for the above ultrasonic probe except that instead of the receiving laminated oscillator, a receiving laminated oscillator only employing a polyvinylidene fluoride film (an organic piezoelectric body film) was laminated on the receiving laminated oscillator. Subsequently, the receiving sensitivity and the insulation breakdown strength of 2 types of the ultrasonic probes were determined for evaluation.
Herein, with regard to the receiving sensitivity, the basic frequency f1 of 5 MHz was transmitted and then relative receiving sensitivity was determined at 10 MHz as the receiving secondary harmonic f2, at 15 MHz as the tertiary harmonic, and at 20 MHz as the quaternary harmonic. The relative receiving sensitivity was determined using acoustic strength measurement system Model 805 (1-50 MHz) (produced by Sonora Medical System, Inc., 2021 Miller Drive, Longmont, Colo. (0501, USA)). In determination of the insulation breakdown strength, load power P was increased fivefold and 10-hour testing was conducted. Then, the load power was returned to the reference to evaluate the relative receiving sensitivity. The evaluation was made as follows: a sensitivity decrease of at most 1% prior to the load test was designated as excellent; a decrease from more than 1%-less than 10% was designated as acceptable; and a decrease of at least 10% was designated as poor.
The above evaluation confirmed that the probe provided with a receiving piezoelectric (body) laminated oscillator according to the present invention had twice the relative receiving sensitivity of the comparative example, and also exhibited excellent insulation breakdown strength. Namely, the ultrasonic receiving oscillator of the present invention was confirmed to be suitably able to be employed for a probe used in an ultrasonic medical diagnostic imaging device as described in
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2008-065541 | Mar 2008 | JP | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2009/054056 | 3/4/2009 | WO | 00 | 9/7/2010 |
