Patent Grant
11898953
This application is a national stage entry of International Application No. PCT/EP2018/056243 filed Mar. 13, 2018, which claims priority to European Application No. 17191019.3, filed Sep. 14, 2017.
The present invention relates to a particulate matter sensor device, in particular to an optical particulate matter sensor device, for ascertaining a number concentration and/or a mass concentration of particulate matter in air.
WO 2017/054098 A1 discloses a low cost optical particle sensor for determining a particle concentration.
US 2014/0247450 A1 discloses a system and a method of measuring a particle's size in a select aerosol using the optical diameter of the particle to perform a mobility and/or aerodynamic diameter conversion without any knowledge about the particle's shape and its optical properties in the aerosol being characterized. It discloses the use of a substantially clean flow of gas that shrouds or sheaths the aerosol flow. The cleansed sheath flow helps contain particulates within the core of the aerosol flow as it passes through the optics chamber, thereby mitigating against particulate contamination of the optics chamber and appurtenances therein.
It is an object of the present invention to specify a low-cost particulate matter sensor device with improved long-term stability.
According thereto, a particulate matter sensor device for detecting and/or characterising particulate matter in a flow of an aerosol sample, for example ambient air, guided through the particulate matter sensor device is suggested. The particulate matter sensor device comprises an enclosure, the enclosure comprising an inlet and an outlet for the flow, and the enclosure being arranged and configured for defining a flow channel for guiding the flow of the aerosol sample through the particulate matter sensor device from the inlet to the outlet. The flow channel is preferably essentially closed, i.e. all the aerosol guided into the inlet is released from the outlet, while extra gas may be injected by the flow modifying device as outlined below. In some embodiments, some of the aerosol sample is drawn through one or more additional outlets out of the channel. A total additional flow into the channel or out of the channel between the inlet and the outlet is preferably less than 30%, more preferably less than 25%, particularly preferred less than 20% of the flow into the inlet. Furthermore, the particulate matter sensor device comprises:
The above-stated object is achieved by including into the flow channel a flow modifying device arranged closely upstream of the radiation detector and/or of the radiation source, and configured to at least locally modify the flow, preferably the velocity, direction, and/or aerosol density of the aerosol sample in the region of the location of the radiation detector and/or the radiation source and/or of the channel wall sections in close proximity to the radiation source and/or radiation detector, respectively, for reducing particulate matter precipitation onto the radiation detector and/or onto the radiation source and/or onto the channel wall sections in close proximity to the radiation source and/or radiation detector; this modifying device may be one or more constrictions in the channel and/or one or more additional gas flow openings that produce an additional gas flow into or from the flow channel. The constriction may be put into practice by changing the shape of the flow channel wall or by placing an object, for example a ramp or bump or the like, in the flow channel.
Typical exterior dimensions of the particulate matter sensor device are smaller than 10 centimeters each in length, width and height, preferably smaller than 5 centimeters each in length and width and smaller than 1.5 centimeters in height. The height is extending perpendicular to the length extension of the flow channel. In other embodiments, the height can be larger than or equal to 1.5 centimeters, e.g., between 1.5 and 3 centimeters.
In the context of the present invention, the term “particulate matter” refers to an ensemble of solid and/or liquid particles suspended in a gas, preferably in air. This mixture may include both organic and inorganic particles, such as dust, pollen, soot, smoke, and liquid droplets. Subtypes of particulate matter include “PM10” which are particles with a diameter of 10 micrometers or less, “PM2.5” which are particles with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less, and “PM1.0” which are particles with a diameter of 1 micrometer or less.
In the context of the present invention, the term “aerosol” refers to a colloid of solid particles and/or liquid droplets in air or another gas. Examples of aerosols are particulate matter in air, smoke, haze, dust and fog.
In the context of the present invention, the term “detecting and/or characterising particulate matter” includes deriving a particulate matter number concentration, a mean particulate matter mass and/or a particulate matter mass concentration.
In the context of the present invention, the term “radiation source” may refer, for some embodiments, to a laser, preferably to a laser diode, most preferably to a laser diode emitting visible light. It is also conceivable, however, that the emitter is a light emitting diode.
In the context of the present invention, the term “radiation detector” may refer to a photo diode, preferably to a surface mount device photo diode. Generally, the radiation detector receives radiation from the source that it converts into an electrical signal.
Through signal analysis, particle mass, size distribution, number concentration or other characteristics of the particulate matter may be obtained by operation of integrated circuitry and/or one or more microprocessors. The area of the radiation detector that is sensitive to radiation is referred to as detection or sensitive area. Often, when light is used, optical collection techniques may be used that are sensitive to precipitation of particles which disturbs the measurement. In some embodiments, the radiation detector is a surface mount device photo diode.
In some embodiments, the detection area is smaller in size than the radiation detector. In some embodiments, the radiation detector is arranged and configured to be shaded from the direct radiation of the radiation source.
In the context of the present invention, the term “interaction of radiation with particulate matter” may encompass scattering, refraction and absorption of radiation by the particulate matter.
In the context of the present invention, the term “enclosure” is to be understood as a casing structure that at least partly delimits the flow channel. It may be a single piece or a multiple-piece element. Preferably, it is a moulded object.
In the context of the present invention, the term “closely upstream” is to be understood as at an upstream distance which is small enough to allow the flow modifying device to be effective in modifying the flow in the region of the radiation detector and/or the radiation source and/or the channel walls in close proximity to the radiation detector and/or the radiation source for reducing the particle precipitation onto the radiation detector and/or the radiation source and/or the channel wall sections in close proximity to the radiation detector and/or the radiation source.
Typically, this distance referred to by the term “closely upstream” may be in a range of a fraction of or a couple of flow channel diameters. This distance may be up to 30 millimeters, preferably, up to 10 millimeters, preferably up to 8 millimeters, and particularly preferred in a range of from 1 millimeter to 6 millimeters.
Typically, the distance referred to by the term “close proximity” may be in a range of a fraction of or a couple of flow channel diameters. This distance may be up to 30 millimeters, preferably, up to 10 millimeters, preferably up to 8 millimeters, and particularly preferred in a range of from 1 millimeter to 6 millimeters. This term includes wall sections that adjoin the detector and/or source and that preferably extend over such a distance.
In other words: The above-stated object is achieved by including into the flow channel a flow modifying device, wherein the flow modifying device is arranged closely upstream of a measurement region, in which measurement region the radiation interacts with the particulate matter when the particulate matter sensor device is in use, such that particle precipitation in the measurement region is reduced. The measurement region is a volume of the channel where the radiation interacts with the particulate matter. Preferably, the measurement region comprises the volume where the radiation passes through the channel (i.e. the radiation path volume of the direct radiation beam) and furthermore a volume therearound, e.g. up to a distance of 30 millimeters, preferably of 10 millimeters, more preferably of 8 millimeters, and particularly preferably in a range of from 1 millimeter to 6 millimeters from the radiation path volume). The particle precipitation in the measurement region may lead, over time, to a deposition of a dirt layer onto the radiation detector and/or the radiation source and/or any wall section in the measurement region. Accordingly, in effect, the decreased particle precipitation in the measurement region according to invention leads to less deterioration of the radiation source and/or the detector (if arranged in the measurement region) and/or to less disturbing radiation effects such as, for example, diffuse back-scattering on polluted channel wall sections in the measurement region. Accordingly, general sensor deterioration is minimized and measurement accuracy increased.
In some embodiments, the radiation detector, or its sensitive area, is arranged in the measurement region.
In some embodiments, the radiation source, or its emitting area, is arranged in the measurement region.
Preferably, the flow modifying device is arranged such that it acts against the precipitation effect, in particular, if present, due to gravity, i.e. if the flow modifying device is a ramp or buckle like obstacle in the aerosol sample flow the deflection of the particles in the flow is such that the particle trajectory is changed to avoid it hitting the radiation detector and/or the radiation source.
In the context of the present invention, the term “inlet” refers to the inlet for the aerosol sample into the particulate matter sensor device and the term “outlet” refers to the outlet for the aerosol sample out of the particulate matter sensor device. In some embodiments, there may be additional components in front of the inlet and/or outlet, e.g. a fan and/or a flow meter. The term “additional flow opening/inlet/outlet” refers to additional openings in the channel between the inlet and outlet as defined above.
The particulate matter detector device according to the present invention comprises the flow modifying device, by means of which a contamination of the radiation detector and/or the radiation source by the microscopic particles of the particulate matter is reduced. This increases lifetime and accuracy of the sensor device. Generally, it makes the sensor less prone to building up a deposition layer of particulate matter on parts that receive and/or emit the radiation.
Preferably, the radiation source is arranged and configured to illuminate only a fraction of the particulate matter in the flow of the aerosol sample, e.g. less than 10%, as opposed to the entire particulate matter. Preferably a narrow radiation beam is used, wherein the radiation beam has a diameter that is equal to or less than a typical distance between two particles in the flow to be measured.
Preferably, the characteristics of the particulate matter, such as particulate matter number concentration, a mean particulate matter mass and/or a particulate matter mass concentration, are derived by comparing measurement data with calibration data.
In some embodiments, the radiation detector is mounted on a circuit board. The circuit board may be one of a printed circuit board, either in a non-flexible or in a flexible form, a ceramic circuit board, or a different kind of a circuit board allowing the elements carried to be electrically interconnected.
In some embodiments, the enclosure is arranged and configured for receiving the circuit board. The circuit board may be delimiting a part of the flow channel. The radiation source may be arranged on the circuit board.
In some embodiments, the enclosure comprises or consists of a first enclosure element which is a moulded element. The enclosure may be a single-piece element. In some embodiments, the enclosure comprises or consists of a first and a second enclosure element which are both moulded elements. The moulding may be an injection moulding process. The enclosure may also comprise more than two elements.
In some embodiments, the enclosure is essentially a massive body with a longitudinal cavity that extends from an inlet to an outlet in the body, wherein the cavity forms the flow channel. In other embodiments, the flow channel is defined by a body comprising two or more shells of the enclosure that are fitted together to create the longitudinal cavity. This longitudinal cavity may extend completely in said body or it may be, at least partially, open radially outwardly, wherein the open regions may be covered by cover elements, for example, by a circuit board. The circuit board may, however, also be integrated into any closed longitudinal cavity.
The flow channel may be essentially closed, i.e. the flow channel is arranged and configured to guide the flow of the aerosol sample through the particulate matter sensor device from the inlet to the outlet and that is arrange and configured to minimize dead volume, i.e. volume without flow, in fluid communication except where necessary e.g. due to fabrication tolerances.
In some embodiments, the channel has an increased cross-sectional area upstream and/or downstream of the measurement region. This increased cross-section leads to a decreased overall flow resistance of the channel, which increases energy-efficiency. Furthermore, this allows, in some embodiments, to downsize a fan arranged in the device for establishing and/or controlling the flow through the channel.
In some embodiments, the cross-section may be substantially constant along the channel.
In some embodiments, specific separation chambers or volumes may be arranged in the channel, in particular upstream of the measurement region, for removing some of the particulate matter from the air flow.
Preferably, these separation chambers or volumes may have steep downstream wall with respect to the longitudinal direction of the channel, some may have downstream walls that are extending at right angles to the longitudinal direction of the channel. Such steep downstream walls allow for a particularly efficient collection of particulate matter from the flow.
Alternatively or additionally, these separation chambers of volumes may collect particulate matter by providing depressions or wells with depths in gravitation direction such that the gravity pulls some of the particulate matter into the depressions or wells where the matter is trapped and thereby effectively removed from the flow.
Moreover, such separation chambers or volumes may locally increase the cross-sectional area, which locally decreases flow velocity which, in turn, increases particulate matter dwelling time in this area whereby gravity has more time to separate some of the matter out of the flow onto channel walls. Thereby, more matter may be trapped on channel walls.
The size of such a chamber may be 8×5×10 mm3.
Such separation chambers or volumes are particularly preferred in embodiments with a triangular cross-sectional shape.
In some embodiments, the particulate matter sensor device comprises a fan arranged and configured to generate and/or to control the flow velocity of the aerosol sample through the particulate matter sensor device from the flow inlet to the flow outlet, said flow velocity being preferably in a range of from 0.2 meters per second to 10 meters per second. In the context of the present invention, the term “fan” refers to a device used to create flow. Examples of fans comprise axial and centrifugal fans. Centrifugal fans are also referred to as blowers. The fan may be arranged at the inlet or at the outlet or between inlet and outlet.
However, in an alternative embodiment, the particulate matter sensor does not comprise a fan but the flow of the aerosol sample is provided for externally.
In some embodiments, the particulate matter sensor device comprises a microprocessor and/or integrated circuitry arranged and configured to process an output signal of the radiation detector to derive a particulate matter number concentration and/or a particulate matter average mass and/or a particulate matter mass concentration. In some embodiments, the radiation detector provides an electrical signal proportional to incident radiation. This electrical signal may then be feed through an analog-to-digital converter and the output may be analysed by means of a signal analysing unit comprising the microprocessor and/or integrated circuitry, for deriving the desired parameter.
In some embodiments, the microprocessor and/or the integrated circuitry is mounted on the circuit board.
In some embodiments, the microprocessor and/or the integrated circuitry is integrated with the radiation detector and/or the radiation source.
In some preferred embodiments, the particulate matter sensor comprises a flow meter for determining a flow in the flow channel at the inlet, at the outlet and/or therebetween.
In some embodiments, the flow modifying device comprises or consists of at least one additional flow opening for creating at least one additional flow into or from the flow channel. Preferably, the opening is an inlet through which one additional flow is introduced into the flow channel.
In some embodiments, the flow channel is radially delimited by a first wall section, a second wall section, and at least one third wall section, wherein said at least one additional flow opening is arranged: (i) in said first wall section for introducing a first additional flow into the flow channel; and/or (ii) in said second wall section for introducing a second additional flow into the flow channel; and/or (iii) in at least one of the at least one third wall section for introducing a third additional flow into the flow channel.
In some embodiments, at least one of said at least one additional flow opening has a cross-section that is preferably: (i) essentially point-like for producing a confined jet-like additional flow; or (ii) slit-like for producing a sheet-like additional flow. A series of jet-like additional flow openings may be arranged in a row such as to produce a sheet-like additional flow.
Preferably, the slit-like additional flow opening extends in circumferential direction with respect to the cross-section of the flow channel and preferably partially or entirely around the cross-section of the flow channel.
In some preferred embodiments, the flow channel has a cross-section that is essentially constant along a length of the flow channel.
The flow channel may be rectilinear or substantially rectilinear. It may have one, two or more bends, such as U shape. The detector and/or radiation source may be arranged downstream of a bend, preferably only 1 to 3 channel diameters downstream thereof. In other embodiments, the detector and/or radiation source may be arranged 4 to 5 channel diameters downstream of a bend.
A typical cross-sectional width of the flow channel perpendicular to the direction of the flow may be in the range or from 1 millimeter to 10 millimeters, preferentially between 2 millimeters and 5 millimeters. The cross-sectional width and/or the shape of the cross section of the flow channel may vary along the channel. Examples of shapes include shapes that are completely or partly rectangular, square, elliptical, spherical and triangular. Angles and edges may be rounded.
Accordingly, the wall sections may be planar or curved or may comprise, depending the cross-sectional shape of the flow channel, one or more edges. The wall sections may be part of a single piece pipe element or may be fitted together. The first wall section may be the bottom wall section (e.g. with respect to gravity), the second wall section may be a top wall section, and the third wall sections may be lateral wall sections. Angles and edges may be rounded.
In some embodiments, the flow channel may have an essentially constant sectional area along at least 50% to 95% of or its entire length.
In some preferred embodiments, the cross-sectional area of the flow channel is triangular, while additional flow openings are arranged in all three wall sections. Preferably, the additional flow openings are slit-like and, preferably, extend in circumferential direction with respect to the cross-section of the flow channel and, preferably, extend entirely around the cross-section of the flow channel. A triangular flow channel with slit-like openings extending partially or entirely around the cross-section of the flow channel has the advantage, that it can reduce particulate matter precipitation onto the radiation detector, onto the radiation source and onto the wall surface in close proximity to radiation source and detector, while it can be fabricated in mould, including the line that feeds the additional flow, with only one or only two enclosure elements.
In some embodiments, a filter is built into the sensor device, the filter being associated with the at least one additional flow opening such that the additional flow is a filtered flow. The filter may be an air filter, in particular a HEPA filter, or a path filter. Introducing filtered additional flow may reduce the particulate matter density in the region of the detector and/or source, which reduces precipitation. In other words, the additional flow may, in some embodiments, dilute the aerosol sample at least locally.
A further aspect of the additional flow is that the by introducing the flow, trajectories of the particulate matter may be redirected such that a precipitation onto the radiation detector and/or the radiation source and/or onto the channel wall sections in close proximity of the detector and/or source may be avoided. Accordingly, even if an additional flow is containing pollutants, its redirection effect in the interplay with the aerosol sample flow may reduce sensor degradation. It is particularly preferred, that the flow modifying device acts against the gravitation force guiding particulate matter on the detector and/or source. Accordingly, the modifying device is preferably arranged in the bottom region of the flow region (with respect to the gravitation direction).
The gas for the additional flow may be drawn from the same reservoir as the aerosol sample is drawn from, or it may be feed from another reservoir.
In some embodiments, one or more additional flow openings are preferably arranged at a first distance of less than 8 millimeters, preferably in a range of from 1 millimeter to 6 millimeters, upstream of the radiation detector and/or the radiation source, respectively.
In some embodiments, the at least one additional flow opening is an inlet that is supplied by a gas drawn into the particulate matter sensor device from a secondary inlet which is separate from the flow inlet. In other embodiments, the additional flow opening is connected to an under pressure such that it draws aerosol out of the flow channel.
In some embodiments, the particulate matter sensor device is configured such that the at least one additional flow through the at least one additional flow opening is suction based. In suction-based embodiments, there is no need to install an extra fan, i.e. ventilator, for introducing the additional flow into the flow channel. Also, the gas does not have to be pushed through the inlets by other means.
In some embodiments, the particulate matter sensor device further comprises at least one first recess arranged in said flow channel, the first recess being configured for receiving the radiation source and/or the radiation detector. The first recess is open to the channel at least of the radiation. Arranging the radiation source and/or the radiation detector in the first recess protects the sensitive elements from precipitation of particles as the recess is a region with reduced flow and the sensitive element is place offset out of the main flow. Furthermore, in some of these or other embodiments, a further recess, open to the channel at least for the radiation, is arranged and configured for receiving a beam stopper. The recess for the beam stopper may extend in a rectilinear manner or it may be curved or angled, wherein, in the non-rectilinear case, the radiation beam is reflected onto the beam stopper. By means of the latter recess shape it is avoided that stray radiation reflected from the region of the beam stopper is re-entering the flow channel, which would cause a disturbance to the measurement.
These recesses for detector and/or radiation source may constitute, with their openings to the channel, additional flow openings through which additional flows may enter the flow channel. For implementing this function, these recesses may be supplied by gas or gas is drawn from them. By combining such a recess with an additional flow opening a compact design and particularly efficient protection of the sensitive element arranged in said recess is achieved. Accordingly, in some embodiments, at least one of said at least one additional flow opening is preferably arranged in the first recess and/or in the second recess, respectively, such that at least one of said at least one additional flow enters the flow channel from the first recess and/or from the second recess, respectively. Accordingly, the sensitive element that is arranged in the first recess is additionally protected from the particulate matter in the aerosol sample flowing in the flow channel by an additional flow that flows around the sensitive element.
In some embodiments, the radiation detector is mounted on the circuit board. This allows for a compact design. The radiation detector may, in some embodiments, be a surface-mount device photo diode.
In some embodiments, the sensor device is configured such that, in use, at least one additional flow traverses the circuit board through one or more through-holes. This allows for a particularly compact design.
In some embodiments, at least one of said at least one additional flow opening is arranged and configured to introduce an additional flow so that it sheaths the radiation detector and/or the radiation source. In some embodiments, the sheath is a local dilution and/or a local stream that diverts matter on a different trajectory, which avoids deposition onto the element protected by the sheath.
In some embodiments, the at least one flow modifying device is configured for introducing into the flow channel said at least one additional flow such that a magnitude of said at least one additional flow, in total, equals to or is less than 30 percent, preferably less than 25 percent, more preferably less than 20 percent of a magnitude of the flow of the aerosol sample through the flow channel upstream said at least one flow modifying device.
In some embodiments, the flow modifying device comprises or consists of a constriction in or of the flow channel. The constricting is a structure that locally reduces the cross-sectional area of the flow channel. The constriction may be formed directly by the walls of the flow channel and/or additional structures may be arranged in the channel. The constriction may be arranged and configured to direct at least part of the flow of the aerosol sample away from a detection area of the detector and/or away from an emitting area of the radiation source. Due to the inertia of the particulate matter, the particles' trajectories are thereby diverted from the radiation detector and/or the radiation source.
The additional flow opening(s) and the constriction(s) may also be combined.
In some embodiments, said constriction is arranged and configured such that a constriction maximum of said constriction, i.e. the position where the constriction maximally reduces the flow channel diameter, is located at a second distance of less than 5 millimeters, preferably less than 3 millimeters, upstream of the radiation detector and/or the radiation source.
In some embodiments, said constriction constricts the flow channel, in the flow direction, in a continuous manner. In other words: the clear width of the flow channel in the constriction region before and/or after the constriction maximum changes monotonically or strictly monotonically. This avoids unnecessary turbulences in the flow. The constriction may extend over a part or the entire flow channel in the circumferential direction.
A ratio of a constricted clear minimum width at the constriction maximum and an average flow channel diameter is in a range of from 0.2 to 0.95, preferably of from 0.3 to 0.6.
The constricted clear minimum width D1 may be in a range of from 1 millimeter to 5 millimeters and/or said average flow channel diameter D0 being preferably in a range of from 1 millimeter to 15 millimeters, preferably of from 2 millimeters to 8 millimeters.
In some embodiments, said constriction extends over a constriction region, wherein the constriction, in downstream direction, rises up to its constriction maximum and falls back. The radiation detector and/or the radiation source are arranged in a constriction recess that is arranged in said constriction region and that extends radially into said constriction, said constriction recess being preferably a blind hole and/or having a diameter DPD, in flow direction, of preferably 0.5 millimeters to 5 millimeters. Radiation may easily enter or exit the recess whilst particle precipitation into the recess is reduced. Preferably, this recess is arranged downstream of the constriction maximum.
In some embodiments, the distance between the detecting area of the radiation detector and the constriction maximum is less than two third of a downstream half-length of the constriction region.
In some embodiments, an opening angle change per millimeter β of said constriction is in a range of from 1° per millimeter to 10° per millimeter.
In some embodiments, a maximum opening angle Θmax of said constriction is preferably in a range of from 1° to a stall angle SA, said stall angle SA being preferably in a range of 5° to 10°. The stall angle is the angle at which, towards higher angles, the flow stalls. It is, however, also conceivable that the maximum opening angle is larger than the stall angle. A distance L0 between said constriction center and a position of said maximum opening angle Θmax is preferably chosen according to the formula:
In some embodiments, the constricted clear minimum width D1 is chosen according to the formula:
In some embodiments, a distance L1 between said constriction center and a position of said stall angle SA is preferably chosen according to the formula:
In some embodiments, a distance L2 between said constriction center and a downstream edge of said constriction recess with diameter DPD is preferably chosen according to the formula:
DPD<L2<L1.
In some embodiments, the flow modifying device comprises at least one constriction and at least one additional flow opening, the at least one additional flow opening comprising preferably at least one flow inlet that is arranged upstream or downstream of a constriction maximum of the constriction.
In some embodiments, the particulate matter sensor device comprises at least two flow channels that extend separately from one another and at least two radiation detectors, wherein at least one of the at least two radiation detectors is arranged in each of the at least two flow channels. Accordingly, the sensor device is a two or more-channel device.
In some embodiments, the enclosure preferably is arranged and configured to receive the circuit board and/or wherein the at least two radiation detectors are preferably mounted on the same circuit board.
In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a method for detecting and/or characterising particulate matter in a flow of an aerosol sample, comprising the steps of:
The particulate matter sensor device according the present invention may be used to detect and/or characterize particulate matter in an aerosol sample, in particular in ambient air. A particulate matter number concentration and/or a particulate matter average mass and/or a particulate matter mass concentration may be determined.
Accordingly, the present invention relates to a particulate matter sensor device comprising an enclosure, the enclosure comprising a flow inlet, a flow outlet and a flow channel extending therebetween, a radiation source for emitting radiation into the flow channel for interaction of the radiation with the particulate matter in the flow of an aerosol sample when guided through the flow channel, a radiation detector for detecting at least part of said radiation after interaction with the particulate matter. The sensor device further comprises a flow modifying device arranged upstream of the radiation detector and/or onto the radiation source, and configured to modify the flow of the aerosol sample for reducing particulate matter precipitation onto the radiation detector and/or onto the radiation source and/or onto the channel walls in close proximity to the detector and/or source. The invention also relates to a method of determining parameters of particulate matter in an aerosol sample by using a particulate matter sensor device with such a flow modifying device.
Sensor embodiments according to aspects of the invention are less prone to degradation and therefore have a longer lifespan and/or require less maintenance. Thanks to these characteristics, the device embodiments may be used e.g. as personal monitors that allow individuals to measure their exposure to particulate matter. The device embodiments can also be embedded in a wide range of products and systems, including but not limited to air conditioning units, air purifiers, transportation vehicles, Internet of Things sensor nodes, mobile handsets, and wearable devices. The device embodiments can log air quality data in a stand-alone mode or communicate it wired or wirelessly to other devices such as smartphones and/or any other suitable devices. The air quality data may be coupled with information about the measurement's location to create a dense air quality map.
The particulate matter sensor device can further comprise at least one environmental sensor for determining at least one environmental parameter. In embodiments in which the flow modifying device comprises or consists of at least one additional flow opening for creating at least one additional flow into the flow channel, the environmental sensor can advantageously be arranged in a flow path of the additional flow upstream from the additional flow opening.
Thus the present invention also provides a particulate matter sensor device comprising:
an enclosure defining a flow channel;
a radiation source for emitting radiation into the flow channel for interaction of the radiation with particulate matter in an aerosol sample in the flow channel;
a radiation detector for detecting at least part of said radiation after interaction with the particulate matter;
at least one additional flow opening for creating an additional flow into the flow channel; and
an environmental sensor for determining at least one environmental parameter, the environmental sensor being disposed in a flow path of the additional flow upstream from the additional flow opening.
The environmental sensor is configured to determine one or more parameters in the additional flow. Since the additional flow originates from the environment of the particulate matter sensor device, the output of the environmental sensor can be taken as an indication of such parameters in the environment of the particulate matter sensor device, i.e., environmental parameters.
Environmental parameters to be sensed by the environmental sensor typically represent physical quantities of a medium in the environment of the sensor module, which medium preferably is air. Environmental parameters may for instance be a relative humidity of the environment, a temperature of the environment of the sensor module, or at least one target gas concentration in the environment. Specifically, the target gas may include a mixture of gases, such as volatile organic compounds, or individual gases, such as individual volatile organic compounds (e.g. ethanol, formaldehyde, isopropanol), nitrogen oxide, hydrogen, ozone, carbon monoxide, ammonia, or carbon dioxide. In particular, the environmental sensor can be one or more of:
The environmental sensor can be a semiconductor sensor. The environmental sensor can comprise integrated control and/or readout circuitry. In particular, the environmental sensor can be a layered semiconductor sensor fabricated in CMOS technology. Such sensors are well known in the art. For instance, semiconductor humidity and temperature sensors are commercially available as the SHT3x series from Sensirion AG (https://www.sensirion.com/en/environmental-sensors/humidity-sensors/). Gas sensors are commercially available, e.g., as the SGP3x series from Sensirion AG (https://www.sensirion.com/en/environmental-sensors/gas-sensors/).
The particulate matter sensor device can comprise a filter for filtering the additional flow. In such embodiments, the environmental sensor is preferably arranged downstream from the filter. In this manner, the environmental sensor is protected from contamination by particulate matter.
The flow path of the additional flow upstream from the additional flow opening can be delimited by an enclosure, in particular, by the same enclosure that also delimits the (main) flow channel for the aerosol. The enclosure can define separate inlets for the primary flow of the aerosol through the flow channel and for the additional flow, i.e., it can define a primary flow inlet into the flow channel and a secondary flow inlet for receiving a gas that is to form the additional flow, the secondary flow inlet being separate from the primary flow inlet.
The particulate matter sensor device can be configured to create a negative pressure at the secondary flow inlet. For instance, this can be achieved by accelerating a flow of the aerosol sample in the flow channel, e.g., by providing a constriction in the flow channel, making use of the Bernoulli effect, as it is well known in the art. Other means of creating a pressure difference are also well known.
In some embodiments, the particulate matter sensor device is configured such that the additional flow flows past the radiation detector to protect the radiation detector from unwanted deposition of particulate matter. To this end, the radiation detector can be arranged in the flow path of the additional flow downstream from the environmental sensor.
In some embodiments, the radiation detector and the environmental sensor are mounted on a common circuit board. This is particularly advantageous if the radiation detector is a surface-mount device photodetector, e.g., a surface-mount photodiode.
In order to allow the additional flow to traverse the circuit board, the circuit board can comprise one or more through-holes configured to allow the additional flow to traverse the circuit board. In other embodiments, the flow path of the additional flow runs around at least one edge of the circuit board.
The particulate matter sensor device can be configured to thermally decouple the environmental sensor from at least one portion of the circuit board. This is particularly advantageous if the environmental sensor is configured to determine a temperature of the additional flow. In particular, the circuit board can be configured to thermally decouple a first portion of the circuit board on which the environmental sensor is mounted from a portion that is at a distance from the first portion. Many different measures can be taken in order to thermally decouple the environmental sensor from certain portions of the circuit board. Reference is made to DE 2017 106 413 U1, which describes such measures. For instance, the circuit board can have one or more slots between a first portion on which the environmental sensor is mounted and another portion that is at a distance from the first portion.
In some embodiments, the radiation detector and the environmental sensor are arranged on opposite sides of the circuit board. This may be advantageous depending on the availability of space for the environmental sensor, but it can also help in thermally decoupling the environmental sensor from certain portions of the circuit board and/or from the radiation detection. The additional flow then preferably first passes the environmental sensor on a first side of the circuit board, is then directed to the opposite side of the circuit board and there passes the radiation detector. In other embodiments, the radiation detector and the environmental sensor can be arranged on the same side of the circuit board.
The particulate matter sensor device can comprise a compensation device configured to read out the environmental sensor and to derive a compensated output parameter that is indicative of a parameter of a gas in the additional flow before said gas entered the particulate matter sensor device. In this manner a more accurate indication of an environmental parameter outside the particulate matter sensor device can be obtained. For instance, if the environmental sensor is configured to determine a temperature of the additional flow, the compensation device can be configured to receive information indicative of an amount of heat ingress into the environmental sensor and/or into the gas of the additional flow before it reaches the environmental sensor, and to compensate for the heat ingress. Such heat ingress can arise from heat dissipation at the radiation source, the radiation detector, the fan (if present), and/or any other electric or electronic devices in the particulate matter sensor device. In a simple embodiment, the compensation device can receive information about the dissipated electric power of at least one of the radiation source, the radiation detector, the fan etc., and can compensate for the resulting heat ingress, e.g., by employing an empirically determined lookup table that correlates dissipated power with an increase of measured temperature by the environmental sensor. In this manner, a more reliable indication of the temperature in the environment of the particulate matter sensor device can be obtained. Similar measures can be taken also for other environmental parameters. The compensation device can be integrated with the environmental sensor, in particular, with its control and readout circuitry, or it can be implemented separately.
Preferred embodiments of the invention are described in the following with reference to the drawings, which are for the purpose of illustrating the present preferred embodiments of the invention and not for the purpose of limiting the same. In the drawings,
Preferred embodiments of the present invention are now described with reference to the figures.
In the context of the figures, a particulate matter sensor device 1 for ascertaining a particulate matter concentration in an aerosol sample is exemplarily described, wherein visible light is used as radiation.
A printed circuit board 23 is attached to the bottom of the enclosure 21.
A radiation detector 4 is accommodated in a first recess 22 in a bottom section of the enclosure 21 in flow channel 2. The detector 4 may be a surface-mount photo diode. The detector 4 is arranged on or in the printed circuit board 23. The photo diode 4 has a sensitive area 40 that is directed towards the channel 2 and that extends substantially along the longitudinal axis L such that the surface 40 is substantially flush with a wall of the enclosure delimiting the channel 2. This introduces the least resistance or disturbance to the aerosol flow 20.
As can be seen in
The laser device 3 emits the laser beam 32 through the flow channel 2, where the laser light interacts with the particulate matter in aerosol sample flow 20 which produces, for example, scattered light 30 that is detected by the detector 4. The laser beam fraction that does not interact is then guided into a horizontal recess 22a and onto the beam stopper 31.
Opposite the laser device 3, a further recess 22a is provided, at the bottom of which a beam stopper 31 is arranged for receiving the laser light that was not (or not enough) redirected or absorbed by the aerosol sample. Providing the beam stopper 31 in the recess 22a reduces stray or spurious light that may disturb the measurement. Additionally, the recess 22a may be curved or bent while a reflecting element is arranged in the curve or bend for guiding the radiation onto the stopper 31. Back-reflections from the stopper 31 are thereby reduced.
At an upstream distance d1 from the sensitive area 40, a first additional flow opening 511, here a bottom inlet opening, is arranged in a bottom wall section of the enclosure 21. The line that feeds the bottom inlet 511 extends through a through-hole 231 in the printed circuit board 23 to the bottom inlet 511 and provides the bottom inlet 511 with gas such as to produce the first additional flow 5110, which here is a bottom additional flow.
At substantially the same upstream distance d1 from the sensitive area 40, a second additional flow opening 512, here a top inlet opening, is arranged in a top wall section of the enclosure 21. The top flow inlet 512 is supplied with a gas such as to produce the second additional flow 5120, which here is a top additional flow.
The additional bottom and top flows 5110, 5120 are directed substantially at right angles with respect to the longitudinal axis L into the flow channel 2.
Two third flow openings 513, lateral flow openings, are provided in lateral wall sections of the enclosure 21. The lateral flow inlets 513 are arranged opposite one another and are supplied with a gas such as to produce the third additional flows 5130, which here are lateral additional flows.
Openings that are arranged opposite one another may be arranged directly opposite one another or may be offset in flow direction with respect to one another by a fraction of D0.
As can be seen from
At least some or all the additional flow openings 511, 512, 513 may be provided with a filter element or may a have an associated filter element provided preferably upstream of the opening, the filter being, e.g. an air filter, in particular a HEPA filter, or a path filter for creating a filtered additional flow. Moreover, at least some or all the additional flows 5110, 5120, 5130 may be created in that the flow 20 creates an under pressure at the respective inlet 511, 512, and 513, respectively.
The device 1 is further equipped with integrated circuitry 60 and/or a microprocessor 6, here shown as integrated to the detector 4. Microprocessor(s) 6 and integrated circuits 60 may be arranged, however, on or in other elements such as the radiation source 3 of the fan 220. The device 1 is configured for carrying out a measurement under control of the integrated circuitry 60 and/or a microprocessor 6 and by means of the radiation source 3 and the detector 4.
The sensor device 1 may be a PM1.0 or a PM2.5 sensor, i.e. it may measure particles that have a size of 1 micrometer and 2.5 micrometers, respectively, or smaller or it may be a PM10 device that measures particulate matter in an aerosol sample with particle sizes equal to or less than 10 micrometers.
The additional flows 5110, 5120, 5130 modify the flow 20 such that precipitation of particulate matter onto the radiation detector 4 and/or the radiation source 3 and/or onto the wall surface in close proximity to radiation source and detector is reduced.
An embodiment of the resulting modified flow is schematically illustrated by the three arrows B in the center of
The additional flow openings 511, 512, 513 may be shaped and configured such that additional flows 5110, 5120, 5130 together have a flow that is 1% to 30% (preferably 1% to 25%, more preferably 1% to 20%) of the aerosol sample flow 20 before any of said additional flows 5110, 5120, 5130.
Preferable, the additional flow is limited by a dimension in the line that feeds the additional flow and not by the filter to be more robust against increased clogging of the filter and to increase longer term stability. The feed line includes the opening 231 in
Typical shapes of the additional flow openings 511, 512, 513 are rectangular slits or round holes with a typical width/diameter in a range of from 0.1 millimeters to 1 millimeter. Preferably, slit-like openings extend over a full width of the channel they are provided in. In some embodiments, the slit-like openings may be arranged on all channel walls, in some embodiments may be oriented along the flow direction, in some embodiments may be arranged at right or other angles thereto. In some embodiments, slit-like openings may be provided such that a circumferential opening around the entire channel is given, the circumferential opening extending either in a closed or in a spiral manner around the channel.
In this embodiment, bottom additional flow 5110 and lateral additional flows 5130 are provided.
In this embodiment, also a slit-like inlet 514 may be provided for providing a sheet-like additional flow 5140. Here, the sheet-like additional flow is a lateral flow that produces a sheath for protecting the detector 4. Particularly preferred are slit-like flow openings on the wall section on which the element that shall be protected, i.e. the detector 4 and/or the source 3, are arranged such that this element is covered by a sheet-like flow from particulate matter deposition.
As in the embodiment according to
A preferred embodiment of the present invention is now described with reference to
As in the embodiment according to
Additionally, as seen in
In both cases, the constriction 521 extends, in flow direction, over a constriction area 524 and elevates, in a smooth manner, from the channel wall at the location where the channel diameter is D0 to the axis of the channel 2 until it reaches, in flow direction, its constriction maximum 525, i.e. were the minimum clear width D1 of the channel 2 is located; thereafter the constriction 521 falls back until the channel diameter has reached its original diameter D0. The constriction 521 shown here is a smooth bump that resembles a Gaussian curve. The constriction 521 may also have a downstream half width c0 which is smaller than the upstream half width. In other words, the curve may have a positive skew. It is, however, also conceivable that the curve has a negative skew or is symmetrical.
At the downstream distance d3 of the constriction maximum 525 the constriction 521 is provided with a recess 523. The recess 523 has basically the same function as the first recess 22 described in the context of the previous embodiments. The recess 523 extends, in at substantially right angles to the longitudinal direction L, down to the printed circuit board 23. It is, however, generally conceivable that the recess 523 is less deep and/or inclined or curved. The recess 523 accommodates the detector 4, which, as shown in the
In the embodiment shown in
The constriction situation according to
The first and second enclosures 211, 212 together form the enclosure 21. The second enclosure 212 forms the top part that delimits the top half of the flow channel 2. The first enclosure 211 forms the bottom part that delimits the bottom half of the flow channel 2. In this embodiment, the flow channel 2 is essentially U shaped with a substantially rectangular cross-sectional shape. The detector 4 is directed towards the channel 2 and is arranged in a first recess 22b in the first enclosure 211 (see
The aerosol sample flow 20 is drawn into the channel 2 through the inlet 11 and sucked through the flow channel 2, via the centrifugal fan 220 out through the outlet 12.
In the cover 214 there is a plurality of additional inlets 13 arranged at regular distances around a peripheral wall of the cover 214 with a solid cover plate. Ambient air or another aerosol or gas is sucked into the device 1 though these additional inlets 13 and is passed through the filter 213 and then through the through-opening 231 to be guided through the additional flow openings 511 and 513 into channel 2 for establishing a filtered additional flow for modifying the aerosol sample flow 20 as outlined above.
In some embodiments, an optional environmental sensor 7 is arranged in the flow path of the additional flow downstream from filter 213. The environmental sensor 7 determines an environmental parameter such as temperature, humidity or a concentration of an analyte in the filtered additional flow. By arranging the environmental sensor 7 downstream from filter 213, the environmental sensor 7 is well protected from contaminations by particulate matter, such particulate matter being filtered out by filter 213 before it can reach the environmental sensor 7.
The environmental sensor 7 may comprise or be connected to a compensation device that reads out the environmental sensor and derives a compensated output parameter based on the sensor signals of the environmental sensor. The output parameter derived by the compensation device may be indicative of a property that the gas of the filtered flow had before it entered the particulate matter sensor device 1, such as the temperature, the humidity or the concentration of one or more analytes in the environment of the particulate matter sensor device 1. To this end, the compensation device can compensate for expected differences between a parameter as measured by the environmental sensor and the actual value of this parameter outside the particulate matter sensor device 1. For instance, if the environmental sensor is a temperature sensor, the compensation device may compensate for an expected temperature difference between the inside and the outside of housing 21 due to heat dissipation by the laser device 3, the radiation detector 4 and the fan 220. In this manner, a more accurate indication of the measured parameter in the environment of the particulate matter sensor device 1 is obtained.
In the embodiment of
The detector 4 is arranged in another the first recess 22a that extends vertically. Both first recesses 22a extend substantially at right angles with the flow direction in the interaction area between laser beam 32 and particulate matter in sample flow 20.
Closely upstream of the detector 4 are arranged the additional flow openings 511 and 513 for modifying the flow 20 such that less particulate matter is deposited onto the detector 4 and/or der source 3.
It is to be understood that the above-mentioned embodiments are only exemplary. The different ideas of constriction, additional flow opening, and or recessing sensitive items into recesses may be combined to create further embodiments.
All or some of the additional flows may be generated in a suction-based manner, i.e. the flow channel pressure situation establishes and maintains the additional flow situation. On the other hand, all or some of the additional flows may be generated by pushing gas into the additional channels associated with the inlet openings or by fan or ventilation means arranged in said additional channels.
Also, for some embodiments, the flow openings 511, 512, 513, and/or 514 may be outlets, i.e. they draw gas from the channel 2. The basic principle, that, for example, a bottom additional flow inlet may divert the aerosol flow 20 upwards to the top wall section (and thereby particulate matter away from the bottom) may be achieve by a top additional opening that is an outlet and that draws gas from the gas flow.
In some embodiments, the board 23 is attached to the enclosure 21 in such a manner that the board 23 delimits at least parts of the channel 2.
The two channels may be used for detecting and/or characterising particulate matter of an aerosol sample or of two different aerosol samples, e.g. indoor and outdoor air samples. Alternatively or additionally, the two channels may each be especially arranged and configured for detecting and/or characterising particular particulate matter sizes such as PM10, PM2.5 or PM1.0 and/or particular types of dust such as heavy dust, settling dust or suspended atmospheric dust.
As in the embodiment of
In order to reduce deposition of particulate matter onto the photodetector, an additional gas flow is created. To this end, an additional inlet 13 is provided in cover 214, allowing gas to enter the inside of cover 214 and to pass through sheet-like filter 213, thereby creating a filtered flow. The filtered flow passes along the top of circuit board 23 and reaches the bottom of circuit board 23 through additional through-holes 231 in circuit board 23. In this connection, it is to be noted that the additional through-holes 231 are the only openings in circuit board 23 that allow the filtered flow to pass through, since all other through-holes 233 are sealed between enclosures 211, 212 and cover 214 by the screws. Once the filtered flow has reached the bottom of circuit board 23, it passes vertically through recess 22b past the photodetector (not visible in
An environmental sensor 7 is mounted on circuit board 23 on the opposite side of the photodetector. As in the embodiment of
The environmental sensor 7 comprises an integrated compensation device 72. The compensation device 72 derives an output parameter that is indicative of a property that the gas of the filtered flow had before it entered the particulate matter sensor device 1, i.e., an environmental parameter, by taking into account any expected differences between the conditions outside and inside the housing of the particulate matter sensor device.
It is to be understood that the above-mentioned embodiments are only exemplary. In all embodiments, the particulate matter sensor device may comprise one or more additional sensors, such as temperature, humidity, gas and/or gas flow sensors, which does not necessarily need to be disposed in the flow path of the filtered flow.
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| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
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| PCT/EP2018/056243 | 3/13/2018 | WO |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
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| WO2018/100209 | 6/7/2018 | WO | A |
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