Photo-induced DNA-cleaving agents

Abstract

The present invention discloses a photo-induced DNA-cleaving agent composition comprises N-aryl-N-(alkyl or arylalkyl)hydroxylamine having the following formula: ##STR1## wherein R is C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl, phenyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkoxy, phenoxy, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkoxycarbonyl, halogen or halo(C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl)wherein R.sub.1 is hydrogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl, phenyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkoxy, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkoxycarbonyl, halogen or halo(C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl); R.sub.2 is hydrogen; R.sub.3 is hydrogen or phenyl; R.sub.4 is hydrogen, phenyl, hydroxylphenyl, methoxyphenyl, dimethoxyphenyl, dimethylaminophenyl or naphthyl. The present N-aryl-N-(alkyl or arylalkyl)hydroxylamine is stable in dark, but it can react with O.sub.2 to form HO.multidot. radicals under irradiation of UV light for a period of 2-3 hours. The HO.multidot. radicals then react with DNA to accomplish cleavage of DNA.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a photo-induced DNA-cleaving agent composition, in particular to the use of N-aryl-N-(alkyl or arylalkyl)hydroxylamine as a photo-induced DNA-cleaving agent.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Chemists in the field of molecular design and synthesis are devoting considerable effort towards the development of DNA-cleaving agents. For recent, representative examples, there are K. M. Hess and T. A. Dix, Anal. Biochem., 1992, 206, 309; K. C. Nicolaou, W.-M. Dai, S.-C. Tsay, V. A. Estevez and W. Wrasidlo, Science, 1992, 256, 1172; M. Sako, K. Nagai and Y. Maki, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1993, 750. The prior art DNA-cleaving agents are in general difficult to be synthesized and thus have a high manufacturing cost. In addition, the DNA-cleavage processes of using these DNA-cleaving agents often require additional metal ions, an external sensitizer or H.sub.2 O.sub.2, and thus are somewhat complicated or not easy to be controlled, so that the cleavage efficiency is low and can be further improved.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a novel and efficient photo-induced DNA-cleaving agent composition which is capable of cleaving DNA under controllable conditions. The present photo-induced DNA-cleaving agent composition comprises N-aryl-N-(alkyl or arylalkyl)hydroxylamine having the formula (I): ##STR2## wherein R.sub.1 is hydrogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl, phenyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkoxy, phenoxy, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkoxycarbonyl, halogen or halo(C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl), preferably R.sub.1 is hydrogen or halogen, and most preferably R.sub.1 is fluorine;

R.sub.2 is hydrogen; R.sub.3 is hydrogen or phenyl; R.sub.4 is hydrogen, phenyl, hydroxylphenyl, methoxyphenyl, dimethoxyphenyl, dimethylaminophenyl or naphthyl.

Preferably, R.sub.3 is hydrogen.

Preferably, R.sub.4 is hydrogen, phenyl, hydroxylphenyl, or naphthyl, and most preferably R.sub.4 is hydrogen.

The present invention also provide a method of single-strand cleaving DNA, which comprises irradiating N-aryl-N-(alkyl or arylalkyl)hydroxylamine of the above formula (I) and DNA in an aqueous buffer solution having a pH value of 5-8 with UV light having a wavelength >300 nm and in the presence of oxygen for a period of 1-6 hours, preferably 2-3 hours. Said aqueous buffer solution preferably contains 10 vol % of ethanol. The concentration of said N-aryl-N-(alkyl or arylalkyl)hydroxylamine (I) in said aqueous buffer solution is preferably 10-1000 .mu.M.

The N-aryl-N-(alkyl or arylalkyl)hydroxylamine (I) used in the present invention is stable in dark, but it is able to react with O.sub.2 to form HO.multidot. radicals under irradiation of UV light. The HO.multidot. radicals are known as an efficient DNA cleaver. �T. D. Tullius, B. A. Dombroski, M. E. A. Churchill and L. Kam, Methods Enzymol., 1987, 155, 537; J. A. Imlay, S. M. Chin and S. Linn, Science, 1988, 240, 640; D. S. Sigman, Biochemistry, 1990, 29, 9097!

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows the gel electrophoresis results of single-strand cleavage of circular .PHI.X174 RFI DNA (form I, 50 .mu.M/base pair, molecular weight 3.50.times.10.sup.6, 5386 base pairs in length) to relaxed circular DNA (form II) on 1% agarose gel followed by ethidium bromide staining, wherein the even numerals lanes represent the runs where 1000 .mu.M compound 1c in the Scheme 1 is used, and the odd numerals represent the runs where no N-aryl-N-benzylhydroxylamine is used, wherein Lanes 1-2 represent the runs carried out at a pH value of 5, Lanes 3-4 represent the runs carried out at a pH value of 6, Lanes 5-6 represent the runs carried out at a pH value of 7, and Lanes 7-8 represent the runs carried out at a pH value of 8.

FIG. 2 shows the gel electrophoresis results of single-strand cleavage of circular .PHI.X174 RFI DNA (form I, 50 .mu.M/base pair, molecular weight 3.50.times.10.sup.6, 5386 base pairs in length) to relaxed circular DNA (form II) on 1% agarose gel followed by ethidium bromide staining, wherein Lane 1 represents the run where no N-aryl-N-benzylhydroxylamine is used, Lane 2 represents the run where 1000 .mu.M compound 1c in the Scheme 1 is used, Lane 3 represents the run where 1000 .mu.M compound 9c in the Scheme 1 is used without irradiation of UV light, Lanes 4-8 represents the runs where 500, 100, 50, 10 and 1 .mu.M compound 9c in the Scheme 1 are used respectively.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In the present invention, N-aryl-N-(alkyl or arylalkyl)hydroxylamine having the following formula (I) is used as a novel and efficient DNA-cleaving agent: ##STR3## wherein R.sub.1 is hydrogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl, phenyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkoxy, phenoxy, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkoxycarbonyl, halogen or halo(C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl);

R.sub.2 is hydrogen; R.sub.3 is hydrogen or phenyl; R.sub.4 is hydrogen, phenyl, hydroxylphenyl, methoxyphenyl, dimethoxyphenyl, dimethylaminophenyl or naphthyl.

A suitable process for preparing the N-aryl-N-benzylhydroxylamine (R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 are hydrogen, and R.sub.4 is phenyl) in high yields, as illustrated in the following Scheme 1, comprises carrying out a condensation reaction of N-arylhydroxylamines 1a-12a and benzaldehyde (PhCHO) in ethanol (EtOH) at 25.degree. C. for 18-24 hours to form the corresponding nitrones 1b-12b; and reducing said nitrones 1b-12b with NaBH.sub.4 in methanol (MeOH) at 5.degree. C. for 10 minutes to form N-aryl-N-benzylhydroxylamines 1c-12c. In Scheme 1, Me represents methyl, Et represents ethyl and Ph represents phenyl; and the numerals in the brackets next to the compounds 1b-12b and 1c-12c represent the yields thereof.

Scheme 1______________________________________ ##STR4## ##STR5## 1a X = H, Y = H 1b (87%) 1c (86%) 2a X = 4-Me, Y = H 2b (91%) 2c (84%) 3a X = 4-Et, Y = H 3b (81%) 3c (90%) 4a X = 4-Me, Y = Me 4b (83%) 4c (87%) 5a X = 2-OMe, Y = H 5b (85%) 5c (88%) 6a X = 4-OPh, Y = H 6b (90%) 6c (94%) 7a X = 2-Ph, Y = H 7b (90%) 7c (92%) 8a X = H, Y = CO.sub.2 Me 8b (94%) 8c (91%) 9a X = 4-F, Y = H 9b (97%) 9c (86%)10a X = H, Y = F 10b (97%) 10c (72%)11a X = H, Y = CF.sub.3 11b (85%) 11c (75%)12a X = 2-Me, Y = F 12b (91%) 12c (90%)______________________________________ Conditions: (i) PhCHO, EtOH, 25.degree. C., 18-24 h; (ii) NaBH.sub.4, MeOH; 5.degree. C., 10 min.

A photo-induced DNA-cleaving agent composition prepared in accordance with the present invention comprises 10.about.1000 .mu.M N-aryl-N-(alkyl or arylalkyl)hydroxylamine (I) in an aqueous buffer solution having a pH value of 5-8. Preferably, said aqueous buffer solution further contains 10 vol % ethanol.

The present photo-induced DNA-cleaving agent composition is suitable for single-strand cleavage of supercoiled circular form I DNA but not limited thereto.

The present invention also provides a method of single-strand cleaving DNA, which comprises irradiating N-aryl-N-(alkyl or arylalkyl)hydroxylamine of the above formula (I) and DNA in an aqueous buffer solution having a pH value of 5-8 with UV light having a wavelength >300 nm, preferably 312 nm, and in the presence of oxygen for a period of 1-6 hours, preferably 2-3 hours. Said aqueous buffer solution preferably contains 10 vol % of ethanol, for example a mixture consisting of 1:9 volume ratio of ethanol and sodium phosphate buffer solution. The concentration of said N-aryl-N-(alkyl or arylalkyl)hydroxylamine (I) in said aqueous buffer solution is preferably 10-1000 .mu.M. The concentration of DNA in said aqueous buffer solution is preferably about 50 .mu.M/base pair.

The present invention can be further understood by the following examples which are used to illustrate the present invention not to limit the scope thereof.

EXAMPLE 1

Effect of pH Value on Single-Strand Cleavage of DNA with or without Compound 1c

The compound 1c in Scheme 1 and circular .PHI.X174 RFI DNA (form I, molecular weight 3.50.times.10.sup.6, 5386 base pairs in length) were added to four different mixed solutions consisting of 1:9 volume ratio of ethanol and four aqueous sodium phosphate buffer solutions having various pH values of 5, 6, 7 and 8, respectively. The concentrations of compound 1c and DNA (form I) in the mixed solutions are 1000 .mu.M and 50 .mu.M/base pair, respectively. The resulting solutions were irradiated with UV light (312 nm, 16-W) at room temperature under aerobic conditions for 3 hours, and then analyzed by gel electrophoresis on 1% agarose gel followed by ethidium bromide staining. The results are shown in FIG. 1.

It can be seen from FIG. 1 that single-strand cleavage of circular .PHI.X174 RFI DNA (form I) to relaxed circular DNA (form II) occurs with compound 1c at a pH value ranging from 5 to 8 (Lanes 2, 4, 6 and 8). On the other hand, there is no relaxed circular DNA (form II) formed in the absence of compound 1c (Lanes 1, 3, 5 and 7).

EXAMPLE 2

Single-Strand Cleavage of DNA with Compounds 1c-12c at Various Concentrations

To a mixed solution of 1:9 volume ratio of ethanol and aqueous sodium phosphate buffer solution (Na.sub.2 HPO.sub.4 and NaH.sub.2 PO.sub.4 ; 0.1M; pH=6) N-aryl-N-benzylhydroxylamine (compounds 1c-12c) and .PHI.X174 RFI DNA (form I, molecular weight 3.50.times.10.sup.6, 5386 base pairs in length) were added. The concentration of DNA (form I) in the mixed solution is fixed at 50 .mu.M/base pair. The concentrations of N-aryl-N-benzylhydroxylamines in the mixed solution are listed in Table 1. The resulting solutions were irradiated with UV light (312 nm, 16-W) at room temperature under aerobic conditions for 2 hours, and then analyzed by gel electrophoresis on 1% agarose gel followed by ethidium bromide staining. The results are shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1______________________________________Benzyl- Conc. of benzyl- DNAhydroxy- hydroxy- form I, DNA form II, Ratios oflamine lamine, .mu.M % % form II/form I______________________________________1c 1000 22.3 77.7 3.52c 1000 36.1 63.9 1.83c 1000 68.3 31.7 0.464c 1000 67.9 32.1 0.475c 1000 52.3 47.7 0.916c 1000 80.8 19.2 0.247c 1000 49.1 50.9 1.08c 1000 80.8 19.2 0.249c.sup.a) 1000 83.3 16.7 0.209c 1000 <0.1 >99.9 >9999c 500 <0.1 >99.9 >9999c 100 31.3 68.7 2.29c 50 41.9 58.1 1.49c 10 58.4 41.6 0.719c 1 68.5 31.5 0.4610c 1000 1.2 98.8 8211c 1000 69.9 30.1 0.4312c 1000 84.0 16.0 0.19none 0 96.3 3.7 0.04______________________________________ .sup.a) in the dark

The results in Table 1 show that compounds 1c-12c have DNA single-strand cleavage ability under aerobic conditions and UV light irradiation. Among compounds 1c-12c, p- and m-(fluorophenyl)-hydroxylamines 9c and 10c exhibit much higher potency than others. Under aerobic conditions with 1000 .mu.M of compound 9c, the ratios of form II/form I DNA are 0.20 and >999, respectively, in the dark and with UV light. In the control run under photolytic conditions for 2 hours without addition of N-aryl-N-benzylhydroxylamine, the ratio is 0.04. Thus the UV light can be used as a "trigger" to initiate a N-aryl-N-benzylhydroxylamine for the DNA strand scission. FIG. 2 shows part of the gel electrophoresis results in Table 1.

EXAMPLE 3

Synthesis of N-phenyl-N-(alkyl or arylalkyl) Hydroxylamines and Single-Strand Cleavage of DNA therewith

N-phenyl-N-(alkyl or arylalkyl)hydroxylamines having the following formula (II) were synthesized:

______________________________________ ##STR6## 1: R = CH.sub.2 Ph 13: R = Me 14: R = CHPh.sub.2 15: R = CH.sub.2 C.sub.6 H.sub.4 OMe-p 16: R = CH.sub.2 C.sub.5 H.sub.3 (OMe).sub.2 -o,p 17: R = CH.sub.2 C.sub.5 H.sub.4 OH-p 18: R = CH.sub.2 C.sub.6 H.sub.4 OH-o 19: R = CH.sub.2 C.sub.5 H.sub.4 NMe.sub.2 -p ##STR7##______________________________________

We obtained the desired hydroxylamines (1, 14-20) in 51-85% overall yields form nitrobenzene in three steps. Hydrogenation of nitrobenzene with hydrazine hydrate and rhodium on carbon gave N-phenylhydroxylamine, which was condensed with various aromatic aldehydes to afford the corresponding nitrones. Reduction of those nitrones with NaBH.sub.4 in methanol (for 1, 15-20) or alkylation with PhMgBr (for 14) produced the desired N-phenyl-N-(aryl substituted)methylhydroxylamines. N-phenyl-N-methylhydroxylamine 13 was obtained by pyrolysis of MeEtPhN.sup.+ O.sup.- (Me represents methyl, Et represents ethyl and Ph represents phenyl).

The procedures of Example 2 were repeated to carry out single-strand cleavage of .PHI.X174 RFI DNA (form I, molecular weight 3.50.times.10.sup.6, 5386 base pairs in length) to relaxed circular DNA (form II), except that the compounds 1c-12c were replaced by compounds 1, 13-20 synthesized in this example and the irradiation of UV light was 3 hours instead of 2 hours. The results are shown in Table 2.

TABLE 2______________________________________ Conc. ofHydroxy- hydroxy- DNA form I, DNA form II, Ratios oflamine lamine, .mu.M % % form II/form I______________________________________ 1 1000 13.1 86.9 6.613 1000 31.4 68.6 2.214 1000 29.4 70.6 2.415 1000 55.1 44.9 0.8116 1000 65.6 34.4 0.5217 1000 48.0 52.0 1.118 1000 26.7 73.3 2.719 1000 65.4 34.6 0.5320 1000 23.6 76.4 3.2none 0 86.7 13.3 0.15______________________________________

The present invention at least has the following advantages. First, many N-aryl-N-(alkyl or arylalkyl)hydroxylamines can be easily prepared and manipulated; thus a great potential exists for equipment of a DNA intercalating moiety or an oligonucleotide with a N-aryl-N-(alkyl or arylalkyl)hydroxylamine to give site-specific DNA cleavage. Second, use of metal ions and external H.sub.2 O.sub.2 is not necessary. Third, the DNA cleavage process can be initiated and controlled by use of UV light as the "trigger".

Claims

1. A photo-induced DNA-cleaving agent composition comprising N-aryl-N-(alkyl or arylalkyl)hydroxylamine having the formula (I): ##STR8## wherein R.sub.1 is hydrogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl, phenyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkoxy, phenoxy, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkoxycarbonyl, halogen or halo(C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl);

R.sub.2 is hydrogen;

R.sub.3 is hydrogen or phenyl; and

R.sub.4 is hydrogen, phenyl, hydroxylphenyl, methoxyphenyl, dimethoxyphenyl, dimethylaminophenyl or naphthyl wherein R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are not both hydrogen.

2. The photo-induced DNA-cleaving agent composition according to claim 1, wherein R.sub.3 is hydrogen and R.sub.4 is phenyl.

3. The photo-induced DNA-cleaving agent composition according to claim 2, wherein R.sub.1 is halogen.

4. The photo-induced DNA-cleaving agent composition according to claim 3, wherein R.sub.1 is fluorine.

5. The photo-induced DNA-cleaving agent composition according to claim 2, wherein R.sub.1 is hydrogen.

6. The photo-induced DNA-cleaving agent composition according to claim 1, wherein R.sub.1 is hydrogen.

7. The photo-induced DNA-cleaving agent composition according to claim 6, wherein R.sub.3 is hydrogen and R.sub.4 is naphthyl.

8. The photo-induced DNA-cleaving agent composition according to claim 6, wherein R.sub.3 is hydrogen and R.sub.4 is hydroxylphenyl.

9. The photo-induced DNA-cleaving agent composition according to claim 6, wherein R.sub.3 is phenyl and R.sub.4 is phenyl.