Patent Application
20170009073
This disclosure is directed to photochromic polycarbonate compositions, their method of manufacture, and articles thereof.
Photochromic dyes can be widely used in commercial applications in plastics, films, coatings, and inks to provide color-enhancing effects or function as ultraviolet (UV) indicators. Dyes can be incorporated into the bulk of the polycarbonate. Dyes can also be used as a surface coating, for example on a lens in photochromic lens applications. However, use of coating technologies makes the production of photochromic dyes more complex. One-step direct compounding is more desirable, but photochromic dyes are difficult to incorporate into engineering plastics in extrusion processes. This is because that the flexural modulus of the matrix is important for the photochromic performance of the dyes. Softer, lower flexural modulus polymers such as low density polyethylene (LDPE), high density polyethylene (HDPE), and polypropylene (PP) are excellent polymers for photochromic dyes. However, high performance engineering thermoplastic polymers such as polycarbonate, polymethyl methacrylate, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), styrenes, and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) have higher flexural modulus. These engineering thermoplastics are too stiff to allow the photochromic molecules to twist into their fully activated forms, which results in the ineffectiveness of photochromic dyes. There accordingly remains a need in the art for compositions and methods that allow effective use of photochromic dyes in high performance engineering thermoplastic polymers.
Disclosed herein is a photochromic polycarbonate composition comprising a polycarbonate comprising bisphenol A carbonate units; a cycloaliphatic polyester comprising units of the formula
wherein R is a C2-12 alkylene or a C3-12 cycloalkylene; and a photochromic dye; wherein the composition has a transmission of 80% or more and a haze of 3% or less, measured according to ASTM D1003 (2007) using the color space CIE1931 (Illuminant C and a 2° observer) at a thickness of 1.5 mm.
In another embodiment, a composition comprising, based on the total weight of the composition, 50 wt. % to 95 wt. % of a bisphenol-A polycarbonate homopolymer; 5 wt. % to 50 wt. % of an aliphatic polyester comprising units of the formula
a photochromic dye; and 0.01 wt. % to 0.2 wt. % of an additive selected from an antioxidant, a heat stabilizer, a mold release agent, an ultraviolet light stabilizer, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing; wherein the composition has a transmission of 80% or more and a haze of 3% or less, measured according to ASTM D1003 (2007) using the color space CIE1931 (Illuminant C and a 2° observer) at a thickness of 1.5 mm.
In another embodiment, a composition comprises, based on the total weight of the composition, 50 wt. % to 95 wt. % of a poly(aliphatic ester-carbonate) comprising: bisphenol-A polycarbonate units; and units of the formula
5 wt. % to 50 wt. % of an aliphatic polyester comprising units of the formula
a photochromic dye; and 0.01 wt. % to 0.2 wt. % of an additive selected from an antioxidant, a heat stabilizer, a mold release agent, an ultraviolet light stabilizer, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing; wherein the composition has a transmission of 80% or more and a haze of 3% or less, measured according to ASTM D1003 (2007) using the color space CIE1931 (Illuminant C and a 2° observer) at a thickness of 1.5 mm. In another embodiment, a composition comprises, based on the total weight of the composition, 50 wt. % to 95 wt. % of a bisphenol-A polycarbonate homopolymer: 5 wt. % to 50 wt. % of an aliphatic polyester comprising units of the formula
a photochromic dye selected from naphth[2,1-b][1,4]oxazine, a naphth[1,2-b][1,4]oxazine, a 3H-naphtho[2,1-b]pyran, a 2H-naphtho[1,2-b]pyran, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing, wherein the photochromic dye is present in an amount of about 10 ppm to about 1,000 ppm by weight, based on the total parts by weight of the bisphenol-A polycarbonate homopolymer and the aliphatic polyester; 0.01 to 0.1 wt. % of phosphoric acid; and 0.01 wt. % to 0.2 wt. % tris(2,4-di-t-butylphenyl)phosphite; wherein the composition has a transmission of 80% or more and a haze of 3% or less, measured according to ASTM D1003 (2007) using the color space CIE1931 (Illuminant C and a 2° observer) at a thickness of 1.5 mm; and the composition has a delta a* value of 0.1 to 10 measured on Color Eye 7000A according to ASTM 6290-98.
In another embodiment, a method of manufacture comprises combining the above-described components to form a photochromic polycarbonate composition.
In yet another embodiment, an article comprises the above-described photochromic polycarbonate composition.
In still another embodiment, a method of manufacture of an article comprises molding, extruding, or shaping the above-described photochromic polycarbonate composition into an article.
The above described and other features are exemplified by the following drawings, detailed description, examples, and claims.
The following is a brief description of the Figures, which are meant to be exemplary and not limiting, in which:
The above described and other features are exemplified by the following Detailed Description and Examples.
The inventors hereof have discovered a method for effective use of photochromic dyes in transparent, high performance engineering thermoplastics. Polycarbonate (PC) is an important engineering thermoplastic with good impact and clarity. But the high stiffness of polycarbonate results in the photochromic dyes being ineffective or inactive when the dyes are used in PC. In order to solve this problem, another engineering thermoplastic, a cycloaliphatic polyester such as poly(1,4-cyclohexanedimethyl-1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylate) (PCCD) is used in combination with the PC. PCCD is a transparent material with good mechanical property and fluidity. It has been found that the combination of a polycarbonate and PCCD allows the direct incorporation of a photochromic dye in the bulk polymer, for example during extrusion, and provides a material with both effective photochromic activity and a sufficiently high flexural modulus for many, if not most polycarbonate applications.
Accordingly, provided herein is a photochromic polycarbonate composition comprising a polycarbonate comprising bisphenol-A carbonate units, a cycloaliphatic polyester, and a photochromic dye.
“Polycarbonate” as used herein means a polymer or copolymer having repeating structural carbonate units of formula (1)
wherein at least 1%, at least 10%, at least 50%, or at least 75% of the total number of R1 groups are derived from 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) propane (“bisphenol A” or “BPA”). The remaining R1 groups are aromatic, that is, contain at least one C6-30 aromatic group. Specifically, each of the remaining R1 can be derived from a dihydroxy compound such as an aromatic dihydroxy compound of formula (2) or a bisphenol of formula (3).
In formula (2), each Rh is independently a halogen atom, for example bromine, a C1-10 hydrocarbyl group such as a C1-10 alkyl, a halogen-substituted C1-10 alkyl, a C6-10 aryl, or a halogen-substituted C6-10 aryl, and n is 0 to 4.
In formula (3), Ra and Rh are each independently a halogen, C1-12 alkoxy, or C1-12 alkyl; and p and q are each independently integers of 0 to 4, such that when p or q is less than 4, the valence of each carbon of the ring is filled by hydrogen. In an embodiment, p and q is each 0, or p and q is each 1, and Ra and Rb are each a C1-3 alkyl group, specifically methyl, disposed meta to the hydroxy group on each arylene group. Xa is a bridging group connecting the two hydroxy-substituted aromatic groups, where the bridging group and the hydroxy substituent of each C6 arylene group are disposed ortho, meta, or para (specifically para) to each other on the C6 arylene group, for example, a single bond, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)2—, —C(O)—, or a C1-18 organic group, which can be cyclic or acyclic, aromatic or non-aromatic, and can further comprise heteroatoms such as halogens, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, silicon, or phosphorous. For example, Xa can be a substituted or unsubstituted C3-18 cycloalkylidene; a C1-25 alkylidene of the formula —C(Re)(Rd)— wherein Re and Rd are each independently hydrogen, C1-12 alkyl, C1-12 cycloalkyl, C7-12 arylalkyl, C1-12 heteroalkyl, or cyclic C7-12 heteroarylalkyl; or a group of the formula —C(═Re)— wherein Re is a divalent C1-12 hydrocarbon group.
Some illustrative examples of specific dihydroxy compounds other than bisphenol A include the following: bisphenol compounds such as 4,4′-dihydroxybiphenyl, 1,6-dihydroxynaphthalene, 2,6-dihydroxynaphthalene, bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)methane, bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)diphenylmethane, bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-naphthylmethane, 1,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethane, 1,1-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-phenylethane, 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-(3-hydroxyphenyl)propane, bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)phenylmethane, 2,2-bis(4-hydroxy-3-bromophenyl)propane, 1,1-bis (hydroxyphenyl)cyclopentane, 1,1-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)cyclohexane, 1,1-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)isobutene, 1,1-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)cyclododecane, trans-2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butene, 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)adamantane, alpha, alpha′-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)toluene, bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetonitrile, 2,2-bis(3-methyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propane, 2,2-bis(3-ethyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propane, 2,2-bis(3-n-propyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propane, 2,2-bis(3-isopropyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propane, 2,2-bis(3-sec-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propane, 2,2-bis(3-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propane, 2,2-bis(3-cyclohexyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propane, 2,2-bis(3-allyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propane, 2,2-bis(3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)propane, 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)hexafluoropropane, 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethylene, 1,1-dibromo-2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethylene, 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(5-phenoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethylene, 4,4′-dihydroxybenzophenone, 3,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone, 1,6-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,6-hexanedione, ethylene glycol bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)ether, bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)ether, bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)sulfide, bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)sulfoxide, bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)sulfone, 9,9-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)fluorine, 2,7-dihydroxypyrene, 6,6′-dihydroxy-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylspiro(bis)indane (“spirobiindane bisphenol”), 3,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)phthalimide, 2,6-dihydroxydibenzo-p-dioxin, 2,6-dihydroxythianthrene, 2,7-dihydroxyphenoxathin, 2,7-dihydroxy-9,10-dimethylphenazine, 3,6-dihydroxydibenzofuran, 3,6-dihydroxydibenzothiophene, and 2,7-dihydroxycarbazole; resorcinol, substituted resorcinol compounds such as 5-methyl resorcinol, 5-ethyl resorcinol, 5-propyl resorcinol, 5-butyl resorcinol, 5-t-butyl resorcinol, 5-phenyl resorcinol, 5-cumyl resorcinol, 2,4,5,6-tetrafluoro resorcinol, 2,4,5,6-tetrabromo resorcinol, or the like; catechol; hydroquinone; substituted hydroquinones such as 2-methyl hydroquinone, 2-ethyl hydroquinone, 2-propyl hydroquinone, 2-butyl hydroquinone, 2-t-butyl hydroquinone, 2-phenyl hydroquinone, 2-cumyl hydroquinone, 2,3,5,6-tetramethyl hydroquinone, 2,3,5,6-tetra-t-butyl hydroquinone, 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro hydroquinone, 2,3,5,6-tetrabromo hydroquinone, or the like.
Specific dihydroxy compounds other than bisphenol A include resorcinol, 3,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) phthalimidine, 2-phenyl-3,3′-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) phthalimidine (also known as N-phenyl phenolphthalein bisphenol, “PPPBP”, or 3,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-phenylisoindolin-1-one), 1,1-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexane (DMBPC), and from bisphenol A and 1,1-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane (isophorone bisphenol).
“Polycarbonate” as used herein also includes copolymers comprising carbonate units and ester units (“poly(ester-carbonate)s”, also known as polyester-polycarbonates). Poly(ester-carbonate)s further contain, in addition to recurring carbonate units of formula (1), repeating ester units of formula (4)
wherein J is a divalent group derived from a dihydroxy compound (which includes a reactive derivative thereof), and can be, for example, a C2-10 alkylene, a C6-20 cycloalkylene a C6-20 arylene, or a polyoxyalkylene group in which the alkylene groups contain 2 to 6 carbon atoms, specifically, 2, 3, or 4 carbon atoms; and T is a divalent group derived from a dicarboxylic acid (which includes a reactive derivative thereof), and can be, for example, a C2-20 alkylene, a C6-20 cycloalkylene, or a C6-20 arylene. Copolyesters containing a combination of different T and/or J groups can be used. The polyester units can be branched or linear.
Specific dihydroxy compounds include aromatic dihydroxy compounds of formula (2) (e.g., resorcinol), bisphenols of formula (3) (e.g., bisphenol A), a C1-8 aliphatic diol such as ethane diol, n-propane diol, 1,4-butane diol, 1,6-cyclohexane diol, 1,6-hydroxymethylcyclohexane, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing dihydroxy compounds. Aliphatic dicarboxylic acids that can be used include C6-20 aliphatic dicarboxylic acids (which includes the terminal carboxyl groups), specifically linear C8-12 aliphatic dicarboxylic acid such as decanedioic acid (sebacic acid); and alpha, omega-C12 dicarboxylic acids such as dodecanedioic acid (DDDA). Aromatic dicarboxylic acids that can be used include terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid, naphthalene dicarboxylic acid, 1,6-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing acids. A combination of isophthalic acid and terephthalic acid wherein the weight ratio of isophthalic acid to terephthalic acid is 91:9 to 2:98 can be used.
Specific ester units include ethylene terephthalate units, n-propylene terephthalate units, n-butylene terephthalate units, ester units derived from isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, and resorcinol (ITR ester units), and ester units derived from sebacic acid and bisphenol A. The molar ratio of ester units to carbonate units in the poly(ester-carbonate)s can vary broadly, for example 1:99 to 99:1, specifically, 10:90 to 90:10, more specifically, 25:75 to 75:25, or from 2:98 to 15:85.
In a specific embodiment, the polycarbonate is a linear homopolymer containing bisphenol A carbonate units (BPA-PC); a branched, cyanophenyl end-capped bisphenol A homopolycarbonate produced via interfacial polymerization, containing 3 mol % 1,1,1-tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethane (THPE) branching agent, commercially available under the trade name CFR from the Innovative Plastics division of SABIC; a poly(carbonate-siloxane) comprising bisphenol A carbonate units and siloxane units, for example blocks containing 5 to 200 dimethylsiloxane units, such as those commercially available under the trade name EXL from the Innovative Plastics division of SABIC. Other specific polycarbonates that can be used include poly(ester-carbonate)s comprising bisphenol A carbonate units and isophthalate-terephthalate-bisphenol A ester units, also commonly referred to as poly(carbonate-ester)s (PCE) poly(phthalate-carbonate)s (PPC) depending on the relative ratio of carbonate units and ester units. Poly(aliphatic ester-carbonate)s can be used, such as those comprising bisphenol A carbonate units and sebacic acid-bisphenol A ester units, such as those commercially available under the trade name LEXAN HFD from the Innovative Plastics division of SABIC. Other specific copolycarbonate includes bisphenol A and bulky bisphenol carbonate units, i.e., derived from bisphenols containing at least 12 carbon atoms, for example 12 to 60 carbon atoms or 20 to 40 carbon atoms. Examples of such copolycarbonates include copolycarbonates comprising bisphenol A carbonate units and 2-phenyl-3,3′-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) phthalimidine carbonate units (a BPA-PPPBP copolymer), a copolymer comprising bisphenol A carbonate units and 1,1-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexane carbonate units (a BPA-DMBPC copolymer), and a copolymer comprising bisphenol A carbonate units and isophorone bisphenol carbonate units (available, for example, under the trade name APEC from Bayer).
Polycarbonates can be manufactured by processes such as interfacial polymerization and melt polymerization, which are known, and are described, for example, in WO 2013/175448 A1 and WO 2014/072923 A1. An end-capping agent (also referred to as a chain stopper agent or chain terminating agent) can be included during polymerization to provide end groups, for example monocyclic phenols such as phenol, p-cyanophenol, and C1-C22 alkyl-substituted phenols such as p-cumyl-phenol, resorcinol monobenzoate, and p- and tertiary-butyl phenol, monoethers of diphenols, such as p-methoxyphenol, monoesters of diphenols such as resorcinol monobenzoate, functionalized chlorides of aliphatic monocarboxylic acids such as acryloyl chloride and methacryoyl chloride, and mono-chloroformates such as phenyl chloroformate, alkyl-substituted phenyl chloroformates, p-cumyl phenyl chloroformate, and toluene chloroformate. Combinations of different end groups can be used. Branched polycarbonate blocks can be prepared by adding a branching agent during polymerization, for example trimellitic acid, trimellitic anhydride, trimellitic trichloride, tris-p-hydroxyphenylethane, isatin-bis-phenol, tris-phenol TC (1,3,5-tris((p-hydroxyphenyl)isopropyl)benzene), tris-phenol PA (4(4(1,1-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)-ethyl) alpha, alpha-dimethyl benzyl)phenol), 4-chloroformyl phthalic anhydride, trimesic acid, and benzophenone tetracarboxylic acid. The branching agents can be added at a level of 0.05 to 2.0 wt. %. Combinations comprising linear polycarbonates and branched polycarbonates can be used.
The polycarbonates can have an intrinsic viscosity, as determined in chloroform at 25° C., of 0.3 to 1.5 deciliters per gram (dl/gm), specifically 0.45 to 1.0 dl/gm. The polycarbonates can have a weight average molecular weight of 10,000 to 200,000 Daltons, specifically 20,000 to 100,000 Daltons, as measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), using a crosslinked styrene-divinylbenzene column and calibrated to polycarbonate references. GPC samples are prepared at a concentration of 1 mg per ml, and are eluted at a flow rate of 1.5 ml per minute.
In addition to the polycarbonate as described above, the photochromic polycarbonate compositions further comprise a cycloaliphatic polyester of formula (5)
wherein R is a C2-12 alkylene or a C3-12 cycloalkylene, specifically a C2-6 alkylene or a C5-6 cycloalkylene. In a specific embodiment, the cycloaliphatic polyester is a poly(1,4-cyclohexane-dimethanol-1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylate) (PCCD) having recurring units of formula (6).
The 1,4-cyclohexanedimethylene group can be derived from 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol (which includes chemical equivalents thereof), and cyclohexanedicarboxylate (which includes a chemical equivalent thereof. The polyester can comprise the cis-isomer, the trans-isomer, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing isomers.
The cycloaliphatic polyester can have an intrinsic viscosity, as determined in chloroform at 25° C., of 0.3 to 1.5 deciliters per gram (dl/gm), specifically 0.45 to 1.0 dl/gm. The polycarbonates can have a weight average molecular weight of 10,000 to 200,000 Daltons, specifically 30,000 to 100,000 Daltons, as measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), using a crosslinked styrene-divinylbenzene column.
The polycarbonate and polyester can be used in a weight ratio of 10:1 to 1:10, 10:1 to 1:8, 10:1 to 1:5, 10:1 to 1:1 or 9:1 to 1:1, depending on the function and properties desired. In an embodiment, the composition comprises 5 wt. % to 95 wt. %, 20 wt. % to 95 wt %, 40 wt. % to 95 wt. %, 50 wt. % to 95 wt. %, or 50 wt. % to 90 wt. % of the polycarbonate and 5 wt. % to 95 wt. %, 5 wt. % to 80 wt. %, 5 wt. % to 60 wt. %, 5 wt. % to 50 wt. %, or 10 wt. % to 50 wt. % of the polyester, based on the total weight of the composition.
As stated above, use of a combination of the bisphenol A polycarbonate and PCCD allows the incorporation of a photochromic dye in the bulk polymer composition, where the dye demonstrates excellent photochromic properties. A variety of different photochromic dyes can be used. The photochromic dyes can have at least one activated absorption maxima within the range between about 380 nm and 750 nm, and are thermally and chemically stable. Exemplary photochromic dyes include benzopyrans; napthopyrans; spironapthopyrans; spironaphthoxazines; spiro(indolino)naphthoxazines; spiro(benzindolino)naphthoxazines; spiro(indolino)pyridobenzoxazines; spiro(benzindolino)pyridobenzoxazines; spiro(benzindolino)naphthopyrans; spiro(indolino)benzoxazines; spiro(indolino)benzopyrans; spiro(indolino)naphthopyrans; spiro(indolino)quinopyrans; organo-metal dithiazonates, for example (arylazo)thioformic arylhydrazidates; diarylethenes; fulgides and fulgimides, for example 3-furyl, 3-thienyl, and 3-pyrryl fulgides and fulgimides; and spirodihydroindolizines. Combinations comprising at least one photochromic dye can be used. Specific dyes are available under the trade name Reversacol, manufactured by Vivimed Labs Europe Ltd. Useful colors include Oxford Blue, Aqua Green, Sea Green, Berry Red, Flame Red, Rose Red, Plum Red, Palatinate Purple, Storm Purple, Rush Yellow and Corn Yellow.
The organic photochromic dyes can be used either alone or in combination with one or more other photochromic compounds, for example rare earth-doped metal oxide nanoparticles (e.g. zirconium oxide, yttrium oxide, zinc oxide, copper oxide, lanthanum oxide, gadolinium oxide, praseodymium oxide, and the like, and combinations thereof that are doped with rare earths such as lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, and the like, and combinations thereof), metal nanoparticles (e.g., gold, silver, platinum, palladium, iridium, rhenium, mercury, ruthenium, osmium, copper, nickel, and the like, and combinations thereof), semiconductor nanoparticles for example, Group II-VI semiconductors (for example, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, CdS, CdSe, CdTe, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, MgTe, and the like), Group III-V semiconductors (for example, GaN, GaP, GaAs, GaSb, InN, InP, InAs, InSb, AlAs, AlP, AlSb, AlS, and the like), Group IV semiconductors (for example, Ge, Si, and the like), Group I-VII semiconductors (for example, CuCl, Agl, and the like), alloys thereof, and mixtures thereof (for example, ternary and quaternary mixtures)), and combinations thereof.
The dyes can be used in the photochromic polycarbonate compositions in amounts known in the art, for example 10 to 1,000 parts per million by weight based on the parts by weight of the combination of the polycarbonate and the cycloaliphatic polyester. These weight percent values are per dye, i.e., a composition having multiple dyes could contain each dye independently at these concentration ranges.
An additive composition can be used in the photochromic polycarbonate compositions. The additive composition can comprise one or more additives selected to achieve a desired property, with the proviso that the additive(s) are also selected so as to not significantly adversely affect a desired property of the composition, in particular the photochromic properties. The additive composition or individual additives can be mixed at a suitable time during the mixing of the components for forming the composition. The additive can be soluble and/or non-soluble in polycarbonate.
The additive composition can include an impact modifier, flow modifier, antioxidant, heat stabilizer, light stabilizer, ultraviolet (UV) light stabilizer, UV absorbing additive, plasticizer, lubricant, release agent (such as a mold release agent), antistatic agent, anti-fog agent, antimicrobial agent, colorant (e.g., a dye or pigment), surface effect additive, radiation stabilizer, flame retardant, anti-drip agent (e.g., a PTFE-encapsulated styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer (TSAN)), or a combination comprising one or more of the foregoing. For example, a combination of an antioxidant, heat stabilizer, mold release agent, and ultraviolet light stabilizer can be used. In general, the additives are used in the amounts generally known to be effective. For example, the total amount of the additive composition (other than any impact modifier, filler, or reinforcing agent) can be 0.001 to 10.0 wt %, or 0.01 to 5 wt %, 0.01 to 0.2 wt %, each based on the total weight of the polymer in the composition.
Heat stabilizer additives include organophosphites (e.g. triphenyl phosphite, tris-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)phosphite, tris-(mixed mono- and di-nonylphenyl)phosphite or the like), phosphonates (e.g, dimethylbenzene phosphonate or the like), phosphates (e.g., trimethyl phosphate, or the like), or combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing heat stabilizers. The heat stabilizer can be tris(2,4-di-t-butylphenyl) phosphate available as IRGAPHOS™ 168. Heat stabilizers are generally used in amounts of 0.01 to 5 wt %, based on the total weight of polymer in the composition.
Light stabilizers, in particular ultraviolet light (UV) absorbing additives, also referred to as UV stabilizers, include hydroxybenzophenones (e.g., 2-hydroxy-4-n-octoxy benzophenone), hydroxybenzotriazines, cyanoacrylates, oxanilides, benzoxazinones (e.g., 2,2′-(1,4-phenylene)bis(4H-3,1-benzoxazin-4-one, commercially available under the trade name CYASORB UV-3638 from Cytec), aryl salicylates, hydroxybenzotriazoles (e.g., 2-(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(2-hydroxy-5-tert-octylphenyl)benzotriazole, and 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)-phenol, commercially available under the trade name CYASORB 5411 from Cytec) or combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing light stabilizers. The UV stabilizers can be present in an amount of 0.01 to 1 wt %, specifically, 0.1 to 0.5 wt %, and more specifically, 0.15 to 0.4 wt %, based upon the total weight of polymer in the composition.
Antioxidant additives include organophosphites such as tris(nonyl phenyl)phosphite, tris(2,4-di-t-butylphenyl)phosphite, bis(2,4-di-t-butylphenyl)pentaerythritol diphosphite, distearyl pentaerythritol diphosphite; alkylated monophenols or polyphenols; alkylated reaction products of polyphenols with dienes, such as tetrakis[methylene(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate)] methane; butylated reaction products of para-cresol or dicyclopentadiene; alkylated hydroquinones; hydroxylated thiodiphenyl ethers; alkylidene-bisphenols; benzyl compounds; esters of beta-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionic acid with monohydric or polyhydric alcohols; esters of beta-(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)-propionic acid with monohydric or polyhydric alcohols; esters of thioalkyl or thioaryl compounds such as distearylthiopropionate, dilaurylthiopropionate, ditridecylthiodipropionate, octadecyl-3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate, pentaerythrityl-tetrakis[3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate; amides of beta-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionic acid, or combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing antioxidants. Antioxidants are used in amounts of 0.01 to 0.1 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the total composition, excluding any filler.
There is considerable overlap among plasticizers, lubricants, and mold release agents, which include, for example, glycerol tristearate (GTS), phthalic acid esters (e.g, octyl-4,5-epoxy-hexahydrophthalate), tris-(octoxycarbonylethyl)isocyanurate, tristearin, di- or polyfunctional aromatic phosphates (e.g, resorcinol tetraphenyl diphosphate (RDP), the bis(diphenyl) phosphate of hydroquinone and the bis(diphenyl) phosphate of bisphenol A); poly-alpha-olefins; epoxidized soybean oil; silicones, including silicone oils (e.g., poly(dimethyl diphenyl siloxanes); esters, for example, fatty acid esters (e.g, alkyl stearyl esters, such as, methyl stearate, stearyl stearate, and the like), waxes (e.g, beeswax, montan wax, paraffin wax, or the like), or combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing plasticizers, lubricants, and mold release agents. These are generally used in amounts of 0.01 to 5 wt %, based on the total weight of the polymer in the composition.
In certain embodiments, the photochromic polycarbonate compositions further comprise phosphoric acid. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the polycarbonate may react with the cycloaliphatic polyester through transesterification causing the degradation of the polymers and the presence of phosphoric acid can effectively prevent this transesterification thus stabilizing the photochromic polycarbonate compositions. The amount of phosphoric acid added to the photochromic polycarbonate compositions can be, for example, 0.001 to 0.5 wt %, specifically 0.01 to 0.1 wt % based on the total weight of the composition.
Methods for forming the photochromic polycarbonate compositions can vary, but in an advantageous feature, include the photochromic dye in the bulk polymer composition. In an embodiment, the polymers are combined (e.g., blended) with any additives (e.g., a mold release agent) such as in a screw-type extruder. The polymers, dye, and any additives can be combined in any order, and in form, for example, powder, granular, filamentous, as a masterbatch, and the like. Transparent compositions can be produced by manipulation of the process used to manufacture the photochromic polycarbonate composition. One example of such a process to produce transparent photochromic polycarbonate compositions is described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,767,738, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The photochromic polycarbonate compositions can be foamed, extruded into a sheet, or optionally pelletized. Methods of foaming a photochromic polycarbonate composition using frothing or physical or chemical blowing agents are known and can be used. The pellets can be used for molding into articles, foaming, or they can be used in forming a sheet of the flame retardant photochromic polycarbonate composition. In some embodiments, the composition can be extruded (or co-extruded with a coating or other layer) in the form of a sheet and/or can be processed through calendaring rolls to form the desired sheet.
The photochromic polycarbonate compositions can further have good melt viscosities, which aid processing. The photochromic polycarbonate compositions can have a melt volume flow rate (MVR, cubic centimeter per 10 minutes (cc/10 min)), of 4 to 30, greater than or equal to 12, greater than or equal to 10, greater than or equal to 15, greater than or equal to 16, greater than or equal to 17, greater than or equal to 18, greater than or equal to 19, or greater than or equal to 20 cc/min, measured at 300° C./1.2 Kg at 360 second dwell according to ISO 1133. The same or similar values can be obtained in articles having a wide range of thicknesses, for example from 0.1 to 10 mm, or 0.5 to 5 mm.
The photochromic polycarbonate compositions can further have excellent impact properties, in particular multiaxial impact (MAI) and ductility, which provides information on how the compositions behave under multiaxial deformation conditions. The deformation applied can be a high-speed puncture. Properties reported include total energy absorbed, which is expressed in Joules (J) and ductility of parts in percent (% D) based on whether the part fractured in a brittle or ductile manner. A ductile part shows yielding where it is penetrated by the tip, a brittle part splits into pieces or has a section punched out that shows no yielding. The photochromic polycarbonate compositions can have an MAI equal to or higher than 100 J, determined at 23° C. at an impact speed of 4.4 m/second in accordance with ISO 6603 on discs with a thickness of 3.2 mm. The compositions can have a ductility in multiaxial impact of 80% and higher, determined at 23° C. at an impact speed of 4.4 m/second in accordance with ISO 6603 on discs with a thickness of 3.2 mm. The same or similar values can be obtained in articles having a wide range of thicknesses, for example from 0.1 to 10 mm, but particularly at 0.5 to 5 mm.
The photochromic polycarbonate compositions can further have excellent impact strength. For example, an article molded from the photochromic polycarbonate compositions can have a notched Izod impact of greater than 10 kJ/m2 as measured according to ISO 180/1A at 23° C., 5.5 J, on impact bars with a 4 mm thickness. The same or similar values can be obtained in articles having a wide range of thicknesses, for example from 0.1 to 10 mm, but particularly at 0.5 to 5 mm.
The photochromic polycarbonate compositions can further be formulated to have a haze less than 3%, or less than 2%, and a transmission greater than 80%, each measured using the color space CIE1931 (Illuminant C and a 2° observer) or according to ASTM D 1003 (2007) using illuminant C at a 0.062 inch (1.5 mm) thickness. In some embodiments, the photochromic polycarbonate compositions can be formulated such that an article molded from the composition has both a haze less of than 3% and a transmission of greater than 80%, each measured using the color space CIE1931 (Illuminant C and a 2° observer) or according to ASTM D 1003 (2007) using illuminant C at a 0.062 inch (1.5 mm) thickness. In some embodiments the articles can have all three of a haze less of than 3%, a transmission of greater than 85%, and an MAI equal to or higher than 100 J, determined at 23° C. at an impact speed of 4.4 m/second in accordance with ISO 6603 on discs with a thickness of 1.5 mm.
The photochromic polycarbonate compositions can further have a flexural modulus of less than 3,000 MPa, less than 2,500 MPa, or less than 2,200 MPa measured according to ASTM D790 (2010) with the speed of 1.27 mm/min.
The photochromic polycarbonate compositions can further have a delta a* value of 0.1 to 10 measured on Color Eye 7000A according to ASTM 6290-98.
Shaped, formed, or molded articles comprising the photochromic polycarbonate compositions are also provided. The photochromic polycarbonate compositions can be molded into useful shaped articles by a variety of means such as injection molding, extrusion, rotational molding, blow molding, and thermoforming to form articles. Thus the photochromic polycarbonate compositions can be used to form a foamed article, a molded article, a thermoformed article, an extruded film, an extruded sheet, a layer of a multi-layer article, e.g., a cap-layer, a substrate for a coated article, or a substrate for a metallized article. These values can be obtained in articles having a wide range of thicknesses, for example from 0.1 to 10 mm, or 0.5 to 5 mm. The articles are useful in a variety of applications. For example, an optical lens, a toy, a component of a toy, a novelty item, a packaging material, or a security marker.
Set forth below are some embodiments of the photochromic polycarbonate compositions, methods of manufacture and articles comprising the same.
In an embodiment, a photochromic polycarbonate composition comprises: a polycarbonate comprising bisphenol A carbonate units; a cycloaliphatic polyester comprising units of the formula (5); and a photochromic dye; wherein the composition has a transmission of 80% or more and a haze of 3% or less, measured according to ASTM D1003 (2007) using the color space CIE1931 (Illuminant C and a 2° observer) at a thickness of 1.5 mm.
The polycarbonate in the photochromic composition can comprise a bisphenol A polycarbonate homopolymer, a poly(aliphatic ester-carbonate) comprising bisphenol carbonate units, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing. Optionally the poly(aliphatic ester-carbonate) comprises: bisphenol-A polycarbonate units and units of the formula (7).
The cycloaliphatic polyester in the photochromic composition can comprise units of the formula (6).
The photochromic dye in the photochromic composition is a benzopyran, naphthopyran, spironaphthopyran, spironaphthoxazine, spiro(indolino)naphthoxazine, spiro(benzindolino)naphthoxazine, spiro(indolino)pyridobenzoxazine, spiro(benzindolino)pyridobenzoxazine, spiro(benzindolino)naphthopyran, spiro(indolino)benzoxazine, spiro(indolino)benzopyran, spiro(indolino)naphthopyran, spiro(indolino)quinopyrans, (arylazo)thioformic arylhydrazidate; diarylethene; fulgide, fulgimide, spirodihydroindolizine, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing, preferably the photochromic dye is a naphth[2,1-b][1,4]oxazine, a naphth[1,2-b][1,4]oxazine, a 3H-naphtho[2,1-b]pyran, a 2H-naphtho[1,2-b]pyran, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing.
One or more of the following conditions can apply: (1) the weight ratio of the polycarbonate relative to the cycloaliphatic polyester is about 10:1 to about 1:10; (2) the polycarbonate is present in an amount of 5 wt. % to 95 wt. %, and the cycloaliphatic polyester is present in an amount of 5 wt. % to 95 wt. %, each based on the total weight of the composition; (3) the polycarbonate is present in an amount of 50 wt. % to 95 wt. %, and the cycloaliphatic polyester is present in an amount of 5 wt. % to 50 wt. %, each based on the total weight of the composition; or (4) the photochromic dye is present in an amount of about 10 ppm to about 1,000 ppm by weight, based on the total parts by weight of the polycarbonate and the aliphatic polyester.
The composition can comprise one or more of the following additional components: (1) the composition further comprises 0.001 to 0.5 wt % of phosphoric acid, based on the total weight of the composition; (2) the composition further comprises 0.01 to 0.1 wt. % of phosphoric acid, based on the total weight of the composition; or (3) the composition further comprises an additive selected form an antioxidant, a heat stabilizer, a mold release agent, an ultraviolet light stabilizer, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing, optionally the additive comprises tris(2,4-di-t-butylphenyl)phosphite.
The composition can have one or more of the following properties: (1) the composition has a flexural modulus of less than 3000 MPa measured according to ASTM D790 (2010) with the speed of 1.27 mm/min; or (2) the composition has a delta a* value of 0.1 to 10 measured on Color Eye 7000A according to ASTM 6290-98.
A specific exemplary composition comprises, based on the total weight of the composition, 50 wt. % to 95 wt. % of a bisphenol-A polycarbonate homopolymer; 5 wt. % to 50 wt. % of an aliphatic polyester comprising units of the formula (6); a photochromic dye; and 0.01 wt. % to 0.2 wt. % of an additive selected from an antioxidant, a heat stabilizer, a mold release agent, an ultraviolet light stabilizer, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing; wherein the composition has a transmission of 80% or more and a haze of 3% or less, measured according to ASTM D1003 (2007) using the color space CIE1931 (Illuminant C and a 2° observer) at a thickness of 1.5 mm.
Another specific exemplary composition comprises, based on the total weight of the composition, 50 wt. % to 95 wt. % of a poly(aliphatic ester-carbonate) comprising: bisphenol-A polycarbonate units; and units of the formula (7), 5 wt. % to 50 wt. % of an aliphatic polyester comprising units of the formula (6); a photochromic dye; and 0.01 wt. % to 0.2 wt. % of an additive selected from an antioxidant, a heat stabilizer, a mold release agent, an ultraviolet light stabilizer, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing; wherein the composition has a transmission of 80% or more and a haze of 3% or less, measured according to ASTM D1003 (2007) using the color space CIE1931 (Illuminant C and a 2° observer) at a thickness of 1.5 mm.
One or more of the following conditions can apply to the specific exemplary compositions: (1) the compositions have a delta a* value of 0.1 to 10 measured on Color Eye 7000A according to ASTM 6290-98; (2) the compositions further comprises 0.01 to 0.1 wt. % of phosphoric acid, based on the total weight of the compositions; (3) the photochromic dye is a naphth[2,1-b][1,4]oxazine, a naphth[1,2-b][1,4]oxazine, a 3H-naphtho[2,1-b]pyran, a 2H-naphtho[1,2-b]pyran, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing; or (4) the additive comprises tris(2,4-di-t-butylphenyl)phosphite; (5) the weight ratio of the polycarbonate relative to the cycloaliphatic polyester is about 10:1 to about 1:10; or (6) the photochromic dye is present in an amount of about 10 ppm to about 1,000 ppm by weight, based on the total parts by weight of the polycarbonate and the aliphatic polyester.
Another exemplary composition comprises, based on the total weight of the composition, 50 wt. % to 95 wt. % of a poly(aliphatic ester-carbonate) comprising: bisphenol-A polycarbonate units; and units of the formula (7), 5 wt. % to 50 wt. % of an aliphatic polyester comprising units of the formula (6); a photochromic dye selected from naphth[2,1-b][1,4]oxazine, a naphth[1,2-b][1,4]oxazine, a 3H-naphtho[2,1-b]pyran, a 2H-naphtho[1,2-b]pyran, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing, wherein the photochromic dye is present in an amount of about 10 ppm to about 1,000 ppm by weight, based on the total parts by weight of the poly(aliphatic ester-carbonate) and the aliphatic polyester; 0.01 to 0.1 wt. % of phosphoric acid; and 0.01 wt. % to 0.2 wt. % tris(2,4-di-t-butylphenyl)phosphite; wherein the composition has a transmission of 80% or more and a haze of 3% or less, measured according to ASTM D1003 (2007) using the color space CIE1931 (Illuminant C and a 2° observer) at a thickness of 1.5 mm; and the composition has a delta a* value of 0.1 to 10 measured on Color Eye 7000A according to ASTM 6290-98.
Yet another exemplary composition comprises, based on the total weight of the composition, 50 wt. % to 95 wt. % of a bisphenol-A polycarbonate homopolymer: 5 wt. % to 50 wt. % of an aliphatic polyester comprising units of the formula (6); a photochromic dye selected from naphth[2,1-b][1,4]oxazine, a naphth[1,2-b][1,4]oxazine, a 3H-naphtho[2,1-b]pyran, a 2H-naphtho[1,2-b]pyran, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing, wherein the photochromic dye is present in an amount of about 10 ppm to about 1,000 ppm by weight, based on the total parts by weight of the bisphenol-A polycarbonate homopolymer and the aliphatic polyester; 0.01 to 0.1 wt. % of phosphoric acid; and 0.01 wt. % to 0.2 wt. % tris(2,4-di-t-butylphenyl)phosphite; wherein the composition has a transmission of 80% or more and a haze of 3% or less, measured according to ASTM D1003 (2007) using the color space CIE1931 (Illuminant C and a 2° observer) at a thickness of 1.5 mm; and the composition has a delta a* value of 0.1 to 10 measured on Color Eye 7000A according to ASTM 6290-98.
In another embodiment, an article comprises the composition of any of the foregoing embodiments. The article is in the form of a film or sheet and includes an optical lens, a toy, a component of a toy, a novelty item, a packaging material or a security marker.
A method of forming the composition comprises melt-extruding the components of any of the foregoing embodiments or shaping, extruding, blow molding, or injection molding the composition of any of the foregoing embodiments.
The photochromic polycarbonate compositions are further illustrated by the following non-limiting examples, which use the following components.
The materials used in the Examples are described in Table 1. Amounts of components are in wt %, based on the total weight of the composition, unless otherwise indicated.
The polycarbonate compositions were pre-blended and then extruded on a TEM-37BS twin screw extruder. The extruder has 10 zones, which were set at temperatures of 50° C. (zone 1), 100° C. (zone 2), 120° C. (zone 3), 200° C. (zone 4), 230° C. (zone 5 to 10). Screw speed was 300 rpm and throughput was 40 kg/hr.
Extruded pellets were dried in a dehumidifying dryer for 4 hours at 80° C. Color chip and flex bars were molded on FANUC machine. Molding conditions are shown in Table 2. It will be recognized by one skilled in the art that the method is not limited to these temperatures or processing equipment.
Molecular weight of polymers (Mn, Mw, and polydispersity (N)) was determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC).
Melt volume rate (MVR) and melt flow rate (MFR) were determined at 300° C. under load of 1.2 kg according to ASTM D1238-04.
Flexural modulus was tested according to ASTM D790 (2010) with the speed of 1.27 mm/min.
Transmission and Haze were tested according to ASTM D1003 (2007) using the color space CIE1931 (Illuminant C and a 2° observer) on HazeGard II.
L*, a*, and b* were tested on Color Eye 7000A based on ASTM 6290-98.
Examples 1-3 demonstrate the performance of photochromic dyes in compositions containing a polycarbonate and PCCD. Formulations and results are shown in Table 3 and
Comparative Example 1 (CEx1) and Examples 2 and 3 (E×2 and E×3) indicate that when polycarbonate PC-1 is used in combination with PCCD, the flexural modulus of the composition decreases to about 1500 MPa.
The results also show that a photochromic dye functions properly in a composition containing both PC-1 and PCCD. As shown in
The presence of phosphoric acid provides further advantage. Ex3 contains 0.05% of phosphoric acid. The molecular weights of PC-1 and PCCD of Ex3 are higher than the molecular weights of PC-1 and PCCD of CEx1 and Ex2, which do not contain any phosphoric acid, demonstrating that the presence of phosphoric acid reduces/prevents the degradation of PC-1 and PCCD. The transmission of Ex3 is 85.2%. In contrast, the PC-1 and PCCD in Ex2, which does not contain phosphoric acid, are degraded and the transmission is 82.8%, which is lower than that of Ex3 (85.2%). Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the degradation of PC-1 and PCCD are caused by the transesterification of PC-1 and PCCD and the presence of phosphoric acid can effectively prevent this transesterification.
Examples 4-8 illustrate the effects of PCCD loading on the performance of photochromic dye. Formulations and results are shown in Table 4 and
Amounts of 0%, 10%, 23%, and 50% of PCCD are blended with PC-1 and photochromic dye. As shown in Table 4 and
Because the photochromic dye-Reversacol aqua green turns green after UV radiation, the Δa* is used to indicate the color change of polycarbonate material in
Examples 9 and 10 demonstrate the performance of Reversacol plum red in compositions containing PCCD and PC-1. Formulations and results are shown in Table 5 and
Another kind of photochromic dye, Reversacol plum red, is formulated with PCCD and PC-1. After UV radiation, the color chip of Ex 10 turns red, which is consistent with the spectrum change as illustrated in
The increase of a* also provides an indication of the color change. As shown in Table 5, the dye loading of Ex 9 (0.005%) is lower than that of Ex 10 (0.025%) and Aa* of Ex 9 is lower than that of Ex10, indicating that the color change becomes obvious with the increase of dye loading.
Examples 11-14 illustrate the performance of a photochromic dye in a composition containing PCCD and a bisphenol-A/sebacic acid copolymer (“HFD”). Formulations and results are shown in Table 6 and
Part of a color chip made from the composition of Ex12 is covered and the uncovered part is exposed to UV radiation. The area exposed to UV radiation becomes red compared to the area that is not covered thus not exposed to UV radiation. The result is consistent with the spectrum change illustrated in
The increase of a* also provides a solid evidence of this photochromic phenomenon. In general, the bigger the a* vale is, the redder the color of the chip is. The a* of Examples 13, 13 and 14 color chips increase obviously after UV radiation. Accordingly, a photochromic material is provided by combining PCCD, a polycarbonate copolymer and a photochromic dye.
The singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. “Or” means “and/or.” The endpoints of all ranges directed to the same component or property are inclusive and independently combinable. Unless defined otherwise, technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as is commonly understood by one of skill in the art to which this invention belongs.
As used herein, a “combination” is inclusive of blends, mixtures, alloys, reaction products, and the like. Compounds are described using standard nomenclature. For example, any position not substituted by any indicated group is understood to have its valency filled by a bond as indicated, or a hydrogen atom. A dash (“-”) that is not between two letters or symbols is used to indicate a point of attachment for a substituent. For example, —CHO is attached through carbon of the carbonyl group.
As used herein, the term “hydrocarbyl” and “hydrocarbon” refer broadly to a substituent comprising carbon and hydrogen, optionally with 1 to 3 heteroatoms, for example, oxygen, nitrogen, halogen, silicon, sulfur, or a combination thereof; “alkyl” refers to a straight or branched chain, saturated monovalent hydrocarbon group; “alkylene” refers to a straight or branched chain, saturated, divalent hydrocarbon group; “alkylidene” refers to a straight or branched chain, saturated divalent hydrocarbon group, with both valences on a single common carbon atom; “cycloalkyl” refers to a non-aromatic monovalent monocyclic or multicylic hydrocarbon group having at least three carbon atoms, “aryl” refers to an aromatic monovalent group containing only carbon in the aromatic ring or rings; “arylene” refers to an aromatic divalent group containing only carbon in the aromatic ring or rings; “arylalkyl” refers to an alkyl group that has been substituted with an aryl group as defined above, with benzyl being an exemplary arylalkyl group; “alkoxy” refers to an alkyl group as defined above with the indicated number of carbon atoms attached through an oxygen bridge (—O—); and “aryloxy” refers to an aryl group as defined above with the indicated number of carbon atoms attached through an oxygen bridge (—O—).
Unless otherwise indicated, each of the foregoing groups can be unsubstituted or substituted, provided that the substitution does not significantly adversely affect synthesis, stability, or use of the compound. The term “substituted” as used herein means that at least one hydrogen on the designated atom or group is replaced with another group, provided that the designated atom's normal valence is not exceeded. When the substituent is oxo (i.e., ═O), then two hydrogens on the atom are replaced. Combinations of substituents and/or variables are permissible provided that the substitutions do not significantly adversely affect synthesis or use of the compound. Exemplary groups that can be present on a “substituted” position include, but are not limited to, cyano; hydroxyl; nitro; azido; alkanoyl (such as a C2-6 alkanoyl group such as acyl); carboxamido; C1-6 or C1-3 alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl (including groups having at least one unsaturated linkages and from 2 to 8, or 2 to 6 carbon atoms); C1-6 or C1-3 alkoxy groups; C6-10 aryloxy such as phenoxy; C1-6 alkylthio; C1-6 or C1-3 alkylsulfinyl; C1-6 or C1-3 alkylsulfonyl; aminodi(C1-6 or C1-3)alkyl; C6-12 aryl having at least one aromatic rings (e.g., phenyl, biphenyl, naphthyl, or the like, each ring either substituted or unsubstituted aromatic); C7-19 alkylenearyl having 1 to 3 separate or fused rings and from 6 to 18 ring carbon atoms, with benzyl being an exemplary arylalkyl group; or arylalkoxy having 1 to 3 separate or fused rings and from 6 to 18 ring carbon atoms, with benzyloxy being an exemplary arylalkoxy group.
All references cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. While typical embodiments have been set forth for the purpose of illustration, the foregoing descriptions should not be deemed to be a limitation on the scope herein. Accordingly, various modifications, adaptations, and alternatives can occur to one skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope herein.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/IB2015/050525 | 1/23/2015 | WO | 00 |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61931033 | Jan 2014 | US |
