Patent Grant
7906754
The present invention relates to a photomultiplier tube and a radiation detecting device.
Conventionally, in a photomultiplier tube having a reflection-type final-stage dynode, electrons emitted from a photocathode provided at one side of a vacuum vessel are multiplied by an electrode layer section including a plurality of dynodes in a layer arrangement, the multiplied electrons are further multiplied by the reflection-type final-stage dynode in a reflection direction, and the electrons are detected by an anode that is provided at the photocathode side of the reflection-type final-stage dynode. In such a photomultiplier tube, insulators are inserted between each of the dynodes and the anode, and the dynodes and the anode are stacked in a layer arrangement with predetermined spaces (for example, refer to patent document 1). In another example, each of dynodes and an anode is connected to a stem pin that supplies each of the dynodes and the anode with an electric potential (for example, refer to patent documents 2 and 3).
Patent document 1: Japanese Patent Application Publication No. H6-310085 (page 3, FIG. 4)
Patent document 2: Japanese Patent Application Publication No. H11-3677 (page 3, FIG. 1)
Patent document 3: Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2003-338260 (pages 2-5, FIG. 3)
Because the above-described photomultiplier tubes have a layered structure where each electrode is stacked in a layer arrangement, it is desired that anti-vibration performance is improved and that noises in detected signals are reduced.
In view of the foregoing, it is an object of the present invention to provide a photomultiplier tube and a radiation detecting device provided with the same that can improve anti-vibration performance and that can reduce noises.
In order to attain the above objects, the present invention provides a photomultiplier tube including: a vacuum vessel having a faceplate constituting one end and a stem constituting another end; a photocathode that converts incident light incident through the faceplate to electrons; an electron multiplying section that multiplies the electrons emitted from the photocathode; and an electron detecting section that transmits output signals in response to the electrons multiplied by the electron multiplying section, the photocathode, the electron multiplying section, and the electron detecting section being provided within the vacuum vessel, characterized in that the electron multiplying section includes dynodes stacked in a plurality of stages; the electron detecting section includes an anode that is arranged between a first dynode at a final stage and a second dynode at a stage before the first dynode; the stem is provided with a support means for placing the anode spaced apart from the first dynode, the support means being made of an electrically conductive material; and the anode and the second dynode are stacked with an inter-layer member made of an insulating material interposed therebetween.
With this configuration, the anode is placed on the support means of an insulating material, and no insulating body exists between the anode and the first dynode at the final stage. Hence, it is possible to prevent noises occurring from light emission generated by electrons colliding on an insulating body. Further, because the support means is provided, the anti-vibration performance can be improved.
At this time, it is preferable that a support protrusion made of an insulating material be provided on a surface of the stem confronting the photocathode, and that the first dynode be supported by the support protrusion.
With this configuration, because the first dynode that is the final stage dynode is supported by the support protrusion made of the insulating material, the positioning accuracy of each dynode in the electrode stacking direction can be increased. Further, because the creepage distances between the stem pin and the first dynode and between the side tube and the first dynode can be made long by the support protrusion, creeping discharge can be prevented.
In the above-described photomultiplier tube, it is preferable that the inter-layer member and the support means be arranged coaxially. With this configuration, the electrodes can be fixed by applying pressure in the electrode stacking direction, thereby improving the anti-vibration performance.
Here, it is preferable that the first dynode be formed with a fitting section that is fitted with the support protrusion. With this configuration, the positioning for arranging the first dynode is facilitated, and the positioning accuracy in the electrode surface can be improved.
Further, it is preferable that the first dynode be formed with a cutout, and that the support means pass through a region that is cut out by the cutout. In this way, by providing the cutout so that the support means and the first dynode do not contact, the support means and the first dynode can be separated electrically while the effective area of the first dynode is ensured.
A radiation detecting device having the above-described effects can be obtained by disposing, outside of the faceplate of any one of the above-described photomultiplier tubes, a scintillator that converts radiation to light and that outputs the light.
According to the photomultiplier tube and the radiation detecting device of the present invention, a photomultiplier tube and a radiation detector with high anti-vibration performance and reduced noises can be provided.
Hereinafter, an embodiment of the present invention will be described while referring to the accompanying drawings.
The scintillator 3 includes an incident surface 5 at one side in the z-axis direction and an output surface 7 at the other side, and has a substantially cylindrical shape. Radiation incident on the incident surface 5 is converted to light inside the scintillator 3, and the light propagates within the scintillator 3 and is outputted from the output surface 7. The photomultiplier tube 10 is in facial contact with the output surface 7 of the scintillator 3. The central axis of the scintillator 3 and the tube axis of the photomultiplier tube 10 are approximately coaxial.
In the photomultiplier tube 10, a vacuum vessel 18 is configured by hermetically connecting and fixing a faceplate 13 that constitutes one end section in the z-axis direction, a stem 50 that constitutes the other end section, a ring-shaped side tube 37 provided at the periphery of the stem 50, and a side tube 15 having a tubular shape. A focus electrode 17, an electron multiplying section provided with a plurality of dynodes Dy1-Dy10, and an electron detecting section provided with an anode 25 that detects electrons and outputs signals are arranged within the vacuum vessel 18 of the photomultiplier tube 10.
The faceplate 13 is formed of glass, for example, and has a substantially circular plate shape. A photocathode 14 for converting incident light to electrons is provided at the inner side of the faceplate 13, that is, at the lower side in the z-axis direction. The photocathode 14 is formed by reaction of alkali metal vapor to preliminarily vapor-deposited antimony, for example. The photocathode 14 is provided on an approximately entire surface of the inner side of the faceplate 13. The photocathode 14 converts the light that is outputted from the scintillator 3 and that is incident on the faceplate 13 to electrons and emits the electrons.
The side tube 15 is formed of metal, for example, and has a substantially cylindrical shape. The side tube 15 constitutes a side surface of the photomultiplier tube 10. The side tube 15 is provided with the same electric potential as the photocathode 14. A flange section 15a is formed at the lower end section of the side tube 15. The ring-shaped side tube 37 provided at the lower side of the side tube 15 is formed of metal, for example, and has a substantially cylindrical shape. The ring-shaped side tube 37 is hermetically fixed to the stem 50, such that the ring-shaped side tube 37 surrounds the side of the stem 50. The upper end section of the ring-shaped side tube 37 constitutes a flange section 37a.
The faceplate 13 is fixed to one end section of the side tube 15, and the flange section 15a of the other end section is welded to the flange section 37a of the ring-shaped side tube 37, allowing the side tube 15 and the ring-shaped side tube 37 to be hermetically fixed to each other. Further, the ring-shaped side tube 37 and the stem 50 are hermetically fixed to each other to form the vacuum vessel 18.
As shown in
The base member 51 is a circular-plate shaped member formed of insulating glass including kovar, for example, as primary component. The base member 51 takes on black color to such a degree that light from the lower side does not transmit to inside the vacuum vessel 18. The upper holding member 53 is a circular-plate shaped member formed of insulating glass having a melting point higher than the base member 51 by adding alumina powder, for example, to kovar. The upper holding member 53 is black colored so as to absorb light emission inside the vacuum vessel 18 efficiently. Like the upper holding member 53, the lower holding member 55 is a circular-plate shaped member formed of insulating glass having a melting point higher than the base member 51 by adding alumina powder, for example, to kovar. The lower holding member 55 takes on white color due to difference in composition of added alumina powder, and has higher physical strength than the base member 51 and the upper holding member 53.
In the stem 50, the upper holding member 53 is in close contact with and joined with an upper surface of the base member 51, and the lower holding member 55 is in close contact with and joined with a lower surface of the base member 51. At this time, the base member 51, the upper holding member 53, and the lower holding member 55 are stacked and joined in a state where the axial centers of the plurality of bores formed in the base member 51, the upper holding member 53, and the lower holding member 55 are aligned with one another. Further, the bores of the upper holding member 53 and of the lower holding member 55 are formed to have a larger diameter than the openings of the base member 51. Each of the stem pins 35 extends through the bores formed in each of the base member 51, the upper holding member 53, and the lower holding member 55. An annular recess 50a is defined by the bore of the upper holding member 53 and the stem pin 35 extending through the bore. Another annular recess 50a is defined by the bore of the lower holding member 55 and the stem pin 35 extending through the bore. Each stem pin 35 is fusion-bonded at the annular recess 50a by fusing the base member 51.
Each stem pin 35 is formed of an electrically conductive material. Each stem pin 35 is inserted in the stem 50 so as to be fixed with the stem 50 as described above, extends upward in z-axis, and is connected to a predetermined electrode. The stem pins 35 are formed in lengths that correspond to the positions of electrodes to which the stem pins 35 are connected.
At least two (three in the present embodiment) among the above-described annular recesses 50a formed in each of the upper holding member 53 and the lower holding member 55 constitute annular recesses 50b having large diameters to allow a positioning jig to insert therethrough to the base member 51 during the assembly of the stem 50. Further, an annular recess 50c is defined by the bore of the upper holding member 53 and an anode pin 27 extending through the bore. The annular recess 50c is opened at an upper surface 53a of the upper holding member 53 (See
As shown in
Further, a plurality of upwardly protruding support members 21 is provided on the upper surface 53a, serving as support means for placing the anode 25 thereon. In the present embodiment, the support members 21 are provided at four positions on the upper surface 53a that are spaced apart from each other by 90 degrees in the circumferential direction. The support member 21 is formed of an electrically conductive material, and includes a placing section 20 and a support section 22 as its cross-section is shown in
In this way, the positioning protrusion 31 is fitted with the fitting section 32 of the protruding section 41, and the protruding sections 34 are placed on the spacers 33, thereby supporting the entire dynode Dy10. Because of the configuration where the dynode Dy10 is placed on the positioning protrusion 31 and the spacers 33, the dynode Dy10 is positioned with respect to all of the x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis directions in a state spaced apart from the upper surface 53a.
Cutouts 29 are provided at the four corners of the dynode Dy10 for avoiding contact with the support members 21. A protruding section 36 is formed at a portion of the dynode Dy10 that corresponds to the stem pin 35. The dynode Dy10 is connected to the stem pin 35 and is supplied with a predetermined electric potential that is higher than an electric potential supplied with a dynode Dy9 and lower than an electric potential supplied with the anode 25.
The dynode Dy9 is a second dynode that is arranged to substantially cover the anode 25. The four corners are placed on inter-layer members 23, allowing the entirety of the dynode Dy9 to be supported. The dynode Dy9 is provided spaced apart upward from the anode 25 in the z-axis direction and in confrontation with and in substantially parallel with the anode 25. The inter-layer members 23 are insulating members arranged coaxially with the support members 21 in the z-axis direction. The inter-layer members 23 have spherical shapes or disk shapes with convex portions at the center of the top and bottom surfaces. Here, the dynode Dy9 may be provided with fitting sections that are dented in the z-axis direction for facilitating fixing with the inter-layer members 23. Further, the dynode Dy9 is formed with a protruding section 36. The stem pin 35 is connected to the protruding section 36, allowing the dynode Dy9 to be supplied with a predetermined electric potential.
The dynodes Dy8-Dy1 are thin-plate electrodes having electron multiplying pieces, in the same manner as the dynode Dy9. The dynodes Dy8-Dy1 are arranged sequentially from the direction of the stem 50 in a layered arrangement, and arranged spaced apart from each other and in confrontation with and in substantially parallel to each other with the inter-layer members 23 arranged coaxially with the support members 21 interposed between each of the dynodes. Further, the protruding section 36 is formed at a predetermined position of each of the dynodes Dy8-Dy1. The stem pin 35 is connected to the protruding section 36, thereby supplying a predetermined electric potential. Further, the dynodes Dy9-Dy1 are supplied by the stem pins 35 to electric potentials. The electric potentials supplied with the dynodes Dy9-Dy1 become sequentially higher from the photocathode 14 side toward the stem 50 side.
A focus electrode 17 is further arranged in confrontation with the photocathode 14. The inter-layer member 23 is interposed between the focus electrode 17 and the dynode Dy1. The focus electrode 17 is connected to the stem pin 35 and is supplied with the same electric potential as is supplied with the photocathode 14. The focus electrode 17 is a thin-plate electrode having a plurality of focus pieces that extend in the y-axis direction, where slit-shaped multiplying openings are formed between the adjacent focus pieces. The focus electrode 17 does not have an electron multiplying region. The focus electrode 17 converges electrons emitted from the photocathode 14 to be incident on the electron multiplying region of the dynode Dy1 efficiently.
With the radiation detecting device 1 according to the present embodiment having the above-described configuration, when radiation is incident on the incident surface 5 of the scintillator 3, light in response to the incident radiation is outputted to the output surface 7. When the light outputted by the scintillator 3 is incident on the faceplate 13 of the photomultiplier tube 10, the photocathode 14 emits electrons in response to the incident light. The focus electrode 17 provided in confrontation with the photocathode 14 converges the electrons emitted from the photocathode 14 to be incident on the dynode Dy1. The dynode Dy1 multiplies the incident electrons and emits the electrons to the lower stage dynode Dy2. The electrons multiplied sequentially by the dynodes Dy1-Dy9 in this way pass through the slits of the anode 25, and are further multiplied by the dynode Dy10 in the reflection direction to reach the anode 25. The anode 25 detects the reached electrons and outputs the electrons as signals to the outside through the anode pin 27.
As described above in details, according to the radiation detecting device 1 of the present embodiment, it is possible to detect radiation that is incident on the scintillator 3 and to output signals to the outside.
The emission of the electrons reflected and multiplied by the flat plate dynode Dy10 spreads wider, because these electrons multiplied by dynode Dy10 are the largest number among electrons multiplied by other dynodes. Hence, if an insulating body exists between the anode 25 and the dynode Dy10, there is possibility that electrons collide on the insulating body so as to emit light, and the light reaches the photocathode 14 and generates false signals (noises). In the photomultiplier tube 10 used for the above-described radiation detecting device 1, however, the anode 25 is placed on the support members 21 which are conductive material, and no insulating body exists between the anode 25 and the final-stage dynode Dy10. Thus, electrons can be prevented from colliding on an insulating body and emitting light to generate noises. Further, the anode 25 is placed on the placing section 20 constituting the support members 21, and the inter-layer members 23 are arranged coaxially in the z-axis direction with the support members 21, thereby supporting each electrode. Hence, each electrode can be fixed by applying pressure in the electrode stacking direction. Thus, the anti-vibration performance is improved, and the positioning accuracy in the electrode stacking direction is also improved.
Because the dynode Dy10 is placed on the positioning protrusion 31 as a support protrusion and the spacers 33, the positioning accuracy in the z-axis direction can be improved. Additionally, because the fitting section 32 is formed on the lower surface of the dynode Dy10 confronting the stem 50 to be fitted with the positioning protrusion 31, the positioning of the dynode Dy10 in the xy plane can be facilitated, thereby improving the positioning accuracy in the electrode surface (in the xy plane). Further, the positioning protrusion 31 ensures the creepage distances between the dynode Dy10 and each stem pin 35 and between the dynode Dy10 and the side tube 15 so that effects of preventing creeping discharge can be obtained.
Because the dynode Dy10 is provided with the cutouts 29 so as not to contact the support members 21, all the region of the dynode Dy10 can be used as an electron multiplying region. The support means 21 and the dynode Dy10 can be separated electrically, while the effective area of the dynode Dy10 is ensured.
Next, a modification will be described while referring to
In the present modification, as shown in
Although the dynodes Dy1-Dy9 and the focus electrode 17 are stacked with the inter-layer members 23 interposed therebetween, an axis 61 of the inter-layer members 23 is not coincident with the axis 63 of the support member 121. A coaxial configuration is preferable in view of ensuring strength in the stacking direction. However, a non-coaxial configuration can be used as in the present modification, by changing the shape of the support member 121, especially, the strength and size of the placing section 123, and the length of the support section 125. Because the other configuration, operation, and effects are similar to the radiation detecting device 1 according to the first embodiment, description is omitted.
It would be apparent that the radiation detecting device according to the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments, and that various changes and modifications may be made therein within the scope of the subject matter of the present invention.
For example, although the configuration of the stem 50 is a three-layer structure including the upper holding member 53, the base member 51, and the lower holding member 55, other configurations may be used. The lower surface of the lower holding member 55 in the z-axis direction (the outer side of the vacuum vessel 18) protrudes downward from the lower end of the ring-shaped side tube 37. However, the fixing position of the stem 50 relative to the ring-shaped side tube 37 is not limited to the above-described configuration.
The shapes of the support members 21 and 121 are not limited to the above-described shapes, and may be other shapes such as polygonal columns, provided that the anode 25 can be placed thereon.
The shape of each of the dynodes Dy1-Dy10 is not limited to the above-described shape, and may be another shape such as a circle.
The radiation detecting device of the present invention is applicable to an image diagnostic apparatus for medical use.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2006-081996 | Mar 2006 | JP | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2007/054451 | 3/7/2007 | WO | 00 | 9/22/2008 |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO2007/111103 | 10/4/2007 | WO | A |
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5637959 | Kyushima et al. | Jun 1997 | A |
| 5789861 | Kyushima et al. | Aug 1998 | A |
| 5917281 | Shimoi et al. | Jun 1999 | A |
| 7238928 | Shimoi et al. | Jul 2007 | B2 |
| 7838810 | Shimoi et al. | Nov 2010 | B2 |
| 20060091318 | Shimoi et al. | May 2006 | A1 |
| 20060138395 | Kohno et al. | Jun 2006 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| A-06-310085 | Nov 1994 | JP |
| A-06-314552 | Nov 1994 | JP |
| A-08-064168 | Mar 1996 | JP |
| A-09-306416 | Nov 1997 | JP |
| A-11-003677 | Jan 1999 | JP |
| A-2003-338260 | Nov 2003 | JP |
| A-2006-127984 | May 2006 | JP |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20090200940 A1 | Aug 2009 | US |
