Patent Grant
6847028
The present invention relates to a photomultiplier tube, and particularly to a photomultiplier tube used in oil exploration and the like.
A type of photomultiplier tube with a shortened axial dimension that has a pole-shaped anode and circular gauge dynodes is well known in the art for use in devices employed in oil exploration or in other devices that vibrate severely.
Japanese unexamined patent application publication No. HEI-2-291655 discloses a photomultiplier tube having a circular gauge type electron multiplying unit and a pole-shaped anode. In the circular gauge type electron multiplying unit, a path formed in the spaces between opposed dynodes traces an arc around an axis orthogonal to the tube axis. The dynode of the second stage and the anode are positioned on opposing ends relative to the tube axis. Accordingly, the photomultiplier tube can be contracted in its axial direction, reducing the overall size of the tube construction.
In order to form an arcuate path in the spaces between opposed dynodes, concave dynodes are positioned on the outer side of the arc, while dynodes having a substantially flat surface are arranged on the inner side of the arc, wherein the inner dynodes have a smaller surface area than the outer dynodes. The anode is pole-shaped, but configured to encompass the dynode of the final stage. This type of photomultiplier tube has exceptional resistance to vibration due to the pole shape of its anode and therefore is not easily damaged by vibrations. Accordingly, the photomultiplier tube can be used for oil exploration and other environments of high temperature and high vibration.
However, since this type of photomultiplier tube designed for high temperature and high vibration environments is configured with a pole-shaped anode and a circular gauge dynode enclosing the pole-shaped anode, the photomultiplier tube does not have good pulse linearity.
On the other hand, a photomultiplier tube well known in the art provided with a mesh anode instead of a pole-shaped anode, while not designed for use in oil exploration and other high temperature and high vibration environments, has good pulse linearity characteristics. Unlike the pole-shaped anode, the mesh anode can be positioned near the dynode of the final stage to increase the field intensity using parallel fields. Since it is possible to suppress the effects of the space charge effect, the photomultiplier tube can achieve good pulse linearity characteristics.
Japanese unexamined patent application publication No. SHO-60-254547 discloses a photomultiplier tube having a substantially rectangular mesh anode. The mesh anode has an anode frame, the inner and outer sides of which are both substantially rectangular in shape, and an opening formed in the anode frame. A mesh electrode is fixed in the opening. The inner surface of the anode frame has two linear short sides and a linear long side connected by curved surfaces forming arcs of a circle with a prescribed curvature. The electron multiplying unit is a box type. Electrons multiplied through box-type dynodes in a plurality of stages impinge on the entire opening of the anode frame, but do not converge on a part of the opening.
Japanese examined patent application publication No. SHO-61-17099 discloses a photomultiplier tube having an anode that includes a square-shaped mesh anode and an anode frame retaining the mesh anode. As shown in
However, the conventional photomultiplier tube disclosed in Japanese unexamined patent application publication No. SHO-60-254547 is not equipped with the high vibration resistance that is essentially required for oil exploration and the like. The mesh anode employed in this photomultiplier tube has insufficient resistance to vibration and cannot be used for oil exploration and the like.
Further, while the photomultiplier tube disclosed in Japanese examined patent application publication No. SHO-61-17099 is configured to prevent flexing and bending of the anode, the anode has insufficient resistance to vibration. Also, since this photomultiplier tube has a complex construction, it is not possible to manufacture the photomultiplier tube easily.
In view of the foregoing, it is an object of the present invention to provide a photomultiplier tube having an anode with excellent vibration resistance and good pulse linearity characteristics.
The photomultiplier tube according to the present invention includes a tube-shaped vacuum vessel extending along the tube axis; a photocathode positioned on one end of the tube-shaped vacuum vessel in the tube axis, for converting incident light to electrons; a plurality of dynodes arranged in n stages each having a secondary electron emitting surface formed on their inner walls, for multiplying electrons sequentially; and an anode for receiving the electrons multiplied by the plurality of dynodes, the anode including a mesh electrode and an anode frame for retaining the mesh electrode. The anode frame is substantially rectangular in shape. An electron converging part at which electrons multiplied by the plurality of dynodes converge is formed near the center part on one long side of the anode frame. The inner surface of the anode frame has a shape that is nearest to the one long side of the anode frame at a center point of the long side and is gradually farther from the one long side with increased distance from the center point. Accordingly, the anode frame grows thicker on the long side with increased distance from the center point.
With this construction, the anode frame grows thicker along one long side farther away from the center point since the inner part of the anode frame is drawn into the frame in relation to the outer surface of the frame while moving away from the center point of the long side. Accordingly, it is possible to produce a photomultiplier tube having an anode with both high pulse linearity characteristics and high vibration resistance. With this simple construction, it is possible to develop this photomultiplier tube having an anode with both good pulse linearity characteristics and good vibration resistance simply by adding on to the conventional line focus type photomultiplier tube.
In the photomultiplier tube of the present invention, the anode is positioned such that the electron converging part falls within a space between an (n−1)th stage dynode and an (n−2)th stage dynode.
With this construction, since the electron converging part is positioned between the dynodes of the (n−1)th stage and the (n−2)th stage, it is possible to achieve better pulse linearity characteristics.
The photomultiplier tube of the present invention is provided with two base plates for supporting the plurality of dynodes and the anode in the tube-shaped vacuum vessel in order to prevent the plurality of dynodes and the anode from moving relative to the vacuum vessel. First support units are provided on both lengthwise ends of one long side of the anode frame and protrude outward from the anode frame parallel to the long side, while second support units are provided on both lengthwise ends of the other long side of the anode frame and protrude outward from the anode frame parallel to the other long side. The anode is supported in the base plates by inserting and fixing the first and second support units in slit-like through-holes formed in the base plates.
Since the anode is supported in the base plates by inserting and fixing two ear parts near the electron converging part and two ear parts away from the electron converging part into slit-like through-holes formed in the base plates, the anode can be removably fixed in relation to each dynode.
In the photomultiplier tube of the present invention, the portion of the inner surface of the anode frame defining one long side of the anode frame includes a first curved surface positioned within the electron converging part and second curved surfaces.
According to this photomultiplier tube, by providing first and second curved surfaces, it is possible to form only the center part of the long side narrow, while the side grows thicker in portions outside of the electron converging part of the anode frame. Accordingly, it is possible to increase the vibration resistance of this long side.
In the photomultiplier tube of the present invention, the mesh electrode has a planar shape, and the other long side forming part of the anode frame is thicker at any point than any point along the first long side. An anode wall is provided on the outer surface of the other long side and extends along the lengthwise direction of the other long side, protruding perpendicular to the mesh electrode.
With this construction, the anode wall provided lengthwise along the other long side, which is thicker than the first long side, can increase the vibration resistance of the other long side.
In the photomultiplier tube of the present invention, it is possible to provide a shielding plate between the dynode of the first stage and the dynodes of the (n−3)th through nth stages.
This construction can prevent light and ions generated when electrons collide with dynodes of the (n−3)th through nth stages from traveling toward the photocathode.
FIG. 2(a) is a front view, FIG. 2(b) bottom view, FIG. 2(c) side view, and FIG. 2(d) perspective view showing the shape of the dynodes Dy2, Dy4, and Dy6-Dy9 of the second, fourth, and sixth through ninth stages in the photomultiplier tube 1 according to the embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3(a) is a front view, FIG. 3(b) bottom view, FIG. 3(c) side view, and FIG. 3(d) perspective view of showing the shape of the dynodes Dy3 and Dy5 of the third and fifth stages in the photomultiplier tube 1 according to the embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4(a) through FIG. 4(d) are front views showing various anodes A in the photomultiplier tube 1 according to various embodiments of the invention, wherein FIG. 4(a) shows a first embodiment, FIG. 4(b) second embodiment, FIG. 4(c) third embodiment, and FIG. 4(d) shows fourth embodiment of the present invention;
A photomultiplier tube according to a first embodiment of the present invention will be described while referring to
Both ends of the tube-shaped vacuum vessel 2 along the tube axis X are closed. One end has a planar shape. A photocathode 2A is formed on the inner surface of this planar end for emitting electrons in response to incident light. The photocathode 2A is formed by reacting an alkali metal vapor with antimony that has been pre-deposited on the inner surface of the end. A plurality of lead pins 2B are provided on the other end of the tube-shaped vacuum vessel 2 for applying prescribed potentials to dynodes Dy1-Dy10 and an anode A.
A cup-shaped focusing electrode 3 having a surface perpendicular to the tube axis X is disposed in a position facing the photocathode 2A. A center opening 3a centered at the point of intersection of the tube axis X and on a plane perpendicular thereto is formed in the focusing electrode 3. A mesh electrode 3A is mounted in the center opening 3a. The focusing electrode 3 and mesh electrode 3A are connected to corresponding lead pins 2B and have the same potential as the dynode Dy1 of the first stage.
The dynodes Dy1-Dy10 are disposed on the opposite side of the focusing electrode 3 from the photocathode 2A for sequentially multiplying electrons. The dynodes Dy1-Dy10 each have secondary electron emitting surfaces.
The dynode Dy1 of the first stage is disposed at a position facing the center opening 3a and intersecting the tube axis X. The dynodes Dy1-Dy10 are disposed such that the secondary electron emitting surfaces of neighboring dynodes oppose each other. The dynodes Dy1-Dy10 are positioned such that the paths formed between spaces of opposing dynodes continue from one to the next and intersect the tube axis X. The anode A is disposed on the opposite side of the tube axis X from the dynode Dy2 of the second stage. That is, as shown in
Each of the dynodes Dy1-Dy10 and the anode A are connected to corresponding lead pins 2B by wires not shown in the drawings via which prescribed voltages are applied. In the first embodiment, the voltages applied to the dynodes Dy1-Dy10 are as follows: dynode Dy1=−800 V, dynode Dy2=−720 V, dynode Dy3=−640 V, dynode Dy4=−560 V, dynode Dy5=−480 V, dynode Dy6=−400 V, dynode Dy7=−320 V, dynode Dy8=−240 V, dynode Dy9=−160 V, dynode Dy10=−80 V, and anode A=0 V.
The dynodes Dy2, Dy4, and Dy6-Dy9 are formed in identical shapes. FIGS. 2(a) through 2(d) show the shape of the dynode Dy2 in more detail. The dynode Dy2 has a curved surface Dy2A having an arcuate cross-section and a flat surface Dy2B formed continuously and flush with the curved surface Dy2A. The curved surface Dy2A and flat surface Dy2B make up the secondary electron emitting surface. Side walls Dy2C erected from the curved surface Dy2A are formed through a pressing process on either lengthwise end of the curved surface Dy2A. First ears Dy2D extend outward from either side surface of the side walls Dy2C. Second ears Dy2E extend outward from both lengthwise ends of the flat surface Dy2B. The first and second ears Dy2D and Dy2E are not parallel to each other but form a fixed angle. Lugs are formed in the centers of the first ears Dy2D and second ears Dy2E by a pressing process.
The dynodes Dy3 and Dy5 of the third and fifth stages also have the same shape. FIG. 3(a) through FIG. 3(d) show the shape of the dynode Dy3 of the third stage in more detail. The dynode Dy3 of the third stage has a curved surface Dy3A with an arcuate cross-section. The curved surface Dy3A forms the secondary electron emitting surface and has a smaller surface area than the secondary electron emitting surfaces of dynodes in other stages (Dy2A+Dy2B). With this construction, the dynode Dy3 (and dynode Dy5) is formed smaller than dynodes of other stages. Further, side walls Dy3B protrude from each end of the curved surface Dy3A and are formed by a pressing process. First ears Dy3C are formed in a planar shape and extend outward from the side walls Dy3B perpendicular to the same on the opposite side from the curved surface Dy3A. Lugs are formed in the center portions of the first ears Dy3C by a pressing process.
As can be seen in
As shown in
Next, the construction of the anode A will be described. As shown in FIG. 4(a), the anode A has an anode frame A11 substantially rectangular in shape. The length of a long side in the anode frame A11 is 11 mm. The length of a short side is 3.48 mm. An opening A11a is formed in the anode frame A11. A mesh electrode A12 having a honeycomb construction is provided on the inner periphery of the anode frame A11, that is, in the opening A11a and is fixed to block the opening A11a.
The area near a center part A11A of one long side A11B of the substantially rectangular anode frame A11, that is, the portion indicated by F in FIG. 4(a) including the center part A11A itself and a portion of the mesh electrode A12 fixed by the center part A11A, forms an electron converging part at which point most electrons multiplied by the plurality of dynodes Dy1-Dy10 converge. The electron converging part F is positioned in the space between the dynode Dy8 of the eighth stage and the dynode Dy9 of the ninth stage. In order to receive as many electrons as possible by the mesh electrode A12 within the electron converging part F, the long side A11B is configured considerably narrower than the thickness of the other long side A11C of the anode frame A11. The thickness of the center part A11A in the long side A11B is 0.3 mm, while the thickness of the entire other long side A11C is 0.8 mm.
The inner side of the long side A11B draws into the anode A moving away from the center point of the long side A11B toward both ends thereof. A first curved surface A11b is an arc of a circle having a radius of 70 mm that connects one end of the other long side A11C to the other end of the same. On the other hand, the two short sides of the anode frame A11 on the inner surface thereof are linear. The portions on the inner surface of the anode frame A11 connecting the linear portion on the inner surfaces of the two short sides to the first curved surface A11b, that is, the inner surfaces on both ends of the long side A11B, form second curved surfaces A11c that are arcs of a circle having a radius R1, indicated by the arrow in the drawing. The second curved surfaces A11c connect the two short sides of the anode frame A11 and the first curved surface A11b. The radius R1 is 0.5 mm. The thickness of the junction part connecting the linear part on the inner surfaces of the two short sides of the anode frame A11, the two curved surfaces, and the inner surfaces of the long sides, that is, the thickness of the short sides on both ends of the other long side A11C is 1.0 mm.
Two ear parts A14 near the electron converging part are provided one on either end of the long side A11B parallel to the long side A11B and protruding away from the anode frame A11. Further, two ear parts A15 separated from the electron converging part are provided one on either end of the other long side A11C and parallel to the same and protruding away from the anode frame A11. The ear parts A14 correspond to the first support units, while the ear parts A15 correspond to the second support units. Slit-like through-holes a2 and a3 formed in the base plate 5 and described later are configured to enable the base plate 5 to support the anode A by inserting and fixing the two ear parts A14 and the two ear parts A15 in the through-holes a2 and a3.
An anode wall A13 substantially rectangular in shape is provided lengthwise along the outer surface of the other long side A11C and protrudes vertically in relation to the mesh electrode A12, that is, upward from the surface of the paper in FIG. 4(a).
In a line focus photomultiplier tube, electrons emitted from the dynode Dy9 of the ninth stage converge mainly in the electron converging part F of the anode A. From the perspective of improving electrical characteristics, therefore, it would be preferable not to form the long side A11B, and particularly not the center part A11A. However, without these parts it would be impossible to sufficiently maintain the anode A in a vibration environment. The anode A would be prone to damage, and vibration characteristics would be insufficient. The photomultiplier tube would have insufficient vibration resistance even by making the long side A11B as thin as possible, rather than eliminating the same. With the photomultiplier tube of the present invention, however, the inner surface of the long side A11B includes the first curved surface A11b and second curved surfaces A11c, thereby narrowing only the center part A11A. By making portions of the anode frame A11 thicker outside the electron converging part F, it is possible to improve the vibration resistance of the long side A11B, including the center part A11A.
Further, by making the other long side A11C, which is not included in the electron converging part F, thicker than the long side A11B and providing the anode wall A13 on the outer surface of the other long side A11C, it is possible to increase the vibration characteristics of the other long side A11C.
By also providing the ear parts A14 on parts near the electron converging part F and the ear parts A15 on parts separated from the electron converging part F for supporting the anode A, it is possible to further increase vibration resistance of the mesh anode A.
As shown in
The dynode Dy1 of the first stage is supported in the base plate 5 by inserting the first ears Dy1C into the fixing holes Dy1c. The dynode Dy2 of the second stage is supported in the base plate 5 by inserting the first ears Dy2D into the fixing holes Dy2d and the second ears Dy2E into the fixing holes Dy2e. The dynode Dy3 of the third stage is supported in the base plate 5 by inserting the first ears Dy3C into the fixing holes Dy3c. The dynode Dy4 of the fourth stage is supported in the base plate 5 by inserting the ears Dy4D into the fixing holes Dy4d and the ears Dy4E into the fixing holes Dy4e. The dynode Dy5 of the fifth stage is supported in the base plate 5 by inserting the ears Dy5C into the fixing holes Dy5c. As with the dynodes Dy2 and Dy4 of the second and fourth stages, the dynodes Dy6-Dy9 are supported in the base plate 5 by inserting the first ears and second ears into the corresponding fixing holes. The dynode Dy10 of the tenth stage is supported in the base plate 5 by inserting the ears Dy10D into the fixing holes Dy10d, the ears Dy10E into the fixing holes Dy10e, and the ears Dy10F into the fixing holes Dy10f. The anode A is supported in the base plate 5 by inserting the ear parts A14 into the fixing holes a2 and the ear parts A15 into the fixing holes a3.
By forming the lugs in each ear, as described above, the ear portions can be inserted into their corresponding fixing holes at this time. The dynodes Dy1-Dy10 are suitably fixed in the base plate 5. The same is true for the ears of the dynodes Dy6-Dy10 of the sixth through ninth stages.
At this time, the first ears Dy1C, Dy2D, Dy3C, Dy4D, and Dy5C, and the ears Dy10E, Dy10F, A14, and A15 are formed longer than the thickness of the base plate 5, thereby protruding from the other side of the base plate 5. These ears serve as terminals for connecting to the lead pins 2B. The same is true for the first ears in the dynodes Dy6-Dy9 of the sixth through ninth stages. By twisting the parts of the ears Dy1C, Dy2D, Dy3C, Dy4D, Dy5C, Dy10E, Dy10F, A14, and A15 protruding from the base plate 5, the dynodes Dy1 through Dy5 and Dy10 and the anode A can be more securely fixed to the base plate 5. The same effect is true for the dynodes Dy6-Dy9 of the sixth through ninth stages.
The second ears Dy2E and Dy4E and the ear Dy10D are each formed shorter than the thickness of the base plate 5. These ears do not protrude from the outer side of the base plate 5 and therefore do not interfere with the wiring. The same description is true for the second ears on the dynodes Dy6-Dy9 of the sixth through ninth stages. Since the number of ears protruding from the base plate 5 can be decreased in this way, it is possible to avoid putting wiring of neighboring ears on dynodes Dy1-Dy10 in close proximity of one another, thereby preventing the problem of voltage proof destruction.
Normally, secondary electrons emitted from the secondary electron emitting surface of a dynode Dyi of the ith stage impinge on a portion of high efficiency of the secondary electron emitting surface in the dynode Dy(i+1) of the (i+1)th stage. Accordingly, the dynode Dy(i+2) of the (i+2)th stage is configured to penetrate between the secondary electron emitting surface of the dynodes Dyi and Dy(i+1) of the ith and (i+1)th stages, respectively. In the photomultiplier tube 1 of the present embodiment, the dynodes Dy1-Dy10 are arranged in a curving series in order that the path formed in the spaces between dynodes cuts across the tube axis. Accordingly, a greater distance is formed between dynodes arranged on the outer part of the curve. Consequentially, the dynode Dy(i+2) of the (i+2)th stage positioned on the outer side of the curve generally does not penetrate between the secondary electron emitting surfaces of the dynodes Dyi and Dy(i+1) of the ith and (i+1)th stages. However, the secondary electron emitting surfaces of the dynodes Dy2, Dy4, Dy6, and Dy8 of the second, fourth, sixth, and eighth stages disposed on the outer part of the curve in the present embodiment are formed continuously with the curved surfaces Dy2A, Dy4A, Dy6A, and Dy8A having an arcuate cross-section. Therefore, as shown in
Here, the secondary electron emitting surfaces of the dynodes Dy3 and Dy5 of the third and fifth stages are formed only by the parts having an arcuate cross-section in order to facilitate reception of electrons from the dynodes Dy2 and Dy4 of the previous stages. Moreover, the secondary electron emitting surfaces are adjusted to emit electrons in a direction slightly toward the dynodes Dy2 and Dy4 of the previous stages so that the secondary electrons trace a correct trajectory in relation to the dynodes Dy4 and Dy6 of the next stages. If the secondary electron emitting surfaces of the dynodes Dy3 and Dy5 of the third and fifth stages were flat, too much potential of the dynodes Dy3 and Dy5 would leak between the dynodes Dy2 and Dy4 of the previous stage and the dynodes Dy1 and Dy3 of the previous, previous stages, causing electrons from the dynodes Dy1 and Dy3 to be attracted to the back surfaces of the dynodes Dy3 and Dy5. This would make it difficult to impinge secondary electrons on the secondary electron emitting surfaces of the dynodes Dy2 and Dy4. Electrons emitted from the secondary electron emitting surfaces of the dynodes Dy2 and Dy4 would be attracted to the potential of the dynodes Dy5 and Dy7. Accordingly, the electrons would either not impinge at a desirable position on the dynodes Dy3 and Dy5 or would slip past the next stages of dynodes and impinge on the back surfaces of the dynodes Dy5 and Dy7.
Further, the secondary electron emitting surfaces of the dynodes Dy3 and Dy5 of the third and fifth stages have a smaller surface area than the secondary electron emitting surfaces of the dynodes Dy2, Dy4, and Dy6 through Dy9 of the second, fourth, and sixth through ninth stages in order to reduce the size of the dynodes Dy3 and Dy5 of the third and fifth stages arranged in the center of the curved series of dynodes. Hence, the dynodes Dy1-Dy10 can be arranged in a curved series such that the path in the spaces between dynodes crosses the tube axis. On the other hand, the secondary electron emitting surfaces of the dynodes Dy7 and Dy9 of the seventh and ninth stages arranged on the inner side of the curved series have the same surface area as the secondary electron emitting surfaces of the dynodes Dy2, Dy4, Dy6, and Dy8 of the second, fourth, sixth, and eighth stages arranged on the outer side of the curved series in order to slightly relax the increasing density of electrons near the secondary electron emitting surfaces of the dynodes Dy7 and Dy9 positioned relatively close to the final stage.
As shown in
Next, the operations of the photomultiplier tube 1 according to the first embodiment will be described with reference to FIG. 1. When light is incident on the photocathode 2A, photoelectrons are emitted. The photoelectrons are converged by the focusing electrode 3 and transferred to the dynode Dy1 of the first stage. At this time, secondary electrons are emitted from the dynode Dy1 and sequentially transmitted to the dynodes Dy2 through Dy10 of the second through tenth stages, causing an amplification cascade of sequentially generated secondary electrons. Ultimately, the secondary electrons are collected in the anode A and extracted therefrom as an output signal.
Next, a photomultiplier tube according to a second embodiment will be described. The photomultiplier tube according to the second embodiment differs from the photomultiplier tube according to the first embodiment in the curvature of a first curved surface A21b of an anode A′. The curvature of the first curved surface A21b according to the second embodiment is 30 mm, as shown in FIG. 4(b). A description of other parts of the anode A′ will be omitted, as they are identical to those described in the first embodiment.
Next, a photomultiplier tube according to a third embodiment of the present invention will be described. The photomultiplier tube according to the third embodiment of the present invention differs from the photomultiplier tube according to the second embodiment of the present invention by a differing curvature in a second curved surfaces A31c of an anode A″. Since the curvature of the second curved surfaces A31c differs in the photomultiplier tube of the present embodiment, the shape of the anode frame and the shape of the mesh electrode also differ slightly.
In the photomultiplier tube according to the third embodiment, the inner surfaces of the two short sides of the anode frame A11 in the anode A″ do not have a linear shaped portion. However, the inner surface of the other long side of the anode frame A11 is linear. The inner surfaces of the short sides form the second curved surfaces A31c. The curvature R3 of the second curved surfaces A31c is much larger than that of the second curved surfaces A11c in the photomultiplier tube according to the second embodiment. The curvature R3 of the second curved surfaces A31c is 2.2 mm. The two second curved surfaces A31c connect either end of the first curved surface A21b to either end of the inner surface of the other long side A11C. The thickness of the junction connecting the second curved surfaces A31c to the inner surface of the other long side A11C on the short sides of the anode frame A11, that is, the thickness of the short sides on both ends of the other long side A11C is 1.0 mm.
By providing the second curved surfaces A31c with a large curvature, it is possible to narrow the center portion of the anode frame A11, while increasing the portions on both ends of the other long side A11C in the anode frame A11. As a result, the present invention can increase pulse linearity, as well as vibration resistance.
Next, a photomultiplier tube according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention will be described. The photomultiplier tube according to the fourth embodiment differs from the photomultiplier tube according to the third embodiment by having a different curvature in a second curved surfaces A41c of an anode A′″ and a different thickness in the short sides of the anode frame A11. A curvature R4 of the second curved surfaces A41c according to the fourth embodiment is 2.0 mm. Further, the thickness of the junction connecting the second curved surfaces A41c and the inner surface of the other long side A11C and on the short sides of the anode frame A11, that is, the thickness of the short sides on both ends of the other long side A11C is 1.5 mm, 0.5 mm larger than the other embodiment. A description of other parts of the photomultiplier tube has been omitted, as these parts are identical to those described in the third embodiment.
While decreasing the curvature of the second curved surfaces A41c, the junction connecting the second curved surfaces A41c and the inner surface of the other long side A11C is made thicker, enabling the center portion of the anode frame A11 to be narrow and the portions on both ends of the other long side A11C to be made thicker. As a result, it is possible to maintain high pulse linearity to some degree, while further increasing vibration resistance.
An experiment was then conducted to confirm the effects of the photomultiplier tube according to the present invention. To begin with, the output current was measured in the photomultiplier tube according to embodiments 1-4. The quality of pulse linearity for the mesh anode was determined by finding what is known as the rate of change. The same experiment was conducted using a conventional photomultiplier tube having a pole type anode as an object for comparison. The results of the experiments are shown in Table 1. The graph shown in
As shown in Table 1 and the graph of
Next, an experiment for vibration resistance was conducted using the mesh anode according to the first through fourth embodiments. The experiment for vibration resistance was conducted by mounting the mesh anode in the test device and applying vibrations to the mesh anode at 294 m/S2 (=30 G), 50-2,000 Hz, 1 octave/minute, 1 sweep/axis (3 axes), and 10 minutes/axis. The quality of vibration resistance was determined based on whether output variations from the anode occurred due to damage or deformation of the mesh anode. The same experiment was conducted using the conventional pole-shaped anode for comparison purposes. Here, the three axes refer to the X, Y, and Z axes.
As the conventional pole-shaped anode is well known to have superior vibration resistance, it was no surprise that output variations did not occur within the time allotted for the experiment. However, all of the mesh anodes in the photomultiplier tube of the first through fourth embodiments did not incur damage during the time prescribed for the experiment, exhibiting sufficient vibration resistance for use as a product. Theoretically, the photomultiplier tube of the present invention is thought to achieve vibration resistance in order from highest to lowest by the fourth, third, second, and first embodiments.
When considering the best combination of vibration resistance and pulse linearity, the mesh anode used in the photomultiplier tube of the second embodiment is best. If one wants to emphasize pulse linearity and does not require that much vibration resistance, then the mesh anode in the photomultiplier tube of the first embodiment is best. In contrast, if one wishes to emphasize vibration resistance and does not require high pulse linearity, then the mesh anode in the photomultiplier tube of the fourth embodiment is best. In this way, it is possible to freely select the most appropriate anode based on the use and objective of the photomultiplier tube.
The present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above; rather many modifications and variations may be made to the above descriptions without departing from the spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined by the attached claims. For example, the embodiments described above are configured of line focus dynodes in a plurality of stages that are arranged in a curve, but the plurality of line focus dynodes can also be arranged in-line, as usual. The electron converging part of the mesh anode can be positioned in the space between the dynodes of the (n−1)th stage and (n−2)th stage, even when dynodes of n stages are arranged in-line, where n is a natural number of 3 or greater. For this reason, it is desirable that the long side of the anode frame be formed identical to the present invention.
Further, it is not necessary to form the inner surface of the long side A11B by first and second curves. It is possible to form the long side A11B partially linear, provided that the center part A11A is the narrowest portion.
As described above, the photomultiplier tube of the present invention is used in a wide range of applications when high vibration resistance is required, such as in oil exploration and the like, or when high pulse linearity characteristics and high precision light detection are required.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCTJP01/06280 | 7/19/2001 | WO | 00 | 1/27/2003 |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO0211178 | 2/7/2002 | WO | A |
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4415832 | Faulkner et al. | Nov 1983 | A |
| 4577137 | Kaiser | Mar 1986 | A |
| 5936348 | Shimoi et al. | Aug 1999 | A |
| 6794629 | Kato et al. | Sep 2004 | B2 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 52-8377 | Feb 1977 | JP |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20030146697 A1 | Aug 2003 | US |
