Patent Application
20070148604
This application claims priority under 35 USC 119 from Japanese Patent Application No. 2005-357960, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a photothermographic material.
2. Description of the Related Art
In recent years, in the field of films for medical diagnosis and in the field of films for graphic arts, there has been a strong desire for decreasing the amount of processing liquid waste from the viewpoints of protecting the environment and economy of space. Technology is therefore required for light-sensitive photothermographic materials which can be exposed effectively by laser image setters or laser imagers and thermally developed to obtain clear black-toned images of high resolution and sharpness, for use in medical diagnostic applications and for use in photographic technical applications. The light-sensitive photothermographic materials do not require liquid processing chemicals and can therefore be supplied to customers as a simpler and environmentally friendly thermal processing system.
While similar requirements also exist in the field of general image forming materials, images for medical imaging in particular require high image quality excellent in sharpness and granularity because fine depiction is required, and further require blue-black image tone from the viewpoint of easy diagnosis. Various kinds of hard copy systems utilizing dyes or pigments, such as ink jet printers and electrophotographic systems, have been marketed as general image forming systems, but they are not satisfactory as output systems for medical images.
Thermal image forming systems utilizing organic silver salts are known. In particular, photothermographic materials generally have an image forming layer in which a catalytically active amount of a photocatalyst (for example, silver halide), a reducing agent, a reducible silver salt (for example, an organic silver salt), and if necessary, a toner for controlling the color tone of developed silver images are dispersed in a binder. Photothermographic materials form black silver images by being heated to a high temperature (for example, 80° C. or higher) after imagewise exposure to cause an oxidation-reduction reaction between a silver halide or a reducible silver salt (functioning as an oxidizing agent) and a reducing agent. The oxidation-reduction reaction is accelerated by the catalytic action of a latent image on the silver halide generated by exposure. As a result, a black silver image is formed in the exposed region. Further, the Fuji Medical Dry Imager FM-DPL is an example of a medical image forming system using photothermographic materials that has been made commercially available.
In addition to photographic properties, physical properties of film surfaces are very important for the photothermographic material. For example, production of the photothermographic material comprises steps of coating solutions on a long roll support, drying the coated film, winding the dried film, and finishing such as slitting and cutting to provide a roll state or a sheet state. In the above steps, the material is conveyed at a high speed while being wound or unwound. Moreover, in an image forming step, the material is also conveyed at a high speed in a sheet state or a roll state. A method of providing fine surface roughness on the film surface to decrease contact area and thereby reduce conveying resistance has been generally employed for conventional photographic materials and is also effective for photothermographic materials to improve conveying suitability thereof. For example, the use of a matting agent in a photothermographic material to provide roughness on the surface is well known in the art. Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open (JP-A) No. 2001-194749 discloses the use of a poly(methyl methacrylate) particle as an organic polymer matting agent, and JP-A Nos. 11-311849, 2000-235242, and 2000-298326 disclose the use of an inorganic pigment particle such as silica or titanium oxide. All patents, patent publications, and non-patent literature cited in this specification are hereby expressly incorporated by reference herein. For a conventional wet processed color positive type silver halide photographic material, the use of a monodispersed matting agent having a refractive index of from 1.50 to 1.56 to prevent degradation of granularity and sharpness during reproduction of an original image is disclosed in JP-A No.7-287342. A matting agent is usually incorporated in an outermost layer to enhance the matte effect. The outermost layer used herein may include an outermost layer on the image forming layer side and an outermost layer on a back layer side that is opposite from the image forming layer.
However, with respect to surface properties of photothermographic materials, there exist many specific problems that are not encountered in the conventional wet processed photographic materials. A coating solution for an image forming layer including an organic silver salt, a silver halide emulsion, and a developing agent (reducing agent) has no setting ability. The “setting ability” used herein means a property such that a solution has low viscosity and some fluidity when the temperature is about 40° C. or higher, but gelation occurs and the solution loses fluidity when it is cooled to about 17° C. or lower. Therefore, when an image forming layer and a non-photosensitive layer on the image forming layer are coated so as to be superposed, matting agent particles incorporated in the non-photosensitive layer are liable to sink into the image forming layer, so that sufficient roughness on the surface cannot be provided, because no matting agent particles remain on the surface after drying. Moreover, because photothermographic materials are heated to 100° C. or higher for forming an image, organic polymer matting agent particles are thermally deformed, so that the matting agent particles cannot provide sufficient roughness. Furthermore, because all components necessary for image formation are included in the film in advance, the film surfaces tend to adhere between overlapping films.
Furthermore, the use of such a polymer matting agent in a photothermographic material has often led the following problem, depending on the kind and addition amount of the matting agent used. When observing a transparent image, which is obtained after exposure by a laser beam and thermal development, on a film monitor (Shaukasten), interference of a transmitted light causes glare on the image surface, so that image tone differs depending on the viewing direction.
As discussed above, the matting agent used in the photothermographic material is related to many particular properties. Therefore, selection and development of the most suitable components are very important for improving overall performances of the photothermographic material, and therefore, development of more excellent components has been eagerly demanded.
The present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances and provides a photothermographic material comprising, on at least one side of a support, an image forming layer comprising at least a photosensitive silver halide, a non-photosensitive organic silver salt, a reducing agent, and a binder, and a non-photosensitive layer, wherein the non-photosensitive layer comprises at least a polymer matting agent having a refractive index of from 1.51 to 1.56 and a glass transition temperature of 90° C. or higher.
An object of the present invention is to provide a photothermographic material, which is excellent in surface film properties and photographic properties.
The photothermographic material of the present invention has, on at least one side of a support, an image forming layer including at least a photosensitive silver halide, a non-photosensitive organic silver salt, a reducing agent, and a binder, and a non-photosensitive layer, wherein the non-photosensitive layer includes at least a polymer matting agent having a refractive index of from 1.51 to 1.56, and preferably from 1.52 to 1.55, and a glass transition temperature of 90° C. or higher, and preferably 110° C. or higher.
Preferably, a mean particle size of the polymer matting agent is from 1.0 μm to 10.0 μm. More preferably, a particle size distribution of the polymer matting agent is a mono-dispersion.
Preferably, a specific gravity of the polymer matting agent is from 0.95 to 1.10, and more preferably from 0.98 to 1.04.
Preferably, 50% by weight or more of a binder in the non-photosensitive layer is gelatin.
Preferably, the non-photosensitive layer is an outermost layer which is disposed on the side of the support having thereon the image forming layer.
Preferably, the non-photosensitive layer is a back layer which is disposed on the opposite side of the support from the side having thereon the image forming layer.
Preferably, the polymer matting agent is a copolymer of styrene and acrylic ester or methacrylic ester, a cycloolefin polymer, a copolymer of cycloolefin and olefin, or a copolymer of maleimide or maleamide and olefin.
More preferably, the polymer matting agent is a cycloolefin polymer, a copolymer of cycloolefin and olefin, or a copolymer of maleimide or maleamide and olefin.
The cycloolefin polymer or the copolymer of cycloolefin and olefin are preferably a dicyclopentadiene polymer, a copolymer of dicyclopentadiene and olefin, or a copolymer of norbornene and olefin.
Preferably, the non-photosensitive layer further includes a fluorocarbon compound having a fluoroalkyl group with 2 or more carbon atoms and 12 or fewer fluorine atoms. More preferably, the fluorocarbon compound has a fluoroalkyl group represented by the following formula (A):
-L03-L04-W Formula (A)
wherein L03 represents an alkylene group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, L04 represents a perfluoroalkylene group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, and W represents a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, or an alkyl group.
(Polymer Matting Agent Having a Refractive Index of from 1.51 to 1.56 and a Glass Transition Temperature of 90° C. or Higher)
The matting agent according to the present invention is a polymer matting agent having a refractive index of from 1.51 to 1.56 and a glass transition temperature of 90° C. or higher.
In the present invention, the matting agent is preferably added in an outermost layer, a non-photosensitive layer that functions as an outermost layer, or a non-photosensitive layer that is near to the outer surface of the photothermographic material. Most preferably, the matting agent is added in the outermost layer. The matting agent can be added in either the outermost layer on the image forming layer side or the outermost layer on the backside. The matting agent can be also added in both outermost layers described above.
The matting agent is preferably employed in the form of a dispersion of matting agent particles which is dispersed beforehand by a binder.
<Type of Polymer>
The matting agent used for the present invention is preferably a copolymer of styrene and acrylic ester or methacrylic ester, a cycloolefin polymer, a copolymer of cycloolefin and olefin, or a copolymer of maleimide or maleamide and olefin.
More preferably, the polymer matting agent described above is a cycloolefin polymer, a copolymer of cycloolefin and olefin, or a copolymer of maleimide or maleamide and olefin.
The cycloolefin polymer or copolymer of cycloolefin and olefin described above is preferably a dicyclopentadiene polymer, a copolymer of dicyclopentadiene and olefin, or a copolymer of norbornene and olefin.
The matting agent particles are preferably subjected to copolymerization with a crosslinking agent such as divinylbenzene, poly-acrylic acid, or the like in order to improve rigidity thereof, and copolymerization with an acid monomer such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, itaconic acid, maleic acid, or the like in order to improve surface properties. Surface treatment with an alkaline solution such as sodium hydroxide or the like is preferred for providing hydrophilic property on the particle surface. The alkaline treatment is more preferred especially when these particles are used in an aqueous coating solution.
<Particle Size, Shape, and Distribution of Matting Agent>
The matting agent used in the present invention has a mean particle size in a range of from 0.1 μm to 50 μm, and preferably in a range of from 0.3 μm to 20 μm. The matting agent according to the present invention is employed for various purposes such as improvement of adhesion resistance upon overlapping of the sheets (blocking), control of sliding capability, control of surface gloss, and the like. For improving adhesion resistance and sliding capability, the particle size is preferably in a range of from 1 μm to 20 μm, more preferably in a range of from 2 μm to 10 μm, and even more preferably in a range of from 4 μm to 8 μm. On the other hand, for controlling surface gloss, the particle size is preferably in a range of from 0.3 μm to 3.0 μm, and more preferably in a range of from 0.5 μm to 2.0 μm.
There is no particular restriction on the shape of the matting agent according to the present invention and it may be spherical, disc-shaped, oval, unfixed, or the like, but preferred is a spherical shaped particle. A particle size distribution of the particles according to the present invention is preferably a mono-dispersion. Particle diameters of 90% or more of the total particles preferably fall within ±50% of the mean particle diameter, more preferably within ±30% of the mean particle diameter, and even more preferably within ±20% of the mean particle diameter. Especially, coarse particles having a particle diameter of larger than two times the mean particle diameter are preferably present in a small amount. The coarse particles are preferably present in an amount of 5% or less with respect to the total particles, more preferably 2% or less, and even more preferably 1% or less. In the present invention, it is possible to effectively provide the properties of the matting agent by mixing two or more types of monodispersed particles each having a different mean particle size.
<Refractive Index>
The matting agent according to the present invention is a polymer particle having a refractive index in a range of from 1.51 to 1.56, more preferably from 1.52 to 1.55, and even more preferably from 1.525 to 1.54. In the present invention, the matting agent is usually employed in a binder comprising mainly gelatin, so that the matting agent having a refractive index close to the refractive index of gelatin (1.53 to 1.535) exerts remarkable effects. In the case where the refractive index of the matting agent is outside of the range described above, when observing images, that have been exposed with a laser beam and printed, through transmitted light, image tone varies depending on the viewing direction, and image reading becomes difficult due to image surface glare. This phenomenon has not been sufficiently understood yet, but a laser beam is assumed to cause some complicated diffraction due to a coherent property thereof.
Refractive index of the matting agent mainly depends on the type of constituent monomer, so that selection of monomer used is very important to set the refractive index in the preferred range. As the monomer forming a homo-polymer, a cycloolefin monomer having a refractive index of from 1.53 to 1.54 is preferably used. On the other hand, by controlling the copolymerization ratio of styrene having a refractive index of 1.59 and methyl methacrylate having a refractive index of 1.49, the refractive index of 1.51 to 1.56 can be obtained. Of course, other than the above examples, any combination can be employed for adjusting the refractive index in the desired range.
<Glass Transition Temperature>
Because the photothermographic material of the present invention is usually thermally developed at a temperature of 100° C. or higher, it is necessary that the matting agent has resistance to this temperature. It is necessary that the glass transition temperature of the matting agent used for the present invention is 90° C. or higher. The glass transition temperature of the matting agent used for the present invention is preferably 100° C. or higher, more preferably 110° C. or higher, and even more preferably 120° C. or higher. The glass transition temperature mainly depends on the constituent monomer. Therefore, the glass transition temperature can be arbitrary selected. Moreover, the glass transition temperature can be raised by copolymerization with a crosslinking monomer to introduce a crosslinked structure in a polymer particle. From this viewpoint, a particle formed by copolymerization with a crosslinking monomer such as divinylbenzene, poly-acrylate, or the like is particularly preferred.
It is important for the matting agent according to the present invention to select the constituent monomer and the crosslinking agent for providing the refractive index and the glass transition temperature in the preferred range.
<Specific Gravity>
The matting agent according to the present invention preferably has a specific gravity in a range of from 0.95 to 1.10, and more preferably from 0.98 to 1.04. When the specific gravity is lower than 0.95, it becomes difficult to disperse the matting agent uniformly, and the particles tend to float on the liquid surface during storage of the dispersion, so that preparation of a homogenous coating solution containing the matting agent becomes difficult. When the specific gravity exceeds 1.10, the matting agent particles precipitate during storage of the dispersion, so that preparation of a homogenous coating solution containing the matting agent becomes difficult.
<Specific Examples>
Preferred examples of the matting agent used for the present invention are mentioned below, but the invention is not limited to these examples.
(P-1): Styrene/methyl methacrylate=70/30
(P-2): Styrene/methyl methacrylate=60/40
(P-3): Styrene/methyl methacrylate=50/50
(P-4): Styrene/methyl methacrylate=40/60
(P-5): Styrene/methyl methacrylate=30/70
(P-6): Styrene/methyl methacrylate=20/80
(P-7): Styrene/methyl methacrylate/divinylbenzene=40/55/5
(P-8): Styrene/methyl methacrylate/divinylbenzene=45/50/5
(P-9): Styrene/methyl methacrylate/divinylbenzene=50/45/5
(P-10): Styrene/methyl methacrylate/divinylbenzene=35/60/5
(P-11): Styrene/methyl methacrylate/divinylbenzene=38/60/2
(P-12): Styrene/methyl methacrylate/divinylbenzene=20/70/10
(P-13): Styrene/ethyl acrylate/divinylbenzene=60/35/5
(P-14): Styrene/methyl methacrylate/acrylic acid=50/47/3
(P-15): Styrene/methyl methacrylate/itaconic acid=40/55/5
(P-16): Cycloolefin polymer (dicyclopentadiene)
(P-17): Cycloolefin copolymer (dicyclopentadiene/2-butene)
(P-18): Cycloolefin copolymer (dicyclopentadiene/cyclohexene)
(P-19): Norbornene/ethylene=80/20
(P-20): Norbornene/ethylene=75/25
(P-21): Norbornene/ethylene=70/30
(P-22): Olefin/maleimide=50/50
(P-23): Olefin/maleimide=65/35
(P-24): Zeonor 1020R (trade name, available from Nippon Xeon Co., Ltd.)
(P-25): Zeonor 1060R (trade name, available from Nippon Xeon Co., Ltd.)
(P-26): Zeonex 480 (trade name, available from Nippon Xeon Co., Ltd.)
(P-27): APL 6013T (trade name, available from Mitsui Chemicals Inc.)
(P-28): APL 6014DP (trade name, available from Mitsui Chemicals Inc.)
(P-29): TOPAS 5013 (trade name, available from Polyplastics Co., Ltd.)
<Coating Amount of Matting Agent>
The content of the matting agent is in a range sufficient to exert the effects, but not to hinder the proper properties of the layer containing the matting agent. The addition amount of the matting agent is preferably in a range of from 1 mg/m2 to 400 mg/m2, and more preferably from 5 mg/m2 to 300 mg/m2, when expressed in terms of a coating amount per 1 m2 of the photothermographic material.
When the matting agent is contained at the image forming layer side, the content of the matting agent is generally not restricted as long as star-dust trouble does not occur, and the level of matting is preferably 300 seconds to 10,000 seconds, and more preferably 500 seconds to 2,000 seconds, as a Beck's smoothness. When the matting agent is contained in the back layer, the level of matting is preferably in a range of 2,000 seconds or less and 10 seconds or more, and more preferably 500 seconds or less and 50 seconds or more, when expressed by a Beck's smoothness. The Beck's smoothness according to the invention is determined by Japan Industrial Standard (JIS) P8119 and TAPPI standard method T479.
The matting agent which is contained in the outermost layer on the image forming layer side or a layer that is adjacent to the outermost layer on the image forming layer side is used in the form of a dispersion of matting agent which is dispersed beforehand by a binder. There are two dispersing methods:
(a) a method of preparing a matting agent dispersion by making a polymer droplet by emulsified dispersion in an aqueous medium of a polymer solution prepared in advance (e.g., dissolved in an organic solvent having a low boiling point such as ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, cyclohexanone, toluene, or the like) as a matting agent and then removing the organic solvent having a low boiling point from the emulsified dispersion;
(b) a method of arranging a dispersion of fine particles of polymer or the like prepared in advance as a matting agent in an aqueous medium so as to avoid generation of lumps.
In the present invention, the method (b) which takes the environment into consideration and does not exhaust organic solvent having a low boiling point into the environment is preferable.
The dispersing methods of the matting agent described above can comprise mechanical dispersion using a known high speed stirring means (e.g., a Disbar emulsifier, a homomixer, a turbine mixer, or a homogenizer) or an ultrasonic emulsifier in the presence of aqueous medium containing a polymer or a surfactant as an auxiliary dispersing agent in an aqueous solvent in advance. During the dispersion, to prevent the occurrence of vesicles, a dispersing method which comprises dispersing the matting agent under a reduced pressure condition at less than atmospheric pressure can be used in combination with the above methods. The auxiliary dispersing agent is generally dissolved in an aqueous solvent in advance before the addition of a matting agent, but can be added as an aqueous dispersion made by polymerization of the matting agent (without a drying process). The auxiliary dispersing agent can be added in the dispersion during dispersion. The auxiliary dispersing agent can be added to the dispersion for stabilization of physical properties after dispersion. In each case, the solvent (e.g., water, alcohol, or the like) is generally made to coexist therewith. Before and after the dispersion or during dispersion, pH may be controlled by a suitable pH controlling agent.
Besides the mechanical dispersing means, stability of the matting agent dispersion after dispersion may be increased by the pH control. Further, during dispersion, a very small quantity of organic solvent having a low boiling point can be used, and in general, the organic solvent is removed after completion of the fine granulating process.
The prepared dispersion can be stored under stirring to prevent sedimentation of the matting agent during storage or can be stored in a high viscosity condition using hydrophilic colloids (e.g., in a jelly condition by using gelatin). Further, to prevent propagation of bacterium during storage, the addition of an antiseptic is preferred.
As a binder, a water-soluble polymer such as gelatin, poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(vinyl pyrrolidone), hydroxymethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, or the like is preferably used, and particularly preferred are gelatin and poly(vinyl pyrrolidones) from the standpoint of dispersion stability.
The binder is preferably added in an amount of from 5% by weight to 300% by weight with respect to the matting agent, and dispersed. More preferably, the binder is added in an amount of from 10% by weight to 200% by weight with respect to the matting agent.
When the matting agent dispersion according to the present invention contains a surfactant, the dispersion state becomes stable. Therefore, the addition of a surfactant is preferable. The surfactant used herein is not especially limited, but an anionic or nonionic surfactant is preferred. Further, the combined use of an anionic surfactant and a nonionic surfactant is preferred. As the surfactant, a fluorocarbon compound is preferred, and the specific fluorocarbon compound described below is particularly preferred.
(Fluorocarbon Compound)
The photothermographic material of the present invention preferably contains a fluorocarbon compound having a fluoroalkyl group with 2 or more carbon atoms and 12 or fewer fluorine atoms. The fluorocarbon compound according to the present invention can be used as a surfactant. The fluorocarbon compound according to the present invention can also be employed in the matting agent dispersion to stabilize the dispersion state. The compound can be added to the coating solution separately during preparation of the coating solution to control the surface property of the coated material. Both cases are preferred for the adding method.
The fluorocarbon compound used in the present invention may have any structure, as long as it has a fluoroalkyl group described above (hereinafter, fluorine atom-substituted alkyl group is called “Rf”). It is enough that the fluorocarbon compound has at least one Rf, and the fluorocarbon compound may have two or more Rfs. The fluorocarbon compound having two or more Rfs is preferred.
As specific examples of Rf, the following compounds can be described, but Rf is not limited thereto.
—C2F5 group, —C3F7 group, —C4F9 group, —C5F11 group, —CH2—C4F9 group, —C4F8—H group, —C2H4—C4F9 group, —C4H8—C4F9 group, —C6H12—C4F9 group, —C8H16—C4F9 group, —C4H8—C2F5 group, —C4H8—C3F7 group, —C4H8—C5F11 group, —C8H16—C2F5 group, —C2H4—C4F8—H group, —C4H8—C4F8—H group, —C6H12—C4F8—H group, —C6H12—C2F4—H group, —C8H16—C2F4—H group, —C6H12—C4F8—CH3 group, —C2H4—C3F7 group, —C2H4—C5F11 group, —C4H8—CF(CF3)2 group —CH2CF3 group, —C4H8—CH(C2F5)2 group, —C4H8—CH(CF3)2 group, —C4H8—C(CF3)3 group, —CH2—C4F8—H group, —CH2—C6F12—H group.
Rf has 12 or fewer fluorine atoms, preferably from 3 to 11 fluorine atoms, and more preferably from 5 to 9 fluorine atoms. And Rf has 2 or more carbon atoms, preferably from 4 to 16 carbon atoms, and more preferably from 5 to 12 carbon atoms.
The structure of Rf is not particularly limited as long as Rf has 2 or more carbon atoms and 12 or fewer fluorine atoms; however, the group represented by the following formula (A) is preferred.
-L03-L04-W Formula (A)
In formula (A), L03 represents an alkylene group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, preferably having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, and more preferably having 1 or 2 carbon atoms. The alkylene group represented by L03 may be a linear or branched chain.
L04 represents a perfluoroalkylene group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, and preferably a perfluoroalkylene group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms. Herein, the perfluoroalkylene group means an alkylene group where all hydrogen atoms of an alkylene group are replaced by fluorine atoms. The perfluoroalkylene group described above may be a linear or branched chain, or a cyclic structure.
W represents one selected from a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, or an alkyl group. W is preferably a hydrogen atom or a fluorine atom, and particularly preferably, a fluorine atom.
The fluorocarbon compound in the present invention can have a cationic hydrophilic group. The cationic hydrophilic group means the group which becomes a positive ion when it is dissolved in water. As specific examples, tertiary ammonium, alkyl pyridium, alkyl imidazolinium, primary to tertiary aliphatic amines, and the like are described.
As a cation, an organic cationic substituent is preferable and an organic cationic group containing a nitrogen atom or a phosphorous atom is more preferable. Even more preferable is a pyridinium cation or an ammonium cation.
The anion which forms a salt may be any of an inorganic anion or an organic anion. As an inorganic anion, iodide ion, bromide ion, chloride ion, or the like is preferred. As an organic anion, p-toluenesulfonate ion, p-toluenesulfonate ion, benzenesulfonate ion, methanesulfonate ion, trifluoromethanesulfonate ion, or the like is preferred.
In the present invention, preferred cationic fluorocarbon compound is represented by the following formula (1).
In formula (1), R1 and R2 each represent a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, however, at least one of R1 and R2 is a fluoroalkyl group (Rf) described above. It is preferred that both of R1 and R2 are Rf. R3, R4, and R5 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent. X1, X2, and Z each independently represent a divalent linking group or a single bond. M+ represents a cationic substituent. Y− represents a counter anion, however, when the charge results in 0 in a molecule, Y− is not necessary. m represents 0 or 1.
In formula (1) described above, when R1 or R2 represents a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group other than Rf, the said alkyl group has one or more carbon atoms and may be any of a linear chain, a branched chain, or a cyclic structure. The above-described substituent includes an alkenyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxy group, a halogen atom other than a fluorine atom, a carboxylate ester group, a carbonamido group, a carbamoyl group, an oxycarbonyl group, a phosphate ester group, and the like.
In the case where R1 or R2 represents an alkyl group other than Rf, namely an alkyl group that is not substituted by a fluorine atom, the said alkyl group is preferably a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 24 carbon atoms, and more preferably a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 6 to 24 carbon atoms. As preferable examples of the unsubstituted alkyl group having 6 to 24 carbon atoms, an n-hexyl group, an n-heptyl group, an n-octyl group, a tert-octyl group, a 2-ethylhexyl group, an n-nonyl group, a 1,1,3-trimethylhexyl group, an n-decyl group, an n-dodecyl group, a cetyl group, a hexadecyl group, a 2-hexyldecyl group, an octadecyl group, an eicosyl group, a 2-octyldodecyl group, a docosyl group, a tetracosyl group, a 2-decyltetradecyl group, a tricosyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, and the like are described. And as preferable examples of the substituted alkyl group having 6 to 24 carbon atoms in total, a 2-hexenyl group, an oleyl group, a linoleyl group, a linolenyl group, a benzyl group, a β-phenetyl group, a 2-methoxyethyl group, a 4-phenylbutyl group, a 4-acetoxyethyl group, a 6-phenoxyhexyl group, a 12-phenyldodecyl group, an 18-phenyloctadecyl group, a 12-(p-chlorophenyl)dodecyl group, a 2-(diphenyl phosphate)ethyl group, and the like are described.
As the alkyl group represented by R1 or R2, which is other than Rf, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 6 to 18 carbon atoms is even more preferred. As preferable examples of the unsubstituted alkyl group having 6 to 18 carbon atoms, an n-hexyl group, a cyclohexyl group, an n-heptyl group, an n-octyl group, a 2-ethylhexyl group, an n-nonyl group, a 1,1,3-trimethylhexyl group, an n-decyl group, an n-dodecyl group, a cetyl group, a hexadecyl group, a 2-hexyldecyl group, an octadecyl group, a 4-tert-butylcyclohexyl group, and the like are described. And as preferable examples of the substituted alkyl group having 6 to 18 carbon atoms in total, a phenethyl group, a 6-phenoxyhexyl group, a 12-phenyldodecyl group, an oleyl group, a linoleyl group, a linolenyl group, and the like are described.
As the alkyl group represented by R1 or R2, which is other than Rf, particularly preferred are an n-hexyl group, a cyclohexyl group, an n-heptyl group, an n-octyl group, a 2-ethylhexyl group, an n-nonyl group, a 1,1,3-trimethylhexyl group, an n-decyl group, an n-dodecyl group, a cetyl group, a hexadecyl group, a 2-hexyldecyl group, an octadecyl group, an oleyl group, a linoleyl group, and a linolenyl group. Most preferred is an unsubstituted linear, cyclic or branched alkyl group having 8 to 16 carbon atoms.
In formula (1) described above, R3, R4, and R5 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent. As examples of the substituent, an alkyl group (preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and particularly preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, for example, a methyl group, an ethyl group, an isopropyl group, a tert-butyl group, an n-octyl group, an n-decyl group, an n-hexadecyl group, a cyclopropyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, and the like are described), an alkenyl group (preferably an alkenyl group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably an alkenyl group having 2 to 12 carbon atoms, and particularly preferably an alkenyl group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, for example, a vinyl group, an allyl group, a 2-butenyl group, a 3-pentenyl group, and the like are described), an alkynyl group (preferably an alkynyl group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably an alkynyl group having 2 to 12 carbon atoms, and particularly preferably an alkynyl group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, for example, a propargyl group, a 3-pentynyl group, and the like are described), an aryl group (preferably an aryl group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, more preferably an aryl group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms, and particularly preferably an aryl group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms, for example, a phenyl group, a p-methylphenyl group, a naphthyl group, and the like are described), a substituted or unsubstituted amino group (preferably an amino group having 0 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably an amino group having 0 to 10 carbon atoms, and particularly preferably an amino group having 0 to 6 carbon atoms, for example, an unsubstituted amino group, a methyl amino group, a dimethylamino group, a diethylamino group, a dibenzylamino group, and the like are described), an alkoxy group (preferably an alkoxy group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably an alkoxy group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and particularly preferably an alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, for example, a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, a butoxy group, and the like are described), an aryloxy group (preferably an aryloxy group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably an aryloxy group having 6 to 16 carbon atoms, and particularly preferably an aryloxy group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms, for example, a phenyloxy group, a 2-naphthyloxy group, and the like are described), an acyl group (preferably an acyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably an acyl group having 1 to 16 carbon atoms, and particularly preferably an acyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, for example, an acetyl group, a benzoyl group, a formyl group, a pivaloyl group, and the like are described), an alkoxycarbonyl group (preferably an alkoxycarbonyl group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably an alkoxycarbonyl group having 2 to 16 carbon atoms, and particularly preferably an alkoxycarbonyl group having 2 to 12 carbon atoms, for example, a methoxycarbonyl group, an ethoxycarbonyl group, and the like are described), an aryloxycarbonyl group (preferably an aryloxycarbonyl group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably an aryloxycarbonyl group having 7 to 16 carbon atoms, and particularly preferably an aryloxycarbonyl group having 7 to 10 carbon atoms, for example, a phenyloxycarbonyl group and the like are described), an acyloxy group (preferably an acyloxy group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably an acyloxy group having 2 to 16 carbon atoms, and particularly preferably an acyloxy group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms, for example, an acetoxy group, a benzoyloxy group, and the like are described), an acylamino group (preferably an acylamino group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably an acylamino group having 2 to 16 carbon atoms, and particularly preferably an acylamino group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms, for example, an acetylamino group, a benzoylamino group, and the like are described), an alkoxycarbonylamino group (preferably an alkoxycarbonylamino group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably an alkoxycarbonylamino group having 2 to 16 carbon atoms, and particularly preferably an alkoxycarbonylamino group having 2 to 12 carbon atoms, for example, a methoxycarbonylamino group and the like are described), an aryloxycarbonylamino group (preferably an aryloxycarbonylamino group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably an aryloxycarbonylamino group having 7 to 16 carbon atoms, and particularly preferably an aryloxycarbonylamino group having 7 to 12 carbon atoms, for example, a phenyloxycarbonylamino group and the like are described), a sulfonylamino group (preferably a sulfonylamino group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably a sulfonylamino group having 1 to 16 carbon atoms, and particularly preferably a sulfonylamino group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, for example, a methanesulfonylamino group, a benzenesulfonylamino group, and the like are described), a sulfamoyl group (preferably a sulfamoyl group having 0 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably a sulfamoyl group having 0 to 16 carbon atoms, and particularly preferably a sulfamoyl group having 0 to 12 carbon atoms, for example, a sulfamoyl group, a methylsulfamoyl group, a dimethylsulfamoyl group, a phenylsulfamoyl group, and the like are described), a carbamoyl group (preferably a carbamoyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably a carbamoyl group having 1 to 16 carbon atoms, and particularly preferably a carbamoyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, for example, an unsubstituted carbamoyl group, a methylcarbamoyl group, a diethylcarbamoyl group, a phenylcarbamoyl group, and the like are described), an alkylthio group (preferably an alkylthio group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably an alkylthio group having 1 to 16 carbon atoms, and particularly preferably an alkylthio group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, for example, a methylthio group, an ethylthio group, and the like are described), an arylthio group (preferably an arylthio group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably an arylthio group having 6 to 16 carbon atoms, and particularly preferably an arylthio group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms, for example, a phenylthio group and the like are described), a sulfonyl group (preferably a sulfonyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably a sulfonyl group having 1 to 16 carbon atoms, and particularly preferably a sulfonyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, for example, a mesyl group, a tosyl group, and the like are described), a sulfinyl group (preferably a sulfinyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably a sulfinyl group having 1 to 16 carbon atoms, and particularly preferably a sulfinyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, for example, a methanesulfinyl group, a benzenesulfinyl group, and the like are described), a ureido group (preferably a ureido group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably a ureido group having 1 to 16 carbon atoms, and particularly preferably a ureido group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, for example, an unsubstituted ureido group, a methylureido group, a phenylureido group, and the like are described), an amido phosphate group (preferably an amido phosphate group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably an amido phosphate group having 1 to 16 carbon atoms, and particularly preferably an amido phosphate group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, for example, an amido diethylphosphate group, an amido phenylphosphate group, and the like are described), a hydroxy group, a mercapto group, a halogen atom (for example, a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, or an iodine atom), a cyano group, a sulfo group, a carboxy group, a nitro group, a hydroxamic acid group, a sulfino group, a hydrazino group, an imino group, a heterocyclic group (preferably a heterocyclic group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, and more preferably a heterocyclic group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, e.g., a heterocyclic group having a hetero atom such as a nitrogen atom, an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, or the like, for example, an imidazolyl group, a pyridyl group, a quinolyl group, a furyl group, a piperidyl group, a morpholino group, a benzoxazolyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a benzthiazolyl group, and the like are described), a silyl group (preferably a silyl group having 3 to 40 carbon atoms, more preferably a silyl group having 3 to 30 carbon atoms, and particularly preferably a silyl group having 3 to 24 carbon atoms, for example, a trimethylsilyl group, a triphenylsilyl group, and the like are described), and the like are described. These substituents may be further substituted. In a case where the group has two or more substituents, these substituents may be identical or different from each other. And if possible, these may bond to each other to form a ring.
As R3, R4, and R5, an alkyl group and a hydrogen atom are preferred, and a hydrogen atom is more preferred.
In formula (1) described above, X1 and X2 each represent a divalent linking group or a single bond. There is no limitation regarding the divalent linking group described above, but an allylene group, —O—, —S—, —NR31—(R31 represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent, and this substituent is similar to that of the examples which R3, R4, and R5 each represent; and as R31, an alkyl group, Rf described above, or a hydrogen atom is preferred, and a hydrogen atom is more preferred.), and a group obtained by a combination thereof are preferred, and —O—, —S—, and —NR31— are more preferred. X1 and X2 are each preferably —O— or —NR31—, more preferably —O— or —NH—, and particularly preferably —O—.
In formula (1) described above, Z represents a divalent linking group or a single bond. There is no limitation regarding the divalent linking group described above, but an alkylene group, an allylene group, —C(═O)—, —O—, —S—, —S(═O)—, —S(═O)2—, —NR32—(R32 represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent, and this substituent is similar to that of the examples which R3, R4, and R5 each represent; and as R32, an alkyl group or a hydrogen atom is preferred, and a hydrogen atom is more preferred.), and a group obtained by a combination thereof are preferred. More preferred is an alkylene group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, an allylene group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms, —C(═O)—, —O—, —S—, —S(═O)—, —S(═O)2—, —NR32—, or a group obtained by a combination thereof. As Z, an alkylene group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, —C(═O)—, —O—, —S—, —S(═O)—, —S(═O)2—, or —NR32—, or a group obtained by a combination thereof is even more preferred. For example, the followings are described:
In formula (1) described above, M+ represents a cationic substituent. As M+, an organic cationic substituent is preferred, and an organic cationic substituent having a nitrogen atom or a phosphorus atom is more preferred. Further more, a pyridinium cation or an ammonium cation is preferred and a trialkyl ammonium cation represented by the following formula (2) is more preferred.
In formula (2), R13, R14, and R15 each independently represent a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group. As the substituent, the substituents as a substituent of R3, R4, and R5 described above can be applied. And when it is possible, R13, R14 and R15 may bond to one another to form a ring. As R13, R14, and R15, an alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms is preferred, an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms is more preferred and, a methyl group, an ethyl group, and a methylcarboxy group are even more preferred, and a methyl group is particularly preferred.
In formula (1) described above, Y− represents a counter anion and may be an inorganic anion or an organic anion. And when the charge results in 0 in a molecule, Y− is not necessary. As preferable inorganic anion, iodine ion, bromine ion, chloride ion, and the like are described and as preferable organic anion, p-toluenesulfonate ion, benzenesulfonate ion, methanesulfonate ion, trifluoromethanesulfonate ion, and the like are described. As Y−, iodine ion, p-toluenesulfonate ion, and benzenesulfonate ion are preferred and, p-toluenesulfonic acid is more preferred.
In formula (1) described above, m represents 0 or 1, and m is preferably 0.
Among the compounds represented by formula (1) described above, the compound represented by the following formula (1-a) is preferred.
In the formula, R11 and R21 each independently represent a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, but at least one of R11 and R21 represents Rf described above and, R11 and R21 have 19 or fewer carbon atoms in total.
R13, R14, and R15 each independently represent a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, and may bond to one another to form a ring. X11 and X21 each independently represent —O—, —S—, or —NR31—, and R31 represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent. Z represents a divalent linking group or a single bond. Y− represents a counter anion, however, when the charge results in 0 in a molecule, Y− is not necessary.
m represents 0 or 1. In the formula, Z and Y− each have the same meaning as in formula (1) and the preferred ranges are also similar. R13, R14, R15, and m each have the same meaning as in formula (1) and the preferred ranges are also similar.
In the formula, X11 and X21 each independently represent —O—, —S—, or —NR31—(R31 represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent, and as the said substituent, the substituent described as that of R3, R4, and R5 can be applied; and as R31, an alkyl group, Rf described above, or a hydrogen atom is preferred and, a hydrogen atom is more preferred.). As X11 and X21, —O— or —NH— is more preferred, and —O— is even more preferred.
In the formula described above, R11 and R21 have the same meaning as R1 and R2 in formula (1) respectively, and the preferred ranges are also similar. However, R11 and R21 have 19 or fewer carbon atoms in total, and m is 0 or 1.
Specific example of the compound represented by the above formula (1) can be described, but the present invention is not limited to the following specific examples. In the following structure donations of compounds, unless otherwise indicated, an alkyl group and a perfluoroalkyl group mean a linear structure. Also, in the structure donations, 2EH means 2-ethylhexyl.
Next, an example of general synthesis of the compound represented by the above formula (1) or (1-a) according to the present invention is shown, but the present invention is not limited in these.
The compounds according to the present invention can be synthesized by using a fumaric acid derivative, a maleic acid derivative, an itaconic acid derivative, a glutamic acid derivative, an aspartic acid derivative, or the like as a raw material. For example, in the case where a fumaric acid derivative, a maleic acid derivative, or an itaconic acid derivative is used as a raw material, the compound according to the present invention can be synthesized by cationization with an alkylating agent after the Michael addition reaction to the double bond with a nucleophilic agent.
The fluorocarbon compound according to the present invention can have an anionic hydrophilic group.
The anionic hydrophilic group means an acidic group having a pKa of 7 or less and an alkali metal salt or an ammonium salt thereof. Specifically, a sulfo group, a carboxy group, a phosphonic acid group, a carbamoylsulfamoyl group, a sulfamoylsulfamoyl group, an acylsulfamoyl group, salts thereof, and the like are described. Among these, a sulfo group, a carboxy group, a phosphonic acid group, and salts thereof are preferred, and a sulfo group and a salt thereof are more preferred. As the cations to form a salt, lithium, sodium, potassium, cesium, ammonium, tetramethylammonium, tetrabutylammonium, methylpyridinium, and the like can be described. Lithium, sodium, potassium, and ammonium are preferred.
In the present invention, preferred fluorocarbon compound having an anionic hydrophilic group can be represented by the following formula (3).
In the formula, R1 and R2 each independently represent an alkyl group, but at least one of R1 and R2 represents Rf. In the case where R1 or R2 represents an alkyl group other than a fluoroalkyl group, an alkyl group having 2 to 18 carbon atoms is preferred and an alkyl group having 4 to 12 carbon atoms is more preferred. R3 and R4 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group.
Specific examples of a fluoroalkyl group represented by R1 or R2 are the groups described above and the preferred structures are also those represented by formula (A) described above. And preferred structure among them is also similar to the description of fluoroalkyl group described above. Each alkyl group represented by R1 and R2 is preferably a fluoroalkyl group described above.
The substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group represented by R3 or R4 may be a linear chain, a branched chain, or a cyclic structure. The substituent described above may be any substituent, but is preferably an alkenyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxy group, a halogen atom (preferably chlorine), a carboxylate ester group, a carbonamido group, a carbamoyl group, an oxycarbonyl group, a phosphate ester group, or the like.
A represents -Lb-SO3M, and M represents a cation. Herein, as preferred examples of the cation represented by M, an alkali metal ion (lithium ion, sodium ion, potassium ion, or the like), an alkali earth metal ion (barium ion, calcium ion, or the like), an ammonium ion, and the like are described. Among these, lithium ion, sodium ion, potassium ion, and ammonium ion are preferred and, lithium ion, sodium ion, and potassium ion are more preferred, and these can be suitably selected in terms of a total number of carbon atoms of the compound in formula (3), the branching degree of the alkyl group or a substituent, and the like. In the case where R1, R2, R3, and R4 have 16 or more carbon atoms in total, lithium ion for M is preferred in terms of being consistent with solubility (particularly in water) and antistatic activity or coating uniformity.
Lb represents a single bond, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group, and the substituent is preferably the one described in the case of R3. In the case where Lb is an alkylene group, Lb has preferably 2 or fewer carbon atoms. Lb is preferably a single bond or a —CH2— group, and most preferably a —CH2— group.
The compound described by the above formula (3) is more preferably combined with the above preferable embodiment each other.
Specific examples of the fluorocarbon compound for use in the present invention are described below, but the present invention is not limited to the following specific examples.
Unless otherwise indicated, an alkyl group and a perfluoroalkyl group in the structure donation of following examples mean a linear structure.
The fluorocarbon compound according to the present invention can have a nonionic hydrophilic group.
The nonionic hydrophilic group means the water-soluble group without dissociation as ion. Specific examples include polyoxyethylene alkyl ether, poly-alcohol, and the like, but the invention is not limited in these.
The preferred nonionic fluorocarbon compound in the present invention can be represented by the following formula (4).
In formula (4), Rf is a fluoroalkyl group described above and as specific examples, the substituents described above are described and as the preferred structures, the above structures described in formula (A) are also described. And the preferred structure among them is also similar to the description of Rf described above.
X in formula (4) represents a divalent linking group and is not especially limited. For example,
and the like are described.
In formula (4), n represents 2 or 3, and m represents an integer of from 1 to 30. R represents one selected from a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group, a heterocyclic group, Rf, or a group having one or more Rf as a substituent.
Specific examples of the nonionic fluorocarbon compound for use in the present invention are described below, but the present invention is not limited to the following specific examples.
The fluorocarbon compound according to the present invention is preferably used as a surfactant and as a coating component to form either layer on the side having thereon an image forming layer. It is particularly preferred that the fluorocarbon compound is used for forming the outermost layer of photothermographic material, because of showing effective antistatic activity and coating uniformity. The fluorocarbon compound according to the present invention is useful from the viewpoint of showing effective antistatic activity and coating uniformity, and also useful for storage stability and improving dependency on the using environment.
The addition amount of the fluorocarbon compound according to the present invention is not especially limited and is arbitrarily determined corresponding to the structure and the using place of the fluorocarbon compound and the series and an amount of other additive contained in a component. For example, in the case where the fluorocarbon compound is used in the coating solution for the outermost layer of a photothermographic material, the coating amount of the fluorocarbon compound in a coating solution is preferably in a range of from 0.1 mg/m2 to 100 mg/m2, and more preferably from 0.5 mg/m2 to 20 mg/m2.
In the present invention, the fluorocarbon compound may be used alone or by mixing two or more of them. Further, a fluorocarbon compound other than the fluorocarbon compound according to the present invention may be used by mixing. Additionally, a surfactant other than a fluorocarbon compound can be used with the fluorocarbon compound according to the present invention in combination.
(Organic Silver Salt)
1) Composition
The organic silver salt which can be used in the present invention is relatively stable to light but serves as to supply silver ions and forms silver images when heated to 80° C. or higher in the presence of an exposed photosensitive silver halide and a reducing agent. The organic silver salt may be any material containing a source supplying silver ions that are reducible by a reducing agent. Such a non-photosensitive organic silver salt is disclosed, for example, in JP-A No. 10-62899 (paragraph Nos. 0048 to 0049), European Patent (EP) No. 803,764A1 (page 18, line 24 to page 19, line 37), EP No. 962,812A1, JP-A Nos. 11-349591, 2000-7683, and 2000-72711, and the like. A silver salt of an organic acid, particularly, a silver salt of a long-chained aliphatic carboxylic acid (having 10 to 30 carbon atoms, and preferably having 15 to 28 carbon atoms) is preferable. Preferred examples of the silver salt of a fatty acid include silver lignocerate, silver behenate, silver arachidinate, silver stearate, silver oleate, silver laurate, silver capronate, silver myristate, silver palmitate, silver erucate, and mixtures thereof. In the invention, among these silver salts of a fatty acid, it is preferred to use a silver salt of a fatty acid with a silver behenate content of 50 mol % or higher, more preferably 85 mol % or higher, and even more preferably 95 mol % or higher. Further, it is preferred to use a silver salt of a fatty acid with a silver erucate content of 2 mol % or lower, more preferably, 1 mol % or lower, and even more preferably, 0.1 mol % or lower.
It is preferred that the content of silver stearate is 1 mol % or lower. When the content of silver stearate is 1 mol % or lower, a silver salt of an organic acid having low fog, high sensitivity and excellent image storability can be obtained. The above-mentioned content of silver stearate is preferably 0.5 mol % or lower, and particularly preferably, silver stearate is not substantially contained.
Further, in the case where the silver salt of an organic acid includes silver arachidinate, it is preferred that the content of silver arachidinate is 6 mol % or lower in order to obtain a silver salt of an organic acid having low fog and excellent image storability. The content of silver arachidinate is more preferably 3 mol % or lower.
2) Shape
There is no particular restriction on the shape of the organic silver salt usable in the invention and it may be needle-like, rod-like, tabular, or flake shaped.
In the invention, a flake shaped organic silver salt is preferred. Short needle-like, rectangular, cubic, or potato-like indefinite shaped particles with the major axis to minor axis ratio being 5 or lower are also used preferably. Such organic silver salt particles suffer less from fogging during thermal development compared with long needle-like particles with the major axis to minor axis length ratio of higher than 5. Particularly, a particle with the major axis to minor axis ratio of 3 or lower is preferred since it can improve the mechanical stability of the coating film. In the present specification, the flake shaped organic silver salt is defined as described below. When an organic silver salt is observed under an electron microscope, calculation is made while approximating the shape of a particle of the organic silver salt to a rectangular body and assuming each side of the rectangular body as a, b, c from the shortest side (c may be identical with b and determining x based on numerical values a, and b for the shorter side as below.
x=b/a
As described above, x is determined for the particles by the number of about 200 and those satisfying the relation: x (average) ≧1.5 as an average value x is defined as a flake shape. The relation is preferably: 30≧x (average) ≧1.5 and, more preferably, 15≧x (average) ≧1.5. By the way, needle-like is expressed as 1≦x (average) <1.5.
In the flake shaped particle, a can be regarded as a thickness of a tabular particle having a major plane with b and c being as the sides a in average is preferably from 0.01 μm to 0.3 μm and, more preferably from 0.1 μm to 0.23 μm. c/b in average is preferably from 1 to 9, more preferably from 1 to 6, even more preferably from 1 to 4 and, most preferably from 1 to 3.
By controlling the equivalent spherical diameter being from 0.05 μm to 1 μm, it causes less agglomeration in the photothermographic material and image storability is improved. The equivalent spherical diameter is preferably from 0.1 μm to 1 μm. In the invention, an equivalent spherical diameter can be measured by a method of photographing a sample directly by using an electron microscope and then image processing the negative images.
In the flake shaped particle, the equivalent spherical diameter of the particle/a is defined as an aspect ratio. The aspect ratio of the flake shaped particle is preferably from 1.1 to 30 and, more preferably, from 1.1 to 15 with a viewpoint of causing less agglomeration in the photothermographic material and improving the image storability.
As the particle size distribution of the organic silver salt, mono-dispersion is preferred. In the mono-dispersion, the percentage for the value obtained by dividing the standard deviation for the length of minor axis and major axis by the minor axis and the major axis respectively is preferably 100% or less, more preferably 80% or less and, even more preferably 50% or less. The shape of the organic silver salt can be measured by analyzing a dispersion of an organic silver salt as transmission type electron microscopic images. Another method of measuring the mono-dispersion is a method of determining of the standard deviation of the volume weighted mean diameter of the organic silver salt in which the percentage for the value defined by the volume weight mean diameter (variation coefficient) is preferably 100% or less, more preferably 80% or less and, even more preferably 50% or less. The mono-dispersion can be determined from particle size (volume weighted mean diameter) obtained, for example, by a measuring method of irradiating a laser beam to organic silver salts dispersed in a liquid, and determining a self correlation function of the fluctuation of scattered light to the change of time.
3) Preparation
Methods known in the art can be applied to the method for producing the organic silver salt used in the invention and to the dispersing method thereof. For example, reference can be made to JP-A No. 10-62899, EP Nos. 803,763A1 and 962,812A1, JP-A Nos. 11-349591, 2000-7683, 2000-72711, 2001-163889, 2001-163890, 2001-163827, 2001-33907, 2001-188313, 2001-83652, 2002-6442, 2002-49117, 2002-31870, and 2002-107868, and the like.
When a photosensitive silver salt is present together during dispersion of the organic silver salt, fog increases and sensitivity becomes remarkably lower, so that it is more preferred that the photosensitive silver salt is not substantially contained during dispersion. In the invention, the amount of the photosensitive silver salt to be dispersed in the aqueous dispersion is preferably 1 mol % or less, more preferably 0.1 mol % or less, per 1 mol of the organic silver salt in the solution and, even more preferably, positive addition of the photosensitive silver salt is not conducted.
In the invention, the photothermographic material can be manufactured by mixing an aqueous dispersion of the organic silver salt and an aqueous dispersion of a photosensitive silver salt, and the mixing ratio between the organic silver salt and the photosensitive silver salt can be selected depending on the purpose. The ratio of the photosensitive silver salt relative to the organic silver salt is preferably in a range of from 1 mol % to 30 mol %, more preferably from 2 mol % to 20 mol % and, particularly preferably from 3 mol % to 15 mol %. A method of mixing two or more aqueous dispersions of organic silver salts and two or more aqueous dispersions of photosensitive silver salts upon mixing is used preferably for controlling photographic properties.
4) Addition Amount
While the organic silver salt according to the invention can be used in a desired amount, a total amount of coated silver including silver halide is preferably in a range of from 0.1 g/m2 to 5.0 g/m2, more preferably from 0.3 g/m2 to 3.0 g/m2, and even more preferably from 0.5 g/m2 to 2.0 g/m2. In particular, in order to improve image storability, the total amount of coated silver is preferably 1.8 mg/m2 or less, and more preferably 1.6 mg/m2 or less. In the case where a preferable reducing agent according to the invention is used, it is possible to obtain a sufficient image density by even such a low amount of silver.
(Reducing Agent)
The photothermographic material of the present invention preferably contains a reducing agent for organic silver salts as a thermal developing agent. The reducing agent for organic silver salts can be any substance (preferably, organic substance) which reduces silver ions into metallic silver. Examples of the reducing agent are described in JP-A No. 11-65021 (column Nos. 0043 to 0045) and EP No. 803,764A1 (p.7, line 34 to p. 18, line 12).
The reducing agent according to the invention is preferably a so-called hindered phenol reducing agent or a bisphenol reducing agent having a substituent at the ortho-position with respect to the phenolic hydroxy group. It is more preferably a compound represented by the following formula (R).
In formula (R), R11 and R11′ each independently represent an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms. R12 and R12′ each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent which substitutes for a hydrogen atom on a benzene ring. L represents an —S—group or a —CHR13— group. R13 represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms. X1 and X1′ each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a group substituting for a hydrogen atom on a benzene ring.
Formula (R) is to be described in detail.
In the following description, when referred an alkyl group, it means that the alkyl group contains a cycloalkyl group, unless otherwise specified.
1) R11 and R11′
R11 and R11′ each independently represent a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms. The substituent for the alkyl group has no particular restriction and include, preferably, an aryl group, a hydroxy group, an alkoxy group, an aryloxy group, an alkylthio group, an arylthio group, an acylamino group, a sulfonamido group, a sulfonyl group, a phosphoryl group, an acyl group, a carbamoyl group, an ester group, a ureido group, a urethane group, a halogen atom, and the like.
2) R12 and R12′, X1 and X1′
R12 and R12′ each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent which substitutes for a hydrogen atom on a benzene ring. X1 and X1′ each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a group substituting for a hydrogen atom on a benzene ring. As each of the groups substituting for a hydrogen atom on the benzene ring, an alkyl group, an aryl group, a halogen atom, an alkoxy group, and an acylamino group are described preferably.
3) L
L represents an —S— group or a —CHR13— group. R13 represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms in which the alkyl group may have a substituent. Specific examples of the unsubstituted alkyl group for R13 include a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, a butyl group, a heptyl group, an undecyl group, an isopropyl group, a 1-ethylpentyl group, a 2,4,4-trimethylpentyl group, cyclohexyl group, 2,4-dimethyl-3-cyclohexenyl group, 3,5-dimethyl-3-cyclohexenyl group, and the like. Examples of the substituent for the alkyl group include, similar to the substituent of R11, a halogen atom, an alkoxy group, an alkylthio group, an aryloxy group, an arylthio group, an acylamino group, a sulfonamido group, a sulfonyl group, a phosphoryl group, an oxycarbonyl group, a carbamoyl group, a sulfamoyl group, and the like.
4) Preferred Substituents
R11 and R11′ are preferably a primary, secondary, or tertiary alkyl group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms; and examples thereof include, specifically, a methyl group, an isopropyl group, a t-butyl group, a t-amyl group, a t-octyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a 1-methylcyclohexyl group, a 1-methylcyclopropyl group, and the like. R11 and R11′ each represent, more preferably, an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms and, among them, a methyl group, a t-butyl group, a t-amyl group, and a 1-methylcyclohexyl group are even more preferred and, a methyl group and a t-butyl group being most preferred.
R12 and R12′ are preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms; and examples thereof include, specifically, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, a butyl group, an isopropyl group, a t-butyl group, a t-amyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a 1-methylcyclohexyl group, a benzyl group, a methoxymethyl group, a methoxyethyl group, and the like. More preferred are a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isopropyl group, and a t-butyl group, and particularly preferred are a methyl group and an ethyl group.
X1 and X1′ are preferably a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, or an alkyl group, and more preferably a hydrogen atom.
L is preferably a —CHR13— group.
R13 is preferably a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms. The alkyl group is preferably a chain or a cyclic alkyl group. And, a group which has a C═C bond in these alkyl group is also preferably used. Preferable examples of the alkyl group include a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isopropyl group, a 2,4,4-trimethylpentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a 2,4-dimethyl-3-cyclohexenyl group, a 3,5-dimetyl-3-cyclohexenyl group, and the like. Particularly preferable R is a hydrogen atom, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isopropyl group, or a 2,4-dimethyl-3-cyclohexenyl group.
In the case where R11 and R11′ are a tertiary alkyl group and R12 and R12′ are a methyl group, R13 is preferably a primary or secondary alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms (a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isopropyl group, a 2,4-dimethyl-3-cyclohexenyl group, or the like).
In the case where R11 and R11′ are a tertiary alkyl group and R12 and R12′ are an alkyl group other than a methyl group, R13 is preferably a hydrogen atom.
In the case where R11 and R11′ are not a tertiary alkyl group, R13 is preferably a hydrogen atom or a secondary alkyl group, and particularly preferably a secondary alkyl group. As the secondary alkyl group for R13, an isopropyl group and a 2,4-dimethyl-3-cyclohexenyl group are preferred.
The reducing agent described above shows different thermal developing performance, color tone of developed silver images, or the like depending on the combination of R11, R11′, R12, R12′, and R13. Since the performance can be controlled by using two or more reducing agents in combination, it is preferred to use two or more reducing agents in combination depending on the purpose.
Specific examples of the reducing agent according to the invention including the compounds represented by formula (R) according to the invention are shown below, but the invention is not restricted to these.
As preferred examples of the reducing agent according to the invention other than those above, there are mentioned compounds disclosed in JP-A Nos. 2001-188314, 2001-209145, 2001-350235, and 2002-156727, and EP No. 1,278,101A2.
The addition amount of the reducing agent is preferably from 0.1 g/m2 to 3.0 g/m2, more preferably from 0.2 g/m2 to 2.0 g/m2 and, even more preferably from 0.3 g/m2 to 1.0 g/m2. It is preferably contained in a range of from 5 mol % to 50 mol %, more preferably from 8 mol % to 30 mol % and, even more preferably from 10 mol % to 20 mol %, per 1 mol of silver in the image forming layer. The reducing agent is preferably contained in the image forming layer.
In the invention, the reducing agent may be incorporated into the photothermographic material by being added into the coating solution, such as in the form of a solution, an emulsified dispersion, a solid fine particle dispersion, or the like.
As well known emulsion dispersing method, there is mentioned a method comprising dissolving the reducing agent in an oil such as dibutylphthalate, tricresylphosphate, dioctylsebacate, tri(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate, or the like, and an auxiliary solvent such as ethyl acetate, cyclohexanone, or the like, and then adding a surfactant such as sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, sodium oleoil-N-methyltaurinate, sodium di(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate or the like; from which an emulsion dispersion is mechanically produced. During the process, for the purpose of controlling viscosity of oil droplet and refractive index, the addition of polymer such as α-methylstyrene oligomer, poly(t-butylacrylamide), or the like is preferable.
As solid particle dispersing method, there is mentioned a method comprising dispersing the powder of the reducing agent in a proper solvent such as water or the like, by means of ball mill, colloid mill, vibrating ball mill, sand mill, jet mill, roller mill, or ultrasonics, thereby obtaining a solid dispersion. In this case, there may be used a protective colloid (such as poly(vinyl alcohol)), or a surfactant (for instance, an anionic surfactant such as sodium triisopropylnaphthalenesulfonate (a mixture of compounds having the three isopropyl groups in different substitution sites)). In the mills enumerated above, generally used as the dispersion media are beads made of zirconia or the like, and Zr or the like eluting from the beads may be incorporated in the dispersion. Although depending on the dispersing conditions, the amount of Zr or the like incorporated in the dispersion is generally in a range of from 1 ppm to 1000 ppm. It is practically acceptable so long as Zr is incorporated in an amount of 0.5 mg or less per 1 g of silver.
Preferably, an antiseptic (for instance, benzisothiazolinone sodium salt) is added in an aqueous dispersion.
The reducing agent is particularly preferably used as a solid particle dispersion, and is added in the form of fine particles having a mean particle size of from 0.01 μm to 10 μm, preferably from 0.05 μm to 5 μm and, more preferably from 0.1 μm to 2 μm. In the invention, other solid dispersions are preferably used with this particle size range.
(Development Accelerator)
In the photothermographic material of the invention, as a development accelerator, sulfonamido phenol compounds described in the specification of JP-A No. 2000-267222, and represented by formula (A) described in the specification of JP-A No. 2000-330234; hindered phenol compounds represented by formula (II) described in JP-A No. 2001-92075; hydrazine compounds described in the specification of JP-A No. 10-62895, represented by formula (I) described in the specification of JP-A No. 11-15116, represented by formula (D) described in the specification of JP-A No. 2002-156727, and represented by formula (1) described in the specification of JP-A No. 2002-278017; and phenol or naphthol compounds represented by formula (2) described in the specification of JP-A No. 2001-264929 are used preferably. Further, phenol compounds described in JP-A Nos. 2002-311533 and 2002-341484 are also preferable. Naphthol compounds described in JP-A No. 2003-66558 are particularly preferable. In the photothermographic material of the present invention, the development accelerator is used in a range of from 0.1 mol % to 20 mol %, preferably in a range of from 0.5 mol % to 10 mol % and, more preferably in a range of from 1 mol % to 5 mol %, with respect to the reducing agent. The introducing methods to the photothermographic material include similar methods as those for the reducing agent and, it is particularly preferred to add as a solid dispersion or an emulsified dispersion. In the case of adding as an emulsified dispersion, it is preferred to add as an emulsified dispersion dispersed by using a solvent having a high boiling point which is solid at a normal temperature and an auxiliary solvent having a low boiling point, or to add as a so-called oilless emulsified dispersion not using a solvent having a high boiling point.
In the present invention, among the development accelerators described above, it is more preferred to use hydrazine compounds described in the specification of JP-A Nos. 2002-156727 and 2002-278017, and naphthol compounds described in the specification of JP-A No. 2003-66558.
Particularly preferred development accelerators according to the invention are compounds represented by the following formulae (A-1) or (A-2).
Q1-NHNH-Q2 Formula (A-1)
In the formula, Q1 represents an aromatic group or a heterocyclic group which bonds to —NHNH-Q2 at a carbon atom, and Q2 represents one selected from a carbamoyl group, an acyl group, an alkoxycarbonyl group, an aryloxycarbonyl group, a sulfonyl group, or a sulfamoyl group.
In formula (A-1), the aromatic group or the heterocyclic group represented by Q1 is preferably a 5- to 7-membered unsaturated ring. Preferred examples include a benzene ring, a pyridine ring, a pyrazine ring, a pyrimidine ring, a pyridazine ring, a 1,2,4-triazine ring, a 1,3,5-triazine ring, a pyrrole ring, an imidazole ring, a pyrazole ring, a 1,2,3-triazole ring, a 1,2,4-triazole ring, a tetrazole ring, a 1,3,4-thiadiazole ring, a 1,2,4-thiadiazole ring, a 1,2,5-thiadiazole ring, a 1,3,4-oxadiazole ring, a 1,2,4-oxadiazole ring, a 1,2,5-oxadiazole ring, a thiazole ring, an oxazole ring, an isothiazole ring, an isooxazole ring, a thiophene ring, and the like. Condensed rings in which the rings described above are condensed to each other are also preferred.
The rings described above may have substituents and in the case where they have two or more substituents, the substituents may be identical or different from each other. Examples of the substituent include a halogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group, a carbonamido group, an alkylsulfonamido group, an arylsulfonamido group, an alkoxy group, an aryloxy group, an alkylthio group, an arylthio group, a carbamoyl group, a sulfamoyl group, a cyano group, an alkylsulfonyl group, an arylsulfonyl group, an alkoxycarbonyl group, an aryloxycarbonyl group, and an acyl group. In the case where the substituents are groups capable of substitution, they may have further substituents and examples of preferred substituents include a halogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group, a carbonamido group, an alkylsulfonamido group, an arylsulfonamido group, an alkoxy group, an aryloxy group, an alkylthio group, an arylthio group, an acyl group, an alkoxycarbonyl group, an aryloxycarbonyl group, a carbamoyl group, a cyano group, a sulfamoyl group, an alkylsulfonyl group, an arylsulfonyl group, and an acyloxy group.
The carbamoyl group represented by Q2 is a carbamoyl group preferably having 1 to 50 carbon atoms, and more preferably having 6 to 40 carbon atoms; and examples thereof include unsubstituted carbamoyl, methyl carbamoyl, N-ethylcarbamoyl, N-propylcarbamoyl, N-sec-butylcarbamoyl, N-octylcarbamoyl, N-cyclohexylcarbamoyl, N-tert-butylcarbamoyl, N-dodecylcarbamoyl, N-(3-dodecyloxypropyl)carbamoyl, N-octadecylcarbamoyl, N-{3-(2,4-tert-pentylphenoxy)propyl}carbamoyl, N-(2-hexyldecyl)carbamoyl, N-phenylcarbamoyl, N-(4-dodecyloxyphenyl)carbamoyl, N-(2-chloro-5-dodecyloxycarbonylphenyl)carbamoyl, N-naphthylcarbamoyl, N-3-pyridylcarbamoyl, and N-benzylcarbamoyl.
The acyl group represented by Q2 is an acyl group preferably having 1 to 50 carbon atoms, and more preferably having 6 to 40 carbon atoms; and examples thereof include formyl, acetyl, 2-methylpropanoyl, cyclohexylcarbonyl, octanoyl, 2-hexyldecanoyl, dodecanoyl, chloroacetyl, trifluoroacetyl, benzoyl, 4-dodecyloxybenzoyl, and 2-hydroxymethylbenzoyl. The alkoxycarbonyl group represented by Q2 is an alkoxycarbonyl group preferably having 2 to 50 carbon atoms, and more preferably having 6 to 40 carbon atoms; and examples thereof include methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, isobutyloxycarbonyl, cyclohexyloxycarbonyl, dodecyloxycarbonyl, and benzyloxycarbonyl.
The aryloxy carbonyl group represented by Q2 is an aryloxycarbonyl group preferably having 7 to 50 carbon atoms, and more preferably having 7 to 40 carbon atoms; and examples thereof include phenoxycarbonyl, 4-octyloxyphenoxycarbonyl, 2-hydroxymethylphenoxycarbonyl, and 4-dodecyloxyphenoxycarbonyl. The sulfonyl group represented by Q2 is a sulfonyl group preferably having 1 to 50 carbon atoms, and more preferably having 6 to 40 carbon atoms; and examples thereof include methylsulfonyl, butylsulfonyl, octylsulfonyl, 2-hexadecylsulfonyl, 3-dodecyloxypropylsulfonyl, 2-octyloxy-5-tert-octylphenyl sulfonyl, and 4-dodecyloxyphenyl sulfonyl.
The sulfamoyl group represented by Q2 is a sulfamoyl group preferably having 0 to 50 carbon atoms, and more preferably having 6 to 40 carbon atoms; and examples thereof include unsubstituted sulfamoyl, N-ethylsulfamoyl group, N-(2-ethylhexyl)sulfamoyl, N-decylsulfamoyl, N-hexadecylsulfamoyl, N-{3-(2-ethylhexyloxy)propyl}sulfamoyl, N-(2-chloro-5-dodecyloxycarbonylphenyl)sulfamoyl, and N-(2-tetradecyloxyphenyl)sulfamoyl. The group represented by Q2 may further have a group mentioned as the example of the substituent of 5- to 7-membered unsaturated ring represented by Q1 at the position capable of substitution. In a case where the group has two or more substituents, such substituents may be identical or different from one another.
Next, preferred range for the compound represented by formula (A-1) is to be described. A 5- or 6-membered unsaturated ring is preferred for Q1, and a benzene ring, a pyrimidine ring, a 1,2,3-triazole ring, a 1,2,4-triazole ring, a tetrazole ring, a 1,3,4-thiadiazole ring, a 1,2,4-thiadiazole ring, a 1,3,4-oxadiazole ring, a 1,2,4-oxadiazole ring, a thioazole ring, an oxazole ring, an isothiazole ring, an isooxazole ring, and a ring in which the ring described above is condensed with a benzene ring or unsaturated heterocycle are more preferred. Further, Q2 is preferably a carbamoyl group and, particularly, a carbamoyl group having a hydrogen atom on the nitrogen atom is particularly preferred.
In formula (A-2), R1 represents one selected from an alkyl group, an acyl group, an acylamino group, a sulfonamido group, an alkoxycarbonyl group, or a carbamoyl group. R2 represents one selected from a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, an aryloxy group, an alkylthio group, an arylthio group, an acyloxy group, or a carbonate ester group. R3 and R4 each independently represent a group substituting for a hydrogen atom on a benzene ring which is mentioned as the example of the substituent for formula (A-1). R3 and R4 may link together to form a condensed ring.
R1 is preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms (for example, a methyl group, an ethyl group, an isopropyl group, a butyl group, a tert-octyl group, a cyclohexyl group, or the like), an acylamino group (for example, an acetylamino group, a benzoylamino group, a methylureido group, a 4-cyanophenylureido group, or the like), or a carbamoyl group (for example, a n-butylcarbamoyl group, an N,N-diethylcarbamoyl group, a phenylcarbamoyl group, a 2-chlorophenylcarbamoyl group, a 2,4-dichlorophenylcarbamoyl group, or the like). An acylamino group (including a ureido group and a urethane group) is more preferred. R2 is preferably a halogen atom (more preferably, a chlorine atom or a bromine atom), an alkoxy group (for example, a methoxy group, a butoxy group, an n-hexyloxy group, an n-decyloxy group, a cyclohexyloxy group, a benzyloxy group, or the like), or an aryloxy group (for example, a phenoxy group, a naphthoxy group, or the like).
R3 is preferably a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, or an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, and most preferably a halogen atom. R4 is preferably a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, or an acylamino group, and more preferably an alkyl group or an acylamino group. Examples of the preferred substituent thereof are similar to those for R1. In the case where R4 is an acylamino group, R4 may preferably link with R3 to form a carbostyryl ring.
In the case where R3 and R4 in formula (A-2) link together to form a condensed ring, a naphthalene ring is particularly preferred as the condensed ring. The same substituent as the example of the substituent referred to for formula (A-1) may bond to the naphthalene ring. In the case where formula (A-2) is a naphthol compound, R1 is preferably a carbamoyl group. Among them, a benzoyl group is particularly preferred. R2 is preferably an alkoxy group or an aryloxy group and, particularly preferably an alkoxy group.
Preferred specific examples for the development accelerator according to the invention are to be described below. The invention is not restricted to them.
(Hydrogen Bonding Compound)
In the invention, in the case where the reducing agent has an aromatic hydroxy group (—OH) or an amino group (—NHR, R represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group), particularly in the case where the reducing agent is a bisphenol described above, it is preferred to use in combination, a non-reducing compound having a group which reacts with these groups of the reducing agent and forms a hydrogen bond therewith.
As the group forming a hydrogen bond with a hydroxy group or an amino group, there are mentioned a phosphoryl group, a sulfoxide group, a sulfonyl group, a carbonyl group, an amido group, an ester group, a urethane group, a ureido group, a tertiary amino group, a nitrogen-containing aromatic group, and the like. Particularly preferred among them is a phosphoryl group, a sulfoxide group, an amido group (not having —N(H)— moiety but being blocked in the form of —N(Ra)— (where, Ra represents a substituent other than H)), a urethane group (not having —N(H)— moiety but being blocked in the form of —N(Ra)— (where, Ra represents a substituent other than H)), and a ureido group (not having —N(H)— moiety but being blocked in the form of —N(Ra)— (where, Ra represents a substituent other than H)).
In the invention, particularly preferable as the hydrogen bonding compound is the compound represented by formula (D) shown below.
In formula (D), R21 to R23 each independently represent one selected from an alkyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxy group, an aryloxy group, an amino group, or a heterocyclic group, which may be substituted or unsubstituted.
In the case where R21 to R23 contain a substituent, examples of the substituent include a halogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxy group, an amino group, an acyl group, an acylamino group, an alkylthio group, an arylthio group, a sulfonamido group, an acyloxy group, an oxycarbonyl group, a carbamoyl group, a sulfamoyl group, a sulfonyl group, a phosphoryl group, and the like, in which preferred as the substituents are an alkyl group or an aryl group, e.g., a methyl group, an ethyl group, an isopropyl group, a t-butyl group, a t-octyl group, a phenyl group, a 4-alkoxyphenyl group, a 4-acyloxyphenyl group, and the like.
Specific examples of the alkyl group represented by R21 to R23 include a methyl group, an ethyl group, a butyl group, an octyl group, a dodecyl group, an isopropyl group, a t-butyl group, a t-amyl group, a t-octyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a 1-methylcyclohexyl group, a benzyl group, a phenethyl group, a 2-phenoxypropyl group, and the like.
As the aryl group, there are mentioned a phenyl group, a cresyl group, a xylyl group, a naphthyl group, a 4-t-butylphenyl group, a 4-t-octylphenyl group, a 4-anisidyl group, a 3,5-dichlorophenyl group, and the like.
As the alkoxy group, there are mentioned a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, a butoxy group, an octyloxy group, a 2-ethylhexyloxy group, a 3,5,5-trimethylhexyloxy group, a dodecyloxy group, a cyclohexyloxy group, a 4-methylcyclohexyloxy group, a benzyloxy group, and the like.
As the aryloxy group, there are mentioned a phenoxy group, a cresyloxy group, an isopropylphenoxy group, a 4-t-butylphenoxy group, a naphthoxy group, a biphenyloxy group, and the like.
As the amino group, there are mentioned a dimethylamino group, a diethylamino group, a dibutylamino group, a dioctylamino group, an N-methyl-N-hexylamino group, a dicyclohexylamino group, a diphenylamino group, an N-methyl-N-phenylamino group, and the like.
Preferred as R21 to R23 are an alkyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxy group, and an aryloxy group. Concerning the effect of the invention, it is preferred that at least one of R21 to R2 is an alkyl group or an aryl group, and more preferably, two or more of them are an alkyl group or an aryl group. From the viewpoint of low cost availability, it is preferred that R21 to R23 are of the same group.
Specific examples of the hydrogen bonding compound represented by formula (D) according to the invention and others according to the invention are shown below, but the invention is not limited thereto.
Specific examples of hydrogen bonding compounds other than those enumerated above can be found in those described in EP No. 1,096,310 and in JP-A Nos. 2002-156727 and 2002-318431.
The compound represented by formula (D) according to the invention can be used in the photothermographic material by being incorporated into the coating solution in the form of a solution, an emulsified dispersion, or a solid fine particle dispersion, similar to the case of reducing agent. However, it is preferably used in the form of a solid dispersion. In the solution, the compound represented by formula (D) forms a hydrogen-bonded complex with a compound having a phenolic hydroxy group or an amino group, and can be isolated as a complex in crystalline state depending on the combination of the reducing agent and the compound represented by formula (D).
It is particularly preferred to use the crystal powder thus isolated in the form of a solid fine particle dispersion, because it provides stable performance. Further, it is also preferred to use a method of leading to form complex during dispersion by mixing the reducing agent and the compound represented by formula (D) in the form of powder and dispersing them with a proper dispersing agent using sand grinder mill or the like.
The compound represented by formula (D) is preferably used in a range of from 1 mol % to 200 mol %, more preferably from 10 mol % to 150 mol %, and even more preferably, from 20 mol % to 100 mol %, with respect to the reducing agent.
(Photosensitive Silver Halide)
1) Halogen Composition
For the photosensitive silver halide used in the invention, there is no particular restriction on the halogen composition, and silver chloride, silver bromochloride, silver bromide, silver iodobromide, silver iodochlorobromide, or silver iodide can be used. Among them, silver bromide, silver iodobromide, and silver iodide are preferred. The distribution of the halogen composition in a grain may be uniform or the halogen composition may be changed stepwise, or it may be changed continuously. Further, a silver halide grain having a core/shell structure can be used preferably. Preferred structure is a twofold to fivefold structure and, more preferably, a core/shell grain having a twofold to fourfold structure can be used. Further, a technique of localizing silver bromide or silver iodide to the surface of a silver chloride, silver bromide or silver chlorobromide grains can also be used preferably.
2) Method of Grain Formation
The method of forming photosensitive silver halide is well-known in the relevant art and, for example, methods described in Research Disclosure No. 10729, June 1978 and U.S. Pat. No. 3,700,458 can be used. Specifically, a method of preparing a photosensitive silver halide by adding a silver-supplying compound and a halogen-supplying compound in a gelatin or other polymer solution and then mixing them with an organic silver salt is used. Further, a method described in JP-A No. 11-119374 (paragraph Nos. 0217 to 0224) and methods described in JP-A Nos. 11-352627 and 2000-347335 are also preferred.
3) Grain Size
The grain size of the photosensitive silver halide is preferably small with an aim of suppressing clouding after image formation and, specifically, it is 0.20 μm or less, more preferably in a range of from 0.01 μm to 0.15 μm and, even more preferably from 0.02 μm to 0.12 μm. The grain size as used herein means a diameter of a circle converted such that it has a same area as a projected area of the silver halide grain (projected area of a major plane in a case of a tabular grain).
4) Grain Shape
The shape of the silver halide grain includes, for example, cubic, octahedral, tabular, spherical, rod-like, or potato-like shape. The cubic grain is particularly preferred in the invention. A silver halide grain rounded at corners can also be used preferably. The surface indices (Miller indices) of the outer surface of a photosensitive silver halide grain is not particularly restricted, and it is preferable that the ratio occupied by the {100} face is large, because of showing high spectral sensitization efficiency when a spectral sensitizing dye is adsorbed. The ratio is preferably 50% or higher, more preferably 65% or higher and, even more preferably 80% or higher. The ratio of the {100} face, Miller indices, can be determined by a method described in T. Tani; J. Imaging Sci., vol. 29, page 165, (1985) utilizing adsorption dependency of the {111 } face and {100} face in adsorption of a sensitizing dye.
5) Heavy Metal
The photosensitive silver halide grain according to the invention can contain metals or complexes of metals belonging to groups 6 to 13 of the periodic table (showing groups 1 to 18). Preferred are metals or complexes of metals belonging to groups 6 to 10. The metal or the center metal of the metal complex from groups 6 to 10 of the periodic table is preferably ferrum, rhodium, ruthenium, or iridium. The metal complex may be used alone, or two or more complexes comprising identical or different species of metals may be used in combination.
A preferred content is in a range of from 1×10−9 mol to 1×10−3 mol per 1 mol of silver. The heavy metals, metal complexes and the adding method thereof are described in JP-A No. 7-225449, in paragraph Nos. 0018 to 0024 of JP-A No. 11-65021 and in paragraph Nos. 0227 to 0240 of JP-A No. 11-119374.
In the present invention, a silver halide grain having a hexacyano metal complex present on the outermost surface of the grain is preferred. The hexacyano metal complex includes, for example, [Fe(CN)6)4−, [Fe(CN)6]3−, [Ru(CN)6]4−, [Os(CN)6]4−, [Co(CN)6]3−, [Rh(CN)6]3−, [Ir(CN)6]3−, [Cr(CN)6]3−, and [Re(CN)6]3−. In the invention, hexacyano Fe complex is preferred.
Since the hexacyano complex exists in ionic form in an aqueous solution, paired cation is not important and alkali metal ion such as sodium ion, potassium ion, rubidium ion, cesium ion and lithium ion, ammonium ion, alkyl ammonium ion (for example, tetramethyl ammonium ion, tetraethyl ammonium ion, tetrapropyl ammonium ion, and tetra(n-butyl) ammonium ion), which are easily miscible with water and suitable to precipitation operation of a silver halide emulsion are preferably used.
The hexacyano metal complex can be added while being mixed with water, as well as a mixed solvent of water and an appropriate organic solvent miscible with water (for example, alcohols, ethers, glycols, ketones, esters, amides, or the like) or gelatin.
The addition amount of the hexacyano metal complex is preferably from 1×10−5 mol to 1×10−2 mol and, more preferably, from 1×10−4 mol to 1×10−3 mol, per 1 mol of silver in each case.
In order to allow the hexacyano metal complex to be present on the outermost surface of a silver halide grain, the hexacyano metal complex is directly added in any stage of: after completion of addition of an aqueous solution of silver nitrate used for grain formation, before completion of an emulsion formation step prior to a chemical sensitization step, of conducting chalcogen sensitization such as sulfur sensitization, selenium sensitization and tellurium sensitization or noble metal sensitization such as gold sensitization, during a washing step, during a dispersion step and before a chemical sensitization step. In order not to grow fine silver halide grains, the hexacyano metal complex is rapidly added preferably after the grain is formed, and it is preferably added before completion of the emulsion formation step.
Addition of the hexacyano complex may be started after addition of 96% by weight of an entire amount of silver nitrate to be added for grain formation, more preferably started after addition of 98% by weight and, particularly preferably, started after addition of 99% by weight.
When any of the hexacyano metal complex is added after addition of an aqueous silver nitrate just prior to completion of grain formation, it can be adsorbed to the outermost surface of the silver halide grain and most of them form an insoluble salt with silver ions on the surface of the grain. Since the hexacyano iron (II) silver salt is a less soluble salt than AgI, re-dissolution with fine grains can be prevented and fine silver halide grains with smaller grain size can be prepared.
Metal atoms that can be contained in the silver halide grain used in the invention (for example, [Fe(CN)6]4−), desalting method of a silver halide emulsion and chemical sensitizing method are described in paragraph Nos, 0046 to 0050 of JP-A No. 11-84574, in paragraph Nos. 0025 to 0031 of JP-A No. 11-65021, and paragraph Nos. 0242 to 0250 of JP-A No. 11-119374.
6) Gelatin
As the gelatin contained in the photosensitive silver halide emulsion used in the invention, various types of gelatins can be used. It is necessary to maintain an excellent dispersion state of a photosensitive silver halide emulsion in the coating solution containing an organic silver salt, and gelatin having a molecular weight of 10,000 to 1,000,000 is preferably used. Phthalated gelatin is also preferably used. These gelatins may be used at grain formation step or at the time of dispersion after desalting treatment and it is preferably used at grain formation step.
7) Sensitizing Dye
As the sensitizing dye applicable in the invention, those which spectrally sensitizes the silver halide grains in a desired wavelength region upon adsorption to the silver halide grains having spectral sensitivity suitable to the spectral characteristic of an exposure light source can be advantageously selected. The sensitizing dyes and the adding method are disclosed, for example, in JP-A No. 11-65021 (paragraph Nos. 0103 to 0109), as a compound represented by the formula (II) in JP-A No. 10-186572, dyes represented by the formula (I) in JP-A No. 11-119374 (paragraph No. 0106), dyes described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,510,236 and 3,871,887 (Example 5), dyes disclosed in JP-A Nos. 2-96131 and 59-48753, as well as in page 19, line 38 to page 20, line 35 of EP No. 803,764A1, and in JP-A Nos. 2001-272747, 2001-290238 and 2002-23306, and the like. The sensitizing dye may be used alone or two or more of them may be used in combination. In the invention, sensitizing dye can be added preferably after a desalting step and before coating, and more preferably after a desalting step and before completion of chemical ripening.
In the invention, the sensitizing dye may be added at any amount according to the property of sensitivity and fogging, but it is preferably added in an amount of from 10−6 mol to 1 mol, and more preferably from 10−4 mol to 10−1 mol, per 1 mol of silver halide in the image forming layer.
The photothermographic material of the invention can contain super sensitizers in order to improve the spectral sensitizing effect. The super sensitizers usable in the invention can include those compounds described in EP-A No. 587338, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,877,943 and 4,873,184, JP-A Nos. 5-341432, 11-109547, and 10-111543, and the like.
8) Chemical Sensitization
The photosensitive silver halide grain according to the invention is preferably chemically sensitized by sulfur sensitizing method, selenium sensitizing method or tellurium sensitizing method. As the compound used preferably for sulfur sensitizing method, selenium sensitizing method and tellurium sensitizing method, known compounds, for example, compounds described in JP-A No. 7-128768 can be used. Particularly, tellurium sensitization is preferred in the invention and compounds described in the literature cited in paragraph No. 0030 in JP-A No. 11-65021 and compounds shown by formula (II), (III), or (IV) in JP-A No. 5-313284 are preferred.
The photosensitive silver halide grain in the invention is preferably chemically sensitized by gold sensitizing method alone or in combination with the chalcogen sensitization described above. As the gold sensitizer, those having an oxidation number of gold of either +1 or +3 are preferred and those gold compounds used usually as the gold sensitizer are preferred. As typical examples, chloroauric acid, bromoauric acid, potassium chloroaurate, potassium bromoaurate, auric trichloride, potassium auric thiocyanate, potassium iodoaurate, tetracyanoauric acid, ammonium aurothiocyanate and pyridyl trichloro gold are preferred. Further, gold sensitizers described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,858,637 and JP-A No. 2002-278016 are also used preferably.
In the invention, chemical sensitization can be applied at any time so long as it is after grain formation and before coating and it can be applied, after desalting, (1) before spectral sensitization, (2) simultaneously with spectral sensitization, (3) after spectral sensitization, (4) just prior to coating, or the like.
The amount of sulfur, selenium, or tellurium sensitizer used in the invention may vary depending on the silver halide grain used, the chemical ripening condition, and the like, and it is used in an amount of from 10−8 mol to 10−2 mol, and preferably from 10−7 mol to 10−3 mol, per 1 mol of silver halide.
The addition amount of the gold sensitizer may vary depending on various conditions and it is generally from 10−7 mol to 10−3 mol and, preferably from 10−6 mol to 5×10−4 mol, per 1 mol of silver halide.
There is no particular restriction on the condition for the chemical sensitization in the invention and, appropriately, the pH is from 5 to 8, the pAg is from 6 to 11, and the temperature is from 40° C. to 95° C.
In the silver halide emulsion used in the invention, a thiosulfonic acid compound may be added by the method shown in EP-A No. 293,917.
A reductive compound is preferably used for the photosensitive silver halide grain in the invention. As the specific compound for the reduction sensitization, ascorbic acid or thiourea dioxide is preferred, as well as use of stannous chloride, aminoimino methane sulfonic acid, hydrazine derivatives, borane compounds, silane compounds and polyamine compounds are preferred. The reduction sensitizer may be added at any stage in the photosensitive emulsion producing process from crystal growth to the preparation step just prior to coating. Further, it is preferred to apply reduction sensitization by ripening while keeping the pH to 7 or higher or the pAg to 8.3 or lower for the emulsion, and it is also preferred to apply reduction sensitization by introducing a single addition portion of silver ions during grain formation.
9) Compound that is One-Electron-Oxidized to Provide a One-Electron Oxidation Product which Releases One or More Electrons
The photothermographic material of the present invention preferably contains a compound that is one-electron-oxidized to provide a one-electron oxidation product which releases one or more electrons. The said compound can be used alone or in combination with various chemical sensitizers described above to increase the sensitivity of silver halide.
As the compound that is one-electron-oxidized to provide a one-electron oxidation product which releases one or more electrons, which is contained in the photothermographic material of the invention, is preferably a compound selected from the following Groups 1 or 2.
(Group 1) a compound that is one-electron-oxidized to provide a one-electron oxidation product which further releases one or more electrons, due to being subjected to a subsequent bond cleavage reaction;
(Group 2) a compound that is one-electron-oxidized to provide a one-electron oxidation product, which further releases one or more electrons after being subjected to a subsequent bond formation reaction.
The compound of Group 1 will be explained below.
In the compound of Group 1, as a compound that is one-electron-oxidized to provide a one-electron oxidation product which further releases one electron, due to being subjected to a subsequent bond cleavage reaction, specific examples include examples of compound referred to as “one photon two electrons sensitizer” or “deprotonating electron-donating sensitizer” described in JP-A No. 9-211769 (Compound PMT-1 to S-37 in Tables E and F, pages 28 to 32); JP-A No. 9-211774; JP-A No. 11-95355 (Compound INV 1 to 36); JP-W No. 2001-500996 (Compound 1 to 74, 80 to 87, and 92 to 122); U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,747,235 and 5,747,236; EP No. 786,692A1 (Compound INV 1 to 35); EP No. 893,732A1; U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,054,260 and 5,994,051; etc. Preferred ranges of these compounds are the same as the preferred ranges described in the quoted specifications.
In the compound of Group 1, as a compound that is one-electron-oxidized to provide a one-electron oxidation product which further releases one or more electrons, due to being subjected to a subsequent bond cleavage reaction, specific examples include the compounds represented by formula (1) (same as formula (1) described in JP-A No. 2003-114487), formula (2) (same as formula (2) described in JP-A No. 2003-114487), formula (3) (same as formula (1) described in JP-A No. 2003-114488), formula (4) (same as formula (2) described in JP-A No. 2003-114488), formula (5) (same as formula (3) described in JP-A No. 2003-114488), formula (6) (same as formula (1) described in JP-A No. 2003-75950), formula (7) (same as formula (2) described in JP-A No. 2003-75950), and formula (8) (same as formula (1) described in JP-A No. 2004-239943), and the compound represented by formula (9) (same as formula (3) described in JP-A No. 2004-245929) among the compounds which can undergo the chemical reaction represented by chemical reaction formula (1) (same as chemical reaction formula (1) described in JP-A No.2004-245929).
Preferable ranges of these compounds are the same as the preferable ranges described in the quoted specifications.
In the formulae, RED1 and RED2 represent a reducing group. R1 represents a nonmetallic atomic group which forms a cyclic structure equivalent to a tetrahydro derivative or an octahydro derivative of a 5- or 6-membered aromatic ring (including a hetero aromatic ring) with a carbon atom (C) and RED1. R2 represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent. In the case where plural R2s exist in a same molecule, these may be identical or different from each other. L1 represents a leaving group. ED represents an electron-donating group. Z1 represents an atomic group which forms a 6-membered ring with a nitrogen atom and two carbon atoms of a benzene ring. X1 represents a substituent, and ml represents an integer of from 0 to 3. Z2 represents one selected from —CR11R12—, —NR13—, or —O—. R11 and R12 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent. R13 represents one selected from a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group, or a heterocyclic group. X1 represents one selected from an alkoxy group, an aryloxy group, a heterocyclic oxy group, an alkylthio group, an arylthio group, a heterocyclic thio group, an alkylamino group, an arylamino group, or a heterocyclic amino group. L2 represents a carboxy group or a salt thereof, or a hydrogen atom. X2 represents a group which forms a 5-membered heterocycle with C═C. Y2 represents a group which forms a 5-membered aryl group or heterocyclic group with C═C. M represents one selected from a radical, a radical cation, or a cation.
Next, the compound of Group 2 is explained.
In the compound of Group 2, as a compound that is one-electron-oxidized to provide a one-electron oxidation product which further releases one or more electrons, after being subjected to a subsequent bond cleavage reaction, specific examples include the compound represented by formula (10) (same as formula (1) described in JP-A No. 2003-140287), and the compound represented by formula (11) (same as formula (2) described in JP-A No. 2004-245929) which can undergo the chemical reaction represented by reaction formula (1) (same as chemical reaction formula (1) described in JP-A No. 2004-245929). Preferable ranges of these compounds are the same as the preferable ranges described in the quoted specifications.
In the formulae described above, X represents a reducing group which is one-electron-oxidized. Y represents a reactive group containing a carbon-carbon double bond part, a carbon-carbon triple bond part, an aromatic group part or benzo-condensed non-aromatic heterocyclic group which reacts with one-electron-oxidized product formed by one-electron-oxidation of X to form a new bond. L2 represents a linking group to link X and Y. R2 represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent. In the case where plural R2s exist in a same molecule, these may be identical or different from one another.
X2 represents a group which forms a 5-membered heterocycle with C═C. Y2 represents a group which forms a 5- or 6-membered aryl group or heterocyclic group with C═C. M represents one selected from a radical, a radical cation, or a cation.
The compounds of Groups 1 or 2 preferably are “the compound having an adsorptive group to silver halide in a molecule” or “the compound having a partial structure of a spectral sensitizing dye in a molecule”. The representative adsorptive group to silver halide is the group described in JP-A No. 2003-156823, page 16 right, line 1 to page 17 right, line 12. A partial structure of a spectral sensitizing dye is the structure described in JP-A No. 2003-156823, page 17 right, line 34 to page 18 right, line 6.
As the compound of Groups 1 or 2, “the compound having at least one adsorptive group to silver halide in a molecule” is more preferred, and “the compound having two or more adsorptive groups to silver halide in a molecule” is further preferred. In the case where two or more adsorptive groups exist in a single molecule, those adsorptive groups may be identical or different from one another.
As preferable adsorptive group, a mercapto-substituted nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group (e.g., a 2-mercaptothiazole group, a 3-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole group, a 5-mercaptotetrazole group, a 2-mercapto-1,3,4-oxadiazole group, a 2-mercaptobenzoxazole group, a 2-mercaptobenzothiazole group, a 1,5-dimethyl-1,2,4-triazolium-3-thiolate group, or the like) or a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group having an —NH— group which forms silver iminate (—N(Ag)—), as a partial structure of heterocycle (e.g., a benzotriazole group, a benzimidazole group, an indazole group, or the like) are described. A 5-mercaptotetrazole group, a 3-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole group and a benzotriazole group are particularly preferable, and a 3-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole group and a 5-mercaptotetrazole group are most preferable.
As the adsorptive group, the group which has two or more mercapto groups as a partial structure in a molecule is also particularly preferable. Herein, the mercapto group (—SH) may become a thione group in the case where it can tautomerize. Preferred examples of an adsorptive group having two or more mercapto groups as a partial structure (dimercapto-substituted nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group and the like) are a 2,4-dimercaptopyrimidine group, a 2,4-dimercaptotriazine group and a 3,5-dimercapto-1,2,4-triazole group.
Further, a quaternary salt structure of nitrogen or phosphorus is also preferably used as the adsorptive group. As typical quaternary salt structure of nitrogen, an ammonio group (a trialkylammonio group, a dialkylarylammonio group, a dialkylheteroarylammonio group, an alkyldiarylammonio group, an alkyldiheteroarylammonio group, or the like) and a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group containing quaternary nitrogen atom are described. As typical quaternary salt structure of phosphorus, a phosphonio group (a trialkylphosphonio group, a dialkylarylphosphonio group, a dialkylheteroarylphosphonio group, an alkyldiarylphosphonio group, an alkyldiheteroarylphosphonio group, a triarylphosphonio group, a triheteroarylphosphonio group, or the like) is described. A quaternary salt structure of nitrogen is more preferably used and a 5- or 6-membered aromatic heterocyclic group containing a quaternary nitrogen atom is further preferably used. Particularly preferably, a pyrydinio group, a quinolinio group and an isoquinolinio group are used.
These nitrogen-containing heterocyclic groups containing a quaternary nitrogen atom may have any substituent.
Examples of counter anions of quaternary salt include a halogen ion, carboxylate ion, sulfonate ion, sulfate ion, perchlorate ion, carbonate ion, nitrate ion, BF4−, PF6−, Ph4B−, and the like. In the case where the group having negative charge at carboxylate group and the like exists in a molecule, an inner salt may be formed with it. As a counter anion outside of a molecule, chloro ion, bromo ion, and methanesulfonate ion are particularly preferable.
The preferred structure of the compound represented by Groups 1 or 2 having a quaternary salt of nitrogen or phosphorus as the adsorptive group is represented by formula (X).
In formula (X), P and R each independently represent a quaternary salt structure of nitrogen or phosphorus, which is not a partial structure of a spectral sensitizing dye. Q1 and Q2 each independently represent a linking group and typically represent a single bond, an alkylene group, an arylene group, a heterocyclic group, —O—, —S—, —NRN, —C(═O)—, —SO2—, —SO—, —P(═O)— or combinations of these groups. Herein, RN represents one selected from a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group, or a heterocyclic group. S represents a residue which is obtained by removing one atom from the compound represented by Group 1 or 2. i and j are an integer of one or more and are selected in a range of i+j=2 to 6. The case where i is 1 to 3 and j is 1 to 2 is preferable, the case where i is 1 or 2 and j is 1 is more preferable, and the case where i is 1 and j is 1 is particularly preferable. The compound represented by formula (X) preferably has 10 to 100 carbon atoms in total, more preferably 10 to 70 carbon atoms, further preferably 11 to 60 carbon atoms, and particularly preferably 12 to 50 carbon atoms in total.
The compounds of Groups 1 or 2 may be used at any time during preparation of the photosensitive silver halide emulsion and production of the photothermographic material. For example, the compound may be used in a photosensitive silver halide grain formation step, in a desalting step, in a chemical sensitization step, before coating, or the like. The compound may be added in several times during these steps. The compound is preferably added after the photosensitive silver halide grain formation step and before the desalting step; at the chemical sensitization step (just before the chemical sensitization to immediately after the chemical sensitization); or before coating. The compound is more preferably added from at the chemical sensitization step to before being mixed with the non-photosensitive organic silver salt.
It is preferred that the compound of Groups 1 or 2 according to the invention is dissolved in water, a water-soluble solvent such as methanol or ethanol, or a mixed solvent thereof. In the case where the compound is dissolved in water and solubility of the compound is increased by increasing or decreasing a pH value of the solvent, the pH value may be increased or decreased to dissolve and add the compound.
The compound of Groups 1 or 2 according to the invention is preferably used in the image forming layer which contains the photosensitive silver halide and the non-photosensitive organic silver salt. The compound may be added to a surface protective layer, or an intermediate layer, as well as the image forming layer containing the photosensitive silver halide and the non-photosensitive organic silver salt, to be diffused to the image forming layer at the coating step.
The compound may be added before or after addition of a sensitizing dye. Each compound is contained in the image forming layer preferably in an amount of from 1×10−9 mol to 5×10−1 mol, more preferably from 1×10−8 mol to 5×10−2 mol, per 1 mol of silver halide.
10) Compound Having Adsorptive Group and Reducing Group
The photothermographic material of the present invention preferably contains a compound having an adsorptive group to silver halide and a reducing group in a molecule. It is preferred that the compound is represented by the following formula (Rd).
A-(W)n-B Formula (Rd)
In formula (Rd), A represents a group which adsorbs to a silver halide (hereafter, it is called an adsorptive group); W represents a divalent linking group; n represents 0 or 1; and B represents a reducing group.
In formula (Rd), the adsorptive group represented by A is a group to adsorb directly to a silver halide or a group to promote adsorption to a silver halide. As typical examples, a mercapto group (or a salt thereof), a thione group (—C(═S)—), a nitrogen atom, a heterocyclic group containing at least one atom selected from a nitrogen atom, a sulfur atom, a selenium atom, or a tellurium atom, a sulfide group, a disulfide group, a cationic group, an ethynyl group, and the like are described.
The mercapto group (or the salt thereof) as the adsorptive group means a mercapto group (or a salt thereof) itself and simultaneously more preferably represents a heterocyclic group or an aryl group or an alkyl group substituted by at least one mercapto group (or a salt thereof). Herein, as the heterocyclic group, a monocyclic or a condensed aromatic or non-aromatic heterocyclic group having at least a 5- to 7-membered ring, for example, an imidazole ring group, a thiazole ring group, an oxazole ring group, a benzimidazole ring group, a benzothiazole ring group, a benzoxazole ring group, a triazole ring group, a thiadiazole ring group, an oxadiazole ring group, a tetrazole ring group, a purine ring group, a pyridine ring group, a quinoline ring group, an isoquinoline ring group, a pyrimidine ring group, a triazine ring group, and the like are described.
A heterocyclic group having a quaternary nitrogen atom may also be adopted, wherein a mercapto group as a substituent may dissociate to form a mesoion. When the mercapto group forms a salt, a counter ion of the salt may be a cation of an alkaline metal, an alkaline earth metal, a heavy metal, or the like, such as Li+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ag+ and Zn2+; an ammonium ion; a heterocyclic group containing a quaternary nitrogen atom; a phosphonium ion, or the like.
Further, the mercapto group as the adsorptive group may become a thione group by a tautomerization.
The thione group used as the adsorptive group also includes a linear or cyclic thioamido group, thioureido group, thiourethane group, and dithiocarbamate ester group.
The heterocyclic group, as the adsorptive group, which contains at least one atom selected from a nitrogen atom, a sulfur atom, a selenium atom, or a tellurium atom represents a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group having —NH— group, which forms silver iminate (—N(Ag)—), as a partial structure of a heterocycle, or a heterocyclic group having an —S— group, a —Se— group, a —Te— group, or a ═N— group, which coordinates to a silver ion by a coordination bond, as a partial structure of a heterocycle. As the former examples, a benzotriazole group, a triazole group, an indazole group, a pyrazole group, a tetrazole group, a benzimidazole group, an imidazole group, a purine group, and the like are described. As the latter examples, a thiophene group, a thiazole group, an oxazole group, a benzothiophene group, a benzothiazole group, a benzoxazole group, a thiadiazole group, an oxadiazole group, a triazine group, a selenoazole group, a benzoselenoazole group, a tellurazole group, a benzotellurazole group, and the like are described.
The sulfide group or disulfide group as the adsorptive group contains all groups having “—S—” or “—S—S—” as a partial structure.
The cationic group as the adsorptive group means the group containing a quaternary nitrogen atom, such as an ammonio group or a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group including a quaternary nitrogen atom. As examples of the heterocyclic group containing a quaternary nitrogen atom, a pyridinio group, a quinolinio group, an isoquinolinio group, an imidazolio group, and the like are described.
The ethynyl group as the adsorptive group means —C≡CH group and the said hydrogen atom may be substituted.
The adsorptive group described above may have any substituent.
Further, as typical examples of the adsorptive group, the compounds described in pages 4 to 7 in the specification of JP-A No. 11-95355 are described.
As the adsorptive group represented by A in formula (Rd), a heterocyclic group substituted by a mercapto group (for example, a 2-mercaptothiadiazole group, a 2-mercapto-5-aminothiadiazole group, a 3-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole group, a 5-mercaptotetrazole group, a 2-mercapto-1,3,4-oxadiazole group, a 2-mercaptobenzimidazole group, a 1,5-dimethyl-1,2,4-triazorium-3-thiolate group, a 2,4-dimercaptopyrimidine group, a 2,4-dimercaptotriazine group, a 3,5-dimercapto-1,2,4-triazole group, a 2,5-dimercapto-1,3-thiazole group, or the like) and a nitrogen atom containing heterocyclic group having an —NH— group which forms silver iminate (—N(Ag)—) as a partial structure of heterocycle (for example, a benzotriazole group, a benzimidazole group, an indazole group, or the like) are preferable, and more preferable as the adsorptive group are a 2-mercaptobenzimidazole group and a 3,5-dimercapto-1,2,4-triazole group.
In formula (Rd), W represents a divalent linking group. The said linking group may be any divalent linking group, as long as it does not give a bad effect toward photographic properties. For example, a divalent linking group which includes a carbon atom, a hydrogen atom, an oxygen atom, a nitrogen atom, or a sulfur atom, can be used. As typical examples, an alkylene group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms (for example, a methylene group, an ethylene group, a trimethylene group, a tetramethylene group, a hexamethylene group, or the like), an alkenylene group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, an alkynylene group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, an arylene group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms (for example, a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, or the like), —CO—, —SO2—, —O—, —S—, —NR1—, and the combinations of these linking groups are described. Herein, R1 represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, a heterocyclic group, or an aryl group.
The linking group represented by W may have any substituent.
In formula (Rd), the reducing group represented by B represents a group which reduces a silver ion. As examples thereof, a formyl group, an amino group, a triple bond group such as an acetylene group, a propargyl group and the like, a mercapto group, and residues which are obtained by removing one hydrogen atom from hydroxyamines, hydroxamic acids, hydroxyureas, hydroxyurethanes, hydroxysemicarbazides, reductones (reductone derivatives are contained), anilines, phenols (chroman-6-ols, 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-5-ols, aminophenols, sulfonamidophenols, and polyphenols such as hydroquinones, catechols, resorcinols, benzenetriols, bisphenols are included), acylhydrazines, carbamoylhydrazines, 3-pyrazolidones, and the like are described. They may have any substituent.
The oxidation potential of the reducing group represented by B in formula (Rd) can be measured by using the measuring method described in Akira Fujishima, “DENKIKAGAKU SOKUTEIHO”, pages 150 to 208, GIHODO SHUPPAN and The Chemical Society of Japan, “JIKKEN KAGAKUKOZA”, 4th ed., vol. 9, pages 282 to 344, MARUZEN. For example, the method of rotating disc voltammetry can be used; namely the sample is dissolved in the solution (methanol : pH 6.5 Britton-Robinson buffer=10% : 90% (% by volume)) and after bubbling with nitrogen gas during 10 minutes the voltamograph can be measured under the conditions of 1000 rotations/minute, the sweep rate 20 mV/second, at 25° C. by using a rotating disc electrode (RDE) made by glassy carbon as a working electrode, a platinum electrode as a counter electrode and a saturated calomel electrode as a reference electrode. The half wave potential (E½) can be calculated by that obtained voltamograph.
When the reducing group represented by B in the present invention is measured by the method described above, an oxidation potential is preferably in a range of from about −0.3 V to about 1.0 V, more preferably from about −0.1 V to about 0.8 V, and particularly preferably from about 0 V to about 0.7 V.
In formula (Rd), the reducing group represented by B is preferably a residue which is obtained by removing one hydrogen atom from hydroxyamines, hydroxamic acids, hydroxyureas, hydroxysemicarbazides, reductones, phenols, acylhydrazines, carbamoylhydrazines, or 3-pyrazolidones.
The compound of formula (Rd) according to the present invention may have a ballast group or polymer chain, which are generally used in the non-moving photographic additives of a coupler or the like, in it. And as a polymer, for example, the polymer described in JP-A No. 1-100530 is selected.
The compound of formula (Rd) according to the present invention may be bis or tris type of compound. The molecular weight of the compound represented by formula (Rd) according to the present invention is preferably from 100 to 10000, more preferably from 120 to 1000, and particularly preferably from 150 to 500.
The examples of the compound represented by formula (Rd) according to the present invention are shown below, but the present invention is not limited in these.
Further, example compounds 1 to 30 and 1″-1 to 1″-77 shown in EP No. 1,308,776A2, pages 73 to 87 are also described as preferable examples of the compound having an adsorptive group and a reducing group according to the invention.
These compounds can be easily synthesized by any known method. The compound of formula (Rd) according to the present invention can be used alone, but it is preferred to use two or more of the compounds in combination. When two or more of the compounds are used in combination, those may be added to the same layer or the different layers, whereby adding methods may be different from each other.
The compound represented by formula (Rd) according to the present invention is preferably added to an image forming layer and more preferably, is to be added at an emulsion preparing process. In the case, where these compounds are added at an emulsion preparing process, these compounds may be added at any step in the process. For example, the compounds may be added during the silver halide grain formation step, the step before starting of desalting step, the desalting step, the step before starting of chemical ripening, the chemical ripening step, the step before preparing a final emulsion, or the like. The compound can be added in several times during these steps. It is preferred to be added in the image forming layer. But the compound may be added to a surface protective layer or an intermediate layer, in combination with its addition to the image forming layer, to be diffused to the image forming layer at the coating step.
The preferred addition amount is largely dependent on the adding method described above or the type of the compound, but generally from 1×106 mol to 1 mol, preferably from 1×10−5 mol to 5×10−1 mol, and more preferably from 1×10−4 mol to 1×10−1 mol, per 1 mol of photosensitive silver halide in each case.
The compound represented by formula (Rd) according to the present invention can be added by dissolving in water or water-soluble solvent such as methanol, ethanol and the like or a mixed solution thereof. At this time, the pH may be arranged suitably by an acid or an alkaline and a surfactant can coexist. Further, these compounds can be added as an emulsified dispersion by dissolving them in an organic solvent having a high boiling point and also can be added as a solid dispersion.
II) Combined Use of Silver Halides
The photosensitive silver halide emulsion in the photothermographic material used in the invention may be used alone, or two or more of them (for example, those having different mean grain sizes, different halogen compositions, different crystal habits, or different conditions for chemical sensitization) may be used together. Gradation can be controlled by using plural photosensitive silver halides having different sensitivity. The relevant techniques can include those described, for example, in JP-A Nos. 57-119341, 53-106125, 47-3929, 48-55730, 46-5187, 50-73627, and 57-150841. It is preferred to provide a sensitivity difference of 0.2 or more in terms of log E between each of the emulsions.
12) Coating Amount
The addition amount of the photosensitive silver halide, when expressed by the amount of coated silver per 1 m2 of the photothermographic material, is preferably from 0.03 g/m2 to 0.6 g/m2, more preferably from 0.05 g/m2 to 0.4 g/m2 and, most preferably from 0.07 g/m2 to 0.3 g/m2. The photosensitive silver halide is used in a range of from 0.01 mol to 0.5 mol, preferably from 0.02 mol to 0.3 mol, and even more preferably from 0.03 mol to 0.2 mol, per 1 mol of the organic silver salt.
13) Mixing Silver Halide and Organic Silver Salt
The method of mixing separately prepared the photosensitive silver halide and the organic silver salt include a method of mixing prepared photosensitive silver halide grains and organic silver salt by a high speed stirrer, ball mill, sand mill, colloid mill, vibration mill, or homogenizer, and a method of mixing a photosensitive silver halide completed for preparation at any timing in the preparation of an organic silver salt and preparing the organic silver salt. The effect of the invention can be obtained preferably by any of the methods described above. Further, a method of mixing two or more aqueous dispersions of organic silver salts and two or more aqueous dispersions of photosensitive silver salts upon mixing is used preferably for controlling photographic properties.
14) Mixing Silver Halide Into Coating Solution
In the invention, the time of adding silver halide to the coating solution for the image forming layer is preferably in a range of from 180 minutes before to just prior to the coating, more preferably, 60 minutes before to 10 seconds before coating. But there is no restriction for mixing method and mixing condition as long as the effect of the invention is sufficient. As an embodiment of a mixing method, there is a method of mixing in a tank and controlling an average residence time. The average residence time herein is calculated from addition flux and the amount of solution transferred to the coater. And another embodiment of mixing method is a method using a static mixer, which is described in 8th edition of “Ekitai Kongo Gijutu” by N. Harnby and M. F. Edwards, translated by Koji Takahashi (Nikkan Kogyo Shinbunsha, 1989).
(Binder)
Any polymer may be used as the binder for the image forming layer according to the invention. Suitable as the binder are those that are transparent or translucent, and that are generally colorless, such as natural resin or polymer and their copolymers; synthetic resin or polymer and their copolymer; or media forming a film; for example, included are gelatins, rubbers, poly(vinyl alcohols), hydroxyethyl celluloses, cellulose acetates, cellulose acetate butyrates, poly(vinyl pyrrolidones), casein, starch, poly(acrylic acids), poly(methyl methacrylates), poly(vinyl chlorides), poly(methacrylic acids), styrene-maleic anhydride copolymers, styrene-acrylonitrile copolymers, styrene-butadiene copolymers, poly(vinyl acetals) (e.g., poly(vinyl formal) or poly(vinyl butyral)), polyesters, polyurethanes, phenoxy resin, poly(vinylidene chlorides), polyepoxides, polycarbonates, poly(vinyl acetates), polyolefins, cellulose esters, and polyamides. A binder may be used with water, an organic solvent, or emulsion to form a coating solution.
In the present invention, the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the binder which is used in the image forming layer is preferably in a range of from 0° C. to 80° C., more preferably from 10° C. to 70° C. and, even more preferably from 15° C. to 60° C.
In the specification, Tg is calculated according to the following equation:
1/Tg=Σ(Xi/Tgi)
where the polymer is obtained by copolymerization of n monomer components (from i=1 to i=n); Xi represents the mass fraction of the ith monomer (ΣXi=1), and Tgi is the glass transition temperature (absolute temperature) of the homopolymer obtained with the ith monomer. The symbol Σ stands for the summation from i=1 to i=n. Values for the glass transition temperature (Tgi) of the homopolymers derived from each of the monomers were obtained from J. Brandrup and E. H. Immergut, Polymer Handbook (3rd Edition) (Wiley-Interscience, 1989).
The binder may be of two or more polymers depending on needs. And, the polymer having Tg of 20° C. or higher and the polymer having Tg of lower than 20° C. can be used in combination. In the case where two or more polymers differing in Tg may be blended for use, it is preferred that the weight-average Tg is within the range mentioned above.
In the invention, the image forming layer is preferably formed by applying a coating solution containing 30% by weight or more of water in the solvent and by then drying.
In the invention, in the case where the image forming layer is formed by first applying a coating solution containing 30% by weight or more of water in the solvent and by then drying, furthermore, in the case where the binder of the image forming layer is soluble or dispersible in an aqueous solvent (water solvent), and particularly in the case where a polymer latex having an equilibrium water content of 2% by weight or lower at 25° C. and 60% RH is used, the performance can be enhanced. Most preferred embodiment is such prepared to yield an ion conductivity of 2.5 mS/cm or lower, and as such a preparing method, there is mentioned a refining treatment using a separation function membrane after synthesizing the polymer.
The aqueous solvent in which the polymer is soluble or dispersible, as referred herein, signifies water or water containing mixed therein 70% by weight or less of a water-miscible organic solvent. As the water-miscible organic solvent, there can be described, for example, alcohols such as methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, propyl alcohol, or the like; cellosolves such as methyl cellosolve, ethyl cellosolve, butyl cellosolve, or the like; ethyl acetate; dimethylformamide, or the like.
The term “aqueous solvent” is also used in the case where the polymer is not thermodynamically dissolved, but is present in a so-called dispersed state.
The term “equilibrium water content at 25° C. and 60% RH” as referred
herein can be expressed as follows:
Equilibrium water content at 25° C. and 60% RH=[(W1−W0)/W0]×100 (% by weight)
wherein W1 is the mass of the polymer in moisture-controlled equilibrium under an atmosphere of 25° C. and 60% RH, and W0 is the absolutely dried mass at 25° C. of the polymer.
For the definition and the method of measurement for water content, reference can be made to Polymer Engineering Series 14, “Testing methods for polymeric materials” (The Society of Polymer Science, Japan, published by Chijin Shokan).
The equilibrium water content at 25° C. and 60% RH is preferably 2% by weight or lower, and is more preferably, in a range of from 0.01% by weight to 1.5% by weight, and is even more preferably, from 0.02% by weight to 1% by weight.
The binders used in the invention are particularly preferably polymers capable of being dispersed in an aqueous solvent. Examples of dispersed states may include a latex, in which water-insoluble fine particles of hydrophobic polymer are dispersed, or such in which polymer molecules are dispersed in molecular states or by forming micelles, but preferred are latex-dispersed particles. The mean particle diameter of the dispersed particles is in a range of from 1 nm to 50,000 nm, preferably from 5 nm to 1,000 nm, more preferably from 10 nm to 500 nm, and even more preferably from 50 nm to 200 nm. There is no particular limitation concerning particle diameter distribution of the dispersed particles, and they may be widely distributed or may exhibit a monodispersed particle diameter distribution. From the viewpoint of controlling the physical properties of the coating solution, preferred mode of usage includes mixing two or more types of dispersed particles each having a monodispersed particle diameter distribution.
In the invention, preferred embodiment of the polymers capable of being dispersed in aqueous solvent includes hydrophobic polymers such as acrylic polymers, polyesters, rubbers (e.g., SBR resin), polyurethanes, poly(vinyl chlorides), poly(vinyl acetates), poly(vinylidene chlorides), polyolefins, or the like. As the polymers above, usable are straight chain polymers, branched polymers, or crosslinked polymers; also usable are the so-called homopolymers in which one type of monomer is polymerized, or copolymers in which two or more types of monomers are polymerized. In the case of a copolymer, it may be a random copolymer or a block copolymer. The molecular weight of these polymers is, in number average molecular weight, in a range of from 5,000 to 1,000,000, preferably from 10,000 to 200,000. Those having too small a molecular weight exhibit insufficient mechanical strength on forming the image forming layer, and those having too large a molecular weight are also not preferred because the resulting film-forming properties are poor. Further, crosslinking polymer latexes are particularly preferred for use.
<Examples of Latex>
Specific examples of preferred polymer latexes are given below, which are expressed by the starting monomers with % by weight given in parenthesis. The molecular weight is given in number average molecular weight. In the case polyfunctional monomer is used, the concept of molecular weight is not applicable because they build a crosslinked structure. Hence, they are denoted as “crosslinking”, and the molecular weight is omitted. Tg represents glass transition temperature.
LP-1: Latex of −MMA(70) −EA(27) −MAA(3)—(molecular weight 37000, Tg 61° C.)
LP-2: Latex of −MMA(70) −2EHA(20) −St(5) −AA(5)—(molecular weight 40000, Tg 59° C.)
LP-3: Latex of −St(50) −Bu(47) −MAA(3)—(crosslinking, Tg −17° C.)
LP-4: Latex of −St(68) −Bu(29) −AA(3)—(crosslinking, Tg 17° C.)
LP-5: Latex of −St(71) −Bu(26) −AA(3)—(crosslinking, Tg 24° C.)
LP-6: Latex of −St(70) −Bu(27) −IA(3)—(crosslinking)
LP-7: Latex of −St(75) −Bu(24) −AA(1)—(crosslinking, Tg 29° C.)
LP-8: Latex of −St(60) −Bu(35) −DVB(3) −MAA(2)—(crosslinking)
LP-9: Latex of −St(70) −Bu(25) −DVB(2) −AA(3)—(crosslinking)
LP-10: Latex of −VC(50) −MMA(20) −EA(20) −AN(5) −AA(5)—(molecular weight 80000)
LP-11: Latex of −VDC(85) −MMA(5) −EA(5) −MAA(5)—(molecular weight 67000)
LP-12: Latex of −Et(90) −MAA(10)—(molecular weight 12000)
LP-13: Latex of −St(70) −2EHA(27) −AA(3)—(molecular weight 130000, Tg 43° C.)
LP-14: Latex of −MMA(63) −EA(35) −AA(2)—(molecular weight 33000, Tg 47° C.)
LP-15: Latex of −St(70.5) −Bu(26.5) −AA(3)—(crosslinking, Tg 23° C.)
LP-16: Latex of −St(69.5) −Bu(27.5) −AA(3)—(crosslinking, Tg 20.5° C.)
LP-17: Latex of −St(61.3) −Isoprene(35.5) −AA(3)—(crosslinking, Tg 17° C.)
LP-18: Latex of −St(67) −Isoprene(28) −Bu(2) −AA(3)—(crosslinking, Tg 27° C.)
In the structures above, abbreviations represent monomers as follows. MMA: methyl methacrylate, EA: ethyl acrylate, MAA: methacrylic acid, 2EHA: 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, St: styrene, Bu: butadiene, AA: acrylic acid, DVB: divinylbenzene, VC: vinyl chloride, AN: acrylonitrile, VDC: vinylidene chloride, Et: ethylene, IA: itaconic acid.
The polymer latexes above are commercially available, and polymers below are usable. As examples of acrylic polymers, there can be mentioned Cevian A-4635, 4718, and 4601 (all manufactured by Daicel Chemical Industries, Ltd.), Nipol Lx811, 814, 821, 820, and 857 (all manufactured by Nippon Zeon Co., Ltd.), and the like; as examples of polyester, there can be mentioned FINETEX ES650, 611, 675, and 850 (all manufactured by Dainippon Ink and Chemicals, Inc.), WD-size and WMS (all manufactured by Eastman Chemical Co.), and the like; as examples of polyurethane, there can be mentioned HYDRAN APIO, 20, 30, and 40 (all manufactured by Dainippon Ink and Chemicals, Inc.), and the like; as examples of rubber, there can be mentioned LACSTAR 7310K, 3307B, 4700H, and 7132C (all manufactured by Dainippon Ink and Chemicals, Inc.), Nipol Lx416, 410, 438C, and 2507 (all manufactured by Nippon Zeon Co., Ltd.), and the like; as examples of poly(vinyl chloride), there can be mentioned G351 and G576 (all manufactured by Nippon Zeon Co., Ltd.), and the like; as examples of poly(vinylidene chloride), there can be mentioned L502 and L513 (all manufactured by Asahi Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.), and the like; as examples of polyolefin, there can be mentioned Chemipearl S120 and SA100 (all manufactured by Mitsui Petrochemical Industries, Ltd.), and the like.
The polymer latex above may be used alone, or may be used by blending two or more of them depending on needs.
<Preferable Latex>
Particularly preferable as the polymer latex for use in the invention is that of styrene-butadiene copolymer or that of styrene-isoprene copolymer. The mass ratio of monomer unit for styrene to that of butadiene constituting the styrene-butadiene copolymer is preferably in a range of from 40:60 to 95:5. Further, the monomer unit of styrene and that of butadiene preferably account for 60% by weight to 99% by weight with respect to the copolymer. Further, the polymer latex according to the invention preferably contains acrylic acid or methacrylic acid in a range of from 1% by weight to 6% by weight with respect to the sum of styrene and butadiene, and more preferably from 2% by weight to 5% by weight. The polymer latex according to the invention preferably contains acrylic acid. Preferable range of monomer content is similar to that described above. Further, the ratio of copolymerization and the like in the styrene-isoprene copolymer are similar to those in the styrene-butadiene copolymer.
As the latex of styrene-butadiene copolymer preferably used in the invention, there are mentioned P-3 to P-9 and P-15 described above, and commercially available LACSTAR-3307B, 7132C, Nipol Lx416, and the like. And as examples of the latex of styrene-isoprene copolymer, there are mentioned P-17 and P-18 described above.
In the image forming layer of the photothermographic material according to the invention, if necessary, there may be added hydrophilic polymers such as gelatin, poly(vinyl alcohol), methyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, or the like. The hydrophilic polymer is added in an amount of 30% by weight or less, and preferably 20% by weight or less, with respect to the total weight of the binder incorporated in the image forming layer.
According to the invention, the layer containing organic silver salt (image forming layer) is preferably formed by using polymer latex for the binder. Concerning the amount of the binder for the image forming layer, the mass ratio of total binder to organic silver salt (total binder/organic silver salt) is preferably in a range of from 1/10 to 10/1, more preferably from 1/3 to 5/1, and even more preferably from 1/1 to 3/1.
The layer containing organic silver salt is, in general, a photosensitive layer (image forming layer) containing a photosensitive silver halide, i.e., the photosensitive silver salt; in such a case, the mass ratio of total binder to silver halide (total binder/silver halide) is in a range of from 5 to 400, and more preferably from 10 to 200.
The total amount of binder in the image forming layer according to the invention is preferably in a range of from 0.2 g/m2 to 30 g/m2, more preferably from 1 g/m2 to 15 g/m2, and even more preferably from 2 g/m2 to 10 g/m2. To the image forming layer according to the invention, there may be added a crosslinking agent for crosslinking, a surfactant to improve coating ability, or the like.
(Preferred Solvent of Coating Solution)
In the invention, a solvent of a coating solution for the image forming layer in the photothermographic material (wherein a solvent and water are collectively described as a solvent for simplicity) is preferably an aqueous solvent containing water at 30% by weight or more. Examples of solvents other than water may include any of water-miscible organic solvents such as methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, methyl cellosolve, ethyl cellosolve, dimethylformamide and ethyl acetate. A water content in a solvent is more preferably 50% by weight or higher, and even more preferably 70% by weight or higher. Concrete examples of a preferable solvent composition, in addition to water=100, are compositions in which methyl alcohol is contained at ratios of water/methyl alcohol=90/10 and 70/30, in which dimethylformamide is further contained at a ratio of water/methyl alcohol/dimethylformamide=80/15/5, in which ethyl cellosolve is further contained at a ratio of water/methyl alcohol/ethyl cellosolve=85/10/5, and in which isopropyl alcohol is further contained at a ratio of water/methyl alcohol/isopropyl alcohol=85/10/5 (wherein the numerals presented above are values in % by weight).
(Antifoggant)
As an antifoggant, stabilizer and stabilizer precursor usable in the invention, there are mentioned those disclosed as patents in paragraph number 0070 of JP-A No. 10-62899 and in line 57 of page 20 to line 7 of page 21 of EP-A No. 803,764A1, the compounds described in JP-A Nos. 9-281637 and 9-329864, U.S. Pat. No. 6,083,681, and EP-A No. 1,048,975.
1) Organic Polyhalogen Compound
Preferable organic polyhalogen compound that can be used in the invention is explained specifically below. In the invention, preferred organic polyhalogen compound is the compound represented by the following formula (H).
Q-(Y)n-C(Z1)(Z2)X Formula (H)
In formula (H), Q represents one selected from an alkyl group, an aryl group, or a heterocyclic group; Y represents a divalent linking group; n represents 0 or 1; Z1 and Z2 each represent a halogen atom; and X represents a hydrogen atom or an electron-attracting group.
In formula (H), Q is preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms, or a heterocyclic group comprising at least one nitrogen atom (pyridine, quinoline, or the like).
In the case where Q is an aryl group in formula (H), Q is preferably a phenyl group substituted by an electron-attracting group whose Hammett substituent constant σp yields a positive value. For the details of Hammett substituent constant, reference can be made to Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, vol. 16, No. 11 (1973), pp. 1207 to 1216, and the like.
As such electron-attracting groups, examples include a halogen atom, an alkyl group substituted by an electron-attracting group, an aryl group substituted by an electron-attracting group, a heterocyclic group, an alkylsulfonyl group, an arylsulfonyl group, an acyl group, an alkoxycarbonyl group, a carbamoyl group, sulfamoyl group, and the like. Preferable as the electron-attracting group is a halogen atom, a carbamoyl group, or an arylsulfonyl group, and particularly preferred among them is a carbamoyl group.
X is preferably an electron-attracting group. As the electron-attracting group, preferable are a halogen atom, an aliphatic arylsulfonyl group, a heterocyclic sulfonyl group, an aliphatic arylacyl group, a heterocyclic acyl group, an aliphatic aryloxycarbonyl group, a heterocyclic oxycarbonyl group, a carbamoyl group, and a sulfamoyl group; more preferable are a halogen atom and a carbamoyl group; and particularly preferable is a bromine atom.
Z1 and Z2 each are preferably a bromine atom or an iodine atom, and more preferably, a bromine atom.
Y preferably represents —C(═O)—, —SO—, —SO2—, —C(═O)N(R)—, or —SO2N(R)—; more preferably, —C(═O)—, —SO2—, or —C(═O)N(R)—; and particularly preferably, —SO2— or —C(═O)N(R)—. Herein, R represents a hydrogen atom, an aryl group, or an alkyl group, preferably a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group, and particularly preferably a hydrogen atom.
n represents 0 or 1, and is preferably 1.
In formula (H), in the case where Q is an alkyl group, Y is preferably —C(═O)N(R)—. And, in the case where Q is an aryl group or a heterocyclic group, Y is preferably —SO2—.
In formula (H), the embodiment where the residues, which are obtained by removing a hydrogen atom from the compound, bond to each other (generally called bis type, tris type, or tetrakis type) is also preferably used.
In formula (H), the embodiment having a substituent of a dissociative group (for example, a COOH group or a salt thereof, an SO3H group or a salt thereof, a PO3H group or a salt thereof, or the like), a group containing a quaternary nitrogen cation (for example, an ammonio group, a pyridinio group, or the like), a polyethyleneoxy group, a hydroxy group, or the like is also preferable.
Specific examples of the compound represented by formula (H) according to the invention are shown below.
As preferred organic polyhalogen compounds which can be used in the present invention other than those above, there are mentioned compounds disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,874,946, 4,756,999, 5,340,712, 5,369,000, 5,464,737, and 6,506,548, and JP-A Nos. 50-137126, 50-89020, 50-119624, 59-57234, 7-2781, 7-5621, 9-160164, 9-244177, 9-244178, 9-160167, 9-319022, 9-258367, 9-265150, 9-319022, 10-197988, 10-197989, 11-242304, 2000-2963, 2000-112070, 2000-284410, 2000-284412, 2001-33911, 2001-31644, 2001-312027, and 2003-50441. Particularly, the compounds specifically illustrated in JP-A Nos. 7-2781, 2001-33911, and 2001-312027 are preferable.
The compound represented by formula (H) according to the invention is preferably used in an amount of from 10−4 mol to 1 mol, more preferably from 10−3 mol to 0.5 mol and, even more preferably from 1×10−2 mol to 0.2 mol, per 1 mol of non-photosensitive silver salt incorporated in the image forming layer.
In the invention, usable methods for incorporating the antifoggant into the photothermographic material are those described above in the method for incorporating the reducing agent, and also for the organic polyhalogen compound, it is preferably added in the form of a solid fine particle dispersion.
2) Other Antifoggants
As other antifoggants, there are mentioned a mercury (II) salt described in paragraph number 0113 of JP-A No. 11-65021, benzoic acids described in paragraph number 0114 of the same literature, a salicylic acid derivative described in JP-A No. 2000-206642, a formalin scavenger compound represented by formula (S) in JP-A No. 2000-221634, a triazine compound related to Claim 9 of JP-A No. 11-352624, a compound represented by formula (III), 4-hydroxy-6-methyl-1,3,3a,7-tetrazaindene and the like, described in JP-A No. 6-11791.
The photothermographic material according to the invention may further contain an azolium salt in order to prevent fogging. Azolium salts useful in the present invention include a compound represented by formula (XI) described in JP-A No. 59-193447, a compound described in Japanese Patent Application Publication (JP-B) No. 55-12581, and a compound represented by formula (II) in JP-A No. 60-153039. The azolium salt may be added to any part of the photothermographic material, but as the layer to be added, it is preferred to select a layer on the side having thereon the image forming layer, and more preferred is to select the image forming layer itself. The azolium salt may be added at any time of the process of preparing the coating solution; in the case where the azolium salt is added into the image. forming layer, any time of the process may be selected, from the preparation of the organic silver salt to the preparation of the coating solution, but preferred is to add the azolium salt after preparing the organic silver salt and just before coating. As the method for adding the azolium salt, any method using powder, a solution, a fine particle dispersion, or the like may be used. Furthermore, it may be added as a solution having mixed therein other additives such as sensitizing agents, reducing agents, toners, and the like. In the invention, the azolium salt may be added in any amount, but preferably, it is added in a range of from 1×10−6 mol to 2 mol, and more preferably from 1×10−3 mol to 0.5 mol, per 1 mol of silver.
(Other Additives)
1) Mercapto Compounds, Disulfides, and Thiones
In the invention, mercapto compounds, disulfide compounds, and thione compounds can be added in order to control the development by suppressing or enhancing development, to improve spectral sensitization efficiency, and to improve storability before development and storability after development. Descriptions can be found in paragraph numbers 0067 to 0069 of JP-A No. 10-62899, a compound represented by formula (I) of JP-A No. 10-186572 and specific examples thereof shown in paragraph numbers 0033 to 0052, in lines 36 to 56 in page 20 of EP No. 803,764A1. Among them, mercapto-substituted heterocyclic aromatic compounds described in JP-A Nos. 9-297367, 9-304875, 2001-100358, 2002-303954, 2002-303951, and the like are preferred.
2) Toner
In the photothermographic material of the present invention, addition of a toner is preferred. Description on the toner can be found in JP-A No. 10-62899 (paragraph numbers 0054 to 0055), EP No. 803,764A1 (page 21, lines 23 to 48), JP-A Nos. 2000-356317 and 2000-187298. Preferred are phthalazinones (phthalazinone, phthalazinone derivatives and metal salts thereof, (e.g., 4-(1-naphthyl)phthalazinone, 6-chlorophthalazinone, 5,7-dimethoxyphthalazinone, and 2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione); combinations of phthalazinones and phthalic acids (e.g., phthalic acid, 4-methylphthalic acid, 4-nitrophthalic acid, diammonium phthalate, sodium phthalate, potassium phthalate, and tetrachlorophthalic anhydride); phthalazines (phthalazine, phthalazine derivatives and metal salts thereof, (e.g., 4-(1-naphthyl)phthalazine, 6-isopropylphthalazine, 6-tert-butylphthalazine, 6-chlorophthalazine, 5,7-dimethoxyphthalazine, and 2,3-dihydrophthalazine); combinations of phthalazines and phthalic acids. Particularly preferred is a combination of phthalazines and phthalic acids. Among them, particularly preferable are the combination of 6-isopropylphthalazine and phthalic acid, and the combination of 6-isopropylphthalazine and 4-methylphthalic acid.
3) Plasticizer and Lubricant
In the invention, well-known plasticizer and lubricant can be used to improve physical properties of film. Particularly, to improve handling facility during manufacturing process or resistance to scratch during thermal development, it is preferred to use a lubricant such as a liquid paraffin, a long chain fatty acid, an amide of a fatty acid, an ester of a fatty acid, or the like. Particularly preferred are a liquid paraffin obtained by removing components having a low boiling point and an ester of a fatty acid having a branched structure and a molecular weight of 1000 or more.
Concerning plasticizers and lubricants usable in the image forming layer and in the non-photosensitive layer, compounds described in paragraph No. 0117 of JP-A No. 11-65021 and in JP-A Nos. 2000-5137, 2004-219794, 2004-219802, and 2004-334077 are preferable.
4) Dyes and Pigments
From the viewpoints of improving color tone, preventing the generation of interference fringes and preventing irradiation on laser exposure, various dyes and pigments (for instance, C.I. Pigment Blue 60, C.I. Pigment Blue 64, and C.I. Pigment Blue 15:6) can be used in the image forming layer according to the invention. Detailed description can be found in WO No. 98/36322, JP-A Nos. 10-268465 and 11-338098, and the like.
5) Nucleator
Concerning the photothermographic material of the invention, it is preferred to add a nucleator into the image forming layer. Details on the nucleators, method for their addition, and addition amount can be found in paragraph No. 0118 of JP-A No. 11-65021, paragraph Nos. 0136 to 0193 of JP-A No. 11-223898, as compounds represented by formulae (H), (1) to (3), (A), or (B) in JP-A No. 2000-284399; as for a nucleation accelerator, description can be found in paragraph No. 0102 of JP-A No. 11-65021, and in paragraph Nos. 0194 to 0195 of JP-A No. 11-223898.
In the case of using formic acid or formates as a strong fogging agent, it is preferably incorporated into the side having thereon the image forming layer containing photosensitive silver halide in an amount of 5 mmol or less, and more preferably 1 mmol or less, per 1 mol of silver.
In the case of using a nucleator in the photothermographic material of the invention, it is preferred to use an acid resulting from hydration of diphosphorus pentaoxide, or a salt thereof in combination. Acids resulting from the hydration of diphosphorus pentaoxide or salts thereof include metaphosphoric acid (salt), pyrophosphoric acid (salt), orthophosphoric acid (salt), triphosphoric acid (salt), tetraphosphoric acid (salt), hexametaphosphoric acid (salt), and the like. Particularly preferred acids obtainable by the hydration of diphosphorus pentaoxide or salts thereof include orthophosphoric acid (salt) and hexametaphosphoric acid (salt). Specifically mentioned as the salts are sodium orthophosphate, sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate, sodium hexametaphosphate, ammonium hexametaphosphate, and the like.
The addition amount of the acid obtained by hydration of diphoshorus pentaoxide or the salt thereof (i.e., the coating amount per 1 m2 of the photothermographic material) may be set as desired depending on sensitivity and fogging, but preferred is an amount of from 0.1 mg/m2 to 500 mg/m2, and more preferably, from 0.5 mg/m2 to 100 mg/m2.
In the present invention, the reducing agent, the hydrogen bonding compound, the development accelerator, and the organic polyhalogen compound are preferably used as solid dispersions. Preferable methods for manufacturing solid dispersion are described in JP-A No. 2002-55405.
(Preparation of Coating Solution and Coating)
The temperature for preparing the coating solution for the image forming layer according to the invention is preferably from 30° C. to 65° C., more preferably, 35° C. or more and less than 60° C., and further preferably, from 35° C. to 55° C. Furthermore, the temperature of the coating solution for the image forming layer immediately after adding the polymer latex is preferably maintained in the temperature range from 30° C. to 65° C.
(Layer Constitution and Constituent Components)
The photothermographic material of the invention has one or more image forming layers constructed on a support. In the case of constituting the image forming layer from one layer, the image forming layer comprises an organic silver salt, a photosensitive silver halide, a reducing agent, and a binder, and may further comprise additional materials as desired and necessary, such as an antifoggant, a toner, a film-forming promoting agent, and other auxiliary agents. In the case of constituting the image forming layer from two or more layers, the first image forming layer (in general, a layer placed nearer to the support) contains an organic silver salt and a photosensitive silver halide. Some of the other components are incorporated in the second image forming layer or in both of the layers. The constitution of a multicolor photothermographic material may include combinations of two layers for those for each of the colors, or may contain all the components in a single layer as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,708,928. In the case of multicolor photothermographic material, each of the image forming layers is maintained distinguished from each other by incorporating functional or non-functional barrier layer between each of the image forming layers as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,460,681.
The photothermographic material according to the invention can have a non-photosensitive layer in addition to the image forming layer. Non-photosensitive layers can be classified depending on the layer arrangement into (a) a surface protective layer provided on the image forming layer (on the side farther from the support), (b) an intermediate layer provided among plural image forming layers or between the image forming layer and the protective layer, (c) an undercoat layer provided between the image forming layer and the support, and (d) a back layer which is provided on the opposite side of the support from the image forming layer.
Furthermore, a layer that functions as an optical filter may be provided as (a) or (b) above. An antihalation layer may be provided as (c) or (d) to the photothermographic material.
1) Surface Protective Layer
The photothermographic material according to the invention can comprise a surface protective layer with an object to prevent adhesion of the image forming layer, and the like. The surface protective layer may be a single layer, or plural layers.
Description on the surface protective layer may be found in paragraph Nos. 0119 to 0120 of JP-A No. 11-65021 and in JP-A No. 2000-171936.
Preferred as the binder of the surface protective layer according to the invention is gelatin, but poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) may be used preferably instead, or in combination. As gelatin, there are used an inert gelatin (e.g., Nitta gelatin 750), a phthalated gelatin (e.g., Nitta gelatin 801), and the like. Usable as PVA are those described in paragraph Nos. 0009 to 0020 of JP-A No. 2000-171936, and preferred are the completely saponified product PVA-105, the partially saponified PVA-205, and PVA-335, as well as modified poly(vinyl alcohol) MP-203 (all trade name of products from Kuraray Ltd.). The amount of coated poly(vinyl alcohol) (per 1 m2 of support) in the surface protective layer (per one layer) is preferably in a range of from 0.3 g/m2 to 4.0 g/m2, and more preferably, from 0.3 g/m2 to 2.0 g/m2.
The total amount of the coated binder (including water-soluble polymer and latex polymer) (per 1 m2 of support) in the surface protective layer (per one layer) is preferably in a range of from 0.3 g/m2 to 5.0 g/m2, and more preferably from 0.3 g/m2 to 2.0 g/m2.
Further, it is preferred to use a lubricant such as a liquid paraffin, an aliphatic ester, or the like in the surface protective layer. The addition amount of the lubricant is in a range of from 1 mg/m2 to 200 mg/m2, preferably from 10 mg/m2 to 150 mg/m2, and more preferably from 20 mg/m2 to 100 mg/m2.
2) Antihalation Layer
The photothermographic material of the present invention can comprise an antihalation layer provided to the side farther from the light source than the image forming layer.
Descriptions on the antihalation layer can be found in paragraph Nos. 0123 to 0124 of JP-A No. 11-65021, in JP-A Nos. 11-223898, 9-230531, 10-36695, 10-104779, 11-231457, 11-352625, 11-352626, and the like.
The antihalation layer contains an antihalation dye having its absorption at the wavelength of the exposure light. In the case where the exposure wavelength is in the infrared region, an infrared-absorbing dye is used, and in such a case, preferred are dyes having no absorption in the visible light region.
In the case of preventing halation from occurring by using a dye having absorption in the visible light region, it is preferred that the color of the dye would not substantially reside after image formation, and is preferred to employ a means for bleaching color by the heat of thermal development; in particular, it is preferred to add a thermal bleaching dye and a base precursor to the non-photosensitive layer to impart function as an antihalation layer. Those techniques are described in JP-A No. 11-231457 and the like.
The addition amount of the thermal bleaching dye is determined depending on the usage of the dye. In general, it is used at an amount as such that the optical density (absorbance) exceeds 0.1 when measured at the desired wavelength. The optical density is preferably in a range of from 0.15 to 2, and more preferably from 0.2 to 1. The addition amount of the dye to obtain optical density in the above range is generally from 0.001 g/m2 to 1 g/m2.
By decoloring the dye in such a manner, the optical density after thermal development can be lowered to 0.1 or lower. Two or more types of thermal bleaching dyes may be used in combination in a photothermographic material. Similarly, two or more types of base precursors may be used in combination.
In the case of thermal decolorization by the combined use of a decoloring dye and a base precursor, it is advantageous from the viewpoint of thermal decoloring efficiency to further use a substance lowering the melting point by at least 3° C. when mixed with the base precursor (e.g., diphenylsulfone, 4-chlorophenyl(phenyl)sulfone, 2-naphthylbenzoate, or the like) as disclosed in JP-A No. 11-352626.
3) Back Layer
Back layers usable in the invention are described in paragraph Nos. 0128 to 0130 of JP-A No. 11-65021.
In the invention, coloring matters having maximum absorption in the wavelength range from 300 nm to 450 nm can be added in order to improve color tone of developed silver images and deterioration of the images during aging. Such coloring matters are described in, for example, JP-A Nos. 62-210458, 63-104046, 63-103235, 63-208846, 63-306436, 63-314535, 01-61745, 2001-100363, and the like.
Such coloring matters are generally added in a range of from 0.1 mg/m2 to 1 g/m2, preferably to the back layer which is provided on the opposite side of the support from the image forming layer.
Further, in order to control the basic color tone, it is preferred to use a dye having an absorption peak in a wavelength range from 580 nm to 680 nm. As a dye satisfying this purpose, preferred are oil-soluble azomethine dyes described in JP-A Nos. 4-359967 and 4-359968, or water-soluble phthalocyanine dyes described in JP-A No. 2003-295388, which have low absorption intensity on the short wavelength side. The dyes for this purpose may be added to any of the layers, but more preferred is to add them in the non-photosensitive layer on the image forming layer side, or on the backside.
The photothermographic material of the invention is preferably a so-called one-side photosensitive material, which comprises at least one image forming layer containing silver halide emulsion on one side of the support, and a back layer on the other side.
4) Polymer Latex
In the present invention, polymer latex is preferably used in the surface protective layer or the back layer of the photothermographic material. As such polymer latex, descriptions can be found in “Gosei Jushi Emulsion (Synthetic resin emulsion)” (Taira Okuda and Hiroshi Inagaki, Eds., published by Kobunshi Kankokai (1978)), “Gosei Latex no Oyo (Application of synthetic latex)” (Takaaki Sugimura, Yasuo Kataoka, Soichi Suzuki, and Keiji Kasahara, Eds., published by Kobunshi Kankokai (1993)), and “Gosei Latex no Kagaku (Chemistry of synthetic latex)” (Soichi Muroi, published by Kobunshi Kankokai (1970)). More specifically, there are mentioned a latex of methyl methacrylate (33.5% by weight)/ethyl acrylate (50% by weight)/methacrylic acid (16.5% by weight) copolymer, a latex of methyl methacrylate (47.5% by weight)/butadiene (47.5% by weight)/itaconic acid (5% by weight) copolymer, a latex of ethyl acrylate/methacrylic acid copolymer, a latex of methyl methacrylate (58.9% by weight)/2-ethylhexyl acrylate (25.4% by weight)/styrene (8.6% by weight)/2-hydroethyl methacrylate (5.1% by weight)/acrylic acid (2.0% by weight) copolymer, a latex of methyl methacrylate (64.0% by weight)/styrene (9.0% by weight)/ butyl acrylate (20.0% by weight)/2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (5.0% by weight)/acrylic acid (2.0% by weight) copolymer, and the like. Furthermore, as the binder for the surface protective layer, there may be applied the technology described in paragraph Nos. 0021 to 0025 of the specification of JP-A No. 2000-267226, and the technology described in paragraph Nos. 0023 to 0041 of the specification of JP-A No. 2000-19678. The polymer latex in the surface protective layer is preferably contained in an amount of from 10% by weight to 90% by weight, particularly preferably from 20% by weight to 80% by weight, based on a total weight of binder.
5) Film Surface pH
The film surface pH of the photothermographic material according to the invention preferably yields a pH of 7.0 or lower, and more preferably 6.6 or lower, before thermal developing process. Although there is no particular restriction concerning the lower limit, the lower limit of pH value is about 3. The most preferred film surface pH range is from 4 to 6.2. From the viewpoint of reducing the film surface pH, it is preferred to use an organic acid such as phthalic acid derivative or a non-volatile acid such as sulfuric acid, or a volatile base such as ammonia for the adjustment of the film surface pH. In particular, ammonia can be used favorably for the achievement of low film surface pH, because it can easily vaporize to remove it before the coating step or before applying thermal development.
It is also preferred to use a non-volatile base such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, and the like, in combination with ammonia. The method of measuring film surface pH value is described in paragraph No. 0123 of the specification of JP-A No. 2000-284399.
6) Hardener
A hardener may be used in each of image forming layer, protective layer, back layer, and the like according to the invention. As examples of the hardener, descriptions of various methods can be found in pages 77 to 87 of T. H. James, “THE THEORY OF THE PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESS, FOURTH EDITION” (Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1977). Preferably used are, in addition to chromium alum, sodium salt of 2,4-dichloro-6-hydroxy-s-triazine, N,N-ethylene bis(vinylsulfonacetamide), and N,N-propylene bis(vinylsulfonacetamide), polyvalent metal ions described in page 78 of the above literature and the like, polyisocyanates described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,281,060, JP-A No. 6-208193, and the like, epoxy compounds of U.S. Pat. No. 4,791,042 and the like, and vinylsulfone compounds of JP-A No. 62-89048.
The hardener is added as a solution, and the solution is added to a coating solution 180 minutes before coating to just before coating, preferably 60 minutes before to 10 seconds before coating. However, so long as the effect of the invention is sufficiently exhibited, there is no particular restriction concerning the mixing method and the conditions of mixing. As specific mixing methods, there can be mentioned a method of mixing in the tank, in which the average stay time calculated from the flow rate of addition and the feed rate to the coater is controlled to yield a desired time, or a method using static mixer as described in Chapter 8 of N. Harnby, M. F. Edwards, A. W. Nienow (translated by Koji Takahashi) “Ekitai Kongo Gijutu (Liquid Mixing Technology)” (Nikkan Kogyo Shinbunsha, 1989), and the like.
7) Surfactant
Concerning the surfactant, the solvent, the support, the antistatic agent, and the electrically conductive layer, and the method for obtaining color images applicable in the invention, there can be used those disclosed in paragraph numbers 0132, 0133, 0134, 0135, and 0136, respectively, of JP-A No. 11-65021. Concerning lubricants, there can be used those disclosed in paragraph numbers 0061 to 0064 of JP-A No. 11-84573.
8) Antistatic Agent
The photothermographic material of the invention preferably contains an electrically conductive layer including metal oxides or electrically conductive polymers. The antistatic layer may serve as an undercoat layer, a back surface protective layer, or the like, but can also be placed specially. As an electrically conductive material of the antistatic layer, metal oxides having enhanced electric conductivity by the method of introducing oxygen defects or different types of metallic atoms into the metal oxides are preferable for use. Examples of metal oxides are preferably selected from ZnO, TiO2, or SnO2. As the combination of different types of atoms, preferred are ZnO combined with Al, or In; SnO2 with Sb, Nb, P, halogen atoms, or the like; TiO2 with Nb, Ta, or the like.
Particularly preferred for use is SnO2 combined with Sb. The addition amount of different types of atoms is preferably in a range of from 0.01 mol % to 30 mol %, and more preferably, in a range of from 0.1 mol % to 10 mol %. The shape of the metal oxides includes, for example, spherical, needle-like, or tabular. The needle-like particles, with a rate of (the major axis)/(the minor axis) is 2.0 or higher, and more preferably in a range of from 3.0 to 50, is preferred viewed from the standpoint of the electric conductivity effect. The metal oxides is preferably used in a range of from 1 mg/m2 to 1000 mg/m2, more preferably from 10 mg/m2 to 500 mg/m2, and even more preferably from 20 mg/m2 to 200 mg/m2.
The antistatic layer may be laid on either side of the image forming layer side or the back layer side, but it is preferred to set between the support and the back layer. Specific examples of the antistatic layer in the invention include described in paragraph Nos. 0135 of JP-A No. 11-65021, in JP-A Nos. 56-143430, 56-143431, 58-62646, and 56-120519, and in paragraph Nos. 0040 to 0051 of JP-A No. 11-84573, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,575,957, and in paragraph Nos. 0078 to 0084 of JP-A No. 11-223898.
9) Support
As the transparent support, preferably used is polyester, particularly, polyethylene terephthalate, which is subjected to heat treatment in the temperature range of from 130° C. to 185° C. in order to relax the internal strain caused by biaxial stretching and remaining inside the film, and to remove strain ascribed to heat shrinkage generated during thermal development. In the case of a photothermographic material for medical use, the transparent support may be colored with a blue dye (for instance, dye-1 described in the Example of JP-A No. 8-240877), or may be uncolored. As to the support, it is preferred to apply undercoating technology, such as water-soluble polyester described in JP-A No. 11-84574, a styrene-butadiene copolymer described in JP-A No. 10-186565, a vinylidene chloride copolymer described in JP-A No. 2000-39684, and the like. The moisture content of the support is preferably 0.5% by weight or lower, when coating for image forming layer or back layer is conducted on the support.
10) Other Additives
Furthermore, an anti-oxidizing agent, a stabilizing agent, a plasticizer, a UV absorbent, or a film-forming promoting agent may be added to the photothermographic material. Each of the additives is added to the image forming layer or either of the non-photosensitive layers. Reference can be made to WO No. 98/36322, EP No. 803,764A1, JP-A Nos. 10-186567 and 10-18568, and the like.
11) Coating Method
The photothermographic material of the invention may be coated by any method. Specifically, various types of coating operations including extrusion coating, slide coating, curtain coating, immersion coating, knife coating, flow coating, or an extrusion coating using the type of hopper described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,681,294 are used. Preferably used is extrusion coating or slide coating described in pages 399 to 536 of Stephen F. Kistler and Petert M. Shweizer, “LIQUID FILM COATING” (Chapman & Hall, 1997), and particularly preferably used is slide coating. Example of the shape of the slide coater for use in slide coating is shown in FIG. 11b.1, page 427, of the same literature. If desired, two or more layers can be coated simultaneously by the method described in pages 399 to 536 of the same literature or by the method described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,761,791 and British Patent No. 837,095. Particularly preferred in the invention is the method described in JP-A Nos. 2001-194748, 2002-153808, 2002-153803, and 2002-182333.
The coating solution for the image forming layer in the invention is preferably a so-called thixotropic fluid. For the details of this technology, reference can be made to JP-A No. 11-52509. Viscosity of the coating solution for the image forming layer in the invention at a shear velocity of 0.1S−1 is preferably from 400 mPa·s to 100,000 mPa·s, and more preferably, from 500 mPa·s to 20,000 mPa·s. At a shear velocity of 1000S−1, the viscosity is preferably from 1 mPa·s to 200 mPa·s, and more preferably, from 5 mPa·s to 80 mPa·s.
In the case of mixing two types of liquids on preparing the coating solution used for the invention, known in-line mixer and in-plant mixer can be used favorably. Preferred in-line mixer used for the invention is described in JP-A No. 2002-85948, and the in-plant mixer is described in JP-A No. 2002-90940.
The coating solution according to the invention is preferably subjected to antifoaming treatment to maintain the coated surface in a fine state. Preferred method for antifoaming treatment in the invention is described in JP-A No. 2002-66431.
In the case of applying the coating solution according to the invention to the support, it is preferred to perform diselectrification in order to prevent the adhesion of dust, particulates, and the like due to charge up. Preferred example of the method of diselectrification for use in the invention is described in JP-A No. 2002-143747.
Since a non-setting coating solution is used for the image forming layer in the invention, it is important to precisely control the drying air and the drying temperature. Preferred drying method for use in the invention is described in detail in JP-A Nos. 2001-194749 and 2002-139814.
In order to improve the film-forming properties in the photothermographic material of the invention, it is preferred to apply a heat treatment immediately after coating and drying. The temperature of the heat treatment is preferably in a range of from 60° C. to 100° C. at the film surface, and time period for heating is preferably in a range of from 1 second to 60 seconds. More preferably, heating is performed in a temperature range of from 70° C. to 90° C. at the film surface, and the time period for heating is from 2 seconds to 10 seconds. A preferred method of heat treatment for the invention is described in JP-A No. 2002-107872.
Furthermore, the producing methods described in JP-A Nos. 2002-156728 and 2002-182333 are favorably used in the invention in order to stably and successively produce the photothermographic material of the invention.
The photothermographic material is preferably of mono-sheet type (i.e., a type which forms an image on the photothermographic material without using other sheets such as an image-receiving material).
12) Wrapping Material
In order to suppress fluctuation from occurring on photographic property during a preservation of the photothermographic material of the invention before thermal development, or in order to improve curling or winding tendencies when the photothermographic material is manufactured in a roll state, it is preferred that a wrapping material having low oxygen transmittance and/or vapor transmittance is used. Preferably, oxygen transmittance is 50 mL·atm−1m−2day−1 or lower at 25° C., more preferably, 10 mL·atm−1m−2day−1 or lower, and even more preferably, 1.0 mL·atm−1m−2day−1 or lower. Preferably, vapor transmittance is 10 g·atm−1m−2day−1 or lower, more preferably, 5 g·atm31 1m−2day−1 or lower, and even more preferably, 1 g·atm−1m−2day−1 or lower.
As specific examples of a wrapping material having low oxygen transmittance and/or vapor transmittance, reference can be made to, for instance, the wrapping material described in JP-A Nos. 8-254793 and 2000-206653.
13) Other Applicable Techniques
Techniques which can be used for the photothermographic material of the invention also include those in EP No. 803,764A1, EP No. 883,022A1, WO No. 98/36322, JP-A Nos. 56-62648, 58-62644, JP-A Nos. 9-43766, 9-281637, 9-297367, 9-304869, 9-311405, 9-329865, 10-10669, 10-62899, 10-69023, 10-186568, 10-90823, 10-171063, 10-186565, 10-186567, 10-186569 to 10-186572, 10-197974, 10-197982, 10-197983, 10-197985 to 10-197987, 10-207001, 10-207004, 10-221807, 10-282601, 10-288823, 10-288824, 10-307365, 10-312038, 10-339934, 11-7100, 11-15105, 11-24200, 11-24201, 11-30832, 11-84574, 11-65021, 1 1-109547, 11-125880, 11-129629, 11-133536 to 11-133539, 11-133542, 11-133543, 11-223898, 11-352627, 11-305377, 11-305378, 11-305384, 11-305380, 11-316435, 11-327076, 11-338096, 11-338098, 11-338099, 11-343420, JP-A Nos. 2000-187298, 2000-10229, 2000-47345, 2000-206642, 2000-98530, 2000-98531, 2000-112059, 2000-112060, 2000-112104, 2000-112064, and 2000-171936.
In the case of multicolor photothermographic material, each of the image forming layers is maintained distinguished from each other by incorporating functional or non-functional barrier layer between each of the image forming layers as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,460,681.
The constitution of a multicolor photothermographic material may include combinations of two layers for those for each of the colors, or may contain all the components in a single layer as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,708,928.
(Image Forming Method)
1) Imagewise Exposure
The photothermographic material of the invention may be subjected to imagewise exposure by any known methods. Preferably, the photothermographic material of the present invention is subjected to scanning exposure using a laser beam. As the laser beam which can be used in the invention, He—Ne laser of red through infrared emission, red laser diode, or Ar+, He—Ne, He—Cd laser of blue through green emission, or blue laser diode are described. Preferred is red to infrared laser diode and the peak wavelength of laser beam is 600 nm to 900 nm, and preferably 620 nm to 850 nm. In recent years, development has been made particularly on a light source module with an SHG (a second harmonic generator) and a laser diode integrated into a single piece whereby a laser output apparatus in a short wavelength region has become popular. A blue laser diode enables high definition image recording and makes it possible to obtain an increase in recording density and a stable output over a long lifetime, which results in expectation of an expanded demand in the future. The peak wavelength of blue laser beam is preferably from 300 nm to 500 nm, and particularly preferably from 400 nm to 500 nm.
Laser beam which oscillates in a longitudinal multiple modulation by a method such as high frequency superposition is also preferably employed.
2) Thermal Development
Although any method may be used for developing the photothermographic material of the present invention, development is usually performed by elevating the temperature of the photothermographic material exposed imagewise. The temperature of development is preferably from 80° C. to 250° C., more preferably from 100° C. to 140° C., and even more preferably from 110° C. to 130° C. Time period for development is preferably from 1 second to 60 seconds, more preferably from 3 seconds to 30 seconds, even more preferably from 5 seconds to 25 seconds and, particularly preferably from 7 seconds to 15 seconds.
In the process of thermal development, either a drum type heater or a plate type heater may be used, although a plate type heater is preferred. A preferable process of thermal development by a plate type heater is a process described in JP-A No. 11-133572, which discloses a thermal developing apparatus in which a visible image is obtained by bringing a photothermographic material with a formed latent image into contact with a heating means at a thermal developing section, wherein the heating means comprises a plate heater, and a plurality of pressing rollers are oppositely provided along one surface of the plate heater, the thermal developing apparatus is characterized in that thermal development is performed by passing the photothermographic material between the pressing rollers and the plate heater. It is preferred that the plate heater is divided into 2 to 6 steps, with the leading end having a lower temperature by 1° C. to 10° C. For example, 4 sets of plate heaters which can be independently subjected to the temperature control are used, and are controlled so that they respectively become 112° C., 119° C., 121° C., and 120° C. Such a process is also described in JP-A No. 54-30032, which allows for passage of moisture and organic solvents included in the photothermographic material out of the system, and also allows for suppressing the change of shapes of the support of the photothermographic material upon rapid heating of the photothermographic material.
For downsizing the thermal developing apparatus and for reducing the time period for thermal development, it is preferred that the heater is more stably controlled, and a top part of one sheet of the photothermographic material is exposed and thermal development of the exposed part is started before exposure of the end part of the sheet has completed. Preferable imagers which enable a rapid process according to the invention are described in, for example, JP-A Nos. 2002-289804 and 2002-287668. Using such imagers, thermal development within 14 seconds is possible with a plate type heater having three heating plates which are controlled, for example, at 107° C., 121° C. and 121° C., respectively. Thus, the output time period for the first sheet can be reduced to about 60 seconds. For such a rapid developing process, it is preferred to use the photothermographic materials of the present invention, which exhibit high sensitivity and are hardly influenced by environmental temperature, in combination with the process.
3) System
Examples of a medical laser imager equipped with an exposing portion and a thermal developing portion include Fuji Medical Dry Laser Imager FM-DPL. In connection with FM-DPL, description is found in Fuji Medical Review No. 8, pages 39 to 55. The described techniques may be applied as the laser imager for the photothermographic material of the invention. In addition, the present photothermographic material can be also applied as a photothermographic material for the laser imager used in “AD network” which was proposed by Fuji Film Medical Co., Ltd. as a network system accommodated to DICOM standard.
(Application of the Invention)
The photothermographic material of the present invention is preferably employed as photothermographic materials for use in medical diagnosis, photothermographic materials for use in industrial photographs, photothermographic materials for use in graphic arts, as well as for COM, through forming black and white images by silver imaging.
All publications, patent applications, and technical standards mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent application, or technical standard was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.
The present invention is specifically explained by way of Examples below, which should not be construed as limiting the invention thereto.
(Preparation of PET Support)
1) Film Manufacturing
PET having IV (intrinsic viscosity) of 0.66 (measured in phenol/tetrachloroethane=6/4 (mass ratio) at 25° C.) was obtained according to a conventional manner using terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol. The product was pelletized, dried at 130° C. for 4 hours, and melted at 300° C. Thereafter, the mixture was extruded from a T-die and rapidly cooled to form a non-tentered film.
The film was stretched along the longitudinal direction by 3.3 times using rollers of different peripheral speeds, and then stretched along the transverse direction by 4.5 times using a tenter machine. The temperatures used for these operations were 110° C. and 130° C., respectively. Then, the film was subjected to thermal fixation at 240° C. for 20 seconds, and relaxed by 4% along the transverse direction at the same temperature. Thereafter, the chucking part was slit off, and both edges of the film were knurled. Then the film was rolled up at the tension of 4 kg/cm2 to obtain a roll having the thickness of 175 μm.
2) Surface Corona Discharge Treatment
Both surfaces of the support were treated at room temperature at 20 m/minute using Solid State Corona Discharge Treatment Machine Model 6KVA manufactured by Piller GmbH. It was proven that treatment of 0.375 kV·A·minute/m2 was executed, judging from the readings of current and voltage on that occasion. The frequency upon this treatment was 9.6 kHz, and the gap clearance between the electrode and dielectric roll was 1.6 mm.
3) Undercoating
<Undercoating>
Both surfaces of the biaxially tentered polyethylene terephthalate support having the thickness of 175 μm were subjected to the corona discharge treatment as described above, respectively. Thereafter, the aforementioned formula (1) of the coating solution for the undercoat was coated on one side (image forming layer side) with a wire bar so that the amount of wet coating became 6.6 mL/m2 (per one side), and dried at 180° C. for 5 minutes. Then, the aforementioned formula (2) of the coating solution for the undercoat was coated on the reverse side (backside) with a wire bar so that the amount of wet coating became 5.7 mL/m2, and dried at 180° C. for 5 minutes. Furthermore, the aforementioned formula (3) of the coating solution for the undercoat was coated on the reverse side (backside) with a wire bar so that the amount of wet coating became 8.4 mL/m2, and dried at 180° C. for 6 minutes. Thus, an undercoated support was produced.
(Back Layer)
1) Preparation of Dispersion of Solid Fine Particles (a) of Base Precursor
2.5 kg of base precursor-1, 300 g of a surfactant (trade name: DEMOL N, manufactured by Kao Corporation), 800 g of diphenylsulfone, and 1.0 g of benzisothiazolinone sodium salt were mixed with distilled water to give the total amount of 8.0 kg. This mixed liquid was subjected to beads dispersion using a horizontal sand mill (UVM-2: manufactured by AIMEX Co., Ltd.). Process of dispersion includes feeding the mixed liquid to UVM-2 packed with zirconia beads having a mean particle diameter of 0.5 mm with a diaphragm pump, followed by the dispersion at the inner pressure of 50 hPa or higher until desired mean particle diameter could be achieved.
Dispersion was continued until the ratio of the optical density at 450 nm to the optical density at 650 nm for the spectral absorption of the dispersion (D450/D650) became 3.0 upon spectral absorption measurement. The resulting dispersion was diluted with distilled water so that the concentration of the base precursor became 25% by weight, and filtrated (with a polypropylene filter having a mean fine pore diameter of 3 μm) for eliminating dust to put into practical use.
2) Preparation of Solid Fine Particle Dispersion of Dye
Cyanine dye-1 in an amount of 6.0 kg, 3.0 kg of sodium p-dodecylbenzenesulfonate, 0.6 kg of DEMOL SNB (a surfactant manufactured by Kao Corporation), and 0.15 kg of an antifoaming agent (trade name: SURFYNOL 104E, manufactured by Nissin Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) were mixed with distilled water to give the total amount of 60 kg. The mixed liquid was subjected to dispersion with 0.5 mm zirconia beads using a horizontal sand mill (UVM-2: manufactured by AIMEX Co., Ltd.).
Dispersion was continued until the ratio of the optical density at 650 nm to the optical density at 750 nm for the spectral absorption of the dispersion (D650/D750) became 5.0 or higher upon spectral absorption measurement. The resulting dispersion was diluted with distilled water so that the concentration of the cyanine dye became 6% by weight, and filtrated with a filter (mean fine pore diameter: 1 μm) for eliminating dust to put into practical use.
3) Preparation of Coating Solution for Antihalation Layer
A vessel was kept at 40° C., and thereto were added 40 g of gelatin, 20 g of monodispersed poly(methyl methacrylate) fine particles (mean particle size of 8 μm, standard deviation of particle diameter of 0.4), 0.1 g of benzisothiazolinone, and 490 mL of water to allow gelatin to be dissolved. Additionally, 2.3 mL of a 1 mol/L sodium hydroxide aqueous solution, 40 g of the above-mentioned dispersion of the solid fine particles of the dye, 90 g of the above-mentioned dispersion of the solid fine particles (a) of the base precursor, 12 mL of a 3% by weight aqueous solution of sodium polystyrenesulfonate, and 180 g of a 10% by weight liquid of SBR latex were admixed. Just prior to the coating, 80 mL of a 4% by weight aqueous solution of N,N-ethylenebis(vinylsulfone acetamide) was admixed to give a coating solution for the antihalation layer.
4) Preparation of Coating Solution for Back Surface Protective Layer
A vessel was kept at 40° C., and thereto were added 43 g of gelatin having an isoelectric point of 4.8 (PZ gelatin, manufactured by Miyagi Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.), 0.21 g of benzisothiazolinone, and water to allow gelatin to be dissolved. Additionally, 8.1 mL of a 1 mol/L sodium acetate aqueous solution, 0.93 g of fine particles of poly(ethylene glycol dimethacrylate-co-methyl methacrylate) (mean particle diameter of 7.7 μm, standard deviation of particle diameter of 0.3), 5 g of a 10% by weight emulsion of liquid paraffin, 10 g of a 10% by weight emulsion of dipentaerythritol hexaisostearate, 10 mL of a 5% by weight aqueous solution of sodium di(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate, 17 mL of a 3% by weight aqueous solution of sodium polystyrenesulfonate, 2.4 mL of a 2% by weight solution of a fluorocarbon surfactant (FA-1), 2.4 mL of a 2% by weight solution of another fluorocarbon surfactant (FA-2), and 30 mL of a 20% by weight liquid of ethyl acrylate/acrylic acid copolymer (mass ratio of the copolymerization of 96.4/3.6) latex were admixed. Just prior to the coating, 50 mL of a 4% by weight aqueous solution of N,N-ethylenebis(vinylsulfone acetamide) was admixed to give coating solution for the back surface protective layer in an amount of 855 mL. The pH of the resulting coating solution was 6.2.
5) Coating of Back Layer
The backside of the undercoated support described above was subjected to simultaneous double coating so that the coating solution for the antihalation layer gave the coating amount of gelatin of 0.54 g/m2, and so that the coating solution for the back surface protective layer gave the coating amount of gelatin of 1.85 g/m2, followed by drying to produce a back layer.
(Image Forming Layer, Intermediate Layer, and Surface Protective Layer)
1. Preparations of Coating Material
1) Preparation of Silver Halide Emulsion
<<Preparation of Silver Halide Emulsion 1>>
A liquid was prepared by adding 3.1 mL of a 1% by weight potassium bromide solution, and then 3.5 mL of 0.5 mol/L sulfuric acid and 31.7 g of phthalated gelatin to 1421 mL of distilled water. The liquid was kept at 30° C. while stirring in a stainless steel reaction vessel, and thereto were added a total amount of: solution A prepared through diluting 22.22 g of silver nitrate by adding distilled water to give the volume of 95.4 mL; and solution B prepared through diluting 15.3 g of potassium bromide and 0.8 g of potassium iodide with distilled water to give the volume of 97.4 mL, over 45 seconds at a constant flow rate. Thereafter, 10 mL of a 3.5% by weight aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide was added thereto, and 10.8 mL of a 10% by weight aqueous solution of benzimidazole was further added. Moreover, a solution C prepared through diluting 51.86 g of silver nitrate by adding distilled water to give the volume of 317.5 mL and a solution D prepared through diluting 44.2 g of potassium bromide and 2.2 g of potassium iodide with distilled water to give the volume of 400 mL were added. A controlled double jet method was executed through adding the total amount of the solution C at a constant flow rate over 20 minutes, accompanied by adding the solution D while maintaining the pAg at 8.1. Potassium hexachloroiridate (III) was added in its entirely to give 1×10−4 mol per 1 mol of silver, at 10 minutes post initiation of the addition of the solution C and the solution D. Moreover, at 5 seconds after completing the addition of the solution C, a potassium hexacyanoferrate (II) in an aqueous solution was added in its entirety to give 3×10−4 mol per 1 mol of silver. The mixture was adjusted to the pH of 3.8 with 0.5 mol/L sulfuric acid. After stopping stirring, the mixture was subjected to precipitation/desalting/water washing steps. The mixture was adjusted to the pH of 5.9 with 1 mol/L sodium hydroxide to produce a silver halide dispersion having the pAg of 8.0.
The above-described silver halide dispersion was kept at 38° C. with stirring, and thereto was added 5 mL of a 0.34% by weight methanol solution of 1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one, followed by elevating the temperature to 47° C. at 40 minutes thereafter. At 20 minutes after elevating the temperature, sodium benzene thiosulfonate in a methanol solution was added at 7.6×10−5 mol per 1 mol of silver. At additional 5 minutes later, a tellurium sensitizer C in a methanol solution was added at 2.9×10−4 mol per 1 mol of silver and subjected to ripening for 91 minutes. Thereafter, a methanol solution of a spectral sensitizing dye A and a spectral sensitizing dye B with a molar ratio of 3:1 was added thereto at 1.2×10−3mol in total of the spectral sensitizing dye A and B per 1 mol of silver. At 1 minute later, 1.3 mL of a 0.8% by weight methanol solution of N,N′-dihydroxy-N″,N″-diethylmelamine was added thereto, and at additional 4 minutes thereafter, 5-methyl-2-mercaptobenzimidazole in a methanol solution at 4.8×10−3 mol per 1 mol of silver, 1-phenyl-2-heptyl-5-mercapto-1,3,4-triazole in a methanol solution at 5.4×10−3 mol per 1 mol of silver, and 1-(3-methylureidophenyl)-5-mercaptotetrazole in an aqueous solution at 8.5×10−3 mol per 1 mol of silver were added to produce a silver halide emulsion 1.
Grains in thus prepared silver halide emulsion were silver iodobromide grains having a mean equivalent spherical diameter of 0.042 μm, a variation coefficient of an equivalent spherical diameter distribution of 20%, which uniformly include iodine at 3.5 mol %. Grain size and the like were determined from the average of 1000 grains using an electron microscope. The {100} face ratio of these grains was found to be 80% using a Kubelka-Munk method.
<<Preparation of Silver Halide Emulsion 2>>
Preparation of silver halide emulsion 2 was conducted in a similar manner to the process in the preparation of the silver halide emulsion 1 except that: the temperature of the liquid upon the grain forming process was altered from 30° C. to 47° C.; the solution B was changed to that prepared through diluting 15.9 g of potassium bromide with distilled water to give the volume of 97.4 mL; the solution D was changed to that prepared through diluting 45.8 g of potassium bromide with distilled water to give the volume of 400 mL; time period for adding the solution C was changed to 30 minutes; and potassium hexacyanoferrate (II) was deleted; further the precipitation/desalting/water washing/dispersion were carried out similar to the silver halide emulsion 1. Furthermore, spectral sensitization, chemical sensitization, and addition of 5-methyl-2-mercaptobenzimidazole and 1-phenyl-2-heptyl-5-mercapto-1,3,4-triazole were executed similar to those in the preparation of the silver halide emulsion 1 except that: the amount of the tellurium sensitizer C to be added was changed to 1.1×10−4 mol per 1 mol of silver; the amount of the methanol solution of the spectral sensitizing dye A and a spectral sensitizing dye B with a molar ratio of 3:1 to be added was changed to 7.0×10−4 mol in total of the spectral sensitizing dye A and the spectral sensitizing dye B per 1 mol of silver; the addition of 1-phenyl-2-heptyl-5-mercapto-1,3,4-triazole was changed to give 3.3×10−3 mol per 1 mol of silver; and the addition of 1-(3-methylureidophenyl)-5-mercaptotetrazole was changed to give 4.7×10−3 mol per 1 mol of silver, to produce silver halide emulsion 2. Grains in the silver halide emulsion 2 were cubic pure silver bromide grains having a mean equivalent spherical diameter of 0.080 μm and a variation coefficient of an equivalent spherical diameter distribution of 20%.
<<Preparation of Silver Halide Emulsion 3>>
Preparation of silver halide emulsion 3 was conducted in a similar manner to the process in the preparation of the silver halide emulsion 1 except that the temperature of the liquid upon the grain forming process was altered from 30° C. to 27° C., and in addition, the precipitation/desalting/water washing/dispersion were carried out similarly to the silver halide emulsion 1. Silver halide emulsion 3 was obtained similarly to the silver halide emulsion 1 except that: the addition of the methanol solution of the spectral sensitizing dye A and the spectral sensitizing dye B was changed to a solid dispersion (aqueous gelatin solution) at a molar ratio of 1:1 with the amount to be added being 6×10−3 mol in total of the spectral sensitizing dye A and spectral sensitizing dye B per 1 mol of silver; the addition amount of tellurium sensitizer C was changed to 5.2×10−4 mol per 1 mol of silver; and bromoauric acid at 5×10−4 mol per 1 mol of silver and potassium thiocyanate at 2×10−3 mol per 1 mol of silver were added at 3 minutes following the addition of the tellurium sensitizer. Grains in the silver halide emulsion 3 were silver iodobromide grains having a mean equivalent spherical diameter of 0.034 μm and a variation coefficient of an equivalent spherical diameter distribution of 20%, which uniformly include iodine at 3.5 mol %.
<<Preparation of Mixed Emulsion A for Coating Solution>>
The silver halide emulsion 1 at 70% by weight, the silver halide emulsion 2 at 15% by weight, and the silver halide emulsion 3 at 15% by weight were dissolved, and thereto was added benzothiazolium iodide in a 1% by weight aqueous solution to give 7×10−3 mol per 1 mol of silver.
Further, as “a compound that is one-electron-oxidized to provide a one-electron oxidation product, which releases one or more electrons”, the compounds Nos. 1, 20, and 26 were added respectively in an amount of 2×10−3 mol per 1 mol of silver in silver halide.
Further, water was added thereto to give the content of silver of 38.2 g per 1 kg of the mixed emulsion for a coating solution, and 1-(3-methylureidophenyl)-5-mercaptotetrazole was added to give 0.34 g per 1 kg of the mixed emulsion for a coating solution.
2) Preparation of Dispersion of Silver Salt of Fatty Acid
<Preparation of Recrystallized Behenic Acid>
Behenic acid manufactured by Henkel Co. (trade name: Edenor C22-85R) in an amount of 100 kg was admixed with 1200 kg of isopropyl alcohol, and dissolved at 50° C. The mixture was filtrated through a 10 μm filter, and cooled to 30° C. to allow recrystallization. Cooling speed for the recrystallization was controlled to be 3° C./hour. The resulting crystal was subjected to centrifugal filtration, and washing was performed with 100 kg of isopropyl alcohol. Thereafter, the crystal was dried. The resulting crystal was esterified, and subjected to GC-FID analysis to give the results of the content of behenic acid being 96 mol %, lignoceric acid 2 mol %, and arachidic acid 2 mol %. In addition, erucic acid was included at 0.001 mol %.
<Preparation of Dispersion of Silver Salt of Fatty Acid>
88 kg of the recrystallized behenic acid, 422 L of distilled water, 49.2 L of 5 mol/L sodium hydroxide aqueous solution, and 120 L of t-butyl alcohol were admixed, and subjected to reaction with stirring at 75° C. for one hour to give a solution of sodium behenate. Separately, 206.2 L of an aqueous solution of 40.4 kg of silver nitrate (pH 4.0) was provided, and kept at a temperature of 10° C. A reaction vessel charged with 635 L of distilled water and 30 L of t-butyl alcohol was kept at 30° C., and thereto were added the total amount of the solution of sodium behenate and the total amount of the aqueous silver nitrate solution with sufficient stirring at a constant flow rate over 93 minutes and 15 seconds, and 90 minutes, respectively.
Upon this operation, during first 11 minutes following the initiation of adding the aqueous silver nitrate solution, the added material was restricted to the aqueous silver nitrate solution alone. The addition of the solution of sodium behenate was thereafter started, and during 14 minutes and 15 seconds following the completion of adding the aqueous silver nitrate solution, the added material was restricted to the solution of sodium behenate alone. The temperature inside of the reaction vessel was then set to be 30° C., and the temperature outside was controlled so that the liquid temperature could be kept constant. In addition, the temperature of a pipeline for the addition system of the solution of sodium behenate was kept constant by circulation of warm water outside of a double wall pipe, so that the temperature of the liquid at an outlet in the leading edge of the nozzle for addition was adjusted to be 75° C. Further, the temperature of a pipeline for the addition system of the aqueous silver nitrate solution was kept constant by circulation of cool water outside of a double wall pipe. Position at which the solution of sodium behenate was added and the position, at which the aqueous silver nitrate solution was added, was arranged symmetrically with a shaft for stirring located at a center. Moreover, both of the positions were adjusted to avoid contact with the reaction liquid.
After completing the addition of the solution of sodium behenate, the mixture was left to stand at the temperature as it was for 20 minutes. The temperature of the mixture was then elevated to 35° C. over 30 minutes followed by ripening for 210 minutes. Immediately after completing the ripening, solid matters were filtered out with centrifugal filtration. The solid matters were washed with water until the electric conductivity of the filtrated water became 30 μS/cm. A silver salt of a fatty acid was thus obtained. The resulting solid matters were stored as a wet cake without drying.
When the shape of the resulting particles of the silver behenate was evaluated by an electron micrography, a crystal was revealed having a=0.21 μm, b=0.4 μm and c=0.4 μm on the average value, with a mean aspect ratio of 2.1, and a variation coefficient of an equivalent spherical diameter distribution of 11% (a, b, and c are as defined aforementioned.).
To the wet cake corresponding to 260 kg of a dry solid matter content, were added 19.3 kg of poly(vinyl alcohol) (trade name: PVA-217) and water to give the total amount of 1000 kg. Then, slurry was obtained from the mixture using a dissolver blade. Additionally, the slurry was subjected to preliminary dispersion with a pipeline mixer (manufactured by MIZUHO Industrial Co., Ltd.: PM-10 type).
Next, a stock liquid after the preliminary dispersion was treated three times using a dispersing machine (trade name: Microfluidizer M-610, manufactured by Microfluidex International Corporation, using Z type Interaction Chamber) with the pressure controlled to be 1150 kg/cm2 to give a dispersion of silver behenate. For the cooling manipulation, coiled heat exchangers were equipped in front of and behind the interaction chamber respectively, and accordingly, the temperature for the dispersion was set to be 18° C. by regulating the temperature of the cooling medium.
3) Preparations of Reducing Agent Dispersion
<<Preparation of Reducing Agent-1 Dispersion>>
To 10 kg of reducing agent-1 (2,2′-methylenebis-(4-ethyl-6-tert-butylphenol)) and 16 kg of a 10% by weight aqueous solution of modified poly(vinyl alcohol) (manufactured by Kuraray Co., Ltd., Poval MP203) was added 10 kg of water, and thoroughly mixed to give slurry. This slurry was fed with a diaphragm pump, and was subjected to dispersion with a horizontal sand mill (UVM-2: manufactured by AIMEX Co., Ltd.) packed with zirconia beads having a mean particle diameter of 0.5 mm for 3 hours. Thereafter, 0.2 g of a benzisothiazolinone sodium salt and water were added thereto, thereby adjusting the concentration of the reducing agent to be 25% by weight. This dispersion was subjected to heat treatment at 60° C. for 5 hours to obtain reducing agent-1 dispersion. Particles of the reducing agent included in the resulting reducing agent dispersion had a median diameter of 0.40 μm, and a maximum particle diameter of 1.4 μm or less. The resulting reducing agent dispersion was subjected to filtration with a polypropylene filter having a pore size of 3.0 μm to remove foreign substances such as dust, and stored.
<<Preparation of Reducing Agent-2 Dispersion>>
To 10 kg of reducing agent-2 (6,6′-di-t-butyl-4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-butylidenediphenol)) and 16 kg of a 10% by weight aqueous solution of modified poly(vinyl alcohol) (manufactured by Kuraray Co., Ltd., Poval MP-203) was added 10 kg of water, and thoroughly mixed to give slurry. This slurry was fed with a diaphragm pump, and was subjected to dispersion with a horizontal sand mill (UVM-2: manufactured by AIMEX Co., Ltd.) packed with zirconia beads having a mean particle diameter of 0.5 mm for 3 hours and 30 minutes. Thereafter, 0.2 g of a benzisothiazolinone sodium salt and water were added thereto, thereby adjusting the concentration of the reducing agent to be 25% by weight. This dispersion was warmed at 40° C. for one hour, followed by a subsequent heat treatment at 80° C. for one hour to obtain reducing agent-2 dispersion. Particles of the reducing agent included in the resulting reducing agent dispersion had a median diameter of 0.50 μm, and a maximum particle diameter of 1.6 μm or less.
The resulting reducing agent dispersion was subjected to filtration with a polypropylene filter having a pore size of 3.0 μm to remove foreign substances such as dust, and stored.
4) Preparation of Hydrogen Bonding Compound-1 Dispersion
To 10 kg of hydrogen bonding compound-1 (tri(4-t-butylphenyl)phosphineoxide) and 16 kg of a 10% by weight aqueous solution of modified poly(vinyl alcohol) (manufactured by Kuraray Co., Ltd., Poval MP203) was added 10 kg of water, and thoroughly mixed to give slurry. This slurry was fed with a diaphragm pump, and was subjected to dispersion with a horizontal sand mill (UVM-2: manufactured by AIMEX Co., Ltd.) packed with zirconia beads having a mean particle diameter of 0.5 mm for 4 hours. Thereafter, 0.2 g of a benzisothiazolinone sodium salt and water were added thereto, thereby adjusting the concentration of the hydrogen bonding compound to be 25% by weight. This dispersion was warmed at 40° C. for one hour, followed by a subsequent heat treatment at 80° C. for one hour to obtain hydrogen bonding compound-1 dispersion. Particles of the hydrogen bonding compound included in the resulting hydrogen bonding compound dispersion had a median diameter of 0.45 μm, and a maximum particle diameter of 1.3 μm or less. The resulting hydrogen bonding compound dispersion was subjected to filtration with a polypropylene filter having a pore size of 3.0 μm to remove foreign substances such as dust, and stored.
5) Preparation of Development Accelerator-1 Dispersion
To 10 kg of development accelerator-1 and 20 kg of a 10% by weight aqueous solution of modified poly(vinyl alcohol) (manufactured by Kuraray Co., Ltd., Poval MP203) was added 10 kg of water, and thoroughly mixed to give slurry. This slurry was fed with a diaphragm pump, and was subjected to dispersion with a horizontal sand mill (UVM-2: manufactured by AIMEX Co., Ltd.) packed with zirconia beads having a mean particle diameter of 0.5 mm for 3 hours and 30 minutes. Thereafter, 0.2 g of a benzisothiazolinone sodium salt and water were added thereto, thereby adjusting the concentration of the development accelerator to be 20% by weight. Accordingly, development accelerator-1 dispersion was obtained. Particles of the development accelerator included in the resulting development accelerator dispersion had a median diameter of 0.48 μm, and a maximum particle diameter of 1.4 μm or less. The resulting development accelerator dispersion was subjected to filtration with a polypropylene filter having a pore size of 3.0 μm to remove foreign substances such as dust, and stored.
6) Preparations of Development Accelerator-2 Dispersion and Color-Tone-Adjusting Agent-1 Dispersion
Also concerning solid dispersions of development accelerator-2 and color-tone-adjusting agent-1, dispersion was executed similar to that in the development accelerator-1, and thereby dispersions of 20% by weight and 15% by weight were respectively obtained.
7) Preparations of Organic Polyhalogen Compound Dispersion
<<Preparation of Organic Polyhalogen Compound-1 Dispersion>>
10 kg of organic polyhalogen compound-1 (tribromomethane sulfonylbenzene), 10 kg of a 20% by weight aqueous solution of modified poly(vinyl alcohol) (manufactured by Kuraray Co., Ltd., Poval MP203), 0.4 kg of a 20% by weight aqueous solution of sodium triisopropyinaphthalenesulfonate, and 14 kg of water were thoroughly admixed to give slurry. This slurry was fed with a diaphragm pump, and was subjected to dispersion with a horizontal sand mill (UVM-2: manufactured by AIMEX Co., Ltd.) packed with zirconia beads having a mean particle diameter of 0.5 mm for 5 hours. Thereafter, 0.2 g of a benzisothiazolinone sodium salt and water were added thereto, thereby adjusting the concentration of the organic polyhalogen compound to be 26% by weight. Accordingly, organic polyhalogen compound-1 dispersion was obtained. Particles of the organic polyhalogen compound included in the resulting organic polyhalogen compound dispersion had a median diameter of 0.41 μm, and a maximum particle diameter of 2.0 μm or less. The resulting organic polyhalogen compound dispersion was subjected to filtration with a polypropylene filter having a pore size of 10.0 μm to remove foreign substances such as dust, and stored.
<<Preparation of Organic Polyhalogen Compound-2 Dispersion>>
10 kg of organic polyhalogen compound-2 (N-butyl-3-tribromomethane sulfonylbenzamide), 20 kg of a 10% by weight aqueous solution of modified poly(vinyl alcohol) (manufactured by Kuraray Co., Ltd., Poval MP203), and 0.4 kg of a 20% by weight aqueous solution of sodium triisopropyinaphthalenesulfonate were thoroughly admixed to give slurry. This slurry was fed with a diaphragm pump, and was subjected to dispersion with a horizontal sand mill (UVM-2: manufactured by AIMEX Co., Ltd.) packed with zirconia beads having a mean particle diameter of 0.5 mm for 5 hours. Thereafter, 0.2 g of a benzisothiazolinone sodium salt and water were added thereto, thereby adjusting the concentration of the organic polyhalogen compound to be 30% by weight. This dispersion was heated at 40° C. for 5 hours to obtain organic polyhalogen compound-2 dispersion. Particles of the organic polyhalogen compound included in the resulting organic polyhalogen compound dispersion had a median diameter of 0.40 μm, and a maximum particle diameter of 1.3 μm or less. The resulting organic polyhalogen compound dispersion was subjected to filtration with a polypropylene filter having a pore size of 3.0 μm to remove foreign substances such as dust, and stored.
8) Preparation of Phthalazine Compound-1 Solution
Modified poly(vinyl alcohol) MP-203 in an amount of 8 kg was dissolved in 174.57 kg of water, and then thereto were added 3.15 kg of a 20% by weight aqueous solution of sodium triisopropylnaphthalenesulfonate and 14.28 kg of a 70% by weight aqueous solution of phthalazine compound-1 (6-isopropyl phthalazine) to prepare a 5% by weight solution of phthalazine compound-1.
9) Preparations of Aqueous Solution of Mercapto Compound
<<Preparation of Aqueous Solution of Mercapto Compound-1>>
Mercapto compound-1 (1-(3-sulfophenyl)-5-mercaptotetrazole sodium salt) in an amount of 7 g was dissolved in 993 g of water to give a 0.7% by weight aqueous solution.
<<Preparation of Aqueous Solution of Mercapto Compound-2>>
Mercapto compound-2 (1-(3-methylureidophenyl)-5-mercaptotetrazole) in an amount of 20 g was dissolved in 980 g of water to give a 2.0% by weight aqueous solution.
10) Preparation of Pigment-1 Dispersion
C.I. Pigment Blue 60 in an amount of 64 g and 6.4 g of DEMOL N manufactured by Kao Corporation were added to 250 g of water and thoroughly mixed to give slurry. Zirconia beads having the mean particle diameter of 0.5 mm were provided in an amount of 800 g, and charged in a vessel with the slurry. Dispersion was performed with a dispersing machine (1/4G sand grinder mill: manufactured by AIMEX Co., Ltd.) for 25 hours. Thereto was added water to adjust so that the concentration of the pigment became 5% by weight to obtain pigment-1 dispersion. Particles of the pigment included in the resulting pigment dispersion had a mean particle diameter of 0.21 μm.
11) Preparation of SBR Latex Liquid
SBR latex (TP-1) was prepared as follows.
To a polymerization vessel of a gas monomer reaction apparatus (manufactured by Taiatsu Techno Corporation, TAS-2J type) were charged 287 g of distilled water, 7.73 g of a surfactant (Pionin A-43-S (manufactured by TAKEMOTO OIL & FAT CO., LTD.): solid matter content of 48.5% by weight), 14.06 mL of 1 mol/L sodium hydroxide, 0.15 g of ethylenediamine tetraacetate tetrasodium salt, 255 g of styrene, 11.25 g of acrylic acid, and 3.0 g of tert-dodecyl mercaptan, followed by sealing of the reaction vessel and stirring at a stirring rate of 200 rpm. Degassing was conducted with a vacuum pump, followed by repeating nitrogen gas replacement several times. Thereto was injected 108.75 g of 1,3-butadiene, and the inner temperature was elevated to 60° C. Thereto was added a solution of 1.875 g of ammonium persulfate dissolved in 50 mL of water, and the mixture was stirred for 5 hours as it stands. The temperature was further elevated to 90° C., followed by stirring for 3 hours. After completing the reaction, the inner temperature was lowered to reach to the room temperature, and thereafter the mixture was treated by adding 1 mol/L sodium hydroxide and ammonium hydroxide to give the molar ratio of Na+ ion : NH4+ ion=1:5.3, and thus, the pH of the mixture was adjusted to 8.4. Thereafter, filtration with a polypropylene filter having the pore size of 1.0 μm was conducted to remove foreign substances such as dust followed by storage. Accordingly, SBR latex TP-1 was obtained in an amount of 774.7 g. Upon the measurement of halogen ion by ion chromatography, concentration of chloride ion was revealed to be 3 ppm. As a result of the measurement of the concentration of the chelating agent by high performance liquid chromatography, it was revealed to be 145 ppm.
The aforementioned latex had a mean particle diameter of 90 nm, Tg of 17° C., a solid content of 44% by weight, an equilibrium moisture content at 25° C. and 60% RH of 0.6% by weight, and an ionic conductivity of 4.80 mS/cm (measurement of the ionic conductivity was performed using a conductometer CM-30S manufactured by Toa Electronics Ltd. for the latex stock solution (44% by weight) at 25° C.).
12) Preparation of Isoprene Latex Liquid
Isoprene latex (TP-2) was prepared as follows.
1500 g of distilled water were poured into the polymerization vessel of a gas monomer reaction apparatus (type TAS-2J manufactured by Tiatsu Garasu Kogyo Ltd.), and the vessel was heated for 3 hours at 90° C. to make passive film over the stainless vessel surface and stainless stirring device. Thereafter, 582.28 g of distilled water deaerated by nitrogen gas for one hour, 9.49 g of surfactant “PIONIN A-43-S” (trade name, available from Takemoto Oil & Fat Co., Ltd.), 19.56 g of 1 mol/L sodium hydroxide, 0.20 g of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid tetrasodium salt, 314.99 g of styrene, 190.87 g of isoprene, 10.43 g of acrylic acid, and 2.09 g of tert-dodecyl mercapatn were added into the pretreated reaction vessel. And then, the reaction vessel was sealed and the mixture was stirred at the stirring rate of 225 rpm, followed by elevating the inner temperature to 65° C. A solution obtained by dissolving 2.61 g of ammonium persulfate in 40 mL of water was added to the aforesaid mixture and kept for 6 hours with stirring. At the point the polymerization ratio was 90% according to the solid content measurement. Thereto a solution obtained by dissolving 5.22 g of acrylic acid in 46.98 g of water was added, and then 10 g of water and a solution obtained by dissolving 1.30 g of ammonium persulfate in 50.7 mL of water were added. After the addition, the mixture was heated to 90° C. and stirred for 3 hours. After the reaction was finished, the inner temperature of the vessel was cooled to room temperature. And then, the mixture was treated by adding 1 mol/L sodium hydroxide and ammonium hydroxide to give the molar ratio of Na+ion: NH4+ ion=1:5.3, and thus, the pH of the mixture was adjusted to 8.4. Thereafter, the resulting mixture was filtered with a polypropylene filter having a pore size of 1.0 μm to remove foreign substances such as dust, and stored. 1248 g of isoprene latex TP-2 was obtained. Upon the measurement of halogen ion by ion chromatography, concentration of chloride ion was revealed to be 3 ppm. As a result of the measurement of the concentration of the chelating agent by high performance liquid chromatography, it was revealed to be 142 ppm.
The obtained latex had a mean particle diameter of 113 nm, Tg of 15° C., a solid content of 41.3% by weight, an equilibrium moisture content at 25° C. and 60RH % of 0.4% by weight, and an ionic conductivity of 5.23 mS/cm (measurement of the ionic conductivity was performed using a conductometer CM-30S manufactured by Toa Electronics Ltd. at 25° C.).
13) Preparation of Matting Agent Particles
Matting agent particles were prepared according to the following method.
100 g of polymer pellet was dissolved in 100 g of an auxiliary solvent, and then 100 mL of a 15% by weight gelatin solution containing 1% by weight dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid was added thereto. The mixture was dispersed three times using a homoblender at 50° C. under stirring at a speed of 12,000 rpm for 5 minutes. Thereafter, using an evaporator, the auxiliary solvent was removed. Then, benzisothiazolinone, as an antiseptic, was added thereto in an amount of 100 ppm, and the resulting dispersion was stored in a refrigerator. As the auxiliary solvent, methylene chloride was used for the comparative sample and the copolymer of olefin and maleimide; and cyclohexane was used for the cycloolefin polymer and the cycloolefin copolymer.
2. Preparations of Coating Solution
1) Preparation of Coating Solution for Image Forming Layer
To the dispersion of the silver salt of a fatty acid obtained as described above in an amount of 1000 g were serially added water, the pigment-1 dispersion, the organic polyhalogen compound-1 dispersion, the organic polyhalogen compound-2 dispersion, the phthalazine compound-1 solution, the SBR latex liquid (TP-1), the isoprene latex liquid (TP-2), the reducing agent-1 dispersion, the reducing agent-2 dispersion, the hydrogen bonding compound-1 dispersion, the development accelerator-1 dispersion, the development accelerator-2 dispersion, the color-tone-adjusting agent-1 dispersion, the mercapto compound-1 aqueous solution, and the mercapto compound-2 aqueous solution. By adding thereto, just prior to the coating, the mixed emulsion A for coating solution in an amount of 140 g and mixing sufficiently, a coating solution for the image forming layer was prepared, and allowed to be transported to a coating die.
Viscosity of the above-described coating solution for the image forming layer was 35 [mPa·s] which was measured with a B type viscometer at 40° C. (No. 1 rotor, 60 rpm).
Viscosity of the coating solution at 38° C. when it was measured using Rheo Stress RS150 manufactured by Haake Co. Ltd. was 38, 49, 48, 34, and 25 [mPa·s], respectively, at the shearing rate of 0.1, 1, 10, 100, 1000 [1/second].
The amount of zirconium in the coating solution was 0.30 mg per 1 g of silver.
2) Preparation of Coating Solution for Intermediate Layer
To 1000 g of poly(vinyl alcohol) PVA-205 (manufactured by Kuraray Co., Ltd.), 163 g of the pigment-1 dispersion, 33 g of a 18.5% by weight aqueous solution of a blue dye-1 (manufactured by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd.: Kayafect turquoise RN liquid 150), 27 mL of a 5% by weight aqueous solution of sodium di(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate, and 4200 mL of a 19% by weight liquid of methyl methacrylate/styrene/butyl acrylate/hydroxyethyl methacrylate/acrylic acid copolymer (mass ratio of the copolymerization of 57/8/28/5/2) latex, 27 mL of a 5% by weight aqueous solution of aerosol OT (manufactured by American Cyanamid Co.), 135 mL of a 20% by weight aqueous solution of diammonium phthalate was added water to give total amount of 10000 g. The mixture was adjusted with sodium hydroxide to give the pH of 7.5. Accordingly, the coating solution for the intermediate layer was prepared, and was fed to a coating die to provide 8.9 mL/m2.
Viscosity of the coating solution was 58 [mPa·s] which was measured with a B type viscometer at 40° C. (No. 1 rotor, 60 rpm).
3) Preparation of Coating Solution for First Layer of Surface Protective Layers
In 840 mL of water were dissolved 100 g of inert gelatin and 10 mg of benzisothiazolinone, and thereto were added 180 g of a 19% by weight liquid of methyl methacrylate/styrene/butyl acrylate/hydroxyethyl methacrylate/acrylic acid copolymer (mass ratio of the copolymerization of 57/8/28/5/2) latex, 46 mL of a 15% by weight methanol solution of phthalic acid, and 5.4 mL of a 5% by weight aqueous solution of sodium di(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate, and were mixed. Immediately before coating, 40 mL of a 4% by weight chrome alum which had been mixed with a static mixer was fed to a coating die so that the amount of the coating solution became 26.1 mL/m2.
Viscosity of the coating solution was 20 [mPa·s] which was measured with a B type viscometer at 40° C. (No. 1 rotor, 60 rpm).
4) Preparations of Coating Solution for Second Layer of Surface Protective Layers
<<Preparation of Coating Solution-1 for Second Layer of Surface Protective Layers>>
In 800 mL of water were dissolved 100 g of inert gelatin and 10 mg of benzisothiazolinone, and thereto were added 10 g of a 10% by weight emulsion of liquid paraffin, 30 g of a 10% by weight emulsion of dipentaerythritol hexaisostearate, 180 g of a 19% by weight liquid of methyl methacrylate/styrene/butyl acrylate/hydroxyethyl methacrylate/acrylic acid copolymer (mass ratio of the copolymerization of 57/8/28/5/2) latex, 40 mL of a 15% by weight methanol solution of phthalic acid, 5.5 mL of a 1% by weight solution of a fluorocarbon surfactant (FA-1), 5.5 mL of a 1% by weight aqueous solution of another fluorocarbon surfactant (FA-2), 28 mL of a 5% by weight aqueous solution of sodium di(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate, and 21 g of poly(methyl methacrylate) fine particles (volume weighted mean particle diameter of 3.6 μm, particle diameter distribution of 60% ) (expressed as PMMA), and the obtained mixture was mixed, which was fed to a coating die to provide 8.3 mL/m2.
Viscosity of the coating solution was 19 [mPa·s] which was measured with a B type viscometer at 40° C. (No. 1 rotor, 60 rpm).
<<Preparations of Coating Solution-2 to -20 for Second Layer of Surface Protective Layers>>
Coating solution-2 to -20 for the second layer of the surface protective layers were prepared in a similar manner to the preparation of coating solution-1 for the second layer of the surface protective layers except that the matting agent shown in Table 1 was added, instead of poly(methyl methacrylate) fine particle (volume weighted mean particle diameter of 3.6 μm, particle diameter distribution of 60% ), to give the same mass. In Table 1, COC-A represents a copolymer of norbornene and styrene, which is a comparative polymer where the copolymerization ratio is adjusted so that the copolymer has a glass transition temperature of 70° C.
3. Preparations of Photothermographic Material
1) Preparations of Photothermographic Material-1 to -20
Reverse surface of the back surface was subjected to simultaneous overlaying coating by a slide bead coating method in order of the coating solution for the image forming layer, coating solution for intermediate layer, coating solution for the first layer of the surface protective layers, and coating solution for the second layer of the surface protective layers, starting from the undercoated face, and thereby samples of photothermographic material were produced. The coating amount of the coating solution for the intermediate layer was 8.9 mL/m2, the coating amount of the coating solution for the first layer of the surface protective layers was 26.1 mL/m2, and the coating amount of the coating solution for the second layer of the surface protective layers was 8.3 mL/m2.
The coating amount of each compound (g/m2) for the image forming layer is as follows.
Conditions for coating and drying were as follows.
Coating was performed at the speed of 180 m/min. The clearance between the leading end of the coating die and the support was from 0.10 mm to 0.30 mm. The pressure in the vacuum chamber was set to be lower than atmospheric pressure by 196 Pa to 882 Pa. The support was decharged by ionic wind.
In the subsequent cooling zone, the coating solution was cooled by wind having the dry-bulb temperature of from 10° C. to 20° C. Transportation with no contact was carried out, and the coated support was dried with an air of the dry-bulb of from 23° C. to 45° C. and the wet-bulb of from 15° C. to 21° C. in a helical type contactless drying apparatus.
After drying, moisture conditioning was performed at 25° C. in the humidity of from 40% RH to 60% RH. Then, the film surface was heated to be from 70° C. to 90° C., and after heating, the film surface was cooled to 25° C.
Chemical structures of the compounds used in Examples of the invention are shown below.
Compound 1 that is one-electron-oxidized to provide a one-electron oxidation product which releases one or more electrons
Compound 20 that is one-electron-oxidized to provide a one-electron oxidation product which releases one or more electrons
Compound 26 that is one-electron-oxidized to provide a one-electron oxidation product which releases one or more electrons
4. Evaluation of Performance
1) Preparation
The obtained sample was cut into a half-cut size, and was wrapped with the following packaging material under an environment of 25° C. and 50% RH, and stored for 2 weeks at an ambient temperature. Thereafter, the evaluation described below was performed.
<Packaging Material>
A film laminated with PET 10 μm/PE 12 μm/aluminum foil 9 μm/Ny 15 μm/polyethylene 50 μm containing carbon at 3% by weight:
oxygen permeability at 25° C.: 0.02 mL·atm−1m−2day−1;
vapor permeability at 25° C.: 0.10 g·atm−1m−2day−1.
2) Imagewise Exposure and Thermal Development
To each sample, imagewise exposure and thermal development (14 seconds in total with 3 panel heaters set to 107° C.-121° C.-121° C.) with Fuji Medical Dry Laser Imager DRYPIX 7000 (equipped with 660 nm laser diode having a maximum output of 50 mW (IIIB)) were performed.
3) Evaluating Method
(Transportability)
100 sheets of each sample were processed in a thermal developing apparatus where the processing temperature was raised to 15° C. higher than normal condition. The total number of sheets that caused transport deficiency was counted. Evaluation was carried out according to the following criteria.
×: 5 or more sheets cause transport deficiency.
Δ: 2 to 4 sheets cause transport deficiency.
◯: 1 sheet causes transport deficiency.
⊚: No sheet causes transport deficiency.
(Measurement of Beck×s Smoothness)
The quantitative evaluation of surface roughness was performed by measurement of Beck's smoothness.
Beck's smoothness was measured according to a method described in Japan Industrial Standard (JIS) P8119.
(Adhesion Resistance)
From each of the samples, ten sheets of 10 cm×10 cm were prepared by cutting and stored in a condition of 25° C. and 75% RH for three hours. Thereafter, 10 sheets were folded and wrapped in a moisture-proof bag. The set was pressed with a load of 20 kg and left for 7 days while loaded.
Thereafter, the moisture-proof bag was opened and each sheet was separated. The surface state of the material was evaluated with regard to adhesion and film peeling.
×: The area, where film peelings are seen, is 5% or more of the total surface area of 10 sheets.
Δ: The area, where film peelings are seen, is in a range of 2% or more and less than 5% of the total surface area of 10 sheets.
◯: The area, where film peelings are seen, is in a range of 1% or more and less than 2% of the total surface area of 10 sheets.
⊚: The area, where film peelings are seen, is less than 1% of total surface area of 10 sheets.
(Granularity)
The sample was subjected to uniform exposure giving an optical density of 1.6 and thermal development. The prepared sample and a printed sample of a chest X-ray photograph were observed on a film monitor (Shaukasten) with an illumination of 12,000 lux to evaluate granularity. Granularity can be easily recognized on the uniformly exposed sample, but in the case of printed sample of actual images, granularity is hardly perceived. Therefore, the evaluation was carried out in consideration of image readability. The evaluation results are classified into the following four ranks.
×: Granularity is apparently inferior and not allowable level for image reading.
Δ: Granularity is inferior, but allowable level for image reading.
◯: Granularity is not visually perceived.
⊚: Granularity is not perceived with a loupe having a magnification of 0.2X.
(Surface Glare)
The samples obtained after thermal development was observed on a Shaukasten with an illumination of 12,000 lux while changing the viewing direction. The evaluation results are classified into the following four ranks.
×: Surface glare is apparently seen and is not allowable level for image reading.
Δ: Surface glare is seen, but allowable level for image reading.
◯: Surface glare slightly exists.
⊚: Surface glare is not observed.
(Photographic Properties)
Fog: Fog is expressed in terms of a density of the unexposed part.
Sensitivity (S): Sensitivity is expressed in terms of the inverse of the exposure value necessary for giving a density of fog +1.0. The sensitivities are shown in relative values, detecting the sensitivity of sample No. 1 to be 100.
4) Evaluation Result
The obtained results are shown in Table 2.
The comparative samples Nos. 1 to 3 which contain the matting agent having a refractive index that is outside of the range disclosed in the present invention are not suitable for image reading due to surface glare. Furthermore, the comparative samples Nos. 4, 5, and 16 which contain the matting agent having a glass transition temperature that is outside of the range disclosed in the present invention are not suitable for the practical use due to deterioration of transportability and adhesion resistance. On the contrary, the samples Nos. 6 to 15, and 17 to 20 of the present invention which contain the matting agent having a refractive index and a glass transition temperature within the specific ranges disclosed in the present invention are excellent in transportability, adhesion resistance, granularity, and surface glare. It is apparent that the photothermographic materials of the present invention are superior. Especially, samples Nos. 9 to 15 which contain the crosslinked matting agent attain improvement in surface glare, and samples Nos. 12 to 15, 17, and 18 which include cycloolefin polymer or cycloolefin copolymer attain remarkable improvement in adhesion resistance.
1) Preparations of Sample
Samples were prepared in a similar manner to the process in the preparation of sample No. 10 of Example 1 except that the fluorocarbon surfactants (FA-1) and (FA-2) incorporated in the second layer of the surface protective layers were changed to the compound shown in Table 3. And further, in some samples, the matting agent (PMMA) used on the backside was changed to cycloolefin copolymer according to the present invention.
2) Evaluation
The obtained samples were evaluated similar to Example 1.
It is clear from the results shown in Table 3 that the combined use of the fluorocarbon surfactant and the matting agent according to the present invention attains excellent performances.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2005-357960 | Dec 2005 | JP | national |
