PLD architecture for flexible placement of IP functions blocks

Abstract

In accordance with one aspect of the invention, a hole is formed within an LE array of a PLD by interrupting the LE array base signal routing architecture such that a hole is left for IP function block to be incorporated. An interface region is provided for interfacing the remaining LE array base signal routing architecture to the IP function block.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention is in the field of programmable logic devices (PLD's) and, more particularly, relates to a flexible architecture by which logic elements (LE's) of a PLD having an array of logic elements are replaced with intellectual property (IP) function blocks.

BACKGROUND

Conventional programmable logic devices (PLD's) comprise one or more arrays of logic elements (LE's), and the base signal routing architecture between LE's is designed such that LE-to-LE routing (typically performed by software programs that convert hardware design language program instructions into such routing) is optimized. Examples of PLD's having more than one array include PLD's in the APEX family of devices, by Altera Corporation of San Jose, Calif. It is sometimes desired to add one or more IP function blocks among an LE array. For the purposes of this disclosure, an LE is considered to be a basic—or most common—logic element that functions, for example, with respect to look-up table or macrocell logic. The LE's of an array are nominally connected by a base signal routing architecture. An IP function block is a functional block that is not constrained by the function of the most common logic element. For example, by way of illustration and not by limitation, an IP function block may be a high-speed serial interface (HSSI), a digital signal processor or other microprocessor, ALU, memory, or a multiplier.

Conventionally, when an IP function block is added to an LE array, the IP function block is placed at an edge of the LE array and spanning the entire edge of the LE array. This minimizes the disruption in the base routing. Furthermore, by placing the IP function block at an edge of the array, the performance degradation that would otherwise be caused by routing over the IP function block is minimized. A disadvantage of placing the IP function block at an edge of the LE array, however, is that the input/output (I/O) cells (for communication off the LE array) are conventionally located at the edge of the LE array. The IP function block may not even require access to the I/O cells at that edge but, nonetheless, impedes access by other elements (LE's, or even other IP function block) to the I/O cells at the edge where the IP function block is placed. In some cases, such as is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,550,782, a block such as an embedded array block (EAB) completely replaces a logic array block (LAB) of LE's. In this case, the routing connects to the EAB in much the same way that the routing interfaces with the conventional logic block and, thus, there is no corresponding performance degradation.

Clearly, placement of an IP function block within an LE array of a PLD has commonly been an afterthought such that, typically, an IP function block was merely placed where it could best fit to minimize the disruption to the base signal routing architecture. What is desired is a PLD architecture by which the placement of an IP function block is not dictated by the goal of minimizing the disruption to the base signal routing architecture.

SUMMARY

In accordance with one aspect of the invention, a “hole” is formed within an LE array of a PLD by interrupting the base signal routing architecture such that a hole is left for the IP function block to be incorporated. An interface region is provided for interfacing the remaining base signal routing to the IP function block. This provides for flexible placement of IP function block within the regular LE-routing structure of the PLD.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES

FIG. 1 illustrates possible placements of “big” IP function blocks within a PLD and not adjacent to an edge of the LE array, for a “big” IP function block such as a memory for which direct I/O access is not a requirement.

FIGS. 2A, 2B and 2C illustrate possible placements of big IP function blocks within a PLD and adjacent to an edge of the LE array such that direct I/O access is provided.

FIG. 3 illustrates a “donut hole” within the context of a PLD, for placement of a “big” IP function block within a PLD and not adjacent to an edge of the LE array.

FIG. 4 illustrates, in greater detail, a “big block” interface region as used in FIGS. 1, 2 and 3.

FIG. 5 illustrates the horizontal interface to a “big block” that is a large random access memory (“MRAM”).

FIG. 6 illustrates the vertical interface to the MRAM.

FIG. 7 is a table illustrating connectivity details of the MRAM_LIM

FIG. 8 is a table illustrating the MegaRAM_Out signal connections.

FIG. 9 is a table illustrating the Mega-RAM interface specifications.

FIG. 10 illustrates an embodiment of a staggered routing architecture, in which the partial lines at the boundary of the staggered routing architecture are driven.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate possible floorplans for a PLD architecture in accordance with an aspect of the invention. The illustrations in FIG. 1 are examples only, and the invention is not limited to the examples shown in FIG. 1. In accordance with the invention, a method of creating the FIG. 1 floorplans (and other floorplans within the scope of the invention) is now described.

The base signal routing architecture is defined and optimized for LE's. For example, an array of LE's is created for a particular target die size. For variants of the created LE array, as discussed in the Background, it is desired to place the IP function block within the LE array. In some embodiments, the IP function block is added as IP function blocks at some desired uniform density, although the density of IP function blocks need not be uniform. For IP function blocks added to the LE array, LE's are replaced. Thus, there is a tradeoff between LE's and the amount of IP added to the die. The array of LE's for which a particular base signal routing architecture is optimized may occupy substantially an entire target die. Alternately, a base signal routing architecture may be optimized for an array of LE's that coexists on a die with other circuitry, including other LE's.

FIGS. 1A, 1B and 1C illustrate IP function block 110 incorporated within the interior of an LE array, for an IP function block that does not require direct I/O pad 112 access. FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrate an IP function block 120 incorporated at the edge of the LE array but not spanning the entire edge of the LE array, such that I/O pad 112 access is provided to the IP function block 120. Furthermore, while not shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B, the IP function block can even displace I/O pads 112, if desired.

FIG. 3 illustrates how an IP function block is incorporated as a “donut hole” 302 as applied to the FIG. 1 examples. That is, within the region where the IP function block is incorporated, the base signal routing architecture is interrupted, and a hole 302 is left (at least in one layer of the metal) for the IP function block to be incorporated. In addition, an interface region 304 is provided completely surrounding the hole 302 for interfacing the remaining base signal array routing to the IP function block. A very specific example of one such interface block is described later with reference to FIGS. 5 and 6. It should be noted that some of the lines of the base signal routing architecture may be routed around the hole 302 by being raised from the interface region 304 at one side of the hole 302 to a different layer of the metal not occupied by the hole 302 and lowered back into the interface region 304 at another side of the hole 302, typically the opposite side of the hole 302. To generalize, signal routing lines for driving shorter distances are terminated, and routing lines for driving longer distances are raised to a different layer of metal, buffered across the hole, and lowered into the interface region at the opposite side of the donut hole. What is “shorter” and “longer” is variable for any particular embodiment and is discussed later with respect to the size of the interruption—“small” or “large.” Typically, those routing lines buffered across a hole do so without being connected to the IP function block in the hole region.

An interface region is provided even when the IP function block is not to be bordered on all four sides by the base signal routing architecture as illustrated in the FIG. 3 embodiment but, rather, is to be bordered on two sides (an example of which is shown in FIG. 2A), three sides (an example of which is shown in FIG. 2B), or even one side (an example of which is shown in FIG. 2C). The interface region is typically provided on each side of the hole that borders the base signal routing architecture.

FIG. 4 illustrates an embodiment of the interface region 304. That is, in accordance with the FIG. 4, it is shown that, for some level of granularity, the interface region 408 includes up to 24 signal lines into the hole 402 and up to 12 signal lines out of the hole 402. The interface region 408 is built modularly, at a particular level of granularity. In one embodiment, the particular level of granularity is one width or height of the logic array block (LAB) of the LE array.

A design consideration for the placement of a hole is the number of signal lines in and out of a hole that would result from a particular placement, primarily as a result of the extent to which the hole would border the base signal routing architecture. This can be seen with reference again to FIGS. 2A and 2B.

FIGS. 5 and 6 illustrate a situation where the IP function block is a RAM block (designated in FIGS. 5 and 6 as a “Mega-RAM” 502). FIG. 5 illustrates the situation from the horizontal routing perspective, and FIG. 6 illustrates the situation from the vertical routing perspective. The Mega-RAM block 502 spans multiple columns and multiple rows of the LE array, and therefore interfaces with many lines (“channels”) of routing. The general routing does not cross the Mega-RAM 502. Rather, the general routing “dead ends” at the Mega-RAM Interface (a specific instance of the FIG. 3 interface region) to form the donut hole for the Mega-RAM. The H24 (FIG. 5) and V16 (FIG. 6) routing lines are buffered across the Mega-RAM block. The Mega-RAM horizontal interface 504 (FIG. 5) allows the Mega-RAM to interface to logic to the left or to the right of the Mega-RAM. The Mega-RAM vertical interface 604 (FIG. 6) allows the Mega-RAM to interface to logic above and below the Mega-RAM. In the Mega-RAM vertical interface (FIG. 6), there are two groups of fifteen MRAM_LIM's (Not all are shown). Each of the two groups is fed by a different V-Channel. One Mega-RAM interface is provided on each of the left and right hand edges of the MegaRAM for every LAB row it spans, and one Mega-RAM interface is provided on each of the top and bottom edges of the Mega-Ram for every pair of LAB columns it spans.

Driving into the Mega-RAM 502 is now described. H and V routing lines in a typical embodiment connect into MRAM_LIM's 506, 606a and 606b (LAB input multiplexers). The MRAM_LIM 506, 606a and 606b is a two stage 4-way sharing multiplexer. Of the portion of the routing that terminates at the boundaries of the Mega-RAM 502, only the routing able to carry signals toward the Mega-RAM 502 feeds the MRAM_LIM's 506, 606a and 606b. Therefore, if the routing is unidirectional (i.e., each line can carry a signal in one direction), then routing able to carry signals away from the MRAM will not be coupled to the input interface. In another embodiment, bi-directional lines are used in addition to, or in place of, unidirectional lines.

Connectivity details of the MRAM_LIM 506, 606a and 606b are listed in the table of FIG. 7. Briefly, FIG. 7 lists the number of “ways in per line” and the number of “connections per MRAM_LIM” for each of the Horizontal MegaRAM interface (FIG. 5) and the Vertical MegaRAM interface (FIG. 6). At the bottom of the FIG. 7 table, the listed totals include the total number of MRAM_LIM fan in signals, and the total number of MRAM_LIM multiplexers, for each of the Horizontal MegaRAM interface and the Vertical MegaRAM interface.

Clock inputs 524 are taken into the Mega-RAM block 502 from the global clock network at the side of the Mega-RAM block 502 through the Mega-RAM horizontal interface 504 in (FIG. 5). The MRAM_CLOCK MUX 526 chooses one of the eight LABCLK's that are feeding through the adjacent LABs. There is one clock input to the Mega-RAM 502 per row, although the Mega-RAM 502 typically would not use every clock input available to it.

The Mega-RAM input mux (“MRIM”) is a fully populated 4-way mux-sharing mux that connects thirty LAB lines onto twenty-four I/O block inputs.

Driving out of the Mega-RAM 502 is now described. At the edge of the Mega-RAM, routing lines driving into the core do not have LAB's to drive them and are left as partial length lines. The Mega-RAM interface uses the full-length and partial length (i.e., length four and length eight lines, in this embodiment) to connect to the core via the MRAM_DIM. The Mega-RAM interface provides similar resources as are provided for a LAB to drive onto the core routing. For example, H4 lines extending four LAB's into the core are driven, and H4 lines extending three LAB's in or less are not driven. These partial length lines are driven to Vcc. In another embodiment, the partial length lines connect to the MRAM_LIM's as described below with reference to FIG. 10.

The Mega-RAM horizontal interface can also drive signals out onto the adjacent V-channel routing. Ten partial length sneak paths (H4, H8, V16, H24) (e.g., as collectively designated by line 528) are driven directly into adjacent LAB's by ten of the twelve MegaRAM_Out signals for a “quick” path to logic.

Each MRAM driver input multiplexer (“MRAM DIM”) 612a, 612b supports the V-channel at the edge of the core and the half H-channel able to carry signals from the MRAM in the direction of the core. The Mega-RAM vertical interface 604 drives the full-length routing resources of two full V-channels. These drivers are dedicated to the MegaRAM_Out signals and do not support turns from other routing resources. The DIM's 612a and 612b associated with the V-line drivers in the Mega-RAM vertical interface 604 are used to choose between MegaRAM_Out signals. Each DIM 612a, 612b in the vertical interface is a 4:1 mux that can be implemented in one or more stages, and each input to the DIM is a MegaRAM_Out signal. The connection pattern from the MegaRAM_Out signals to the DIM 612a, 612b is typically spread equally between the two V-channels.

The number of MegaRAM_Out signal connections per DIM for each of the Mega_RAM Horizontal Interface (FIG. 5) and the Mega_RAM Vertical Interface (FIG. 6) are set forth in FIG. 8. FIG. 9 is a summary of the Mega_RAM interface specifications for each of the Mega_RAM Horizontal Interface and the Mega_RAM Vertical Interface, and lists the total number of the various interface components described above.

It is noted that, typically, not all IP function blocks need be incorporated into an LE array using the hole concept. For example, the IP function block may be of two types—small and large. In general, the terms small and large as used here can be thought of as indicating size. One actual design consideration, however, in determining whether to consider particular IP function block as small or large is a consideration of how much disruption to the timing of signal routing is to be tolerated. For example, in accordance with one embodiment, a small block is an IP function block whose layout can be drawn at a width on the order of an LE width. In accordance with this embodiment, the width of small blocks may be wider than an LE so long as the timing of signal routing over the block does not get significantly larger than for routing over an LE. For example, in one 0.13 μm architecture, it has been deemed that the timing of the signal routing over a block of roughly 5 LE widths does not get significantly larger than for routing over an LE. Typically, additional inputs and/or outputs may be added that exceed the width of an LE, so long as the base signal routing architecture across the IP function block is maintained with the LE's surrounding the small block. Another consideration for determining whether an IP function block is large (implemented using the hole concept) or small is the size of the IP function block relative to the overhead associated with employing an interface region. In one embodiment, small blocks include MEAB's (medium sized embedded array blocks), SEAB's (small sized embedded array blocks) and a DSP block. By contrast, large blocks are IP function blocks that typically have dimensions much larger than that of an LE. Extending the base signal routing architecture across these blocks without modification would cause routing over these blocks to be significantly larger than routing over an LE, forming a boundary in the PLD timing model. Such large blocks may be inserted into the LE array as holes in the base signal routing architecture, as described above. In some sense, what occurs at the boundary between the base signal routing architecture and a hole is similar to the base signal routing architecture ending at the edge of an LE array.

In some embodiments, shown with reference to FIG. 10, the LE routing lines are part of a staggered, uni-directional routing architecture. As a result of the staggering, as can be seen from FIG. 10, there are partial lines 1002 at boundaries formed by, for example, the I/O interface 1008 at the edge of the PLD 1001 or by an inserted IP function block (designated by reference numeral 1004). In accordance with some such staggered architecture embodiments, routing drivers 1006 are included in the interface region 1008 (whether the I/O interface region or the hole interface region) to drive both the full and partial lines. The output ports 1010 of the logic block 1004 connect to the drivers of both the “full” lines and the “partial” lines. Signal selection muxes may be used in front of the drivers to add routing flexibility. As described above, the routing may also be implemented with segmented bi-directional lines.

The partial lines 1002 driving out of the PLD core 1001 feed an input selection mux 1012 to drive into the logic block 1004. These partial lines 1002 impose a smaller load on the drivers 1014 than do full lines 1016, and having a small load makes the partial line 1002 a faster path into the PLD core 1001. If area is a concern, drivers 1018 for partial lines 1002 may be smaller than drivers 1020 for full lines 1016, and still not be at a speed disadvantage due to the smaller load.

Furthermore, by driving even the partial lines 1002, additional routing flexibility is provided for signals from the PLD core 1001 to the PLD boundaries. Allowing the partial lines 1002 headed out of the PLD 1001 to drive into an IP function block 1004 increases the routability from the PLD core 1001 to the logic block 1004. In addition, the additional drivers 1018 may be used to provide the core 1001 access to more signals, or the signals may be used to provide more paths into the PLD core 1001 for a given signal. Thus, quite simply, lines that would have otherwise been unused are utilized to provide needed access to the PLD core 1001.

While the present invention has been particularly described with respect to the illustrated embodiments, it will be appreciated that various alterations, modifications and adaptations may be based on the present disclosure, and are intended to be within the scope of the present invention. While the invention has been described in connection with what are presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that the present invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiment but, on the contrary, is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the scope of the claims. For example, the techniques described herein may be applied to other types of fixed blocks or routing structures.

Claims

1-37. (canceled)

38. A programmable logic device, comprising: a plurality of logic elements arranged in an array of rows and columns; at least one IP function block that is incorporated into the array of logic elements, wherein the incorporation of the IP function block replaces a portion of logic elements located in a plurality of adjacent and intersecting rows and columns; and interface circuitry operable to interconnect the IP function block to the logic elements, wherein the interface circuitry is located adjacent to at least a portion of the IP function block.

39. The programmable logic device of claim 38, wherein the interface circuitry comprises horizontal interface circuitry for interfacing at least one logic region located to the left or right of the IP function block.

40. The programmable logic device of claim 38, wherein the interface circuitry comprises vertical interface circuitry for interfacing at least one logic region located above or below the IP function block.

41. The programmable logic device of claim 38, wherein the interface circuitry comprises at least one multiplexor that selectively applies signals received as multiplexor input signals to the IP function block.

42. The programmable logic device of claim 41, wherein at least one of the multiplexor input signals is an output signal of a logic element that is substantially directly coupled to the multiplexor.

43. The programmable logic device of claim 41, wherein at least one of the multiplexor input signals is a signal provided via a base signal routing architecture.

44. The programmable logic device of claim 38, further comprising a plurality of memory blocks interspersed within the array of logic elements, wherein the interface circuitry is operable to interconnect the IP function block to at least one memory block.

45. The programmable logic device of claim 44, wherein the incorporation of the IP function block replaces at least one of the memory blocks.

46. The programmable logic device of claim 44, wherein an output signal of a memory block is selectively routed to the IP function block via the interface circuitry.

47. The programmable logic device of claim 38, further comprising: a base signal routing architecture including short and long routing lines, wherein the short lines are terminated at the interface circuitry, and wherein the long lines are buffered across the IP function block.

48. The programmable logic device of claim 38, wherein the interface circuitry is located on first and second sides of the IP function block, the programmable logic device further comprising a base signal routing architecture including a plurality of routing lines.

49. The programmable logic device of claim 48, wherein a first portion of the routing lines terminate at the interface circuitry.

50. The programmable logic device of claim 48, wherein a second portion of the routing lines is routed across the IP function block, the second portion being raised at the first side of the interface circuitry for routing across the IP function block and lowered at the second side of the interface circuitry.

51. The programmable logic device of claim 48, wherein a second portion of the routing lines is routed across the IP function block, the second portion being lowered at the first side of the interface circuitry for routing across the IP function block and raised at the second side of the interface circuitry.

52. The programmable logic device of claim 38, wherein the IP function block is selected from the group consisting of high-speed serial interface, a digital signal processor, a microprocessor, arithmetic logic unit, memory, random access memory, and a multiplier.

53. A programmable logic device, comprising: a plurality of logic elements arranged in a predetermined pattern; a base signal routing architecture including a plurality of signal routing lines to route signals among the logic elements; at least one IP function block inserted into the predetermined pattern in place of a two-dimensional portion of the logic elements, the insertion of the IP function block interrupting, at least in part, the base signal routing architecture; and an interface region existing between the logic elements and the IP function block, the interface region comprising interfacing circuitry operative to route signals to and from the IP function block.

54. The programmable logic device of claim 53, wherein the interfacing circuitry selectively applies a signal provided by the base signal routing architecture to the IP function block as a function block input signal.

55. The programmable logic device of claim 53, wherein the interfacing circuitry selectively applies a signal provided by a logic element immediately adjacent to the interface region to the IP function block as a function block input signal.

56. The programmable logic device of claim 53, wherein the interfacing circuitry selectively applies an IP function block output signal provided by the IP function block to the base signal routing architecture.

57. The programmable logic device of claim 53, wherein the interfacing circuitry selectively applies an IP function block output signal provided by the IP function block to a logic element immediately adjacent to the interface region.

58. The programmable logic device of claim 53, further comprising a plurality of memory blocks that are included within the predetermined pattern of logic elements, wherein the interface region exists between the memory blocks and the IP function block, the interface region comprising interfacing circuitry operative to route signals to and from the IP function block.

59. The programmable logic device of claim 58, wherein the interfacing circuitry selectively applies a signal provided by a memory block immediately adjacent to the interface region as a function block input signal.

60. The programmable logic device of claim 58, wherein the interfacing circuitry selectively applies an IP function block output signal provided by the IP function block to a memory block immediately adjacent to the interface region.

61. The programmable logic device of claim 53, wherein the interfacing circuitry comprises at least one multiplexor.

62. The programmable logic device of claim 53, wherein the interfacing circuitry comprises interfacing logic.

63. The programmable logic device of claim 53, further comprising a plurality of input/output pads, wherein the function block is incorporated into the predetermined pattern of logic elements such that the interfacing region has direct access to at least one of the input/output pads.

64. The programmable logic device of claim 53, further comprising a plurality of input/output pads, wherein the function block is incorporated into the predetermined pattern of logic elements such that it displaces at least one of the input/output pads.

65. The programmable logic device of claim 53, wherein the base signal routing architecture comprises short lines and long lines, wherein a first subset of the short lines connect to the IP function block and second subset of the short lines terminate at the IP function block while at least one long line is buffered over the IP function block.

66. The programmable logic device of claim 53, wherein the IP function block is selected from the group consisting of high-speed serial interface, a digital signal processor, a microprocessor, arithmetic logic unit, memory, random access memory, and a multiplier.

67. A semi conductor integrated circuit, comprising: a plurality of components arranged in a multi-dimensional array with at least one IP function block inserted into the array; and a base signal routing architecture connected to the components and at least partially interrupted by the IP function block, such that a first portion of the base routing architecture is coupled to the IP function block and a second portion of the base signal routing architecture is routed over the IP function block.

68. The semiconductor integrated circuit of claim 67, wherein at least a subset of the first portion is terminated at the IP function block.

69. The semiconductor integrated circuit of claim 67, wherein: the semiconductor integrated circuit further comprises an interface portion, wherein the first portion of the base signal routing architecture is coupled to the IP function block via the interface portion.

70. The semiconductor integrated circuit of claim 67, wherein the base signal routing architecture includes long routing lines and short routing lines, wherein at least some of the long routing lines are routed across the IP function block and at least some of the short routing lines terminate or connect to the IP function block.

71. The semiconductor integrated circuit of claim 67, wherein the components comprise logic elements.

72. The semiconductor integrated circuit of claim 67, wherein the components comprise memory blocks.

73. The semiconductor integrated circuit of claim 67, wherein the multi-directional array is a three-dimensional array comprising rows and columns of the components that exist in layers in a plurality of layers.

74. The semiconductor integrated circuit of claim 73, wherein the first portion of the base signal routing architecture and the IP function block reside in a subplurality of the layers and wherein the second portion of the base signal routing architecture resides in layers other than the subplurality of layers.

75. The semiconductor integrated circuit of claim 67 wherein the IP function block is a first IP function block, the semiconductor integrated circuit further comprising: a second IP function block inserted into the multi-dimensional array of components, wherein the base signal routing architecture is at least partially interrupted by the second IP function block, such that a third portion of the base signal routing architecture is terminated at the second IP function block and a fourth portion of the base signal routing architecture is routed across the second IP function block.

76. The semiconductor integrated circuit of claim 67, wherein the timing of the second portion of the base signal routing architecture is delayed by less than a predetermined threshold as compared to the timing of a portion of the base signal routing architecture that is not interrupted by the IP function block and that spans approximately the same distance as the second portion.

77. The programmable logic device of claim 68, wherein the IP function block is selected from the group consisting of high-speed serial interface, a digital signal processor, a microprocessor, arithmetic logic unit, memory, random access memory, and a multiplier.

78. A semiconductor integrated circuit, comprising: a plurality of components arranged in a multi-dimensional array with at least one IP function block inserted into the array; and a base signal routing architecture connected to the components and at least partially interrupted by the IP function block, such that a first portion of the base routing architecture is terminated at the IP function block and a second portion of the base signal routing architecture is routed across the IP function block.

79. The semiconductor integrated circuit of claim 78, wherein: the semiconductor integrated circuit further comprises an interface portion, wherein signals existing on the first portion of the base signal routing architecture are selectively routed to the IP function block via the interface portion.

80. The semiconductor integrated circuit of claim 78, wherein the components comprise logic elements.

81. The semiconductor integrated circuit of claim 78, wherein the components comprise memory elements.

82. The programmable logic device of claim 78, wherein the IP function block is selected from the group consisting of high-speed serial interface, a digital signal processor, a microprocessor, arithmetic logic unit, memory, random access memory, and a multiplier.