Patent Grant
7687266
This application is a 371 of International Application No. PCT/GB03/00366, filed Jan. 30, 2003, which claims priority to foreign application GB 0202149.1, filed Jan. 30, 2002, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
The present invention relates to pluripotency determining factors and their uses. In particular the invention relates to maintaining and deriving cultures of pluripotent cells of mouse, human and other species.
From certain strains of mouse, embryonic stem (ES) cells may be derived and maintained in a pluripotent state in culture by provision of a cytokine that activates signal transduction through the LIF-receptor/gp130 complex. This approach is, however, limited to mice and is not sufficient for propagation of human pluripotent cells.
The discovery of the extracellular activity ESRF (Dani et al, 1998) has provided evidence for a LIF-receptor/gp130-independent pathway for maintaining ES cell identity. However, ESRF is incompletely characterised and the molecular nature of extracellular regulators other than gp130 cytokines is unknown.
In addition, the transcriptional determination of pluripotency is not fully understood. Important roles have been assigned to the gp130 target STAT3 and the POU factor Oct-4, but neither of these alone is sufficient to specify ES cell identity.
WO 02/097090 describes the identification of ECAT (ES cell associated transcript) genes by interrogating nucleotide sequence databases, and subsequent analysis of the expression pattern of murine and human ECAT genes. WO 02/097090 also describes the use of probes to identify ES cells and selective isolation of ES cells using ECAT genes. Oct-4 is an ECAT gene and a specific marker of pluripotent cells, though is expressed also in oocytes, cleavage embryos and egg cylinder stages. WO 01/66697 describes culture of ES cells in medium free of animal serum and in the presence of fibroblast growth factor. Preferably the ES cells are grown in the presence of a fibroblast feeder layer.
WO 97/30151, in the name of the present applicants, describes ESRF, a cytokine capable of inhibiting differentiation of ES cells.
WO 96/22693 relates to the maintenance of self-renewing haematopoietic stem cells. In particular, WO 96/22693 describes an “F factor” capable of maintaining haematopoietic stem cells in an undifferentiated state and supporting proliferation of undifferentiated haematopoietic stem cells.
Berger C. N. and Sturm K. S., Growth Factors 1997, Volume 14, pages 145-159, describes self-renewal of ES cells in the absence of exogenous LIF and feeder cells. Berger and Sturm do not, however, describe the isolation of any factor able to promote self-renewal of ES cells under these conditions.
Genbank Accession Numbers AK010332, 2001, and AK022643, 2000, provide sequences of mouse and human cDNAs for homeobox domain containing proteins. No function is ascribed to these molecules.
It is known that pluripotency of human embryonic stem cells and embryonic germ cells is sustained by co-culture with a feeder layer of heterologous cells (Amit et al, Dev. Biol. 2000) or extracts therefrom (Xu et al. Nat. Biotech 2001). However, dependency on feeder cells gives rise to a number of problems. Co-culture of feeder cells and pluripotent cells may mask compromised culture conditions. Co-culture risks contamination of the pluripotent culture/differentiated product derived therefrom. To produce feeder cell extract, which is an alternative to using the cells, a separate feeder cell population must be maintained and processed, and the extract stored. As the extract is uncharacterised, it represents another source of contamination of the product. Analysis and manipulation of differentiation of pluripotent cells is compromised by the presence of feeder cells or undefined extracts.
In relation to many other species, in particular porcine, bovine and rat, it is still not possible to derive and stably maintain pluripotent ES cells in culture.
An object of the present invention is to provide improved culture of mouse and human pluripotent cells, and an object of specific embodiments of the invention is to remove the dependency on feeder cells in pluripotent cell culture. A further object is to provide for derivation and maintenance of pluripotent cells from other species.
Accordingly, the present invention provides mammalian pluripotency determining factors, exemplified in a first embodiment by a factor that maintains pluripotency in a mammalian cell.
In a culture of ES cells, the factor has been found to be sufficient to confer pluripotency of those cells. According to the invention, the factor may be maintained in a pluripotent cell at a level that results in maintenance of a self-renewing pluripotent phenotype. The factor may be endogenous—a cellular level of the factor being maintained by activation of an endogenous gene—or introduced into the cell so as to enable stable maintenance of the pluripotent phenotype of the cells.
A particular factor of the invention acts intracellularly, maintains a cell in a pluripotent state and, in cell culture, is constitutively active. In this context, reference to intracellular action indicates that the site of activity lies within the cell. The factor is thus not, for example, a ligand for a cell surface receptor, as is the case with LIF and other cytokines, and it can act independently of signalling from gp130 receptors.
Further pluripotency determining factors of the invention maintain pluripotent cells, cultured in ES cell medium lacking gp130 activators, in a pluripotent state. Thus, the factor is able to maintain a mammalian cell in a pluripotent state in the absence of gp130 activation and can promote maintenance of pluripotency in culture medium lacking cytokines that activate gp130-receptor complexes. In examples below we have demonstrated that cells expressing preferred factors of the invention are liberated from the requirement for gp130 stimulation and show reduced or absent differentiation in response to retinoic acid, 3-methoxybenzamide and aggregation—hence their differentiation is suppressed in response to these stimuli. The factor of specific examples is, further, not a downstream transcriptional target of gp130. The factors of the invention have been isolated and are suitable for maintenance of animal pluripotent cells, animal cells including those of mouse, human, primate, sheep, rat, pig, cow and other animals. One factor of the invention maintains pluripotency of a human ES, EC or EG cell or other human pluripotent cell. Another factor of the invention maintains pluripotency of a mouse ES, EC or EG cell and acts intracellularly and is constitutively active. A further factor of the invention allows the continuous propagation in culture of pluripotent cells from non-permissive strains of mice.
An advantage of the invention lies in the ability to stably proliferate pluripotent cells in culture. Factors of the invention can be used in cultures to maintain human and/or mouse cells in a proliferative, pluripotent state. The invention further offers the possibility to isolate and maintain ES cells from species other than human and mouse—not possible hitherto.
A factor of a specific embodiment is a transcription factor. It acts inside the nucleus, resulting in self-renewal of the ES cell. A preferred factor, described and used in an example below, contains a homeodomain
In use of one factor of the invention, the factor maintains cells in a pluripotent state in the absence of a feeder layer or a feeder cell extract and in the absence of a gp130 cytokine. Thus, supply of the factor is sufficient to maintain pluripotency of cells in culture. The factor can be added to standard ES cell culture medium or introduced directly into cells, for example by electroporation or microinjection, or produced in the cell by a variety of methods disclosed herein. In specific examples of the invention, described in more detail below, vectors that express the factor support cytokine independent ES cell propagation both via episomal transfection of cells and upon chromosomal integration into cells; a further option, not specifically exemplified, is for expression of an endogenous sequence encoding the factor to be induced or increased so as to enable ES cell self renewal.
In a further embodiment of the invention, the factor is identifiable by its property of maintaining LIF non-responsive cells in a pluripotent state.
The factor suitably is a polypeptide having from 200 to 400 amino acids. Specifically, a mouse pluripotency determining factor of the invention is represented by SEQ ID NO 2, a human pluripotency determining factor by SEQ ID NO 4, a rat pluripotency determining factor by SEQ ID NO 6, and a macaque pluripotency determining factor by SEQ ID NO 8.
A second aspect of the invention lies in a factor which maintains a cell in a pluripotent state, acts intracellularly and comprises a homeodomain, in particular a homeodomain that has at least 50% sequence identity with the homeodomain from SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6 or 8 or, in relation to a factor for cells of a given species, one that has at least 50% sequence identity with the homeodomain of pluripotency determining factor of the same species. Generally, a homeodomain is around 60 amino acids in length and the factor of the invention comprises a homeodomain in which any 20 amino acid fragment has at least 35% sequence identity with the homeodomain of SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6 or 8. Preferably, the factor maintains LIF non-responsive cells in a pluripotent state.
A factor of a further embodiment is one which maintains cultured epiblast cells from non-permissive strains of mice in a pluripotent state in the absence of feeder cells and in the absence of feeder cell extract. A second such factor is one that maintains human embryo-derived cells (including ES and EG cells) in a pluripotent state in the absence of feeder cells and in the absence of feeder cell extract.
The avoidance of feeder cells or feeder cell extracts has the benefit of reducing contamination of the culture by unwanted cells. Mouse cells have been used as feeder cells for human pluripotent cell cultures, and so the invention significantly reduces and may eliminate the risk of contamination of the human pluripotent cell population by non-human cells. If ES cell derived products are to be used in transplantation therapies, a guarantee of absence of non-human cells is likely to be essential, both for initial isolation of cells and also for subsequent propagation.
Also provided by the invention are conjugates of the factor with another functional domain. A first such conjugate comprises first and second domains, wherein the first domain comprises a factor of the invention and the second domain promotes uptake of the first domain into a cell e.g. protein transduction domains of antennapedia, HIV-1 TAT protein or HSV-1 VP22 (Schwarze et al., 2000). Hence, the conjugate can be used as a culture medium component. It is further optional for the second domain to include a nuclear localization sequence to assist in trafficking the factor to the nucleus after uptake into a cell.
To enable release of the first domain from the second in use, the first domain of a preferred conjugate may be cleaved from the second domain inside the cell. The first domain may be linked to the second domain by a di-sulphide bridge—which allows release of the first domain in the reducing environment of the cell. The first domain may be linked to the second domain covalently, allowing the link to be cleaved by a protease present in the cell. It is further optional for the second domain to comprise sequence permitting regulation of the activity of the factor, for example a steroid hormone receptor (Picard, 2000).
Further isolated polypeptides of the invention include (a) polypeptide molecules comprising an amino acid sequence as set out in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6 or 8; (b) naturally occurring variants of (a); (c) orthologues of (a) or (b), and (d) biologically active and diagnostically or therapeutically useful fragments, analogues and derivatives thereof.
The polypeptide of the present invention may be a recombinant polypeptide, a natural polypeptide or a synthetic polypeptide, preferably a recombinant polypeptide.
The terms “fragment”, “derivative” and “analogue” when referring to the polypeptide of the invention mean a polypeptide which retains essentially the same biological function or activity as such polypeptide. The fragment, derivative or analogue of the polypeptide of the invention may be (i) one in which one or more of the amino acid residues are substituted with a conserved or non-conserved amino acid residue (preferably a conserved amino acid residue) and such substituted amino acid residue may or may not be one encoded by the genetic code, or (ii) one in which one or more of the amino acid residues includes a substituent group, or (iii) one in which the mature polypeptide is fused with another compound, such as a compound to increase the half-life of the polypeptide (for example, polyethylene glycol), or (iv) one in which the additional amino acids are fused to the mature polypeptide, for example to facilitate purification of the mature polypeptide. Such fragments, derivatives and analogues are deemed to be within the scope of those skilled in the art from the teachings herein.
The polypeptides of the invention can also be used to prepare antibodies that specifically bind to pluripotency determining factor epitopes, peptides or polypeptides. Methods for preparing polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies are well known in the art (see, for example, Harlow and Lane, Using Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1999; and Hurrell, J. G. R., Ed., Monoclonal Hybridoma Antibodies: Techniques and Applications, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Fla., 1982, which are incorporated herein by reference). Polyclonal antibodies can be generated from a variety of animals, such as horses, cows, goats, sheep, dogs, chickens, rabbits, mice, and rats.
The immunogenicity of a pluripotency determining factor polypeptide may be increased through the use of an adjuvant, such as alum (aluminium hydroxide) or Freund's complete or incomplete adjuvant. Polypeptides useful for immunization also include fusion polypeptides, such as fusions of pluripotency determining factor or a portion thereof with an immunoglobulin polypeptide or with maltose binding protein. The polypeptide immunogen may be a full-length molecule or a portion thereof. If the polypeptide portion is “hapten-like”, such portion may be advantageously joined or linked to a macromolecular carrier (such as keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), bovine serum albumin (BSA) or tetanus toxoid) for immunization.
As used herein, the term “antibodies” includes polyclonal antibodies, affinity-purified polyclonal antibodies, monoclonal antibodies, and antigen-binding fragments, such as F(ab′)2 and Fab proteolytic fragments. Genetically engineered intact antibodies or fragments, such as chimeric antibodies, Fv fragments, single chain antibodies and the like, as well as synthetic antigen-binding peptides and polypeptides, are also included. Non-human antibodies may be humanized by grafting only non-human CDRs onto human framework and constant regions, or by incorporating the entire non-human variable domains (optionally “cloaking” them with a human-like surface by replacement of exposed residues, wherein the result is a “veneered” antibody). In some instances, humanized antibodies may retain non-human residues within the human variable region framework domains to enhance proper binding characteristics. Through humanizing antibodies, biological half-life may be increased, and the potential for adverse immune reactions upon administration to humans is reduced. Alternative techniques for generating or selecting antibodies useful herein include in vitro exposure of lymphocytes to pluripotency determining factor protein or peptide, and selection of antibody display libraries in phage or similar vectors (for instance, through use of immobilized or labelled pluripotency determining factor protein or peptide).
Antibodies are defined to be specifically binding if they bind to a pluripotency determining factor polypeptide with a binding affinity (Ka) of 106 M−1 or greater, preferably 107 M−1 or greater, more preferably 108 M−1 or greater, and most preferably 109 M−1 or greater. The binding affinity of an antibody can be readily determined by known techniques (for example, by Scatchard analysis).
A variety of assays known to those skilled in the art can be utilized to detect antibodies which specifically bind to pluripotency determining factor proteins or peptides. Exemplary assays are described in detail in Using Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Harlow and Lane (Eds.), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1999. Representative examples of such assays include: concurrent immunoelectrophoresis, radioimmunoassay, radioimmuno-precipitation, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), dot blot or Western blot assay, inhibition or competition assay, and sandwich assay. In addition, antibodies can be screened for binding to wild-type versus mutant pluripotency determining factor protein or peptide.
The polypeptides of the present invention additionally include the polypeptides of SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6 and 8 (in particular the mature polypeptide) as well as polypeptides which have at least 50% similarity (preferably at least 50% identity) to the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6 or 8 and more preferably at least 90% similarity (more preferably at least 90% identity) to the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6 or 8 and still more preferably at least 95% similarity (still more preferably at least 95% identity) to the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6 or 8 and also include portions of such polypeptides with such portion of the polypeptide generally containing at least 30 amino acids and more preferably at least 50 amino acids. “Similarity” between two polypeptides is determined by comparing the amino acid sequence and its conserved amino acid substitutes of one polypeptide to the sequence of a second polypeptide. Various different approaches are known for the calculation of sequence similarity and identity. Generally, a suitable way to perform these calculations is to run database searches using a program such as Smith-Waterman, BLAST or FASTA, and use one or preferably two or even three similarity tables. The Blosum and PAM (Point Accepted Mutation) matrices are suitable amino acids similarity matrices for database searching and sequence alignment. If Smith-Waterman or FASTA is used then it is relevant to ensure the open gap penalty is large enough, and if the initial runs do not uncover any homologous sequences it can be appropriate to try a different algorithm—this is particularly true if you started with one of the heuristic algorithms, BLAST or FASTA.
A yet further aspect of the invention lies in compositions containing the factor or the conjugate, and include a pharmaceutical composition comprising the factor or conjugate as described together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier; and a cell culture medium comprising the factor or conjugate as described.
Cell culture medium, containing a factor and/or a conjugate of the invention may additionally contain one or more components selected from the groups consisting of GMEM, serum, serum replacement, essential amino acids, β-mercaptoethanol, pyruvate and glutamine.
The culture medium optionally further contains an activator of gp130, and suitable activators include cytokines that act at the LIF receptor, e.g. LIF, and IL-6 in combination with soluble IL-6 receptor. The culture medium can be used for maintenance of pluripotent ES cells, especially ES, EC and EG cells and for self-renewal of pluripotent cells, especially ES, EC and EG cells. The medium can further be used for maintenance of somatic cells, especially somatic stem cells, and in a particular embodiment of the invention there is provided a method of self-renewal of somatic cells comprising culturing the cells in the presence of the medium and preferably propagating the cells in the medium. A still further use of the culture medium is for maintenance and/or propagation of cells derived from pluripotent cells.
Another application of the invention lies in expansion of cell populations, for example in expansion of somatic cells. An ex vivo therapy that can be carried out exploiting the invention comprises removing a population of cells from a patient, culturing the cells in culture medium of the invention so as to expand the cell population and thereafter transplanting or reintroducing the cells into the patient.
Further culture methods of the invention comprise maintaining and/or propagating cells using a combination of a factor of the invention and expression of Oct-4 and/or activation of Oct-4. The factor can be introduced as the factor per se or via a conjugate or using vectors as herein described. Oct-4 expression can be achieved by upregulating expression of an endogenous Oct-4 gene or by introducing an expression vector comprising Oct-4 into the cells. A combination of the factor of the invention and Oct-4 can be used to maintain and/or self-renew and/or propagate cells. In particular this combination can be used to provide enhanced pluripotent cell self-renewal and/or enhanced maintenance of pluripotency. The combination may further be used for derivation of pluripotent cell populations. In a specific embodiment of the invention it has been found that a combination of the factor and Oct-4 leads to improved pluripotent cell self-renewal, and this improvement is exploited in the derivation of new pluripotent cell lines, especially of human cells but also of other animals, including murine such as rat and mouse; primate such as monkey, especially macaque; porcine; sheep; and bovine pluripotent cells,
Pluripotent cells, especially ES cells, are suitably derived by transfecting blastocyst cells prior to plating or at plating, for example at the time that feeder cells are conventionally used, or at the time that the inner cell mass is spread onto a plate. The transfection can be carried out with cells on feeder layers or not on feeder layers, though there is an advantage in avoiding any contact between the cells to be transfected and feeder cells. It is known that transgenesis of pluripotent cells is achievable at this stage, including for pre-implantation embryos, and hence transfection so that a factor of the invention is expressed is used to derive stable, pluripotent cell populations.
Another use of the technology described lies in cellular and nuclear reprogramming, and accordingly the invention also provides a method of reprogramming the nucleus of a somatic cell, comprising contacting the cell with a factor of the invention and activating gp130 signalling in the cell, or comprising contacting the cell with a factor of the invention and expressing Oct-4 in the cell. For example, the reprogramming is carried out by transfecting the cell with a first vector that contains a nucleotide sequence encoding a factor of the invention, and with a second vector that contains a nucleotide sequence encoding a LIF receptor ligand or contains a nucleotide sequence encoding Oct-4.
The invention additionally provides polynucleotides encoding the factors of the invention. In use of the factor, there may be a number of different methods proposed for control or direction of expression of the factor so as to promote pluripotency of cells in culture or elsewhere. It is thus optional to include in the polynucleotide a sequence which regulates expression of the factor. This sequence may be a promoter, and can also be a promoter whose activity is regulated. Further polynucleotides of the invention encode the conjugates described above.
To control the level of factor in a given cell, a gene encoding the factor and present in the cell may be activated. Both endogenous and heterologous promoters and other regulatory elements may be used, as well as factors that act on these regulatory elements. One approach is to use a polynucleotide for inserting a regulatory sequence into the genome of a cell, wherein the regulatory sequence when inserted regulates expression of a gene encoding the factor. In this way, an endogenous gene can be turned on or its expression maintained. The regulatory sequence can be inserted by homologous recombination into the resident gene encoding the factor. The regulatory sequence may be a regulated promoter—for example an inducible promoter can be used so that the factor is expressed when culture medium contains an inducer; removing the inducer results in reduced expression of the factor and loss of pluripotent phenotype. Sequences which enable removal or inactivation of the promoter may also be included, to allow further control of expression of the factor.
Another method of controlling the level of a factor in a cell is to design or select sequence specific DNA binding polypeptide domains which recognize sequences in the promoter of the endogenous PDF gene, for example by using phage display (Isalan and Choo, 2001 Methods in Enzymology 340 p 593-609). Such sequence specific DNA binding domains may be used to activate or maintain transcription of the endogenous PDF gene by fusion to transcriptional activation domains. Alternatively, fusion of such sequence specific DNA binding polypeptide domains to silencer domains may be used to reduce PDF expression. Additionally, these fusions may be linked to other domains that promote uptake of the fusion protein into the cell. In this way molecules which act on the endogenous PDF gene itself may be administered to cells or expressed in cells.
The polynucleotides of the present invention may be in the form of RNA or in the form of DNA, which DNA includes cDNA, genomic DNA, and synthetic DNA. The DNA may be double-stranded or single-stranded, and if single stranded may be the coding strand or non-coding (anti-sense) strand. The coding sequence which encodes the mature polypeptide may be identical to the coding sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5 or 7 may be a different coding sequence which coding sequence, as a result of the redundancy or degeneracy of the genetic code, encodes the same mature polypeptide as the DNA.
The isolated polynucleotides of the invention may encode (a) polypeptide molecules comprising an amino acid sequence as set out in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6 or 8; (b) naturally occurring variants of (a); (c) orthologues of (a) or (b), and (d) biologically active and diagnostically or therapeutically useful fragments, analogues and derivatives thereof.
The polynucleotide which encodes for these polypeptides may also include additional coding sequence and/or non-coding sequence such as introns or non-coding sequence 5′ and/or 3′ of the coding sequence for the mature polypeptide. Thus, references to “polynucleotide” include reference to a polynucleotide which includes only coding sequence for the polypeptide as well as a polynucleotide which includes additional coding and/or non-coding sequence.
The present invention further relates to variants of the herein above described polynucleotides which encode fragments, analogues and derivatives of the polypeptide having the specified amino acid sequence. The variants of the polynucleotide may be naturally occurring variants of the polynucleotide or non-naturally occurring variants of the polynucleotide.
Thus, the present invention includes polynucleotides as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5 or 7 encoding the same mature polypeptide as well as variants of such polynucleotides which variants encode for a fragment, derivative or analogue of the factor. Such nucleotide variants include deletion variants, substitution variants and addition or insertion variants.
As herein above indicated, the polynucleotide may have a coding sequence which is a naturally occurring variant of the coding sequence shown in SEQ ID NO 1, 3, 5 or 7. As known in the art, an alternate form of a polynucleotide sequence may have a substitution, deletion or addition of one or more nucleotides, which does not substantially alter the function of the encoded polypeptide.
The present invention further relates to polynucleotides which hybridise to one or more of the herein above-described sequences if there is at least 70%, preferably at least 90%, and more preferably at least 95% identity between the sequences. The present invention particularly relates to polynucleotides which hybridise under stringent conditions to the herein above-described polynucleotides. As herein used, the term “stringent conditions” means hybridisation will occur only if there is at least 95% and preferably at least 97% identity between the sequences. The polynucleotides which hybridise to the herein above described polynucleotides in a preferred embodiment encode polypeptides which either retain substantially the same biological function or activity as the mature polypeptide encoded by the cDNAs of SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5 or 7.
Alternatively, the polynucleotide may have at least 20 bases, preferably at least 30 bases, and more preferably at least 50 bases which hybridise to a polynucleotide of the present invention and which has an identity thereto, as herein above described, and which may or may not retain activity. For example, such polynucleotides may be employed as probes for the polynucleotide of SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5 or 7, for example, for recovery of the polynucleotide or as a diagnostic probe or as a PCR primer.
Still further provided by the present invention are vectors for use in expressing the factor of the invention. A first vector comprises a polynucleotide of the invention as described above. A vector described and used in an example of the invention, set out in more detail below, is designed for transfection of a cell such that the factor is expressed in the cell and the transfected cell may be maintained in a pluripotent state. Generally, such vectors comprise the following operatively linked elements: a transcription promoter; a DNA segment comprising a polynucleotide of the invention; and a polyadenylation signal. A further option is for the vector additionally to encode for a selectable marker, with selection used to identify cells that have taken up and are expressing the vector. As an example, the vector can encode antibiotic resistance, with addition of antibiotic to the culture used to identify successful transfectants. Following transfection of the cell, the vector may be chromosomally integrated or maintained extra-chromosomally and the coding sequence on the vector expressed so that a level of the factor is maintained in the cell sufficient to keep the cell in a pluripotent state. A particular vector is designed for transfection of a cell expressing or containing polyoma large T antigen. Such a vector may have a polyoma origin of replication, such that the vector is stably maintained in the cell when polyoma large T antigen is present.
Further control and flexibility may be conferred on the system by using a promoter in the vector whose activity can be controlled. Thus, following transfection, the promoter may be in a non-active state, allowing the user to choose when to activate the promoter, for example using an inducible promoter the inducer can be added to culture medium. As an alternative, the promoter may be initially active but such that its activity can be reduced or turned off by addition of a suppressor substance to culture medium—this enables the user to determine, after a period of maintaining cells in a pluripotent state, to halt expression of the pluripotency determining factor from the vector, allowing the cells to differentiate and substantially clearing the culture of any remaining pluripotent cells. In preparation of differentiated progeny there is a need to remove undifferentiated cells, and thus this element of the invention provides this capability. A suitable system is the tet regulatory system (Baron & Bujard, 2000). The vector may additionally be constructed such as to enable its subsequent removal, or removal of the sequence encoding the factor, by site specific recombination.
A vector of a further embodiment of the invention comprises a nucleotide sequence which encodes a regulatory factor, wherein the regulatory factor regulates a gene encoding the factor of the invention. The regulatory factor can be used to activate or turn on or otherwise increase expression from the gene, which may be an endogenous gene or may be located extra-chromosomally. This particular vector has a number of uses. A transgenic line of animals may be prepared in which a gene encoding the pluripotency determining factor is substantially turned off. The transgenic animals can then be used to generate embryos and pluripotent cells explanted therefrom and transfected with this vector such that the regulatory factor of the vector turns on expression of the pluripotency determining factor, allowing maintenance of a culture of pluripotent cells. Alternatively, a binary transgenic animal can be generated containing both the vector for the regulatory factor and also the regulatable gene for a pluripotency determining factor. The latter can then be induced in vivo to mobilize stem cells.
A principal use of the factor, whether directly or by expression of a nucleotide sequence encoding the factor, is in maintenance of cells in a pluripotent state. The polynucleotide may be a sequence endogenous to the cell, for example the native sequence may be activated, to achieve the maintenance of pluripotency, or a nucleotide sequence introduced into the cell may be used. The introduced sequence may also be on a plasmid. A nucleotide encoding the factor may also be on a stably integrated transgene.
The invention hence provides a method of maintaining a pluripotent cell population, comprising administering to that population a factor of the invention. A further culture method is to maintain a cell in a pluripotent state by activating a gene in the cell that encodes a factor of the invention. A yet further culture method for maintaining a cell in a pluripotent state comprises maintaining or increasing expression of a gene in the cell that encodes a factor according to the invention.
The pluripotency determining factors of the invention can also be used to increase the potency of a somatic or non-pluripotent cell. Hence, a method of the invention comprises increasing the potency of a cell by exposing the cell to a pluripotency determining factor, this exposure optionally being carried out by introducing the factor into the cell or expressing in the cell a nucleotide sequence encoding the factor. The increase in potency of the cell may be such as to re-programme the nucleus of the cell, leading to the somatic or non-pluripotent cell being converted into a pluripotent stem cell. Alternatively, the effect of the factor of the invention upon the cell may be to increase its potency but not to increase its potency so far as to render the cell pluripotent. Once a cell has had its potency increased, the cell may then be subjected to differentiation down a different lineage, and hence the factor of the invention can be useful in respecifying the lineage of a given cell.
The factor enables a number of different strategies for obtaining pluripotent cells to be pursued. In one such strategy, a pluripotent non-human cell is isolated by creating a transgenic animal, the animal containing a construct in which a nucleotide sequence encoding the factor of the invention is under the control of a regulated promoter. A transgenic embryo is then obtained from the transgenic animal and a cell, such as an epiblast cell or a primordial germ cell, obtained from the embryo. By activation of the promoter the factor is expressed in the cell and, subsequently, pluripotent cells can be isolated. In this approach, therefore, the transgenic animal is made as an initial step and this approach is particularly suitable where procedures exist for creation of transgenic animals. In another approach, which can for example be adopted in species in which it is not possible or in which it is technically more demanding to make transgenic animals, a nucleotide encoding the factor of the invention is introduced into a cell in a freshly isolated cell population and a pluripotent cell isolated thereafter. In this latter approach, cells from the freshly isolated cell population are transfected quickly, that is to say without allowing the cells to remain in culture for sufficient time for them to have differentiated before at least one cell is transfected such that the factor is expressed in that cell. As mentioned, this approach can have particular utility in deriving and maintaining pluripotent cells from mammals or other animals in which it is not possible to make transgenic animals. Hence, also included within the invention are transgenic animals obtainable by these methods and transgenic animals containing a nucleotide sequence encoding a factor according to the invention under control of a regulatable promoter.
Methods are described herein in which the factor and functional analogues, variants, fragments and derivatives are used to promote maintenance of pluripotency. Another benefit of the invention and the identification of pluripotency determining factors is that we now have the opportunity to devise antagonists to these pluripotency determining factors, which antagonists can be used to inhibit the activity of pluripotency determining factors or otherwise act as antagonists to such factors. Antagonists to the factors can be used to promote differentiation of a pluripotent cell, and this has utility for example in situations in which it is desired to eliminate pluripotent cells either from a culture or in vivo. The present invention also enables production of animals that are dominant negative for the factor, such as animals containing dominant negative variants or other dominant negative mutants of the gene encoding the factor.
Thus, also provided by the invention is a composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier plus an antagonist of a factor of the invention. Antagonists can be used to effectively remove pluripotent cells prior to introduction of pluripotent cell-derived progeny into a patient, such as in cell therapy, avoiding for example teratomas and/or other tumours due to contamination of transplanted material by pluripotent cells. This can be applied in vivo or in vitro. Another use for the antagonist is as a contraceptive. A further use of the antagonist of the invention is generally for treatment of tumours, in particular tumours associated with inappropriate expression of a factor of the invention.
Cells are provided by the invention in which the expression or activity of a factor of the invention has been manipulated. These cells can be maintained in a pluripotent state. A first cell of the present invention expresses a factor of the invention for a period of time in excess of 2 weeks. Further cells of the invention are (1) a cell comprising a vector of the invention, (2) a pluripotent, human cell, maintained in a pluripotent state in the absence of feeder cells and in the absence of feeder cell extract, and (3) a cell comprising a gene encoding a factor according to the invention wherein the gene has been activated.
Cells of the invention can also be used in a screen for molecules that interfere with the function of the factor of the invention. One such screen comprises culturing a pluripotent cell in the presence of a factor of the invention, the factor being present for example by being provided in cell culture medium or by being expressed in the cell, culturing the cell in the presence of a test substance and observing whether there is any alteration in the pluripotent phenotype of the cell. This assay can be used to select for antagonists of the factor or for other molecules that interfere with its activity. The screen can also be used to identify test substances with functions of inducing differentiation of the cell.
Cells of the invention can additionally be used in assays for drug discovery. Cells of the invention may also be used for cell therapy, and thus a method of the invention comprises using the factor of the invention to derive and/or maintain pluripotent cells, deriving cells for cell therapy therefrom and using those cells in cell therapy.
A screening method of the invention, for screening a cDNA library, comprises performing the screen in pluripotent cells, and selecting for a self-renewing phenotype. The screen can use pluripotent cells that are cytokine non-responsive, and has advantage in that both extrinsic and intrinsic factors can be thereby identified.
The invention further provides a method of screening a cDNA library comprising carrying out a complementation assay in pluripotent cells. The method can be employed to identify a cDNA which confers a self-renewing phenotype.
The invention yet further provides a method of screening for a factor that maintains a pluripotent cell in a pluripotent state, comprising:—
providing a pluripotent cell which expresses a pluripotency determining factor of the invention, which cell is stably maintained in a pluripotent state and in which expression of the factor can be controlled;
carrying out a manipulation of the cell;
reducing expression of the pluripotency determining factor; and
selecting for a cell that is maintained in a pluripotent state.
Manipulations can be designed so as to result in a screen for extrinsic factors, cell surface receptors, cDNAs or other factors, and suitable manipulations include a genetic manipulation of the cell and a manipulation of culture medium or culture conditions in which the cell is cultured. The screen can thereby be made suitable for identifying a factor which controls expression of an endogenous gene coding for a pluripotency determining factor of the invention or for a further factor that maintains the cell in a pluripotent state. Preferably, expression of the factor is controlled by regulating a regulatable promoter in operative combination with a nucleotide sequence encoding the factor, enabling expression of the factor to be reduced, so as to remove the activity of the pluripotency determining factor, by adding a repressor to medium in which the cell is cultured. Cells that remain pluripotent can then be isolated and characterized to determine the identity of the factor that has substituted for pluripotency determining factor.
A further screen of the invention is one for identifying regulation of the endogenous gene, and the invention further provides a method of screening for a factor that regulates expression of an endogenous gene which codes for a pluripotency determining factor of the invention, comprising:—
Regions of the genome that flank the endogenous gene and direct pluripotent cell restricted expression of the factor are preferably identified, suitably by transfection of reporter constructs, so that the screen can identify one or more components in the ES cell extract that are putative transcription factors for pluripotency determining factor. Further analysis of the results of the screen can include research into whether control of the putative transcription factor, such as via an extracellular substance, has already been identified. The thus identified controlling factors can be used to derive and/or maintain pluripotent mammalian cells.
The term “orthologue” denotes a polypeptide or protein obtained from one species that is the functional counterpart of a polypeptide or protein from a different species. Sequence differences among orthologues are the result of speciation.
The term “allelic variant” denotes any of two or more alternative forms of a gene occupying the same chromosomal locus. Allelic variation arises naturally through mutation, and may result in phenotypic polymorphism within populations. Gene mutations can be silent (no change in the encoded polypeptide) or may encode polypeptides having altered amino acid sequence.
The term “expression vector” denotes a DNA molecule, linear or circular, that comprises a segment encoding a polypeptide of interest operably linked to additional segments that provide for its transcription. Such additional segments may include promoter and terminator sequences, and may optionally include one or more origins of replication, one or more selectable markers, an enhancer, a polyadenylation signal, and the like. Expression vectors are generally derived from plasmid or viral DNA, or may contain elements of both.
The term “isolated”, when applied to a polynucleotide molecule, denotes that the polynucleotide has been removed from its natural genetic environment and is thus free of other extraneous or unwanted coding sequences, and is in a form suitable for use within genetically engineered protein production systems. Such isolated molecules are those that are separated from their natural environment and include cDNA and genomic clones. Isolated DNA molecules of the present invention are generally free of other genes with which they are ordinarily associated, but may include naturally occurring 5′ and 3′ flanking regions containing regulatory elements such as promoters, enhancers and terminators. The identification of associated regions will be evident to one of ordinary skill in the art (see for example, Dynan and Tijan, Nature 316:774-78, 1985). When applied to a protein, the term “isolated” indicates that the protein is found in a condition other than its native environment, such as apart from blood and animal tissue. In a preferred form, the isolated protein is substantially free of other proteins, particularly other proteins of animal origin. It is preferred to provide the protein in a highly purified form, i.e., greater than 95% pure, more preferably greater than 99% pure.
The term “operatively linked”, when referring to DNA segments, denotes that the segments are arranged so that they function in combination for their intended purposes, e.g. transcripts initiate in the promoter and proceed through the coding segment to the polyadenylation site.
The term “polynucleotide” denotes a single- or double-stranded polymer of deoxyribonucleotide or ribonucleotide bases read from the 5′ to the 3′ end. Polynucleotides include RNA and DNA, and may be isolated from natural sources, synthesized in vitro, or prepared from a combination of natural and synthetic molecules.
The term “complement” with respect to polynucleotide molecules denotes polynucleotide molecules having a complementary base sequence and reverse orientation as compared to a reference sequence. For example, the sequence 5′ ATGCACGGG 3′ is complementary to 5′ CCCGTGCAT 3′.
The term “degenerate nucleotide sequence” denotes a sequence of nucleotides that includes one or more degenerate codons (as compared to a reference polynucleotide molecule that encodes a polypeptide). Degenerate codons contain different triplets of nucleotides, but encode the same amino acid residue (i.e., GAU and GAC triplets each encode Asp).
The term “promoter” denotes a portion of a gene containing DNA sequences that provide for the binding of RNA polymerase and initiation of transcription. Promoter sequences are commonly, but not always, found in the 5′ non-coding regions of genes.
The invention is now described in the following specific embodiments, illustrated by the accompanying drawings in which:—
Pluripotency Determining Factor
Design of Screen
A functional screen of a cDNA library was designed to meet two criteria. Firstly, the frequency with which cDNA can be introduced into cells and maintained for the duration of the screen was to be high enough so that screening a complex library of 105-106 independent cDNAs is practical. This is fulfilled by the combined use of LRK1 cells (described below) which express polyoma large T antigen and the polyoma origin containing vector pPyCAGIP (
Preparation of LRK1 Cells
A cell line which could be supertransfected at high frequency with polyoma origin containing vectors was required in order to enable cDNA library screening to proceed at high efficiency. The cell line E14/T, a derivative of E14Tg2a cells which had been transfected with the plasmid pMGD20neo (Gassmann et al. 1995) and which supported replication of a supertransfecting plasmid was chosen as this line retained the ability to differentiate efficiently upon withdrawal of LIF. This line was subjected to two rounds of gene targeting aimed at the LIFR locus. The targeting vectors employed used the same homology arms as previously described (Li, Sendtner & Smith, 1995) but the selectable marker cassette was replaced with an IRESBSDrpA and an IREShphpA cassette for the first and second rounds of gene targeting, respectively. The resultant cell line (LRK1) retained a high supertransfection efficiency and was no longer responsive to LIF or other cytokines which can direct ES cell self-renewal via stimulation of LIFR. LRK1 cells were routinely maintained in the presence of IL6 and sIL6R, which allowed stimulation of ES cell self-renewal via gp130 (Yoshida et al., 1994).
Library Construction
Co-cultures of γ-irradiated primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts and ES cells (ZHTc6 cells; Niwa et al 2000) were initiated and maintained in standard ES cell medium lacking cytokines. The number of cells in the co-cultures was such that the MEFs formed a confluent monolayer and the ES cells were seeded such that they would be in excess of the MEFs after 3 days of growth. Staining of a representative plate for Alkaline phosphatase (a marker of ES cells) allowed estimation of the numbers of ES cells present at the time of cell lysis. This gave a ratio of ES RNA/MEF RNA of 12:1. RNA was prepared from 20 F180 flasks of cells and polyadenylated RNA was prepared. RNA quality was monitored by examining a Northern blot for LIFR transcripts; only RNA producing a sharp 11 kb band with no detectable degradation was used further. cDNA was synthesized from polyadenylated RNA by oligo d(T) priming using reagents supplied in the Superscript plasmid system for cDNA synthesis and plasmid cloning (Life Technologies). cDNA was fractionated on a polyacrylamide gel and after recovery of cDNA>1 kb by electroelution, cDNA was ligated into Xhol/Notl digested pPyCAGIP. A library of 7.4×105 primary recombinants was produced after electroporation of E.coli strain DH10B. DNA was prepared from bacteria after overnight growth on 15 cm diameter petri dishes seeded with 5×104-105 colonies each.
Library Screen
DNA (25 μg) from either library or empty vector was introduced into LRK1 cells (6×106) by electroporation and cells were seeded at 106/9 cm dish or 5×104/9 cm dish and cultured in IL6/sIL6R. After 2 days, medium was changed to include puromycin and the cytokine was withdrawn from the high density plates. Cytokine was maintained on the low density plates to monitor transfection efficiency. Medium was changed every 2 days until 9 days post transfection. At this time there were no cells alive on the mock transfected plates and the plates transfected with empty vector alone contained only differentiated cells. In contrast, some of the plates transfected with library DNA contained colonies which appeared morphologically to resemble undifferentiated cells. Extrachromosomal DNA was therefore prepared from the cells on these plates and transferred to E.coli DH10B. DNA was prepared from pools of 104 bacterial colonies and this was re-introduced into LRK1 cells and the selection process described above repeated. Of 10 pools screened 2 appeared positive and extrachromosomal DNA was prepared from these 14 days post-transfection. DNA from one of these pools was further examined as detailed below. After transfer to E.coli DH10B, DNA from a pool of approximately 250 colonies was prepared, re-introduced into LRK1 cells and the selection process repeated. DNA was prepared from cells 14 or 19 days after transfection. These were transferred to E.coli DH10B and 12 miniprep DNAs prepared from the DNA harvested at 14 days post transfection and 9 minipreps prepared from the DNA harvested at 19 days post-transfection. These DNAs were sequenced using an oligonucleotide located upstream of the 5′cloning site.
Confirmation of Results
Sequence analysis of the 9 DNAs prepared 19 days post transfection indicated that one of these plasmids contained a partial cDNA, one gave an uninterpretable sequence and 2 gave the same sequence which matched a full length sequence in the Genbank database. Four of the remaining 5 plasmids lacked a cDNA insert and contained deletions to within 2 base pairs of each other within the IRES. The final plasmid lacked a cDNA insert and had a deletion which removed a further 275 base pairs from the IRES. To confirm that some of these plasmids conferred the self-renewal activity a pool containing equal weights of all 9 plasmids was prepared and transfected into LRK1 cells and subjected to the selection process described above. In contrast to cells transfected in parallel with an empty vector control, which all differentiated, cells transfected with the pool of 9 plasmid DNAs exhibited an undifferentiated morphology. To determine which of the 9 plasmids conferred the self-renewal activity individual plasmids was transfected into LRK1 cells and the selection process described above repeated. Plasmids carrying the partial cDNA, the uninterpretable sequence as well as representatives of either of the 2 classes of deletion within the IRES failed to confer self-renewal activity. In contrast both of the two plasmids which matched the full length sequence in the Genbank database re-capitulated the self-renewal phenotype. This was judged both morphologically and by sustained expression of the marker alkaline phosphatase for 10 days.
Sequence analysis of the 12 DNAs prepared 14 days post-transfection, showed that 4 of these matched the same sequence as the 2 plasmids detailed above. One of these was transfected into LRK1 cells and possessed the ability to confer cytokine-independent self-renewal as judged by the maintenance of an undifferentiated colony morphology, sustained expression of alkaline phosphatase for at least 14 days and sustained Oct4 expression for at least 8 days. Furthermore, a comparison of transfections of the PDF cDNA with a similar plasmid in which the cDNA sequences were restricted to the open reading frame showed PDF activity to lie within the ORF.
Reversible Expression of a Pluripotency Determining Factor (PDF) Transgene
In order to demonstrate that the acquisition of a cytokine independent pluripotential phenotype caused by expression of PDF in ES cells was reversible a transgene was made in which the transcription unit encoding PDF could be excised by site-specific recombination.
As a starting point, a plasmid encoding PDF identified in the initial library screen was modified by placing a loxP site between the promoter and the translation initiation codon of PDF and a second loxP site after the polyadenylation signal. The downstream loxP site was followed by the coding sequence of a GFP indicator gene and a polyadenylation signal. In this way, cells which had excised the loxP flanked PDF gene could be identified by their altered fluorescent colour (see
The plasmid encoding PDF was linearised in the vector backbone and transfected into germ-line competent E14Tg2a cells. Cells were selected for growth in medium lacking gp130 stimulating cytokines. Individual clones were checked for green fluorescence and non-fluorescent clones were expanded in the absence of cytokine for 2 weeks. To eliminate the self-renewing effects of juxtacrine LIF family members, the LIF antagonist hLIF-05 was added to the medium during this period. Thereafter, the culture was split in two. The first of these cultures was maintained as before while the other was maintained in LIF and transfected with a plasmid encoding Cre (pCAGGCreGS). After 2 days, the cells were plated at low density and individual colonies examined microscopically. Green fluorescent colonies were expanded and their genomic DNA analysed to confirm excision of transgenic PDF sequences.
Cells carrying both the floxed PDF gene or the excised transgene were then injected into blastocysts separately and the recipient blastocysts transferred to foster mothers. At various times thereafter, embryos were dissected and analysed. Fluorescence microscopy allowed determination of the contribution of cells carrying the excised transgene to fetal tissues of all three germ layers. Some chimaeras were allowed to be born and subsequently mated to demonstrate germline transmission from the manipulated ES cells.
Analysis of the Expression of PDF mRNA in Pluridotent Cells
Northern blotting analysis demonstrates that PDF mRNA is expressed in EC and ES cells but not in cell lines which are not pluripotent such as NIH3T3 fibroblast cells and B9 myeloid cells. Moreover, PDF expression decreases when ES cells are induced to differentiate by addition of retinoic acid to the cultures. In situ hybridisation experiments indicate that PDF mRNA is present in the inner cell mass of embryos at day 3.5 of development but not in later blastocysts nor in egg cylinder stage embryos. Therefore, expression correlates with cells which are either themselves established pluripotent stem cell lines or are embryonic pluripotent cells from which stem cells can be established.
Thus, analysis by Northern blotting confirmed that PDF mRNA is expressed in ES cell/MEF co-cultures from which the cDNA library was synthesised (
Examination of the human orthologue of PDF showed the corresponding mRNA to be expressed in an embryonal carcinoma cell line but not in a lymphoid cell line (
Pdf mRNA is found in pluripotent ES and EG cells and also in both mouse and human EC cells, but appears to be absent in other types of cell line (
Maintenance of Pluripotent Human Embryonic Stem Cells in the Absence of Feeders/Feeder Extract
Human ES cells are cultured on a feeder layer of γ-irradiated mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) in 80% DMEM medium, supplemented with 100 units/ml LIF, 1 mM glutamine, 0.1 mM 2mercapto-ethanol, 1% nonessential amino acids, 4 ng/ml basic fibroblast growth factor and 20% KnockOut SR (a serum-free formulation) (GIBCO-BRL).
The plasmid shown in
Puromycin resistant ES cell lines are assessed for their ability to be serially passaged and subcloned in the absence of a feeder layer over the course of 6 weeks.
The differentiation potential of these cells is then tested (Eiges et al. 2001) following excision of the floxed PDF expression cassette as described.
Characterisation of the PDF cDNA
A search for recognisable domains in the PDF sequence using SMART (smart.embl-heidelberg.de (Letunic et al., 2002; Schultz et al., 1998)) revealed the presence of a homeodomain between amino acid resides 96 and 155, with no other obvious relationship to previously characterised proteins. Further analysis by BLAST revealed that PDF was most closely related to several members of the NK2 family. However, in no case was this identity greater than 50% (
A comparison of PDF with the most closely related human sequence revealed overall identity of 60%. Sequence conservation was most pronounced over the homeodomain where the two sequences were 87% identical (
In the 3′UTR of the PDF mRNA there is a B2 repetitive element oriented in the opposite transcriptional direction to PDF (
Analysis of hPDF Function in Mouse ES Cells
The ability of the human PDF orthologue to replicate the activity of mouse PDF was tested by placing the human ORF in the pPyCAGIP vector and transfecting mouse ES cells. This shows that the human sequence was capable of directing cytokine independent self-renewal of mouse ES cells (
In Vivo Expression of mPDF
We examined distribution of PDF mRNA in vivo (
Relationship of PDF with Other Known Mediators of Pluripotency.
The dose response of ES cells to increasing levels of PDF was assessed by episomal expression in LRK1 cells. This was achieved by transfection of episomal constructs directing differing levels of cDNA expression (
We investigated whether the co-operative effect of the gp130 signal and PDF overexpression is due to the PDF gene being a transcriptional target of STAT3. Using chimaeric receptors in which the intracellular portion of gp130 is linked to the extracellular portion of GCSF-R it is possible to investigate STAT3 targets in ES cells. An analysis of the eight known SOCS family members, which are all potential STAT targets, indicated that only SOCS3 is significantly stimulated in ES cells by LIF (
Relationship of PDF with Oct 4
The ability of PDF to substitute for Oct4 in self-renewal of ES cells was then tested using ZHBTc4.1 cells. These cells carry two null alleles for Oct4 but their self-renewal can be sustained due to the presence of a doxycycline responsive Oct4 transgene (Niwa et al., 2000). When the expression of the Oct4 transgene is repressed by administration of doxycycline, the cells differentiate. ZHBTc4.1 cells were transfected with linearised pPyCAGIP sequences carrying no insert, Oct4 or PDF. As previously documented, this Oct4 plasmid prevents the differentiation caused by doxycycline induced repression of the Oct4 transgene (Niwa et al., 2002). However, the PDF expression vector could not (
ES Cell Identity is Faithfully Maintained by PDF Expression
We investigated the consequences of PDF transfection in ES cells that do not contain polyoma LT. A loxP containing construct was employed such that the PDF cDNA could subsequently be excised by Cre recombinase. Following isolation of stable integrants, site specific recombination can then be used to remove the PDF ORF and simultaneously bring GFP under CAG promoter control (
Clonal transfectants were isolated by selection in puromycin and expression of PDF transgene mRNA was confirmed by Northern analysis (
Subsequently, LIF was added and cells were transiently transfected with Cre. Colonies in which the PDF expression cassette had been eliminated were identified by expression of GFP and a restoration of puromycin sensitivity. This procedure was performed using two independent ES cell lines E14Tg2a and ZIN40. Chromosomal spreads were examined for several of the resulting clones and in all cases were found to be predominantly 40XY.
Colony forming assays were performed as a rigorous assessment of the phenotype of PDF transfectants and their Cre-treated derivatives. Cells were plated at clonal density in medium supplemented with LIF, without LIF or with the LIF antagonist hLIF-05. After culture for 6 days, plates were stained for alkaline phosphatase activity and the proportion of colonies consisting solely of undifferentiated cells quantitated (
The difference in the proportion of cells expressing the PDF transgene forming fully undifferentiated colonies in the presence or absence of LIF is accompanied by a change in the morphology of the colonies (
Forced expression of PDF allows ES cells to self-renew in the absence of gp130 stimulation, culture conditions in which the parental cells differentiate. We next determined whether PDF expressor cells would self-renew or differentiate when exposed to agents that normally cause differentiation. When cultured for four days following exposure to 3-methoxybenamide (MBA) or all-trans retinoic acid (RA), PDF expressing cells retained an undifferentiated appearance, whereas cultures of both the GFP derivatives and the parental cells underwent morphological differentiation (data not shown). These morphological features are reflected at the molecular level in continued expression of Oct4 by PDF expressors compared with dramatic down-regulation in Cre derivatives (
The ability of PDF expressing cells to respond to cellular interactions that induce differentiation was then investigated by aggregation in suspension culture, conditions that lead to formation of multidifferentiated embryoid bodies from parental ES cells (Doetschman et al., 1985). After eight days in aggregation culture, embryoid bodies were plated singly per well of a 48 well dish and subsequently scored daily for spontaneous contractions, an indicator of cardiomyocyte differentiation.
Finally, we investigated whether forced expression of PDF circumvents the requirement for LIF-R/gp 130 mediated signaling in maintenance of embryo colonisation properties. PDF transfectants (isolated in the absence of LIF and then cultured in the presence of LIF antagonist for over 1 week) from which exogenous PDF sequences had been removed by Cre mediated excision, were injected into mouse blastocysts. To date we have assessed Cre derivative lines from one of the PDF transfectants. Examination of the resulting chimaeras at mid-gestation demonstrated widespread contribution of the cells to tissues of the developing embryos as revealed by GFP expression (
These results establish: (i) that cells expressing the PDF transgene self-renew in a cytokine independent manner; (ii) that LIF acts co-operatively with the PDF transgene to confer enhanced self-renewal capacity; and, (iii) that the effects of PDF transgene expression are fully reversible following transgene excision.
Expression of PDF cDNA in a Human Pluripotent Cell Line
In this study, we have demonstrated the factor-dependent maintenance of pluripotentiality following expression of the human cDNA for Pluripotency Determining Factor (hPDF) in a human pluripotent EC cell line. This clonally derived cell line, Germ Cell Tumour 27X-1 (GCT27X-1), kindly provided by Assoc. Prof. Martin Pera, Monash Institute for Reproduction and Development (MIRD), Melbourne, Australia) has been previously shown to give rise to yolk sac, trophoblast, skin, cartilage, glandular epithelium, neurectoderm and other tissues representative of the three primitive germ layers in xenografts. The same cell line also shows spontaneous differentiation in vitro into somatic and extraembryonic cell types (Pera et al., 1998). The GCT 27X-1 cell line is routinely maintained either on a layer of mitotically inactivated mouse STO feeder cells (
The hPDF transcription factor is endogenously expressed in pluripotent GCT 27X-1 hEC cells (
Here we demonstrate the loss of pluripotentiality in GCT 27X-1 feeder-free cell cultures in response to the withdrawal of the yolk sac carcinoma cell-derived conditioned medium and the maintenance of pluripotentiality at a clonal level where exogenous hPDF is expressed.
These findings show that the hPDF transcription factor provides a basis for robust culture systems for human ES cells.
Experimental Strategy
A construct containing a human cDNA sequence encompassing the open reading frame for the hPDF gene was transfected both by lipofection and electroporation techniques into the GCT 27X-1 cells. Stable transfectant colonies were established in the absence of feeder cells, with and without the addition of GCT 44-derived conditioned medium required for the support of hEC cell growth and maintenance. Stable colonies were selected in the presence of the puromycin antibiotic and those showing the maintenance of a tight hEC phenotype (as judged by morphology) were picked and expanded from both conditions. These clonal hPDF-expressing cell lines were subsequently tested at both routine and clonal density for their ability to maintain a pluripotent phenotype in the absence of conditioned medium, with wild type GCT 27X-1 cells and GCT 27X-1 cells transfected with a similar construct but lacking the hPDF sequence as controls.
Definitive undifferentiated hEC cell phenotype in PDF-expressing cells was confirmed by indirect immunofluorescent staining for the marker Cluster Designation 30 (CD30), a member of the Tumour Necrosis Factor receptor superfamily. CD30 is a specific marker of human EC cells and is downregulated during in vitro differentiation (Latza et al., 1995; Pera et al., 1997). There is no evidence for the presence of CD30 on mouse EC or mouse ES cells.
This experimental strategy is outlined in flow chart form (
Materials and Methodology
Vector Constructs
An 8.8 kb construct, termed Floxed hPDF (
A similar non-floxed construct pPyCAGegfpIP (“GFP control” vector), (
hEC Cell Culture
GCT 27X-1 cells were routinely cultured on a feeder layer of mitotically inactivated mouse STO cells in a 1:1 v/v αMEM/Ham's F-12 medium (Invitrogen, Groningen, The Netherlands) supplemented with 2 mM L-Glutamine (Invitrogen), 2.7 g/L sodium bicarbonate (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo., USA) and 10% FCS (Commonwealth Serum Laboratories, CSL, Melbourne, Australia), and maintained at 37° C. with 5% CO2. Cells were passaged each 7 days using digestion with a 5 mg/ml dispase solution (Sigma) prepared in the above medium, and replated at a density of no less than 1/10th of the harvest.
For transfection experiments and clonal assays, GCT 27X-1 cells were cultured without STO feeder cells but with the addition of conditioned media obtained from the feeder-free culture of a human yolk sac carcinoma-derived cell line CGT 44 (cells kindly provided by Martin Pera, MIRD, Melbourne, Australia) at 25% v/v in the supplemented αMEM/Ham's F-12 medium described above. Single cell suspensions were prepared by trypsin digestion with a 0.025% trypsin (Invitrogen)/1 mM EDTA (Sigma)/1% chicken serum (Invitrogen) solution prepared in PBS buffer. Clonal density cell cultures were seeded at 200-300 cells/cm2 and low density cultures at 5000 cells/cm2.
The GCT 44 cell line was routinely maintained on mitotically inactivated mouse STO feeder cells in high glucose DMEM medium (Invitrogen) supplemented with 2 mM L-Glutamine (Invitrogen), 3.7 g/L sodium bicarbonate (Sigma) and 10% FCS (CSL), and maintained at 37° C. with 5% C02 but passaged by digestion with a 0.25% trypsin (Invitrogen)/1 mM EDTA (Sigma) solution prepared in PBS buffer. Conditioned medium was collected on days 7, 10 and 14 from feeder-free cultures, filter sterilized and stored at 4° C. for up to 2 months. Each batch of conditioned medium was tested for the ability to maintain feeder-free clonal cultures of GCT 27X-1 hEC cells as described above (data not shown).
The mouse STO feeder cells (kindly provided by Martin Pera, MIRD, Melbourne, Australia) were routinely maintained in high glucose DMEM medium (Invitrogen) supplemented as above for GCT 44 culture. Routine STO cultures were passaged twice-weekly by digestion with a 0.25% trypsin (Invitrogen)/1 mM EDTA (Sigma) solution prepared in PBS buffer. Mitotic inactivation of STO cells was achieved by incubation of a routine culture for 2-3 hours in a 16 μg/ml Mitomycin-C solution (Sigma) prepared in supplemented DMEM medium (as above) and washed twice with PBS prior to trypsinisation.
For routine morphological examination of hEC cells, cultures were fixed and stained with Leishman's as previously described (O'Brien, 2001).
Cell cultures were routinely inspected by phase-contrast microscopy using either Leica DMIL (Leica Microscopy Systems, Wetzlar, Germany) or Nikon Diaphot 300 (Nikon Inc., Melville, N.Y., USA) microscopes. Fluorescing control GFP cell cultures were examined on a Nikon Diaphot 300 microscope using a 470/40 nm Nikon filter. Fluorescent data was captured on a Leica DFC300 F imaging system. All cell culture was performed using tissue culture grade plasticware supplied by Falcon (Becton Dickinson, Lincoln Park, N.J., USA) or Nunc (Roskilde, Denmark).
Stable Integrative Transfection of hEC Cells
The floxed hPDF and GFP control vectors were each linearised by standard Pvu/restriction enzyme digestion and transfected into GCT 27X-1 cells by both electroporation and lipofection strategies.
Electroporation: A single cell suspension of 20-30×106 hEC cells was prepared by trypsin digestion and transfected with 40 μg of linearised DNA using a BTX ECM830 square wave electroporator (BTX, San Diego, Calif., USA), set to deliver an electrical discharge of 0.8 kV and a time constant of 0.1 ms (3 μF capacitance).
Lipofection: 2×106 hEC cells were seeded to a 78.5 cm2 culture dish one day prior to transfection. Lipofection was performed by incubation of the cells in serum free medium for 6 hours with Lipofectamine 2000 reagent (Invitrogen) at 60 μg (1 μg/μl solution) and 20 μg of linearised DNA, according to the manufacturer's instructions. Cells were trypsinised 48 hours post-lipofection and plated at the same densities as for electroporated cells.
Transfected cells and control untransfected cells were plated at a density of 2×106 cells in 78.5 cm2 dishes (˜25,500 cells/cm2) and cultured for up to 15 days both with and without conditioned medium, refreshing medium each 3-4 days. Puromycin selection was applied 2-3 days following transfection, initially at 0.4 μg/ml then at 1.0 μg/ml from days 10-15 post-transfection for effective selection of stable integrants. Puromycin resistant hEC colonies were picked into 2.0 cm2 wells and expanded for subsequent freezing and further analyses. To ensure maintenance of self-renewing GFP control hEC cell lines, only colonies from conditioned medium plates were picked and expanded. All procedures for achieving stable integrative transfection of hEC cells were essentially as previously described for mouse ES cells (O'Brien, 2001).
CD30 Immunostaining
hEC cell cultures were prepared for indirect immunofluorescent staining with a mouse anti-human CD30 monoclonal antibody (Dako, Glostrup, Denmark) by washing twice with PBS buffer, fixing in ethanol for 10 minutes on ice and storing at −20° C. Staining was performed using a 1:20 dilution of the primary antibody in a 0.1% Triton X-100 (Sigma)/2% goat serum (Invitrogen)/13.3% v/v BSA (Invitrogen) staining diluent prepared in PBS buffer. A Cy™3-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG secondary antibody (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories Inc., Westgrove, USA) was used at a 1:200 dilution in the above diluent buffer. CD30 positive cells were viewed using a 535/50 nm Nikon filter and comparative Hoechst (Sigma) staining with a UV 330-380 nm Nikon filter. Fluorescent data was captured on a Leica DFC300 F imaging system. All procedures for immunofluorescence staining were as described in SCS Ltd laboratory protocols.
Northern Blot Analysis
Poly A+ mRNA was prepared from subconfluent cultures of GCT 27X-1 cells cultured both on STO feeder cells and without feeder cells but in the presence of conditioned medium as described above. In addition, poly A+ mRNA was prepared from routine cultures of STO cells and E14Tg2a mouse ES cells, as controls for subsequent hybridisation. RNA lysates were prepared directly from cell cultures and poly A+ mRNA isolated by affinity chromatography on oligo(dT) cellulose (New England Biolabs, Beverly, Mass., USA) as previously described (O'Brien, 2001).
Extracted mRNA samples (3-3.5 μg) were electrophoresed on a 1% w/v agarose/0.66 M formaldehyde denaturing gel run in 1×MOPS buffer. RNA was transferred to Hybond N+ charged membranes (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Amersham, Buckinghamshire, UK) and hybridised with a 32P-labelled (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) 960 bp hPDF cDNA fragment isolated by Eco RI restriction enzyme digestion from the pPyCAGhPDFIP vector (vector kindly supplied by Ian Chambers, ISCR, Edinburgh, UK). An 800 bp Hind III/EcoR I fragment of Gapdh coding sequence was used to re-hybridise some membranes to provide a loading control for mRNA samples (plasmid DNA kindly provided by Kate Loveland, MIRD, Melbourne, Australia). Membranes were exposed to Biomax MS (Kodak, Cedex, France) and Hyperfilm MP (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) X-ray films between intensifying screens at −70° C. for up to 24 hrs. Blotting, hybridisation and routine molecular procedures were performed as described by Sambrook et al., (1989).
Results
Self-Renewal and Differentiation of GCT 27X-1 Cells
Routine culture of the GCT 27X-1 hEC cells was established as described in the methodology. Maintenance of a pluripotent phenotype was demonstrated, as judged by morphology, when cultured on a layer of STO feeder cells (
Endogenous Expression of hPDF in hEC Cells
To confirm endogenous expression of the hPDF gene in pluripotent GCT 27X-1 cells, a poly A+ mRNA Northern blot was prepared and hybridised with a radiolabelled probe corresponding to ˜900 bp of hPDF cDNA sequence contained in the Floxed hPDF vector. Results in
The ˜2.4 kb transcript detected in GCT 27X-1 hEC cell mRNA corresponds with that observed previously for a nullipotent hEC cell line GCT 27C4 derived from the same parental line.
Transfection of hPDF and Control GFP Vectors
In trial transfection experiments with the GFP control vector, both electroporation and lipofection strategies gave comparable results in GCT 27X-1 cells (data not shown). Transfection of GCT 27X-1 hEC cells with the Floxed hPDF vector was performed by both electroporation and lipofection, with a comparative GFP control vector transfection done by the lipofection method only (Table 2).
Stable integrative colonies harbouring the Floxed hPDF vector were established as feeder-free cultures both in the presence and absence of conditioned medium. Stable integrative colonies harbouring the GFP control vector were established under the same conditions, for the same number of plated cells. Stable, moderate sized colonies were established in 10-15 days for both vectors, with puromycin control plates for untransfected cells essentially clear of growth after this time.
Results in Table 2 indicate a slightly higher efficiency of transfection of GCT 27X-1 cells by lipofection than electroporation for the Floxed hPDF vector, but appear to show no difference in the number of stable hPDF integrant colonies established in the presence of conditioned medium to those without conditioned medium, compared with GFP control transfectants. While the culture of transfected cells without conditioned medium does not appear to hinder the ability for colonies to become established, the morphology of these does however, differ for Floxed hPDF and GFP control transfectants, as discussed in the following section (see Table 3).
An equivalent number of primary colonies, all displaying a tight pluripotent hEC phenotype were picked and expanded from both conditions for the hPDF transfectants. While GFP control colonies were established without conditioned medium for observation of morphology in stable colonies (see Table 3), these were not picked due to the anticipated initiation of differentiation in these colonies over this time frame.
It was noted that transfected hPDF cells appeared to take the same amount of time to establish colonies either in the presence or absence of conditioned medium, however, following picking those growing without conditioned medium expanded at a slower rate than those cultured with conditioned medium. This is a similar observation to that for PDF-expressing mouse ES cells established in cultures with and without LIF (see Example 8). It is also noteworthy that GFP control colonies expanded in conditioned medium displayed a slightly faster growth rate than their hPDF counterpart.
Morphological Observations for hPDF and GFP Control Transfectants
Stable transfectant colonies established following transfection with the Floxed hPDF and GFP control vectors and cultured in the presence and absence of conditioned medium were compared morphologically following Leishman's staining (Table 3). Colonies were scored as “tight”, “medium” or “loose” to describe those puromycin resistant colonies maintaining a tight pluripotent phenotype, those starting to differentiate while maintaining some hEC phenotype and those that were completely loose and differentiated, respectively (
Examination of colony morphology for primary transfectants, as shown in Table 3, indicates that while hPDF transfectants displayed a higher degree of tight hEC morphology in conditioned medium compared with GFP control transfectants, there was an increase in the ability for hPDF transfectants to hold a pluripotent phenotype without conditioned medium compared with GFP control colonies—for which an increase in loose, differentiating phenotype was observed.
While the variation in morphology for transfectants resulting from each vector may be influenced by the site of DNA integration into the genome, those resulting from the floxed hPDF transfection appear to display an increased ability to establish and maintain a pluripotent phenotype, even more so under conditions that would normally initiate differentiation and loss of pluripotency in colonies.
Generally, colonies observed on those hPDF transfection plates cultured without conditioned medium were smaller in size than those growing in conditioned medium, albeit with many displaying a tight pluripotent phenotype. It also remains possible that a synergistic effect occurs where hEC cells expressing exogenous hPDF are cultured in the presence of conditioned medium.
Maintenance of Pluripotency in hPDF-Expressing Transfectants
The ability of hPDF-expressing stable transfectant lines to definitively maintain a pluripotent phenotype under conditions that normally initiate GCT 27X-1 cell differentiation was confirmed by indirect immunofluorescent staining with the CD30 marker, specific to pluripotent hEC cells and not expressed in differentiating cell types.
Six hPDF-expressing cell lines, including one established and cultured without conditioned medium from the time of transfection, were cultured at a clonal density in both the presence and absence of conditioned medium. Four of the GFP control hEC transfectant cell lines (maintained in conditioned medium for self-renewal) as well as untransfected GCT 27X-1 hEC cells (also maintained in conditioned medium without feeder cells since the time of transfection experiments), were cultured in parallel at clonal density under the same conditions as for the hPDF lines. Morphological analysis and CD30 indirect immunofluorescent staining was performed when GFP control and GCT 27X-1 cells cultured without conditioned medium demonstrated complete or significant differentiation of colonies. It was noted that the untransfected GCT 27X-1 cells established expanded colonies at a faster rate than GFP control and hPDF cell lines.
Cell lines expressing the hPDF cDNA were shown to maintain a pluripotent phenotype at clonal density, with and without conditioned medium, while the GFP control cells and GCT 27X-1 cells could only maintain pluripotency where conditioned medium was present in the culture.
Results in
Results in
It was observed that the hPDF E7 cell line displayed a generally tighter hEC colony morphology (
This demonstrates that exogenous expression of the human PDF cDNA in a human pluripotent cell line results in the maintenance of a pluripotent phenotype under conditions that normally drive these cells to differentiate and lose the ability to self-renew.
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| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
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| 0202149.1 | Jan 2002 | GB | national |
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| PCT/GB03/00366 | 1/30/2003 | WO | 00 | 4/21/2005 |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
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| WO03/064463 | 8/7/2003 | WO | A |
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
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| 20050196754 | Drmanac et al. | Sep 2005 | A1 |
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| WO 9622693 | Aug 1996 | WO |
| WO 9730151 | Aug 1997 | WO |
| WO 0166697 | Sep 2001 | WO |
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| 20050255573 A1 | Nov 2005 | US |
