Patent Application
20130174640
This disclosure relates to monitoring the contamination in a cleanroom involved in fabrication processes of semiconductor substrates, such as wafers.
Standardized Mechanical InterFace (SMIF) technology was developed to create mini clean environments for housing and transporting semiconductor substrates, such as silicon wafers. A SMIF pod is a container (usually made of an optically transparent plastic material such as polycarbonate) designed to accommodate wafers of a particular size in a wafer-storage cassette, which can be accessed by an operator or by automated mechanical interfaces from manufacturing tools that generally comprise robotic-based semiconductor production equipment. Each Pod has a number of standard recognition points such as coupling plates, pins, holes and/or electronic tags that can be recognized by operators or robotic machinery.
A conventional SMIF Pod protects the wafers during some front-end wafer fabrication processes by isolating the wafers from contamination by providing a mini environment with controlled airflow, pressure and particle count. The wafers therefore remain in a carefully controlled environment whether in the SMIF pod or in a manufacturing tool, without being exposed to the surrounding airflow in the environment around the Pod.
A SMIF Pod has a bottom-opening “door” so that when a SMIF pod is placed on a port on a manufacturing tool, the cassette containing the wafers can be lowered into the tool and the wafers removed by robotics. The SMIF Pod includes a cover that mates with the door to provide a sealed environment for the wafers within the cassette. SMIF Pods are typically used for wafer sizes of about 200 mm diameter or less wafers.
Larger wafers generally employ a Front Opening Unified Pod (FOUP). A FOUP has an access “door” located on a side that is perpendicular to horizontally stored wafers that can be used for 300 mm diameter wafers. Automated transfer systems for use with FOUPs are known. FOUPs are designed to be lifted and lowered by automated material handling systems (AMHS), such as overhead hoist transport (OHT) systems.
Disclosed embodiments recognize although the intention of conventional storage Pods for semiconductor substrates is to protect the semiconductor substrates from particulates and other sources of contamination such as gases in the environment surrounding the Pod, such storage Pods can be susceptible to airborne molecular contaminate (AMC) events because the Pod may not be fully hermetically (airtight) sealed. Therefore the AMC's potential impact on semiconductor substrate quality, and therefore die yield, has been overlooked.
Prior to disclosed Pods, such as when using coated wafers as gas sensors for AMC sensing (sometimes referred to as “witness wafers”), it was necessary to manually transfer the witness wafer in and out of the storage Pod to allow the witness wafer to have a direct exposure for a sufficient exposure time to the AMC in the cleanroom to provide the needed AMC-induced effect. This manual procedure is not manufacture-friendly as it involves both manual labor and time.
Disclosed Pods solve the problem of sensing AMCs including the environmental atmosphere conditions surrounding Pods by including at least one air permeable region comprising an aperture in the top cover of the Pod to allow sensing for AMCs inside the Pod, thus removing the need to remove the gas sensor from the Pod to expose the gas sensor to surrounding gases. The aperture(s) allows surrounding gases in an environment around the storage Pod to flow into the storage Pod and circulate inside the Pod to expose a gas sensor in the storage Pod to the surrounding gases. The gas sensor provides a response while in the Pod within an exposure time if the surrounding gases include the target gas. The gas sensor can comprise a coating that is sensitive to at least one target gas by generating a measurable response from exposure to a target gas, such as a witness wafer having a metal or metal alloy coating that is sensitive to one or more halogens. The presence of the target gas can be determined from a property of the gas sensor, such as an optical or electrical property.
Example embodiments are described with reference to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals are used to designate similar or equivalent elements. Illustrated ordering of acts or events should not be considered as limiting, as some acts or events may occur in different order and/or concurrently with other acts or events. Furthermore, some illustrated acts or events may not be required to implement a methodology in accordance with this disclosure.
Disclosed embodiment include a method 100 of automatically sensing the presence of at least one target gas in surrounding gas from within a storage Pod having semiconductor substrates therein, according to an example embodiment. Method 100 is generally performed in a cleanroom used for semiconductor fabrication. As known in the art, a cleanroom provides a low level of environmental pollutants such as dust, airborne microbes, aerosol particles and chemical vapors.
Step 101 comprises providing a storage Pod and a gas sensor sensitive to at least one target gas within the storage Pod. The gas sensor can be part of a gas detector system that can be small enough so that the entire detector system including its battery can be fit within the storage Pod. A plurality of product substrates (e.g., product wafers) are within the storage Pod with the gas sensor, typically oriented horizontally within slots of a wafer cassette.
The storage Pod includes a top cover comprising a NAP material having faces including a top and a plurality of sides, a bottom base plate having a locking structure configured for providing a locking position where the plurality of sides of the top cover are locked to the bottom base plate, and for providing an unlocked position where the plurality of sides of the top cover are detached from the bottom base plate. The NAP material can comprise a polymer, such as polycarbonate which is a polymer that provides optical transparency.
The top cover includes at least one aperture in the NAP material for allowing surrounding gases in an environment around the storage Pod to flow into the storage Pod. In some embodiments there are a plurality of apertures, such as machined (e.g., drilled) perforations in the NAP. The Pod apertures also allow the air to circulate in the storage Pod to expose the gas senor in the Pod to the surrounding gases which is taught away by conventional logic in the wafer fab since as noted above storage Pods are designed to be hermetically sealed to keep all the surrounding gases in the cleanroom out of the Pod.
Disclosed gas permeable regions provide significantly more gas flow into the Pod as compared to Pods that may not be fully hermetically (airtight) sealed, such as due to manufacturing defects or wear on seals over time. As used herein, “flow into the storage pod” refers to the air comprising gas velocity from the atmosphere surrounding the Pod through at least a portion of the aperture in the Pod being at least 0.01 linear feet/per minute for a clean room air flow of 70 ft/min, where the Pod is in an unobstructed location in the clean room, such as on a table.
Step 102 comprises flowing the surrounding air in the cleanroom through the aperture(s) into the storage Pod to expose the gas sensor to the surrounding air in the cleanroom for an exposure time. The air flow in the cleanroom alone can provide the driving force to flow the surrounding gases through the aperture into the storage Pod. The gas sensor in the storage Pod includes a suitable sensor material that generates a measurable response from exposure to the air in the cleanroom when the air in the cleanroom includes a target gas species. The response in one embodiment comprises forming a compound that includes target gas or a component thereof. In the embodiment the target is a halogen, the sensor materials can comprise a suitable metal or metal alloy coating that forms a compound upon exposure to the halogen, referred to as a “witness” wafer. The witness wafer has a coating which is sensitive to a halogen, such as shown in
Step 103 comprises determining a presence of the target gas in the clean room air around the storage Pod based on a detection signal from the gas sensor or evaluating at least one property of the gas sensor. In some embodiments the method further comprises removing the gas sensor from the storage Pod and then interrogating the gas sensor, such as when the gas sensor comprises a witness wafer. In the embodiment the gas sensor is removed from the storage Pod before interrogation, the exposure time during step 102 while the gas sensor is in the storage Pod is generally greater than the time between removal of the gas sensor from the storage Pod and interrogation. For example, the exposure time can be a plurality of hours, while the time between removal of the gas sensor from the storage Pod and interrogation can be less than one hour.
In one embodiment the gas sensor automatically generates a detection signal upon exposure to the target gas. In another embodiment, the property comprises color of the sensor material, where the sensor material provides a detectable change in color upon exposure to the target gas. The color change may be detected by an operator or by a machine. In another embodiment gas sensor comprises a witness wafer that is interrogated to generate a detection signal, where the interrogation can comprise optical or electrical interrogation.
Depending on the size of the detector system utilized, either the full detector system can be integrated within the storage Pod, or only the gas sensor and an optional wireless transmitter can be integrated within the Pod so that the sensor signals are evaluated outside the Pod by a remote computer or processor coupled to a wireless receiver for receiving the sensing signals. The processor can be configured to activate an alarm which can be activated when it is determined a target gas, such as a halogen, is present, or when the target gas is present above a predetermined concentration.
Apertures 271 can be formed in a conventional solid top cover such as solid top cover 210 shown in
In the embodiment depicted in
Like known storage Pod 200, storage Pod 250 includes a bottom base plate 270 having a locking structure configured for providing a locking position wherein the plurality of sides of the top cover 262, 263 can be locked to the bottom base plate 270, and for providing an unlocked position where the plurality of sides 262, 263 of the top cover 260 are detached from the bottom base plate 270. There is a wafer cassette 276 shown sitting on the bottom base plate 270. The wafer cassette 276 is for holding semiconductor substrates (e.g., semiconductor wafers), and in the embodiment shown includes a gas sensor comprising a coated witness wafer 255 having a coating that is sensitive to the target gas in one of the slots of the wafer cassette 276.
In one particular embodiment the target gas can comprise at least one halogen and the coating can comprise a metal comprising coating. The sensor material for the coating may comprise any suitable material that generates a measurable response from exposure to a target gas species. Such sensor materials can comprise a suitable metal or metal alloy that demonstrate a detectable change in at least one property thereof upon contact with target gas, such as a fluorine or chlorine containing material. Many of the transition metals and noble metals including, for example, but not limited to, Ni, Cu, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Nb, Mo, Ru, Pd, Ag, Ir, Al, and Pt, readily form various non-volatile fluorinated compounds in contact with fluorine and chlorine containing gaseous components and exhibit detectable changes, such as changes in light scattering or in electrical resistance, that may be used for the practice of disclosed embodiments.
In one embodiment the coating can provide a surface that changes its light scattering properties upon exposure to target gas to allow optical-based detection. The light source (e.g., laser) and the photodetector(s) can be positioned in the storage Pod, positioned outside the Pod, or partly positioned inside the Pod and partly positioned outside the Pod.
More generally, at least a gas sensor sensitive to at least one target gas of a gas detector system is within the storage Pod while gas sensing operations take place. For example, as disclosed above, the sensor can comprise electrical-based detection by providing a coating which provides a resistivity that is sensitive to exposure of a target gas. In this embodiment a power supply and resistivity measurement device/circuit can optionally also be positioned within the Pod.
A light source such as a laser 310 shown illuminates the witness wafer 315 with a laser beam at a given angle e. A photodetector 316 is positioned to collect the reflected laser light. When present the halogen or other target gas reacts with the coating 311 on the witness wafer 315, so that the amount of reflected laser beam light detected by photodetector 316 will decrease due to increasing backscattered light. Electronic processing such as filtering and analog to digital conversion followed by digital signal processing provided by the processor 326 shown can be applied to the signal from the photodetector 316 to determine at what threshold is considered a problem, and then monitoring (e.g., triggering of an alarm) can be set for these levels.
Example embodiments are described with reference to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals are used to designate similar or equivalent elements. Illustrated ordering of acts or events should not be considered as limiting, as some acts or events may occur in different order and/or concurrently with other acts or events. Furthermore, some illustrated acts or events may not be required to implement a methodology in accordance with this disclosure.
