Patent Application
20080026155
It has been found that (meth)acrylate type monomers with at least three (meth)acrylate group per monomer molecule and one or more ethyleneoxy groups per (meth)acrylate group in said monomer, when formulated with a cellulose ester and coated onto a so-called “powder image phosphor” or “PIP” screen or onto a “needle image phosphor” plate also called “NIP” screen, result, after UV and EB curing, in a significant improvement in cleanability with ethanol relative to the cellulose ester without (meth)acrylate additives. Moreover it has been shown that the improvement is much less pronounced with other types of (meth)acrylates.
According to the present invention a photo-curable or electron beam curable composition has been provided, wherein said composition comprises (1) a polymer or copolymer and (2) a (meth)acrylate type monomer having at least three (meth)acrylate group per monomer molecule and at least one ethyleneoxy group per (meth)acrylate group in said monomer.
In the photo- or electron beam curable composition according to the present invention, the polymer is a cellulose ester.
More particularly in that photo- or electron beam curable composition the ratio by weight of cellulose ester to (meth)acrylate type monomer is between 1:2 and 100:1.
In order to allow the photo-curable composition according to the present invention to be curable, e.g. with UV radiation, said composition essentially comprises a photoinitiating system, i.e. in form of a photo initiator.
For EB curing, no photoinitiating system is required.
According to the present invention the photo-curable composition is in form of a solution in order to provide a layer-forming formulation, providing ability to be coated. The screen or panel according to the present invention thus comprises a support and a phosphor or scintillator layer thereupon, wherein said phosphor or scintillator layer is covered with the layer-forming formulation disclosed hereinbefore, in form of a dried layer obtained after photo or electron beam curing.
According to the present invention, in favor of image sharpness, the said dried layer obtained after photo or electron beam curing has a thickness of at most 30 μm, preferably in the range from 1 μm to 15 μm, and even more preferably in the range from 2 μm to 6 μm.
In the method of curing a layer-forming formulation according to the present invention, curing proceeds by ultra-violet radiation or by electron beam curing.
Moreover in the method according to the present invention, curing proceeds by ultra-violet radiation or by electron beam curing. More in particular curing proceeds after coating said layer-forming formulation as a protective coating upon a phosphor layer or scintillator layer present on a support, followed by drying.
In the method according to the present invention, said coating is performed by doctor blade coating or by bar coating.
Embodiments for the layer arrangement of the phosphor or scintillator screen, plate or panel are selected from following.
The layer arrangement of the screen or panel is normally so that, coated upon a support layer, there is an intermediate layer between support and phosphor layer (such as parylene as disclosed in US-A 2004/0051441 and US-A 2004/0051438 or another, e.g. dye-containing layer as in U.S. Pat. No. 6,927,404) wherein such a parylene layer may also be present between phosphor layer and outermost protective layer or topcoat as in U.S. Pat. No. 6,710,356 or as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,822,243. A good adhesion between the two protective layers is advantageously provided when use is made of a phosphoric acid ester compound as disclosed in US-A 2005/0067584. The parylene layers mentioned above are particularly recommended to be applied as layers protecting the phosphor or scintillator from moisture, as is appreciated well when use is made of alkali metal halide scintillators or phosphors, known as being very sensitive to humidity of the environment.
The support can be any support known in the art: any solid of an organic or inorganic nature, which can assume any geometrical shape, such as foils, fibers (e.g. carbon fiber reinforced resin sheets and more particularly sheets, each of which includes carbon fibers arranged in a direction and impregnated with a heat resistant resin such that directions of the carbon fibers in the carbon fiber reinforced resin sheets are different from each other), and particles can be used. As an inorganic non-metallic support chemically reinforced glass or crystallized glass can be used. Inorganic metallic supports, suitable for use are, e.g. metal substrates such as those of aluminum, titanium, lead, iron, copper, steel, molybdenum, beryllium; supports of metallic and non-metallic oxides such as those of aluminum, titanium, lead, copper, beryllium, manganese, tungsten, vanadium, and silicon oxides.
As an organic support a polyimide sheet, epoxy compounds and thermoplastic and thermosetting compounds of different compositions, polyether, polyester and polycarbonate compositions may be used, without however being limited thereto. It is recommended to subject the support to cleaning procedures as to washing and degreasing before applying a protective layer unit or arrangement as set forth above.
According to the present invention a panel is preferred, wherein the phosphor layer is a photostimulable phosphor layer, also called “storage phosphor layer”. This does not mean that the conventionally known prompt emitting phosphor layers in intensifying screens as well as scintillators in scintillator panels may not take profit from the topcoat according to the present invention, as those panels are also sensitive to mechanical damage and to organic cleaning solutions.
When a storage phosphor screen with a topcoat layer has protruding beads it is important that the beads do not touch mechanical parts of the scanner and that this is true even when the storage panel shows some wobble during transport in the scanner. Therefore beads when used as spacing particles in a storage phosphor screen of the present invention preferably have a median volume diameter, dv50, so that 0.5 μm≦dv50<25 μm and a median numeric diameter, dn50, so that 0.1≦dv50/dn50≦1.20. Further the beads are preferably adapted to the thickness, t, of the layer B on the storage panel of the present invention so that said polymeric beads have a median volume diameter, dv50, wherein 0.25≦dv50/t≦4.0.
The storage phosphor layer in a panel of the present invention may comprise any photostimulable phosphor known in the art.
According to the present invention, in said screen or panel, covered with the photo-cured or electron beam cured layer-forming formulation as set forth hereinbefore, said phosphor is a powder phosphor. Well-known powder phosphors suitable for use in a screen or panel according to the present invention are rare earth activated alkaline earth fluorohalide phosphors. So a phosphor screen or panel according to the present invention preferably has, as a phosphor composition a lanthamide activated alkaline earth metal fluoro halide type phosphor.
In another embodiment, in said screen or panel, covered with the photo-cured or electron beam cured layer-forming formulation, said phosphor is a needle-shaped phosphor. In a more particular embodiment, when said phosphor has been vapor deposited onto a support in a vapor depositing system by thermal or by electron beam vaporization, said phosphor is a binderless phosphor.
Such a panel wherein said binderless photostimulable phosphor is a CsX:Eu stimulable phosphor, wherein X represents a halide selected from the group consisting of Br and Cl has e.g. been disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,802,991. Besides CsX as a matrix compound and Eu as a dopant, impurities and further elements, whether or not as impurities, may be present in the phosphor composition as described in US-A 2006/0076525. Such binderless CsX:Eu stimulable phosphor layers are especially in favor of sharpness due to a good absorption and optical reflection within needle-shaped phosphor crystals. Between said needles voids are present which may be filled, up to a defined extent, as has been set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 6,800,362 and US-Application 2003/0168611. Further in favor of image sharpness said phosphor particles may be colored with a nanocrystalline dye as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,977,385.
When on such a phosphor layer with needle shaped phosphor crystals, separated by voids, a layer A with very low water permeability is deposited, it is preferred that this layer A is a chemical vapor deposited parylene layer, while such a layer not only covers the surface of the needle crystals, but also covers the voids between the needles thus protecting the edges of the phosphor needles thoroughly against humidity. A phosphor panel of the present invention may also comprise edge reinforcements as the ones described in e.g. US-A 5 334 842 and US-A 5 340 661.
A phosphor panel of the present invention can be a self-supporting panel as well as a panel comprising a support. This support can be any support known in the art, but in view of the desired high humidity resistance of the screens, a support with very low water vapor permeability is preferably used.
A preferred support is a support of anodized aluminium and the supports as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,815,095 and US-Application 2003/0134087.
In a particular embodiment of the present invention the area of the phosphor layer is smaller than the area of the support so that the phosphor layer does not reach the edges of the support. Thus a panel with a support having a surface larger than the main surface of the phosphor layer, so that the phosphor layer leaves a portion of the support free, and wherein the protective layer comprising layer A and topcoat layer B covers at least in part the portion of the support left free by the phosphor layer represents a particular embodiment of the present invention as already disclosed hereinbefore. An advantage of such a construction resides in the fact that the edges of the phosphor layer do not touch mechanical parts of the apparatus and are thus less easily damaged during use of the panel, more particularly e.g. during transport in the scanner. Another advantage of this construction is that no special edge reinforcement is necessary (although, if desired, further edge reinforcement can be applied). Although a construction of a phosphor panel wherein the surface of the phosphor layer is smaller than the surface of the support, so that the phosphor layer does not reach the edges of the support, represents a specific embodiment of the present invention, such a construction can be beneficial for the manufacture of any phosphor panel covered with any protective layer known in the art.
In the case wherein between the support material and the phosphor layer a parylene layer is present, the surface roughness of the covered support shows a better smoothness as surface roughness decreases (preferably 0.5 or less and even more preferably 0.1 or less), as described in US-A 2004/0051438 which may be in favor of depositing columnar crystals or needles having smaller diameters, thereby leading to an improved packing density of the said needles per square unit of the surface area of the vapor deposited photostimulable phosphor layer and improved sharpness or image definition. More details about dimensions of such columnar, needle-shaped or cylindrical phosphors have been disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,967,339.
In the screen or panel according to the present invention said phosphor is a photostimulable phosphor as applied in CR technology. The photostimulable screen or panel is coated onto a so-called “powder image phosphor” or “PIP” screen (preferably coated with europium doped barium fluorohalide phosphor particles) or onto a “needle image phosphor” plate also called “NIP” screen (preferably coated by vapor deposition with CsBr:Eu needle-shaped crystals). Said needle-shaped crystals present in a binderless layer may be scraped off from the support whereupon vapor deposition has been applied, optionally milled in order to reduce the length of the needles (normally in the range from 100 up to 1000 μm), and coated after having been dispersed in a binder and forming a pseudo-PIP screen.
An advantage of the present invention relative to using UV/EB curable monomers or mixtures of monomers which do not contain a polymer such as a cellulose ester, is that the coated material is not liquid or sticky after drying, meaning that the phosphor coating can be rolled up for transportation before the UV/EB curing step.
As an advantageous effect of the present invention the physical stability of the phosphor or scintillator imaging plates has been proved to satisfy the most stringent requirements, in that the image quality is not changed over a long period of frequent use and re-use.
While the present invention will hereinafter be described in connection with preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood that it is not intended to limit the invention to those embodiments.
Products used were the Following:
Cellit CAB 381-2: cellulose acetate butyrate, commercially available from Eastman chemicals.
A1: Ebecryl 1290: Hexafunctional aliphatic urethane acrylate containing an acrylated polyol diluent, commercially available from UCB.
A2: SR256. 2(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethyl acrylate, commercially available from Sartomer.
A3: SR203: tetrahydrofuryl methacrylate, commercially available from Sartomer
A4: SR508. Dipropyleneglycol diacrylate, commercially available from Sartomer
A5: SR444: Pentaerythritol triacrylate, commercially available from Aldrich
A6: SR454. Ethoxylated(3) trimethylolpropane triacrylate commercially available from Sartomer
A7: CN435. Ethoxylated(15) trimethylolpropane triacrylate, commercially available from Sartomer
Preparation of Topcoat Solutions Containing Cellulose Ester and Cellulose Ester/Acrylate Mixtures
The formulations were made by adding together the components shown in the Table 1 and stirring until the solid components were dissolved in the solvent mixture.
The solutions were coated with a doctor blade at a wet thickness of 80 microns onto a CR powder phosphor screen. The coatings were then dried in a ventilated oven at 70° C. for 30 minutes, allowed to cool to room temperature and then passed three times under a Technigraf UL00855 UV lamp with a belt speed of 3 m/min.
The coatings were then treated with ethanol by rubbing the coatings 3 times with a cotton pad soaked in ethanol.
The powder phosphor screen was prepared as follows, before being coated with the covering protective layers as described above:
Preparation of the Phosphor and the Phosphor Layer
Preparation of the Photostimulable Phosphor was Performed as follows.
Ba0.859 Sr0.14 Eu0.01 F2 was prepared by adiabatic reaction of the appropriate amounts of BaCO3, SrCO3 and Eu2O3 in an aqueous dispersion with HF.
A raw mix was made by thoroughly mixing the following ingredients in the following proportions:
The phosphor was made in 3 Firing Steps:
First Firing Step:
Three crucibles, each containing 165 g of raw mix were placed in a quartz tube, which was sealed with a flange having a gas inlet and a gas outlet with water lock. After flushing with N2 for 15 minutes, the quartz tube was placed in a box furnace at 850° C. Dwell time in the furnace was 2 hours and the tube was flushed with N2 at 1.5 l/min.
After that firing the tube was taken out of the furnace and left to cool for 30 minutes while being flushed with N2.
Next, the crucibles were taken out of the tube and the powder was deagglomerated with mortar and pestle.
The deagglomerated powder was milled on an Alpine AFG-100 air mill with three 3 mm nozzles, a milling chamber pressure of 3 bar and a wheel rotation rate of 3,500 r.p.m.
Second Firing Step:
Three crucibles containing 230 g of first fired material each, were placed in a quartz tube, which was sealed with a flange having a gas inlet and a gas outlet with water lock. The quartz tube was immediately placed in a box furnace at 725° C. Dwell time in the furnace was 5.5 hours and the tube was flushed with N2 at 1.5 l/min.
After that firing the tube was allowed to cool in the furnace to 450° C. while being flushed with N2. Next, the tube was opened, taken out of the furnace and allowed to cool further for 30′. The crucibles were taken out of the tube and the powder was deagglomerated with mortar and pestle.
The deagglomerated powder was milled again on an Alpine AFG-100 air mill with three 3 mm nozzles, a milling chamber pressure of 3 bar and a wheel rotation rate of 3,500 r.p.m.
Phosphors prepared in the above described way were used as starting material in order to prepare fine phosphor samples.
The fine phosphors were made by remilling (3rd milling), refiring in the same way as in the second firing and remilling (4th milling) on the Alpine AFG-100 air-jet mill.
3rd and 4th milling rates were 9.000 rpm.
The final fine particle size powder phosphor was separately dispersed in a binder solution (see phosphor layer composition hereinafter).
Preparation of the Phosphor Layer:
STANN JF95B and KRATON FG19101X were dissolved while stirring in the prescribed amounts in 41.65 g of a solvent mixture from methylcyclohexane, toluene and butyl acetate in ratios by volume of 50:35:15. The phosphors were added thereafter and stirring was further proceeded for another 10 minutes at a rate of 1700 r.p.m. Then the phosphor lacquer was given a ball-mill treatment during 1 min at 1700 r.p.m.
The composition was doctor blade coated at a coating rate of 2.5 m per minute and a thickness of 600 μm onto a subbed 175 μm thick polyethylene terephthalate support and dried at room temperature during 30 minutes. In order to remove volatile solvents as much as possible the coated phosphor plate was dried at 60° C. in a drying furnace.
Results with respect to cleanability of the top-coat layer are shown in Table 2.
Poor cleanability means that a substantial amount of the top-coat was visibly removed by rubbing with ethanol.
Good cleanability means that the top-coat was not at all removed by cleaning with ethanol.
It is clear from Table 2 that only the formulations F6 and F7 provide good cleanability for the screens, i.e. when the top-coat is made of a cellulose ester type polymer and a (meth)acrylate type monomer with at least three (meth)acrylate group per monomer molecule and at least one ethyleneoxy group per (meth)acrylate group in said monomer.
Having described in detail preferred embodiments of the current invention, it will now be apparent to those skilled in the art that numerous modifications can be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention as defined in the appending claims.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 06118157.4 | Jul 2006 | EP | regional |
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/837,667 filed Aug. 15, 2006, which is incorporated by reference. In addition, this application claims the benefit of European Application No. 06118157.4 filed Jul. 31, 2006, which is also incorporated by reference.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60837667 | Aug 2006 | US |
