Patent Application
20140106127
This disclosure relates to polymers that have a superhydrophobic surface as well as related methods and articles.
Superhydrophobic surfaces having a water contact angle greater than 150° and a water slip-off angle less than 10° can have many potential applications, such as from small non-wetting micro/nanoelectronics to large self-cleaning industrial equipment.
Numerous methods and materials have been developed to fabricate superhydrophobic surfaces. For practical applications, such surfaces should exhibit mechanical and chemical stability as well as abrasion resistance. For example, if a superhydrophobic, surface is touched by a bare hand, the touched area of the surface could be contaminated by salt and oil and therefore could have an increased surface energy, which reduces the surface hydrophobicity. In addition, the force exerted by touching could damage the fragile rough structure of the surface, which could result in permanent loss of its superhydrophobicity. However, despite ongoing efforts, most reported artificial superhydrophobic surfaces suffer from poor mechanical and/or chemical stability.
In addition to mechanical and/or chemical stability, a commercially viable superhydrophobic surface should exhibit a reliable resistance to water pressure. In practice, a static pressure could be generated by immersing a hydrophobic surface under water and a dynamic pressure could be generated by applying water droplets or water streams onto a hydrophobic surface. Recent research shows that even a lotus leaf can be wetted within one hour after immersed under water at a depth of 0.55 m (i.e., under a water pressure of about 0.78 psi).
This disclosure includes the unexpected discovery that a polymer having a superhydrophobic surface (e.g., having a water contact angle of at least about 150°) can be prepared in a facile method by laminating the polymer sheet with a template (e.g., a mesh) or a layer of a nanomaterial (e.g., nanoparticles or nanofibers). The superhydrophobic surface thus formed has excellent mechanical properties, chemical resistance, abrasion resistance, and/or static and dynamic water pressure resistance. The method is a simple, low-cost process that is compatible with large scale manufacturing.
In one embodiment, an article is disclosed that comprises a polymer with a hydrophobic surface with a water contact angle of at least about 150°. The article includes a plurality of nanoparticles disposed on the hydrophobic surface, at least some of which are partially embedded in the polymer and partially exposed on the hydrophobic surface.
In another embodiment, an article is disclosed that comprises a polymer with a hydrophobic surface with a plurality of protrusions. Each protrusion comprises a top surface and a side wall. A plurality of nanoparticles are disposed on the hydrophobic surface, at least some of which are partially embedded in the polymer and partially exposed on the hydrophobic surface. The plurality of protrusions comprises two neighboring protrusions separated by a groove with a distance of at least about 5 micrometers and less than about 500 micrometers.
In another embodiment, a method for forming a hydrophobic polymer is disclosed. The method comprising the step of laminating a polymer sheet having a surface to a template having a textured surface. The surface of the polymer faces the textured surface of the template. The template comprises a mesh, a fabric or porous membrane or a sandpaper. The method further comprises the step of separating the polymer sheet and the template, thereby converting the surface of the polymer sheet to a hydrophobic surface having a water contact angle of at least about 150°.
The present invention is disclosed with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:
Corresponding reference characters indicate corresponding parts throughout the several views. The examples set out herein illustrate several embodiments of the invention but should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention in any manner.
This disclosure generally relates to polymers having a superhydrophobic surface (e.g., having a water contact angle of at least about 150°), as well as methods of preparing such polymers. In particular, a coating is provided that is both superhydrophobic and transparent. Such a coating has important applications in the fields of solar cells; automobile windows; building glass and optical lenses.
Generally transparency and superhydrophocity are two competitive properties. Superhydrophobicity prefers high roughness. However, the high roughness can cause significant light scattering that reduces transparency. Most superhydrophobic surfaces are opaque or translucent. Both properties can be simultaneously achieved by reducing surface roughness to be much smaller than the light wavelength. When a high ratio of air to solid interface is maintained and the surface roughness is controlled to be less than 100 nm, superhydrophobicity and transparency in the visible region of the spectrum can be simultaneously achieved.
Prior art methods for producing similar transparent surfaces are expensive, require many steps and are limited to producing small areas. Additionally, the resulting nano-scale surfaces are extremely fragile and are often damaged by touching.
In general, the methods disclosed herein include laminating a polymer sheet having a surface to a template having a textured surface or a layer of a nanomaterial (e.g., nanoparticles or nanofibers) to convert the surface of the polymer sheet to a hydrophobic surface having a water contact angle of at least about 150°.
The polymer sheet described herein can include either a thermoplastic polymer or a thermoset polymer (or its precursors). In some embodiments, the polymer sheet described herein preferably includes a thermoplastic polymer. Exemplary of suitable polymers that can be used in the polymer sheet include polyolefins (e.g., polyethylenes or polypropylenes), polyacrylates (e.g., poly(methyl methacrylate)s), poly(vinyl chloride)s, polystyrenes, poly(tetrafluoroethylene)s, polysiloxanes, polycarbonates, or epoxy polymers. Examples of suitable polyethylenes include low density polyethylenes, high density polyethylenes, linear low density polyethylenes, and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylenes. In some embodiments, the polymer sheet described herein can be made of two or more (e.g., three, four, or five) different polymers, such as two or more different polymers described above. In some embodiments, a liquid polymer (e.g., a polysiloxane) can be combined with at least one inorganic material (e.g., inorganic particles, inorganic microparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, particle agglomerates, inorganic fibers (e.g., glass fibers), or inorganic nanofibers) to form a paste, which can be used in the methods described herein to form a polymer sheet having a superhydrophobic surface.
In some embodiments, the polymer used in the polymer sheet described herein does not include a hydrophilic group (e.g., OH, COOH, or NH2). In such embodiments, the polymer used in the polymer sheet described herein is not a hydrophilic polymer or a water-soluble polymer.
In some embodiments, the polymer sheet described herein can be made from a polymer composite material. For example, the polymer sheet can further include at least one inorganic material (e.g., inorganic particles, inorganic microparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, particle agglomerate, inorganic fibers (e.g., glass fibers), or inorganic nanofibers). As used herein, the term “microparticles” generally refers to particles having an average diameter ranging from about 1 micrometers to about 1000 micrometers. As used herein, the term “nanoparticles” generally refers to particles having an average diameter ranging from about 1 nm to about 1000 nm. Examples of suitable inorganic material include SiO2 particles (e.g., SiO2 nanoparticles), TiO2 particles (e.g., TiO2 nanoparticles), Al2O3 particles (e.g., Al2O3 nanoparticles), and/or carbon particles (e.g., carbon nanoparticles) or fibers (e.g., carbon nanofibers).
In some embodiments, the polymer sheet described herein has a thickness of at least about 25 micrometers (e.g., at least about 50 micrometers, at least about 100 micrometers, at least about 150 micrometers, at least about 200 micrometers, at least about 250 micrometers, at least about 300 micrometers, at least about 350 micrometers, or at least about 400 micrometers) and/or at most about 1 cm (e.g., at most about 7.5 mm, at most about 5 mm, at most about 2.5 mm, at most about 1 mm, at most about 750 micrometers, at most about 700 micrometers, at most about 650 micrometers, or at most about 600 micrometers). For example, the polymer sheet can have a thickness ranging from about 200 micrometers to about 600 micrometers.
In some embodiments, the polymers comprise surfaces with multi-level hierarchical structures. These multi-level hierarchical structures include fine structure (e.g. nanoparticles with sizes from 1 to 100 nm), medium structures (e.g. agglomerates of multiple nanoparticles with sizes from 100-300 nm), and large structures (e.g. micro-roughness of multiple agglomerates with sizes of 300 nm to 3 microns). In one embodiment, the agglomerates range in size from 20 to 200 nm. As described in further detail elsewhere in this specification, a layer of nanoparticles is disposed on a polymer. Predetermined lamination conditions are then applied to selectively percolate the polymer through gaps/pores between nanoparticles in the nanoparticle layer. The polymer filaments that extend through these pores partially embeds the nanoparticles in the polymer while leaving at least some of the nanoparticles partially exposed. By carefully controlling the lamination conditions (e.g, temperature, pressure, time, etc) partially embedded nanoparticles can be formed and the length and diameter of the polymer filaments can be controlled. In one embodiment, the polymer filaments range in length from about 1 microns to about 100 microns and in diameter from 50 nm to 500 nm.
In general, template 102 having a textured surface 103 can be a mesh, a fabric (e.g., a porous fabric), or a porous membrane, or a sandpaper. Template 102 can generally be made from any suitable material, such as a polymer (e.g., a nylon), a fabric, or a metal (e.g., stainless steel). For example, template 102 can be a metal woven mesh. In general, plates 104 can also be made from any suitable material, such as a metal (e.g., stainless steel).
In some embodiments, template 102 can be porous to allow the polymer in polymer sheet 100 to penetrate the pores to form a continuous polymer layer at the back side of template 102 and to minimize air trapped in between polymer sheet 100 and template 102. In some embodiments, template 102 (e.g., a mesh) can have an average pore size (e.g., pore diameter, pore length, or pore width) of at least about 2 micrometers (e.g., at least about 5 micrometers, at least about 10 micrometers, at least 25 micrometers, at least about 50 micrometers, or at least about 100 micrometers) to at most about 800 micrometers (e.g., at most about 600 micrometers, at most about 400 micrometers, at most about 200 micrometers, or at most about 100 micrometers). For example, template 102 can be a nylon mesh having a pore diameter of about 40 micrometers and a wire width of about 40 micrometers.
In some embodiments, when template 102 is a mesh, template 102 can have an average depth of pores of at least about 2 micrometers (e.g., at least about 5 micrometers, at least about 10 micrometers, at least 25 micrometers, at least about 50 micrometers, or at least about 100 micrometers) to at most about 800 micrometers (e.g., at most about 600 micrometers, at most about 400 micrometers, at most about 200 micrometers, or at most about 100 micrometers).
In the above embodiments, template 102 can be fully porous such that the polymer in polymer sheet 100 can infiltrate template 102 without trapping air. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that if air is trapped in template 102 (e.g., in a template made by etching holes into a silicon or metal substrate), the gas pressure would prevent the polymer from fully infiltrating into the template pattern and replicating its structure. This would create a region without the appropriate roughness and thus not fully superhydrophobic. In some embodiments, a template that has rough features but is not fully porous could be used. For example, during roll lamination, a fully porous template may not be necessary since the contact region under pressure between the polymer and template can be narrow (about 3 mm wide), which would reduce the incidence of gas being trapped. In other embodiments, the lamination process can be conducted under vacuum and there is no gas present during lamination. In such embodiments, templates with blind holes could be used without the risk of trapped gas causing surface defects.
After polymer sheet 100 and template 102 are placed between plates 104, polymer sheet 100 and template 102 can be laminated together by applying a certain pressure to plates 104 at an elevated temperature for a certain period of time.
In general, the pressure, temperature, and time required during the lamination process are sufficient to reduce the viscosity of the polymer in polymer sheet 100 such that the polymer can penetrate the pores of template 102. In some embodiments, template 102 is completely embedded in polymer sheet 100 during the lamination step such that the polymer in polymer sheet 100 forms a continuous polymer layer on the back side of template 102. In some embodiments, when the polymer in polymer sheet 100 is semicrystalline or crystalline, the lamination temperature is higher than (e.g., at least about 1° C. higher than, at least about 3° C. higher than, at least about 5° C. higher than, at least about 10° C. higher than, or at least about 50° C. higher than) the melting temperature of the polymer. For example, when polymer sheet 100 is made from a LDPE having a melting point of 110° C., the lamination temperature can be about 113° C. In some embodiments, when the polymer in polymer sheet 100 is noncrystalline or amorphous, the lamination temperature is higher than (e.g., at least about 1° C. higher than, at least about 3° C. higher than, at least about 5° C. higher than, at least about 10° C. higher than, or at least about 50° C. higher than) the glass transition temperature of the polymer. In some embodiments, when the polymer in polymer sheet 100 is a thermoset polymer or its precursor, the lamination temperature is higher than (e.g., at least about 1° C. higher than, at least about 3° C. higher than, at least about 5° C. higher than, at least about 10° C. higher than, or at least about 50° C. higher than) softening temperature of the polymer. In some embodiments, the lamination temperature can be at least about 100° C. (e.g., at least about 120° C., at least about 140° C., or at least about 160° C.) and/or at most about 250° C. (e.g., at most about 220° C., at most about 200° C., or at most about 180° C.). Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that, if the lamination temperature is too low (e.g., lower than the melting temperature of the polymer), the polymer in polymer sheet 100 may not flow through the pores of template 102 to form a continuous layer on the back side of template and therefore the polymer may not be stretched and torn when template 102 is peeled off polymer sheet 100. As a result; the aspect ratio of the embossed features may not be sufficient to create roughness adequate to allow surface 101 to exhibit superhydrophobicity.
In some embodiments, the lamination pressure can be at least about 0.5 psi (e.g., at least about 1 psi, at least about 5 psi, at least about 10 psi, at least about 20 psi, at least about 30 psi, at least about 50 psi, at least about 100 psi, or at least about 200 psi) and/or at most about 10000 psi (e.g., at most about 8000 psi, at most about 7000 psi, at most about 6000 psi, at most about 5000 psi, at most about 2500 psi, or at most about 1000 psi).
In some embodiments, the lamination time is at least about 0.1 second (e.g., at least about 0.5 second, at least about 1 second, at least about 30 seconds, or at least about 1 minute) and/or at most about 2 hours (e.g., at most about 1.5 hours, at most about 1 hour, at most about 45 minutes, at most about 30 minutes, at most about 15 minutes, at most about 10 minutes, or at most about 5 minutes).
After the lamination process, the laminated material (i.e., polymer sheet 100 laminated with template 102) can generally be cooled down to a suitable temperature (e.g., room temperature such as 25° C.) in air. In some embodiments, when the polymer in polymer sheet 100 is semicrystalline or crystalline, the laminated material can be cooled below the melting temperature of the polymer before separating polymer sheet 100 and template 102. In some embodiments, polymer sheet 100 and template 102 can be separated at a temperature above the glass transition temperature or softening temperature of the polymer in polymer sheet 100 as it can be difficult to separate them below its glass transition or softening temperature when polymer sheet 100 hardens. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that plates 104 can be easily removed as no chemical bonds are formed between polymer sheet 100 and plate 104 or between template 102 and plate 104.
In general, after template 102 is separated from polymer sheet 100 (e.g., by peeling template 102 from polymer sheet 100), surface 101 on polymer sheet 100 is converted into a superhydrophobic surface 109 (e.g., having a water contact angle of at least about 150°). Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that, because the polymer in polymer sheet 100 penetrates the pores in template 102 during the lamination process, template 102 is at least partially embedded by the polymer at surface 101 of polymer sheet 100. As a result, peeling off template 102 from polymer sheet 100 gives surface 101a sufficient roughness, thereby converting surface 101 into a superhydrophobic surface 109. Further, without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the roughness on surface 109 can be caused by the pores in template 102 (i.e., as the polymer in polymer sheet 100 penetrates the pores during lamination) and/or the roughness of the material (e.g., the wires, filaments, or fabrics) that forms template 102.
In some embodiments, template 102 can be coated with a layer of inorganic nanoparticles before template 102 is laminated with polymer sheet 100. Template 102 thus formed can then be used to form a superhydrophobic surface on polymer sheet 100 by using the same method shown in
Examples of suitable inorganic nanoparticles that can be coated onto template 102 include SiO2 nanoparticles, TiO2 nanoparticles, Al2O3 nanoparticles, and carbon nanoparticles. In some embodiments, the inorganic nanoparticles can have an average diameter of at least about 3 nm (e.g., at least about 5 nm, at least about 10 nm, at least about 30 nm, at least about 50 nm, at least about 100 nm, or at least about 150 nm) and/or at most about 1000 nm (e.g., at most about 800 nm, at most about 600 nm, at most about 400 nm, or at most about 300 nm).
In some embodiments, the inorganic nanoparticles can be surface treated (e.g., by reacting the nanoparticles with a suitable agent such as silane) to reduce their hydrophilicity. An example of such inorganic nanoparticles is silane-treated SiO2 nanoparticles.
In some embodiments, the inorganic nanoparticles can be coated onto template 102 by a method known in the art. For example, the coating can be carried out by dispersing the inorganic nanoparticles in an aqueous solvent (e.g., water or a mixture of water and an alcohol such as methanol) to form a dispersion, applying the dispersion onto template 102, and drying the dispersion. As another example, the inorganic nanoparticles can be disposed directly on template 102 in a solid form (e.g., as a powder).
Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the inorganic nanoparticles on template 102 can generate nanostructures on surface 101 of polymer sheet 100, thereby adding additional roughness on surface 101 and facilitating formation of a superhydrophobic surface. In addition, without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that surface 101 treated with template 102 coated with a layer of inorganic nanoparticles can have improved superhydrophobic properties (e.g., an increased water contact angle or an decreased water slip-off angle), improved abrasion resistance, and improved water pressure resistance.
In some embodiments, the lamination pressure described above depends on whether template 102 or polymer sheet 100 is coated with a layer of nanoparticles. When template 102 or polymer sheet 100 is coated with a layer of nanoparticles, without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that, if the lamination pressure is too high (e.g., more than 10,000 psi), the extent of polymer infiltration into the porous nanoparticle layer could be significantly increased and can force the nanoparticles to be fully embedded into the polymer sheet, thereby reducing the roughness (e.g., the micro-texture at a scale of about 100 microns) generated by the nanoparticles on the surface of the polymer sheet, which reduces the hydrophobicity of the surface.
Further, in such embodiments, without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that, if the lamination pressure is too low (e.g., lower than 0.5 psi), the nanoparticles are not embedded into the polymer sheet, thereby reducing the roughness generated by the nanoparticles on the surface of the polymer sheet.
In general, a polymer sheet having a superhydrophobic surface (e.g., having a water contact angle of at least about 150°) can also be prepared by laminating the polymer sheet with a layer of a nanomaterial (e.g., nanoparticles or nanofibers). In such embodiments, the lamination process can be performed by plate lamination, autoclave lamination, or roll lamination.
In some embodiments, polymer sheet 200 and plates 204 can be the same as those described above in
Layer 202 can generally be disposed on one of plates 204 by a known method. For example, layer 202 can be disposed on one of plates 204 by dispersing a nanomaterial (e.g., nanoparticles or nanofibers) in an aqueous solvent (e.g., water or a mixture of water and an alcohol such as methanol) to form a dispersion, disposing the dispersion onto one of plates 204, and then drying the dispersion. As another example, layer 202 can be disposed on one of plates 204 by directly applying a nanomaterial in a solid form (e.g., as a powder) onto plate 204. In such embodiments, plate 204 can be covered by a substrate having a textured surface (e.g., a piece of paper or a rigid substrate having a textured surface) onto which the solid nanomaterial can be applied. In general, layer 202 thus formed is porous such that the polymer in polymer sheet 200 can penetrate the pores in layer 202 during the lamination process. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that using a substrate having a textured surface to cover plate 204 can facilitate retaining the nanomaterial on plate 204 and/or can impart a large scale of surface roughness to surface 201 on polymer sheet 200, which can improve the superhydrophobic properties after a superhydrophobic surface is formed. In some embodiments, layer 202 can be disposed (e.g., by a solution coating or coating in a solid form) on polymer sheet 200. The coated polymer sheet can then be disposed between two plates 204 before lamination.
In general, layer 202 can have any suitable thickness. In some embodiments, layer 202 can have a thickness of at least about 1 micrometers (e.g., at least about 5 micrometers, at least about 10 micrometers, at least about 20 micrometers, or at least about 40 micrometers) and/or at most about 5 nm (e.g., at most about 3 mm, at most about 1 mm, at most about 500 micrometers, at most about 100 micrometers, at most about 70 micrometers, at most about 60 micrometers, or at most about 50 micrometers).
After polymer sheet 200 and layer 202 are placed between plates 204, polymer sheet 200 and layer 202 can be laminated together by applying a certain pressure to plates 204 at an elevated temperature for a certain period of time. In general, the pressure, temperature, and time required during the lamination process are sufficient to allow the polymer in polymer sheet 200 to penetrate into the pores of the nanomaterial (e.g., nanoparticles) such that at least some of the nanomaterial is partially embedded in polymer sheet 200 and partially exposed to air on surface 201. In some embodiments, the lamination temperature is higher than (e.g., at least about 1° C. higher than, at least about 3° C. higher than, at least about 5° C. higher than, at least about 10° C. higher than) the melting temperature (or the glass transition or softening temperature) of the polymer in polymer sheet 200. For example, when polymer sheet 200 is made from a LDPE having a melting point of 119° C., the lamination temperature can be from about 120° C. to about 130° C. In some embodiments, the lamination temperature can be at least about 100° C. (e.g., at least about 120° C., at least about 140° C., or at least about 160° C.) and/or at most about 250° C. (e.g., at most about 220° C., at most about 200° C., or at most about 180° C.). In some embodiments, the lamination time and pressure can be the same as those described in connection with the methods shown in
After the lamination process, the laminated material (i.e., polymer sheet 200 laminated with layer 202) can generally be cooled down to a suitable temperature in air. For example, the laminated material can be cooled down to a temperature below the melting temperature but above the glass transition temperature of the polymer in polymer sheet 200. Plates 24 can subsequently be removed to form polymer sheet having a superhydrophobic surface 209. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that plates 204 can be easily removed as no chemical bonds are formed between polymer sheet 200 and plate 204 or between layer 202 and plate 204. In addition, without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that, as layer 202 does not include a template and the nanomaterial in layer 202 is embedded in (i.e., partially or fully) polymer sheet 200, no addition step (e.g., peeling off a template as shown in
In some embodiments, a polymer sheet having a superhydrophobic surface can be prepared by using roll lamination to laminate the polymer sheet together with a layer of a nanomaterial.
In some embodiments, roll lamination can be carried out by feeding a carrier film (e.g., kraft paper) coated with a nanomaterial (e.g., nanoparticles or nanofibers) into two rollers at the same time as a polymer sheet such that the nanomaterial on the carrier film faces the polymer sheet. As a result, the carrier film and polymer sheet are laminated together in the nip section. After exiting the nip, the carrier film and the polymer sheet can be separated to form a polymer sheet having a superhydrophobic surface, which can be then be rolled onto a roller separately from the carrier film and stored for future use. In some embodiments, the roll lamination described above can be carried out in a roll-to-roll method.
In some embodiments, the nanomaterial used in the methods shown in
In some embodiments, layer 405 can have a thickness of at least about 1 micrometers (e.g., at least about 5 micrometers, at least about 10 micrometers, at least about 20 micrometers, or at least about 40 micrometers) and/or at most about 800 micrometers (e.g., at most about 700 micrometers, at most about 600 micrometers, at most about 500 micrometers, at most about 300 micrometers, at most about 100 micrometers, or at most about 50 micrometers).
In some embodiments, during the lamination process, template 402 is embossed into surface 401 on polymer sheet 400 without allowing the polymer in polymer sheet 400 to penetrate the pores in template 402 and form a continuous polymer film on the back side of the template. Such an embossing process can be achieved by adjusting the lamination pressure and temperature, and can form a negative image of template 402 on surface 401, which can provide micro-sized patterns. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that such a process can create both large scale roughness (i.e., by embossing polymer sheeting 400 with template 402) and small scale roughness (i.e., by allowing the polymer in polymer sheet 400 to infiltrate into the pores in the nanoparticles on template 402 or on polymer sheet 400) on surface 401, which can improve abrasion resistance of the resulting superhydrophobic surface 409.
Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the polymer in polymer sheet 400 can flow into the pores between nanomaterials in layers 405 and 406 during the lamination process so that at least some of the nanomaterials are partially embedded and partially exposed in polymer sheet 400, thereby forming micro-sized roughness that facilitates formation of a superhydrophobic surface. In addition, micro-sized patterns on surface 401 formed by template 402 can also facilitate formation of a superhydrophobic surface. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that using a template coated with a layer of a nanomaterial can significantly improve the mechanical properties, abrasion resistance, and water pressure resistance of a superhydrophobic surface.
Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that one advantage of the methods described herein is that these methods are completely free of organic solvents or toxic chemicals and therefore are environmentally friendly. Further, without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that another advantage of the methods described herein is that, since the template (e.g., a mesh) used in these methods is commercially available in a large format (e.g., more than 1 meter wide and/or more than hundreds of meters long), these methods can be used to manufacture superhydrophobic surfaces on a large scale. In addition, without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that another advantage of the methods described herein is that the template (e.g., a mesh) used in these methods can be reused and therefore can reduce production costs.
In some embodiments, the polymer sheet prepared by the methods described herein can have a hydrophobic surface that has a plurality of protrusions. In some embodiments, the protrusions can have an average length or width of at least about 2 micrometers (e.g., at least about 5 micrometers, at least about 10 micrometers, at least about 20 micrometers, or at least about 50 micrometers) and/or at most about 500 micrometers (e.g., at most about 400 micrometers, at most about 300 micrometers, at most about 200 micrometers, or at most about 100 micrometers). As used herein, the length or width of a protrusion refers to that measured substantially parallel to the surface of the polymer sheet. In some embodiments, the protrusions can have an average height of at least about 25 micrometers (e.g., at least about 50 micrometers, at least about 100 micrometers, at least about 200 micrometers, or at least about 500 micrometers) and/or at most about 1000 micrometers (e.g., at most about 900 micrometers, at most about 800 micrometers, at most about 700 micrometers, or at most about 600 micrometers). As used herein, the height of a protrusion refers to that measured substantially perpendicular to the surface of the polymer sheet. In some embodiments, the protrusions can have an average distance of at least about 5 micrometers (e.g., at least about 10 micrometers, at least about 20 micrometers, or at least about 50 micrometers) and/or at most about 500 micrometers (e.g., at most about 400 micrometers, at most about 300 micrometers, at most about 200 micrometers, or at most about 100 micrometers) between two neighboring protrusions. In some embodiments, the distance between protrusions is substantially the same across the surface. In some embodiments, the pattern of a template is replicated substantially uniformly across the surface.
In some embodiments, when a polymer sheet having a superhydrophobic surface is prepared by the methods shown in
In some embodiments, when both a template and nanoparticles are used to prepare a superhydrophobic surface on a polymer sheet (e.g., as shown in
Nanoparticles 602 are disposed on top surface 603, side wall 605, and surface 607 between two neighboring protrusions.
In some embodiments, the polymer sheet prepared by the methods described herein can have superhydrophobicity. For example, the polymer sheet prepared by the methods disclosed herein can have a hydrophobic surface that has a water contact angle of at least about 150° (e.g., at least about 155°, at least about 160°, at least about 165°, at least about 170°, or at least about 175°) and/or at most about 179° (e.g., at most about 175°, at most about 170°, at most about 165°, or at most about 160°).
In some embodiments, the polymer sheet prepared by the methods described herein can have a hydrophobic surface that has a water slip-off angle of at most about 10° (e.g., at most about 5°, at most about 4°, at most about 3°, at most about 2°, or at most about 1°) and/or at least about 0.1° (e.g., at least about 0.5°, at least about 1°, at least about 1.5°, at least about 2°, or at least about 2.5°).
In some embodiments, the polymer sheet prepared by the methods disclosed herein can have superior abrasion resistance. F or example, the polymer sheet prepared by the methods disclosed herein can have a hydrophobic surface that has a water contact angle of at least about 150° (e.g., at least about 155°, at least about 160°, at least about 165°, at least about 170°, or at least about 175°) after 1,000 abrasion cycles (e.g., after 5,000 abrasion cycles, after 10,000 abrasion cycles, after 50,000 abrasion cycles, or after 100,000 abrasion cycles) under a pressure of 32 KPa. As another example, the polymer sheet prepared by the methods disclosed herein can have a hydrophobic surface that has a water contact angle of at least about 150° (e.g., at least about 155°, at least about 160°, at least about 165°, at least about 170°, or at least about 175°) after the hydrophobic surface is scratched by a steel nail at least 10 times (e.g., after 20 times, after 30 times, after 40 times, or after 50 times). In some embodiments, the polymer sheet prepared by the methods disclosed herein can be touched or handled by hand without damaging its superhydrophobic surface.
In some embodiments, the polymer sheet prepared by the methods described herein has superior static water pressure resistance. For example, the polymer sheet prepared by the methods disclosed herein can have a hydrophobic surface that remains dry (e.g., having a layer of air between the superhydrophobic surface and water) under a water pressure of at least about 8 psi (e.g., at least about 10 psi, at least about 20 psi, at least about 40 psi, at least about 60 psi, or at least about 85 psi) for at least about 5 hours (e.g., at least about 10 hours, at least about 20 hours, at least about 30 hours, at least about 40 hours, or at least about 50 hours).
In some embodiments, the polymer sheet prepared by the methods described herein can have superior dynamic water pressure resistance. For example, the polymer sheet prepared by the methods disclosed herein can have a hydrophobic surface that remains dry upon impact of a water droplet at a speed of at least about 5 m/s (e.g., at least about 6 m/s, at least about 7 m/s, at least about 8 m/s, at least about 9 m/s, or at least about 10 m/s).
While a free-standing polymer sheet has been described as an example on which a superhydrophobic surface can be formed, the methods described herein can also be used to form a superhydrophobic surface on other substrates. For example, the methods described herein can be used to form a superhydrophobic surface on a free-standing polymer sheet or film first. The free-standing polymer film or sheet thus formed can then be adhered to the surface of another substrate (e.g., a metal, glass, polymer or ceramic substrate) by using an adhesive to form a composite material having a superhydrophobic surface. In one embodiment, the adhesive is an optically transparent adhesive. In some embodiments, the methods described above can be used to directly form a superhydrophobic surface on a polymer layer coated or adhered on a substrate (e.g., a metal, glass, polymer or ceramic substrate) to form a composite material having a superhydrophobic surface. In one embodiment, heat and pressure are applied to the polymer when it was in intimate contact with a glass substrate so that the polymer melts and adheres to the glass substrate without the use of an adhesive. In one such embodiment, the polymer is bonded to the glass substrate first and subsequently processed to make it superhydrophobic. In another such embodiment, the polymer surface is made to be superhydrophobic while it is simultaneously being bonded to the glass substrate (one step). For certain applications (e.g. certain solar cell panels) a glass substrate is used to ensure the hermeticity of the solar cell as polymer substrates may not be sufficient for all applications.
The superhydrophobic surface prepared by the methods described herein can be used in food-processing equipment due to its excellent non-wetting, self-cleaning properties. In addition, the superhydrophobic surface prepared by the methods described herein can be used in roofing, wind turbines, aircraft, and naval structures due to its excellent ice-repellent properties.
Also disclosed in this specification are polymer composite materials that provide isolated photocatalytic regions on a superhydrophobic surface. Although superhydrophobicity can be demonstrated with untreated metal oxide particles, these superhydrophobic properties may be lost upon exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light. In one embodiment, the stability of the superhydrophobic properties is increased by providing hydrophobic regions on the surface that are a mix of hydrophobic nanoparticles (e.g. silane treated SiO2) with hydrophilic particles (e.g. TiO2). Alternatively, hydrophobic particles can be bonded to select regions on the surface of a hydrophobic polymer. For example, a stable superhydrophobic surface can be formed where hydrophilic catalyst particles are isolated into specific regions, leaving a continuous web of hydrophobic material. In this way, the receding contact angle of the drop moving along the surface would be discontinuous, minimizing the energy required for droplet movement. Four methods for fabricating polymer-based hybrid superhydrophobic surfaces with isolated photocatalyst regions are shown schematically in
Referring to
In step 704 hydrophilic nanoparticles are spread uniformly on a laminator plate. The average thickness of the layer of hydrophilic nanoparticles is at least 0.5 micrometers. The polymer sheet from step 702 is then placed on the hydrophilic particles and laminated in step 706. The temperature is above the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the polymer and, for crystalline polymer, above the melting temperature (Tm). Sufficient pressure is applied to insure that the hydrophilic particles are in intimate contact with the polymer surface, however excessive pressure is avoided as this high pressure may compact the nanoparticle layers excessively, preventing the polymer from infiltrating into the pores between particles. By controlling the lamination conditions such as the temperature, pressure, and time for each step, the surface microstructures as well as the contents of the polymer composite materials can be finely adjusted. The process can be used to make free-standing photocatalytic polymer composite films.
Referring to
In
In
As shown in
An alternative method is depicted in
For example, two such layers of the treated polymer 800 may be stacked. The top surface 800a of a first polymer provides an exposed surface to which a bottom surface 800b of a second polymer can adhere. This is advantageous for certain embodiments. For example, multiple rolls of the polymer film of
Without wishing to be bound to any particular theory, Applicant believes the hydrophilic/hydrophobic surfaces provide unusual chemical properties to the surface. For example, the surfaces disclosed in this specification can be used for efficient photooxidation of organic contaminants for the purpose of water purification. A schematic of the process is shown in
In the alternative method for forming such surfaces shown in
In the alternative method shown in
The exposed surface 1114 is then treated with oxygen, air plasma or other suitable oxidant while the template remains embedded in the polymer to generate superhydrophilic regions 1116 (
Yet another method is shown in
These exemplary methods can be used to make free-standing films of hybrid superhydrophobic and photocatalytic surfaces. By including a substrate and adhesive layer, the hybrid superhydrophobic and photocatalytic surfaces could be bonded to a substrate such as metal (e.g. aluminum) or a composite (e.g. epoxy-glass). The template could be made from polymers, fabrics, or metals. The pore size of the templates may range, for example, from 1-800 micrometers and the average pitch of the pores can range from 1-800 micrometers. Templates made with finer pores and smaller wires could also be used. The lamination temperature generally is between 100-450° C. and the pressure generally between from 0.5-10000 psi. These values will depend upon the polymer used as well as the depth of the desired grooves. By controlling the lamination conditions such as temperature, pressure, and time for each step, the surface microstructures as well as the contents of the polymer composite materials can be finely adjusted for achieving the desired performance.
Conventional photocatalytic films or powders exhibit low photooxidation efficiencies (especially at low pollutant levels, e.g. one ppm and lower). The low efficiency of these films results, in part, from the slow rate at which the organic contaminant can contact the photocatalytic particles on the surface. Since the conventional films are hydrophilic, a static boundary layer is formed as fluid flows along the surface. Once the contaminant molecules within the boundary layer are decomposed, additional molecules must diffuse across the static boundary layer. The present technique, using a superhydrophobic surface with isolated photocatalyst regions, overcomes this limitation. As a droplet moves along the surface of a conduit, fluid with contaminant molecules is continuously brought into close proximity with the catalyst.
In one embodiment, a system is designed in which droplets repeatedly contact the superhydrophobic-catalytic surface. In one embodiment, the surface is mounted onto a tilting or reciprocating platform such that droplets flow either back and forth across, or in a circular motion around, the surface. In another embodiment, the surface is formed into either a helical or spiral conduit; a spiral conduit is shown schematically in
In one embodiment, a robust, transparent, self-cleaning surface is produced that exhibits water repellency, reliable resistance to dynamic and static water pressure, and mechanical and chemical stability. The nanoparticles are dispersed in an appropriate solvent. For example, a mixture of ethanol and water at nanoparticle concentrations of from 0.5 to 10% can be used. The solution is then applied to a transparent substrate. Numerous coating technologies could be used to achieve a uniform coating such as: dip-coating, spray-coating, spin-coating, Doctor Blade coating, brush coating as well as other methods. The substrate must be optically transparent and remain so after the heating process described below. A variety of thermoplastic polymers can be used including polyethylene, poly(methyl methacrylate), cyclic olefin copolymers, cyclo olefin polymers and fluoropolymers. In one embodiment, a polymer with a relatively low melt index is used. In one embodiment, the melt index is less than 5 g per 10 min. The low melt index, which corresponds to a high melt viscosity, resists nanoparticles from becoming fully encapsulated in the polymer and promotes the nanoparticles being partially embedded and partially exposed. By minimizing the amount of nanoparticles that are fully encapsulated, the formation of a transparent product is facilitated. Generally, by avoiding full encapsulation, there are substantially no nanoparticles at a depth greater than 100% of the nanoparticle's diameter. For example, when the nanoparticles have an average diameter of 100 nm, the nanoparticles are generally confined to a surface layer that is 100 nm in depth. At a depth of greater than 100 nm, there are so few nanoparticles present, that a cross-section along this depth would not exhibit superhydrophobic properties. In one embodiment, glass is used as the substrate, and higher processing temperatures are used than for polymers.
The coated substrate is then dried to remove solvent. To dry the coating, the surface can be stored at room temperature (e.g. 25° C.) for several hours or maintained at higher temperatures in an oven for less time. The coated substrate is then heated so that the particles adhere to the underlying substrate.
One method to achieve particle adhesion is to apply heat and pressure using a laminating press. In this case, the polymer substrate was melted and laminated under two flat steel plates. In one embodiment, the substrate is heated to exceed its glass transition temperature and/or its crystalline melt temperature. This causes the substrate to flow. Glass plates can also be used at low pressures. The surface of the plates may be flat and smooth to avoid introducing surface defects that could scatter light. This permits the nanoparticles to be placed in intimate contact with the substrate without completely submerged in the substrate such that the particles are covered. The intimate contact can create a chemical bond to the nanoparticle surface or enable flow into facets on the particle surface thereby mechanically entrapping the particles. After lamination, the substrate is cooled to room temperature either with or without pressure. This process is similar to the previously described processes, except for the more stringent requirement on the smoothness and the parallelism of the two inside surfaces of the laminating plates. The resulting products are significantly more robust than previous transparent superhydrophobic products.
The nanoparticles can be an inorganic oxide material such as SiO2, Al2O3, ZnO, TiO2, and so on. In one embodiment, the particles are optically transparent. The surface of the particles may be rendered hydrophobic by coating with a hydrophobic material (e.g. silane). The particles can be of any shape and size distribution, including monodispersed spheres, rough columnar shapes, or agglomerates of several to hundreds of nanoparticles. The size of the nanoparticles could range from 1 nm to 100 nm or any size less than one-fourth the wavelength of light being transmitted (generally 390 to 700 nm).
The nanoparticles may be treated after the lamination to insure hydrophobicity (e.g. with a silane). This would be true when untreated hydrophilic particles were used or if the lamination temperature was higher than the degradation temperature of the original hydrophobic surface groups.
Materials, methods and surface fabrication: A commercially available thermoplastic sheet of low density polyethylene (LDPE) manufactured by Berry Plastics (Evansville, Ind.) from 97% recycled polyethylene, 2% calcium carbonate and 1% slip oleamide and sold through McMaster-Carr was used as the polymer substrate. The thickness of the LDPE film was 100 micrometers and 10 layers of the LDPE film were used at each time to make free-standing superhydrophobic sheets that were approximately 1 mm thick. The polymer film softens at 106° C. and melts over the range from 113-120° C. Three types of stainless steel mesh (i.e., M1, M2, and M3) and one type of nylon mesh (i.e., M4) (all from McMaster-Carr) with different wire diameters and pore sizes were used as templates. The structures and details of the mesh are shown in Table 1 below.
The procedure for fabricating superhydrophobic surfaces involved two processing steps. In the first step, a stack of LDPE sheets and a mesh template are laminated together under heat and pressure with the targeted polymer surface facing the mesh template. The stack-up was heated above its softening temperature under pressure for 3-30 minutes. The laminated stack was then cooled to 25° C. In the second step, the mesh template was separated from the polymer film by peeling. The superhydrophobic surface was formed and exposed during the peeling process. As the LDPE did not adhere to the stainless steel or Nylon mesh, the template could be reused. The fabrication conditions of the above process are summarized in Table 2.
Characterization: The surface structures were studied by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM, Amary) and optical microscopy (Nikon-SMZ 1500 and Laborlux-12ME). The SEM images are shown in
The static contact angles (CAs) and roll-off angle were measured with a goniometer (250-F1, Rame-Hart Instruments Co). Droplets of distilled water, with a volume of 2-5 microliters, were placed gently onto the surface at room temperature and pressure. The static CA and advancing and receding CAs were measured five times at different locations such that the measurement variance was ±2°. The slip-off angle was determined by measuring the substrate angle at which water droplets (about 10 microliters,) placed on the surface with a micro syringe needle would roll-off the surface. The results are summarized in Table 2. As shown in Table 2, surfaces S2-S6 were superhydrophobic surfaces having a water contact angle ranging from 158-160° and a water slip-off angle less than 5°. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that S1 did not form a superhydrophobic surface because the lamination temperature was not sufficiently high to allow the mesh template to be fully embedded into the LDPE. Since the polymer did not flow through the pores of the mesh, the polymer was not stretched and torn when the mesh was peeled off the polymer. As a result, the aspect ratio of the embossed features is not sufficient to create roughness adequate to exhibit superhydrophobicity.
Abrasion tests: First, the surfaces S2-S6 were assessed qualitatively by simply pressing with a bare hand. It was found that the superhydrophobicity of surfaces S2 and S5 decreased dramatically as water droplets were pinned in the touched area, while the superhydrophobicity of surfaces S3, S4 and S6 remained unchanged after pressing with a bare hand as shown in
The chemical and abrasion resistance of surfaces S4 and S6 was then studied further using a manual, multi-step test that includes a sequence of four steps: (1) dry abrading firmly with a gloved hand (Showa Best Glove part #6005 PF) using a back and forth movement for 50 times, (2) dry abrading firmly with a hand wearing an industrial cotton glove back and forth for 50 times, (3) wet scrubbing manually with a gloved finger for 1 hour (20 cycles @ 2-4 minutes/cycle) with a saturated industrial cleaner solution (ALCONOX—Powdered Precision Cleaner, containing 7-13% sodium carbonate, 10-30% sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, 10-30% tetrasodium pyrophosphate, and 10-30% sodium phosphate), and (4) ultrasonicating in the same saturated industrial cleaner solution for 5 hours (Branson 1200 ultrasonic cleaner, −150 watts). After this sequence of tests, the surfaces were rinsed with tap water and dried with filtered dry compressed air. Unexpectedly, the superhydrophobicity of surfaces S4 and S6 remained unchanged. As shown in
A mechanized abrasion test was conducted with a Taber model 5900 reciprocating abraser using a CS-8 WEARASER abradant to measure the abrasion resistance of surface S4. The following conditions were used for the abrasion test: the stroke length was 4 cm, the abrasion linear speed was 8 cms 1, and the applied pressure was 32.0 kPa (4.64 psi). The change in static contact angle on surface S4 with increasing abrasion cycles is shown in
Water pressure stability test: The water pressure stability of surface S2 was tested as follows: A piece of the fabricated superhydrophobic polymer sheet with a size of 25 mm×38 mm was placed inside a Nordson-EFD polypropylene syringe barrel, immersed in water, and capped with a piston. The syringe was then pressurized, using a Nordson-EFD regulated dispenser. The reflectivity at the interface between water and the superhydrophobic surface was monitored visually and recorded using a digital camera. After the pressure was relieved, the sample was removed from the water filled syringe and the wetting properties of the surface were measured using optical microscopy (Nikon-SMZ 1500 and Laborlux-12ME).
The results showed that, the reflectivity remained relatively stable to 140 kPa of applied pressure, but the reflected intensity gradually became weaker with increasing pressure. The reflective interface significantly faded when the applied pressure was increased to 550 kPa over a period of 90 seconds. In addition, the results show that, at a lower pressure of 55 kPa (i.e., 8 psi or the pressure at a depth of 5.6 m of water), surface S2 remained completely dry when it was removed after 5 hours of under-water immersion. In sum, the water pressure stability of the superhydrophobic surfaces described herein is significantly better than that of lotus leaves, as well as other reported polymeric superhydrophobic surfaces.
Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE, McMaster Carr, Elmhurst, Ill.), was used as the polymer substrate as it is a well-known tough material with high abrasion resistance, a high level of crystallinity (up to 85%), and the highest impact strength of any thermoplastic polymer. In addition, the high melt viscosity limits the infiltration of the UHMWPE into the porous nanoparticle layer, thereby minimizing the number of particles engulfed (i.e., fully embedded) into the polymer during the lamination process. Experiments were conducted to characterize the effect of the lamination pressure on the morphology and wetting properties of UHMWPE nanocomposite surfaces prepared by the percolative infiltration of the polymer into the porous nanoparticle layer
A total of nine samples were prepared under different conditions. Sample 1 was an original, untreated UHMEPE sheet. Sample 2 was made by heating a UHMWPE sheet to 154.4° C. for 30 minutes to melt the crystalline polymer without applying any pressure, and then cooling it to room temperature in air. Sample 3 was made by heating a UHMWPE sheet covered by a layer of nanoparticles (3 mm thick) to 154.4° C. for 30 minutes without applying any pressure, and then cooling to room temperature in air. Samples 4-9 were made by heating a UHMWPE sheet covered by a layer of nanoparticles (3 mm thick) to 154.4° C. for 30 minutes while being laminated under a pressure of 83 psi, 830 psi, 3,000 psi, 5,000 psi, 8,000 psi and 13,000 psi, respectively, and then cooling it to room temperature in air.
The lamination conditions and hydrophobic properties of these samples are shown in Table 3. The SEM images of the polymer sheet formed in Samples 1-4 and 8 are shown in
As shown in
In Sample 3, a layer of hydrophobic silica nanoparticles (TS 530, Cabot Corporation) was used to cover the polymer substrate and the assembly was heated using the same conditions as those used in treating the neat UHMWPE substrate in Sample 2. As shown in
To further investigate the effect of process conditions of the percolative infiltration of UHMWPE into nanoparticles for the control of hierarchical surface structures, pressure was applied during heating. SEM images of samples made under different pressures are shown in
As shown in Table 3, polymer sheets prepared by lamination at 83 psi, 830 psi, 3000 psi, and 5000 psi (i.e., in Samples 4-7) exhibited the best superhydrophobic properties among the nine samples. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that further increasing the lamination pressure could increase the extent of polymer percolation into the porous nanoparticle layer and could force the nanoparticles to be fully embedded into the polymer sheet, thereby reducing the roughness (e.g., the micro-texture at a scale of about 100 microns) generated by the nanoparticles on the surface of the polymer sheet. As a result, at higher lamination pressures, the superhydrophobic properties of the polymer sheets began to become adversely affected with a decrease in the contact angle and an increase in the slip-off angle as shown in Table 3. Specifically, when the lamination pressure was increased to 8,000 psi, solid blocky structures were formed on the surface of the polymer sheet in Sample 8 as shown in
The above characterization study demonstrated that the percolative infiltration of polymer into porous nanoparticles can produce superhydrophobic surfaces by creating a multi-level, hierarchical roughness layer on the surface of the polymer. Without wishing to be bound by theory, the levels of roughness could arise from the nanoparticles and nanoparticle agglomerates (e.g., having a length scale of 20-200 nm) to nanoparticle coated polymer filaments formed during the percolative infiltration process (e.g., having a length scale of 1-10 microns) and polymer micro-textures (micro-moguls) formed during relaxation and recrystallization of the polymer substrate (e.g., having a size about 100 microns). Moreover, the process conditions could have a significant effect upon the microstructure and thus the wetting properties of the surface.
A superhydrophobic polymer sheet was prepared using low density polyethylene (approximately 10 layers where each layer was 0.005″ thick). The polymer sheet was placed on a steel plate and put into a press. The polymer sheet was then heated at 123° C. under a pressure of approximately 30 psi to form a polymer sheet approximately 1 mm thick. This polymer sheet was subsequently cooled. A layer of silane treated silica nanoparticles (Cabot TS-530) was placed on a piece of paper to make a uniform layer approximately 100 microns thick. The particle coated paper was placed on a lower steel plate. After the 1 mm polymer sheet was placed on the particles, an upper steel plate was placed on top of the polymer sheet. The entire stack-up was placed into a press and heated at 123° C. at −30 psi for −20 minutes. The press was then opened and the sample was allowed to cool to room temperature.
Water droplets (5 mm diameter) were released from a height of 8.5 meters onto a free-standing superhydrophobic film and the impact was recorded using a Phantom high speed camera from Vision Research at a frame rate of 20,000 frames/second. Impact velocity was estimated at 8.8 m/second based on the height and by tracking the droplet within individual video frames. The drop hit the surface, spread significantly then broke apart into numerous smaller droplets. The surface was not wetted by the drop and remained superhydrophobic after multiple impacts. In addition, pumping water onto the surface at a rate of 100 gallons/hour for 45 hours did not significantly degrade the surface properties. Similarly, the superhydrophobic properties were retained when the polymer sheets were ultrasonicated for 30 minutes in water.
Silica nanoparticles (Cabot TS-530) were dispersed in a solution of methanol and stirred. The solution was then dried at 150° C. and the particles were placed in the bottom of a steel plate with sidewalls to retain the particles. The thickness of this layer was approximately 3 mm. After a HDPE sheet having a thickness of approximately 0.01 inch was placed on the particles, a flat steel plate was placed on top of the polymer sheet. The stack-up was then laminated at 138° C. at a pressure of 300 psi for 30 minutes. The sample was removed from the press and allowed to cool to room temperature. The polymer was then removed from the nanoparticle layer and washed to remove any excess or loose particles.
The ability of the superhydrophobic surfaces of the polymer sheet described above to repel super-cooled water droplets was demonstrated using liquid water droplets 13 microliters in volume (3 mm in diameter) cooled to −5.1° C. A portion of the polymer sheet having a superhydrophobic surface prepared above was mounted onto a sloped aluminum block at a 20° angle relative to a horizontal surface. The temperature of the surface was controlled with a closed-loop refrigeration system capable of cooling the aluminum block to a temperature as low as −70° C. Deionized water in a 10 cc syringe with a stainless steel syringe tip was cooled to −5.1° C. using a Neslab chiller and kept at that temperature for 1 hour before use. Once the surface of the aluminum block was cooled to an appropriate temperature, the syringe was removed from the chiller, mounted at a location 11 cm above the surface, and the super-cooled droplets were allow to impinge upon the cooled surface. When the surface was cooled to temperatures as low as −32° C., a supercooled droplet would bounce off the surface without forming ice. By contrast, when an unprocessed polyethylene sheet was used, the super-cooled droplets froze onto the surface and ice began to accrete immediately after the droplet impinged on the surface.
The experimental results showed that the ability of a superhydrophobic surface to mitigate ice accumulation depended upon the temperature of the surface. Specifically, when the superhydrophobic surface was cooled to temperatures above −13° C., all super-cooled droplets were repelled and no ice was formed on the surface. At lower surface temperatures, however, ice began to accumulate after a certain number of droplets impacted the surface. When the surface was maintained at −32° C., the first 5 drops could bounce off the surface before ice began to accumulate. Below −40° C., all super-cooled droplets froze upon impact. In addition, the results showed that the icephobic properties of a superhydrophobic surface also depended upon droplet size. Ice formation began at higher temperatures when 50 microliters (about 5 mm diameter) droplets were used. Since the average super-cooled water droplet in the atmosphere is below 0.5 mm, ice accumulation is not expected to occur if the surfaces are maintained at normal atmospheric temperatures (e.g., above −32° C.). At these temperatures, superhydrophobic surfaces described herein would be especially resistant to ice accumulation.
A superhydrophobic polymer film was made by laminating LDPE against a layer of nanoparticles (TS530) with a thickness of about 100 micrometers at 123° C. under a pressure of about 30 psi for 1 hour using the same process described in Example 3 except that a metal mat is placed between the lower plate of the press and the steel plate supporting the sheet of nanoparticles. The mat was used to distribute the pressure more uniformly, as is commonly done in plate lamination processing. A longer heating time was used as the mat impedes the conduction of heat from the plate to the polymer sheet. To test the icephobic properties of the superhydrophobic polymer film described above when exposed to small super-cooled liquid water droplets of average size (5-40 micrometers), the free-standing polymer film was placed on the windshield of a parked car overnight during an ice storm with its superhydrophobic surface exposing to air. Ice accumulated on all exposed surface of the windshield that was not covered by the polymer film. Although some ice did coat a portion of the polymer film, especially the edges, the central portion of the film remained ice-free. By contrast, a film made from untreated polyethylene that was also placed on the windshield was difficult to see as it became encrusted in ice.
In this example, a template was coated with dry particles before a polymer sheet was laid atop the template. A commercially available thermoplastic sheet of low density polyethylene (LDPE) manufactured by Berry Plastics (Evansville, Tenn.) and sold through McMaster-Carr was used as the polymer sheet. The polymer sheet contained 97% recycled polyethylene, 2% calcium carbonate and 1% slip oleamide. A nylon mesh with a pore diameter of 40 micrometers and a wire width of 40 micrometers was coated with silane treated nanoparticles (TS530, Cabot Corporation). During the coating treatment, the pores of templates were partially filled with the nanoparticles. The lamination of the polymer sheet with the template coated with nanoparticles was conducted at 123° C. under a pressure of 200 psi for 20 minutes. The cooling and peeling steps were the same as the procedures in Example 1.
The nanoparticles coated on the template generated rough nanostructures on the polymer posts after lamination resulting in surfaces which exhibited improved superhydrophobic properties, such as increased stability towards impinging water droplets compared to samples made in Example 1. By incorporating the nanoparticles, the static water contact angle of the fabricated surface increased from 160° to 165° and the slip-off angle of water droplets decreased down to 3°. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that surfaces prepared from nanoparticle-coated templates have three levels of roughness. Two roughness levels are similar to those surfaces made in Example 1, albeit less well defined, and correspond to the pores in the template and the filaments used to weave the template. A third level of nano-roughness is added upon these features from the nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were either incorporated into the polymer surface, or create grooves into the surface during the lamination-peel process.
Quantitative testing demonstrated that the superhydrophobicity of the surface prepared above remained unchanged after washing numerous times with a saturated soap solution made with a soap powder (ALCONOX—Powdered Precision Cleaner, from VWR International, containing 7-13% sodium carbonate, 10-30% sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, 10-30% tetrasodium pyrophosphate, and 10-30% sodium phosphate) or ultrasonication in the same solution for 5 hours. The results showed that the superhydrophobicity of the fabricated surface possessed good stability under high water pressures. Static pressure tests demonstrated that the superhydrophobic surface remained dry even under a water pressure of 8 psi (5.6 m water) for more than 5 hours, showing a significantly greater water pressure resistance than that of a lotus leaf.
The same Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE, McMaster Carr, Elmhurst, Ill.) used in Example 2 was used as the polymer sheet. A steel mesh with a pore size of 309 micrometers and a wire diameter of 114 micrometers was used as the template. First, a thixotropic solution was prepared by dispersing silane-treated hydrophobic nanoparticles (e.g. TS-530 from Cabot Corporation) into an appropriate solvent (e.g. a mixture of 30 wt % water and 70 wt % methanol). Subsequently, the polymer sheet and the mesh template were coated with the prepared solution and dried at 150° C. for 10 minutes. The thickness of the nanoparticles on the polymer sheet was around 150 micrometers. The coated mesh and the coated polymer sheet were placed between two flat stainless steel plates. The assembly was then laminated at 200° C. and under a pressure of 800 psi for 2 hours. During lamination, the polymer melted and infiltrated the pores between nanoparticles coated on the polymer. With reduced viscosity, the polymer penetrated into the pores of the templates, forming micron sized patterns (0.5 to 10 microns) on the surface of the polymer sheet. As the polymer cooled, a micro-textured roughness is formed to which particles strongly adhered.
The fabricated UHMW PE superhydrophobic surface exhibited excellent water repellency. The static water contact angle was higher than 170° and the slip-off angle of 10 microliters water droplets was just above 0°. The polymer surface maintained its superhydrophobicity with a water contact angle of 155° after 100,000 abrasion cycles under a pressure of 32 kPa using the mechanized abrasion test described in Example 1. Moreover, the superhydrophobic surface exhibited excellent scratch resistance. Specifically, water droplets maintained a contact angle higher than 160° after the surface was scratched 50 times using a sharp steel nail.
A commercially available thermoplastic sheet of high density polyethylene (HDPE) from McMaster-Carr was used as the polymer substrate. A precision woven nylon mesh (371×371, from McMaster-Carr) was used as the template to create microstructures on the polymer surface. The wire diameter and the pore size of the nylon mesh were 33 micrometers and 36 micrometers, respectively. TiO2 nano particles (from Sigma-Aldrich) with a size ranging from 20-100 nm were used to create nanostructures on the polymer surface. According to the supplier, the phase of the TiO2 particles was a mixture of rutile and anatase. The hybrid photocatalytic-superhydrophobic surfaces were fabricated using Method 3 described above. The thickness of the TiO2 particles layer was about 100 micrometers, and the thickness of the HDPE polymer sheet was 0.03 inch. The stack-up was heated up to 138° C. under a pressure of 4000 psi for 30 min. In the second step, the mesh template is separated from the polymer film. The laminated stack was cooled to room temperature (25° C.) and then the mesh was separated from the polymer surface. The fabricated superhydrophobic surface is formed and exposed during the peeling process.
The fabricated superhydrophobic surfaces were mounted on a movable stage driven by a motor at a speed of 1 mm·per sec. The tilt angle of the surface was fixed at 13°. Water droplets were pumped out using a syringe pump (from KD Scientific Syringe Pump Company) at speeds ranging from 1-8 microliters per·sec. The distance between the surface and tip was adjusted from 5-100 mm. Both coarse Al2O3 grit with a size ranging from 50-130 micrometers and fine carbon powders with an average size of 1 micrometers were used as test contaminates. The self-cleaning process was recorded by a high speed camera (EX-FH25, Casio) at 120 frames per second.
UV light was generated by a UV spot lamp (Bluewave 200, Dymax). The wave length of the UV light ranged from 320 nm to 450 nm with a peak of 365 nm. The change of the CA with the UV illumination time was monitored. The surface after UV illumination was heated at 105° C. for 1.5 h for recovery.
The thermal properties of the HDPE were tested by Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The surface structures were studied by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM, Amary) and optical microscopy (Nikon-SMZ 1500 and Laborlux-12ME). The static CAs and slip-off angle were measured with a goniometer (250-F1, Rame-Hart Instruments Co). Droplets of distilled water, with a volume of about 5 microliters, were placed gently onto the surface at room temperature and pressure. The static CA, advancing and receding CAs were measured five times at different locations such that the measurement variance was ±2°. The slip-off angle was measured by placing water droplets of about 10 microliters on an initially horizontally substrate and then tilting the substrate until the water droplet rolled off the surface. The distribution of TiO2 particles on the fabricated surfaces were detected by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) at a scanning voltage of 10 KV.
The surface structure is shown in
The self-cleaning effect of the fabricated hydrophobic-hydrophilic surface was demonstrated using two types of test contaminant particles: coarse Al2O3 grit with a size ranging from 50-130 micrometers and fine carbon powders with an average size of 1 micrometers. As shown in
One unique feature of this hydrophilic-hydrophobic patterned nanocomposite surface is that it exhibits reversible wettability. After the surface is fabricated, the surface exhibits good superhydrophobic properties. However, upon exposure to UV light, the superhydrophobic properties are degraded and eventually lost, depending upon UV does. Superhydrophobicity was restored after heating the surface at 105° C. for 1.5 hours as shown in
In order to enhance the wetting state under UV illumination, additional TiO2 nano particles were coated onto the surface by dip-coating using a methanol solution containing 2.5% nano TiO2 particles. The surface was immersed 5 times followed by drying in room temperature for about 2 minutes after each immersion. After this treatment, a slight decreased of the contact angle from 158° to 156° was observed on the as-prepared surface (
A hybrid photocatalytic-superhydrophobic surface was fabricated using Method 1 described above. An industrial ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMW PE) from McMaster-Carr with a thickness of 0.8 mm and a melt point of about 130° C. was used. SiO2 nanoparticles (Cabot TS-530) with an average agglomerate particle size of 200-300 nm were dispersed in a mix solution of 70% methanol and 30% water, and the concentration of the SiO2 was adjusted to be about 5%. The concentration of SiO2 particles was 5%. TiO2 nanoparticles (Evonik, P90) with an average diameter of about 14 nm was used as photocatalyst. A steel mesh with a pore size of 309 micrometer and a wire diameter of 114 micrometer was coated with the silica particle dispersion. The silica particles were coated onto the UHMWPE sheet using a Doctor Blade with a gap of 0.006″ and dried at 60° C. for 10 min. After assembly of the stack-up, lamination was performed at 200° C. and 800 psi for 120 min. After lamination, excess silica particles were removed and the UHMWPE nanocomposite (with embedded mesh still in place) was laminated against a layer of TiO2 nanoparticles to fabricate a superhydrophobic surface with isolated photocatalyst regions. The TiO2 layer was made by Doctor Blade and the thickness was controlled to be 200 micrometers. The assembly was laminated again at 200° C. and 800 psi for 120 min. The sample was cooled to room temperature under pressure, and the mesh was peeled off to expose the fabricated surface.
Micrographs of the fabricated surface are shown in
In the second lamination step, the polymer could infiltrate into the pores between TiO2 nanoparticles, but only in the raised regions (i.e. the pores in the wire mesh) forming isolated photocatalyst regions. The embedded mesh acts as a mask, preventing TiO2 particles from adhering into the grooved regions. During lamination, the polymer adheres strongly to the nanoparticles at the surface. The SiO2 particles present in the raised regions from the 1st lamination step, remain, but may become more deeply embedded below the surface. After the second lamination step the mesh is removed to produce the final surface.
The TiO2 regions are clearly visible and appear white in
The ability of the fabricated surface to photooxidize organic contaminants in water was tested using an aqueous solution of Rhodamine B dye. Dyes are recognized as industrial pollutants that are especially difficult to remove using conventional wastewater treatment technologies due to their low molecular weight and high water solubility. In addition, the photooxidation of dyes is straightforward to measure using UV-visible spectroscopy. The UV-Vis spectra of 1.5 mL droplets of dye solution were measured as a function of surface composition, UV exposure time and droplet motion as shown in the UV spectra. For all experiments, a droplet (1.5 mL) of a Rhodamine B solution (13 mg/L Rh B) was used as the probe fluid and exposed to a broad spectrum UV light source (Dymax Bluewave 200 lamp connected via a 5 mm diameter liquid waveguide). The surface was irradiated with a total power of 50 mw per square cm. On a superhydrophobic surface composed of only SiO2 (no TiO2 particles) a droplet of dye solution exhibits no significant degradation after 2 hours as shown in
To further increase the photooxidation rate, the droplet was made to move back and forth under UV illumination by mounting the substrate onto the table of a Taber Reciprocating abraser machine. As the table moved back and forth, the droplet moved back and forth across the surface while the light source remained fixed. Walls of a superhydrophobic material where placed around the substrate to allow the drop to bounce off the walls at the end of each cycle without adhering to them. Because the drop became pinned in the TiO2 catalyst regions, the drop did not completely roll freely across the surface, but moved in an oscillatory fashion as shown in
In this arrangement, the degradation efficiency of the surface was dramatically improved. The dye was completely photooxidized after 0.5 hours, less than one-sixth the time required to photooxidize the dye in a static drop. Photooxidation rates for the three cases are compared in
This example is intended to illustrate how such a material could be used for the photo-oxidation of an organic dye for water purification.
An industrial ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMW PE) from McMaster-Carr with a thickness of 0.02 inch and a melt point of about 130° C., a layer of TiO2 nanoparticles (P90, from Evonik) with a thickness of about 14 nm and two smooth caul plate are assembled and laminated at 500 psi, 310 F for 30 min using the lamination process described in our previous invention (FIG. 2, Lyons, A. M. and Xu, Q. F. Polymers Having Superhydrophobic Surface, 27541-0062WO1, filing date Feb. 28, 2012). After lamination, excess TiO2 nanoparticles were removed by rinsing with tap water and blow the surface dry with compressed air. No mesh was used to create large scale roughness.
An optical image and AFM images showing the three-dimensional Micrographs of the fabricated surface are shown in
The 3D microstructures of the as-prepared surface and the interface between the TiO2 particles and the polymer substrate have been imaged using AFM using a high resolution Z (height) mode as shown in
The fabricated surface was superhydrophobic immediately after the fabrication process and the water contact angle was measured to be 155°. This was because during the hot lamination process, most of the hydroxyl groups on the TiO2 nanoparticles were removed and the TiO2 particles exhibited their intrinsic contact angle, which is larger than 70°. Combined with the hierarchical roughness of the polymer nanoparticles composite, the surface exhibited superhydrophobicity. After immersion in water for 24 h, the surface became superhydrophilic.
The photodegradation evaluation experiment was conducted using a set-up as shown in
An industrial ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMW PE) from McMaster-Carr with a thickness of 1/32 inch and a melt point of about 130° C. was used as polymer substrate. SiO2 nanoparticles (Cabot TS-530) with an average agglomerate particle size of 200-300 nm were dispersed in a mix solution of 70% methanol and 30% water, and the concentration of the SiO2 in the mixed solution was about 5%. The UHME PE sheet was coated with the SiO2 solution using a Doctor Blade with a gap of 0.006″. A steel mesh (60×60, from McMaster-Carr) was coated by wiping with the same 5% SiO2 solution using a scraper. Both the treated polymer sheet and the mesh were dried in room temperature (25° C.) for 30 min. The coated polymer sheet and mesh, and the two smooth caul plates were then assembled according to
Since the coarse features of this sample are relatively large, 10 microliter water droplets were used to measure the water CA. As shown in
The photocatalytic activity of the surface was tested using a system as shown in
A transparent cyclic olefin polymer film with a melting point of 165° C. was used as the substrate. The thickness of the film was about 190 μm. Commercially available hydrophobic silica nanoparticles (AEROSIL, R202) were dispersed in methanol (1% by weight). According to the manufacturer, the average diameter of the silica particles is about 14 nm. The polymer substrate was dipped into this solution to create a thin coating and dried in air at room temperature for 5 min after each dip cycle. This process was repeated 3 times to increase the particle layer thickness. The lamination was then conducted at 175° C. for 30 mins under a pressure of 16.7 psi. The contact angle increased from 102° (prior to lamination) to 165° (subsequent to lamination), and the slip angle decreased from more than 90° to a value as low as about 1°. Compared to the original film (about 90% of visible light was transmitted), the transparency of the coated substrate decreased by approximately 3% after treatment, but still maintained higher than 87% at 500 nm.
A transparent cyclic olefin polymer film with a melting point of 165° C. was used as the substrate. The thickness of the film was about 190 μm. Commercially available hydrophobic silica nanoparticles (AEROSIL, R202) were dispersed in ethanol to make a 2% solution by weight. The polymer substrate was dip-coated and dried in air at room temperature for 5 min after each dipping. This process was repeated 5 times. The lamination was then conducted at 185° C. for 30 minutes under a pressure of 42 psi. The contact angle of the fabricated film is as high as 168°, and the slip angle was as low as about 1°. The transparency of the coated substrate was as high as 87% at 500 nm.
The stability of the surface was tested using a recirculating water tunnel test. The fabricated film was mounted inside a square tube, and water was pumped through the tube at a flow rate of about 1 liter per second. Superhydrophobicity of the fabricated surfaces was maintained for about 5 h under this test condition. During the course of test, the optical transmittance of the material increased slightly.
While the invention has been described with reference to certain embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof to adapt to particular situations without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Therefore, it is intended that the claims not be limited to the particular embodiments disclosed, but that the claims will include all embodiments falling within the scope and spirit of the appended claims.
This application claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 61/716,708 (filed Oct. 22, 2012) and is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/796,908 (filed Mar. 12, 2013) which claims priority to 61/609,634 (filed Mar. 12, 2012), and is a continuation-in-part of international PCT patent application Serial No. PCT/US2012/026942 (filed Feb. 28, 2012) which claims priority to U.S. provisional patent application 61/555,888 (filed Nov. 4, 2011); 61/447,515 (filed Feb. 28, 2011) and 61/447,508 (filed Feb. 28, 2011). The content of each of these applications is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
This invention was made with government support under contract number 1215288 awarded by the National Science Foundation (NSF). The government has certain rights in the invention.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61716708 | Oct 2012 | US | |
| 61609634 | Mar 2012 | US | |
| 61555888 | Nov 2011 | US | |
| 61447515 | Feb 2011 | US | |
| 61447508 | Feb 2011 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 13796908 | Mar 2013 | US |
| Child | 14058707 | US | |
| Parent | PCT/US2012/026942 | Nov 2011 | US |
| Child | 13796908 | US |
