Patent Grant
6903171
The present invention relates to methods for the addition polymerization of cycloolefins using a cationic Group 10 metal complex and a weakly coordinating counteranion.
Polycyclic addition polymers having directly linked polycyclic repeating units without any internal backbone unsaturation are desirous from the standpoint of their inherent thermal oxidative stability and high glass transition temperature (Tg) profiles. Recent objectives in synthesis have focused on incorporating pendant functional substituents onto the polycyclic backbone, enabling this class of polymer to be utilized for a wide variety of uses. These objectives have been successfully met in part because of the advent of late transition metal catalysts and their tolerance to functional groups. An increasingly important use for such polymers has been in the manufacture of microelectronic and optical devices. An important consideration in the manufacturing of polymers for microelectronic and optical applications is polymer purity. While specific classes of transition metal catalysts are tolerant to functional groups, there is a trade off in that monomer to catalyst ratios must be high in order to overcome the poisoning effects of the functional group on the catalyst. Consequently, many polymers contain metallic residues as a result of the high catalyst loading in the reaction medium. Traces of transition metals have been shown to catalyze the thermal oxidative degradation of polymers. In addition, metal residues in the polymer also deleteriously affect the polymer properties by raising the dielectric constant of the polymer and interfere with light transmittance through the polymer matrix. In order to be useful the residual metals must be removed from the polymer to below an acceptable level.
One method of catalyzing the polymerization of cycloolefins is through the use of cationic transition metal complexes. Goodall et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 5,569,730) describe a method for polymerizing cycloolefinic monomers such as norbornene and hydrocarbyl substituted norbornene-type monomers in the presence of a chain transfer agent and a single or multicomponent catalyst system capable of providing a Group VIII transition metal cation source. The preferred single component catalyst consists of a transition metal cation complex containing an allyl ligand and a weakly coordinating counteranion. The multicomponent catalyst system employs a Group VIII transition metal ion source, an organoaluminum compound and an optional component selected from Lewis acids, strong Brρnsted acids, electron donor compounds, and halogenated organic compounds. The monomer to Group VIII transition metal molar ratios are broadly disclosed to range from 1000:1 to 100,000:1, with a preferred range of 3000:1 to 10,000:1.
Goodall et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 5,705,503) and McIntosh et al. (WO 97/20871) disclose that norbornene-type monomers containing functional substituents can be successfully polymerized with single and multicomponent transition metal catalysts of the classes disclosed in the '730 patent supra. However, the molar ratio of monomer to Group VIII transition metal ranges from 20:1 to 100,000:1. In fact the highest monomer to Group VIII metal ratio actually employed is only about 5000:1 which is exemplified in Example 15 of the '503 specification.
In addition to the Group VIII single and multicomponent catalyst systems disclosed supra, Goodall et al. (WO 97/33198) disclose a single component catalyst system suitable for polymerizing functionally substituted norbornene-type monomers. The single component catalyst comprises nickel, a two electron donor ligand (preferably a π-arene ligand) and a pentafluorophenyl ligand. The disclosed molar ratio of monomer to nickel ranges from 2000:1 to 100:1.
In view of the foregoing it is apparent that a relatively high catalyst loading (based on the Group VIII metal content) is necessary for the polymerization reaction to proceed efficiently. A higher catalyst loading in the monomer at the onset of the polymerization reaction, however, means that a higher residual metal content will be present in the polymer product. Residual metals are difficult and expensive to remove. Therefore there is a need for a high activity transition metal catalyst system capable of polymerizing substituted and unsubstituted cycloolefin monomers.
Accordingly, it is a general object of the invention to provide a polymerizable polycycloolefin composition comprising a high activity catalyst system.
It is another object of the invention to provide polymers with low levels of residual Group 10 metals.
It is a further object of the invention to provide a process for polymerizing polycycloolefin monomers in contact with a high activity Group 10 catalyst.
It is another object of the invention to provide a process for polymerizing polycycloolefin monomers in solution in contact with a high activity Group 10 catalyst system.
It is still another object of the invention to provide a process for polymerizing polycycloolefin monomers in mass in contact with a high activity Group 10 catalyst system.
It is another object of the invention to provide a high activity single or multicomponent Group 10 catalyst system for the polymerization of polycycloolefin monomers.
It still is a further object of the invention to provide a two component catalyst Group 10 system comprising a procatalyst and an activator.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide optical cycloolefin polymers which can be utilized for numerous end uses including electronic applications such as semiconductors or integrated circuits, as well as optical applications such as ophthalmic lenses, wave guides, optical fibers, optical adhesives, and the like as well as for coatings or encapsulants for optical sensors, coatings or encapsulants for light emitting devices, and optical encapsulants for various electronic devices, semi-conductors, and the like.
These and other objects of the invention are accomplished by contacting a polymerizable polycycloolefin monomer charge with a high activity catalyst system comprising a Group 10 metal cation complex and a weakly coordinating counteranion complex of the formula:
[(R)z′M(L′)x(L″)y]b[WCA]d
wherein M represents a Group 10 transition metal; R′ represents an anionic hydrocarbyl containing ligand; L′ represents a Group 15 neutral electron donor ligand; L″ represents a labile neutral electron donor ligand; z is 0 or 1; x is 1 or 2; y is 0, 1, 2, or 3, and the sum of x, y, and z equals 3 or 4 and b and d are numbers representing the number of times the cation complex and weakly coordinating counteranion complex (WCA), respectively, are taken to balance the electronic charge on the overall catalyst complex. The monomer charge can be neat or in solution, and is contacted with a preformed catalyst of the foregoing formula. Alternatively, the catalyst can be formed in situ by admixing the catalyst forming components in the monomer charge.
The catalyst of the invention comprises a Group 10 metal cation complex and a weakly coordinating counteranion complex represented by Formula I below:
[(R)z′M(L′)x(L″)y]b[WCA]d I
wherein M represents a Group 10 transition metal; R′ represents an anionic hydrocarbyl ligand; L′ represents a Group 15 neutral electron donor ligand; L″ represents a labile neutral electron donor ligand; z is 0 or 1, x is 1 or 2; y is 0, 1, 2, or 3, wherein the sum of x, y, and z is 3 or 4; and b and d are numbers representing the number of times the cation complex and weakly coordinating counteranion complex (WCA), respectively, are taken to balance the electronic charge of the overall catalyst complex.
The weakly coordinating counteranion complex is an anion which is only weakly coordinated to the cation complex. It is sufficiently labile to be displaced by a neutral Lewis base, solvent or monomer. More specifically, the WCA anion functions as a stabilizing anion to the cation complex and does not transfer to the cation complex to form a neutral product. The WCA anion is relatively inert in that it is non-oxidative, non-reducing, and non-nucleophilic.
An anionic hydrocarbyl ligand is any hydrocarbyl ligand which when removed from the metal center M in its closed shell electron configuration, has a negative charge.
A neutral electron donor is any ligand which when removed from the metal center M in its closed shell electron configuration, has a neutral charge.
A labile neutral electron donor ligand is any ligand which is not as strongly bound to metal center M, is easily displaced therefrom, and when removed from the metal center in its closed shell electron configuration has a neutral charge.
In the cation complex above, M represents a Group 10 metal selected from nickel, palladium, and platinum, with palladium being the most preferred metal.
Representative anionic hydrocarbyl containing ligands defined under R include hydrogen, linear and branched C1-C20 alkyl, C5-C10 cycloalkyl, linear and branched C2-C20 alkenyl, C6-C15 cycloalkenyl, allylic ligands or canonical forms thereof, C6-C30 aryl, C6-C30 heteroatom containing aryl, and C7-C30 aralkyl, each of the foregoing groups can be optionally substituted with hydrocarbyl and/or heteroatom substituents preferably selected from linear or branched C1-C5 alkyl, linear or branched C1-C5 haloalkyl, linear or branched C2-C5 alkenyl and haloalkenyl, halogen, sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and phenyl optionally substituted with linear or branched C1-C5 alkyl, linear or branched C1-C5 haloalkyl, and halogen, RN also represents anionic hydrocarbyl containing ligands of the formula ROC(O)O, ROC(O)CHC(O)RO, ROC(O)S, ROC(S)O, ROC(S)S, ROO, RO2N, wherein RO is the same as RN defined immediately above.
The foregoing cycloalkyl, and cycloalkenyl ligands can be monocyclic or multicyclic. The aryl ligands can be a single ring (e.g., phenyl) or a fused ring system (e.g., naphthyl). In addition, any of the cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl and aryl groups can be taken together to form a fused ring system. Each of the monocyclic, multicyclic and aryl ring systems described above optionally can be monosubstituted or multisubstituted with a substituent independently selected from hydrogen, linear and branched C1-C5 alkyl, linear and branched C1-C5 haloalkyl, linear and branched C1-C5 alkoxy, halogen selected from chlorine, fluorine, iodine and bromine, C5-C10 cycloalkyl, C6-C15 cycloalkenyl, and C6-C30 aryl. An example of a multicycloalkyl moiety is a norbornyl ligand. An example of a multicycloalkenyl moiety is a norbornenyl ligand. Examples of aryl ligand groups include phenyl and naphthyl. For purposes of illustration Structure I below represents a cationic complex wherein R′ is a cycloalkenyl ligand derived from 1,5-cyclooctadiene. Structures II and III illustrate cationic complexes wherein R′ represents multicycloalkyl and multicycloalkenyl ligands, respectively. In Structure III the norbornenyl ligand is substituted with an alkenyl group.
wherein M, L′, L″, x and y are as previously defined.
Additional examples of cationic complexes where R′ represents a ring system is illustrated in Structures IV to IVc below.
wherein M, L′, L″, x and y are as previously defined.
In another embodiment of the invention, R′ represents a hydrocarbyl ligand containing a terminal group that coordinates to the Group 10 metal. The terminal coordination group containing hydrocarbyl ligand are represented by the formula —Cd′H2d′X→, wherein d′ represents the number of carbon atoms in the hydrocarbyl backbone and is an integer from 3 to 10, and X→ represents an alkenyl or heteroatom containing moiety that coordinates to the Group 10 metal center. The ligand together with the Group 10 metal forms a metallacycle or heteroatom containing metallacycle. Any of the hydrogen atoms on the hydrocarbyl backbone in the formulae above can be independently replaced by a substituent selected from R1′, R2′, and R3′ which are defined below.
A cation complex of the terminal coordination group containing hydrocarbyl metallacycle embodiment is represented by Structure V shown below:
wherein M, L′, L″, d′, x and y are as previously defined, and X represents a radical selected from the group —CHR4′═CHR4′, —OR4′, —SR4′, —N(R4′)2, —N═NR4′, —P(R4′)2, —C(O)R4′, —C(R4′)═NR4′, —C(O)OR4′, —OC(O)OR4′, —OC(O)R4′, and R4′ represents hydrogen, halogen, linear and branched C1-C5 alkyl, linear and branched C1-C5 haloalkyl, C5-C10 cycloalkyl, linear or branched C2-C5 alkenyl, linear or branched C2-C5 haloalkenyl, substituted and unsubstituted C6-C18 aryl, and substituted and unsubstituted C7-C24 aralkyl.
The substituted terminal group containing hydrocarbyl metallacycles can be represented by structure Va, below.
wherein M, L′, L″, X, x and y are as previously defined, n represents an integer from 1 to 8 and R1′, R2′, and R3′ independently represent hydrogen, linear and branched C1-C5 alkyl, linear and branched C1-C5 haloalkyl, linear or branched C2-C5 alkenyl, linear and branched C2-C5 haloalkenyl, substituted and unsubstituted C6-C30 aryl, substituted and unsubstituted C7-C30 aralkyl, and halogen. Any of R1′, R2′, and R3′ can be taken together along with the carbon atoms to which they are attached can form a substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic C5-C20 monocyclic or polycyclic ring system, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C10 aromatic ring system, a substituted and unsubstituted C10-C20 fused aromatic ring system, and combinations thereof. When substituted, the rings described above can contain monosubstitution or multisubstitution where the substituents are independently selected from hydrogen, linear and branched C1-C5 alkyl, linear and branched C1-C5 haloalkyl, linear and branched C1-C5 alkoxy, and halogen selected from chlorine, fluorine, iodine and bromine. In Structure Va above it should be noted that when n is 0, X is bonded to the carbon atom that contains the R2′ substituent.
Representative terminal group containing hydrocarbyl metallacycle cation complexes wherein the substituents are taken together to represent aromatic and aliphatic ring systems are illustrated below under Structures Vb and Vc.
Additional examples of terminal group containing hydrocarbyl metallacycle cation complexes wherein any of R1′ to R3′ can be taken together to form aromatic ring systems are set forth in Structures Vd to Vg below.
Illustrative examples of cation complexes containing polycyclic aliphatic ring systems are set forth under structures Vh, Vi, and Vj below:
In Structures V through Vj above, n′ is an integer from 0 to 5; and X, M, L′, L″, “a”, n, x, y, R1′ and R4′, are as previously defined, and R5′ and R6′ independently represent hydrogen, and linear and branched C1-C10 alkyl, R5′ and R6′ together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached can form a saturated and unsaturated cyclic group containing 5 to 15 carbon atoms.
Examples of heteroatom containing aryl ligands under R′ are pyridinyl and quinolinyl ligands.
The allyl ligand in the cationic complex can be represented by the following structure:
wherein R20′, R21′, and R22′ each independently represent hydrogen, halogen, linear and branched C1-C5 alkyl, C5-C10 cycloalkyl, linear and branched C1-C5 alkenyl, C6-C30 aryl, C7-C30 aralkyl, each optionally substituted with a substituent selected from linear and branched C1-C5 alkyl, linear and branched C1-C5 haloalkyl, halogen, and phenyl which can optionally be substituted with linear and branched C1-C5 alkyl, linear and branched C1-C5 haloalkyl, and halogen. Any two of R20′, R21′, and R22′ can be linked together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached to form a cyclic or multicyclic ring, each optionally substituted with linear or branched C1-C5 alkyl, linear or branched C1-C5 haloalkyl, and halogen. Examples of allylic ligands suitable in the cationic complexes of the invention include but are not limited to allyl, 2-chloroallyl, crotyl, 1,1-dimethyl allyl, 2-methylallyl, 1-phenylallyl, 2-phenylallyl, and β-pinenyl.
Representative cationic complexes containing an allylic ligand are shown below.
In Structures VI, VIa, and VIb M, L′, L″, x and y are as previously defined.
Additional examples of allyl ligands are found in R. G. Guy and B. L. Shaw, Advances in Inorganic Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Vol. 4, Academic Press Inc., New York, 1962; J. Birmingham, E. de Boer, M. L. H. Green, R. B. King, R. Köster, P. L. I. Nagy, G. N. Schrauzer, Advances in Organometallic Chemistry, Vol. 2, Academic Press Inc., New York, 1964; W. T. Dent, R. Long and A. J. Wilkinson, J. Chem. Soc., (1964) 1585; and H. C. Volger, Rec. Trav. Chim. Pay Bas, 88 (1969) 225; which are all hereby incorporated by reference.
Representative neutral electron donor ligands under L′ include amines, pyridines organophosphorus containing compounds and arsines and stibenes, of the formula:
E(R7′)3
wherein E is arsenic or antimony, and R7′ is independently selected from hydrogen, linear and branched C1-C10 alkyl, C5-C10 cycloalkyl, linear and branched C1-C10 alkoxy, allyl, linear and branched C2-C10 alkenyl, C6-C12 aryl, C6-C12 aryloxy, C6-C12 arylsufides (e.g., PhS), C7-C18 aralkyl, cyclic ethers and thioethers, tri(linear and branched C1-C10 alkyl)silyl, tri(C6-C12 aryl)silyl, tri(linear and branched C1-C10 alkoxy)silyl, triaryloxysilyl, tri(linear and branched C1-C10 alkyl)siloxy, and tri(C6-C12 aryl)siloxy, each of the foregoing substituents can be optionally substituted with linear or branched C1-C5 alkyl, linear or branched C1-C5 haloalkyl, C1-C5 alkoxy, halogen, and combinations thereof. Representative alkyl groups include but are not limited to methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, and dodecyl. Representative cycloalkyl groups include but are not limited to cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl. Representative alkoxy groups include but are not limited to methoxy, ethoxy, and isopropoxy. Representative cyclic ether and cyclic thioether groups include but are not limited furyl and thienyl, respectively. Representative aryl groups include but are not limited to phenyl, o-tolyl, and naphthyl. Representative aralkyl groups include but are not limited to benzyl, and phenylethyl (i.e., —CH2CH2PH). Representative silyl groups include but are not limited to triphenylsilyl, trimethylsilyl, and triethylsilyl. As in the general definition above each of the foregoing groups can be optionally substituted with linear or branched C1-C5 alkyl, linear or branched C1-C5 haloalkyl, and halogen.
Representative pyridines include lutidine (including 2,3-; 2,4-; 2,5-; 2,6-; 3,4-; and 3,5-substituted), picoline (including 2-,3-, or 4-substituted), 2,6-di-t-butylpyridine, and 2,4-di-t-butylpyridine.
Representative arsines include triphenylarsine, triethylarsine, and triethoxysilylarsine.
Representative stibenes include triphenylstibine and trithiophenylstibine.
Suitable amine ligands can be selected from amines of the formula N(R8′)3, wherein R8′ independently represents hydrogen, linear and branched C1-C20 alkyl, linear and branched C1-C20 haloalkyl, substituted and unsubstituted C3-C20 cycloalkyl, substituted and unsubstituted C6-C18 aryl, and substituted and unsubstituted C7-C18 aralkyl. When substituted, the cycloalkyl, aryl and aralkyl groups can be monosubstituted or multisubstituted, wherein the substituents are independently selected from hydrogen, linear and branched C1-C12 alkyl, linear and branched C1-C5 haloalkyl, linear and branched C1-C5 alkoxy, C6-C12 aryl, and halogen selected from chlorine, bromine, and fluorine. Representative amines include but are not limited to ethylamine, triethylamine, diisopropylamine, tributylamine, N,N-dimethylaniline, N,N-dimethyl-4-t-butylaniline, N,N-dimethyl-4-t-octylaniline, and N,N-dimethyl-4-hexadecylaniline.
The organophosphorus containing ligands include phosphines, phosphites, phosphonites, phosphinites and phosphorus containing compounds of the formula:
P(R7′)g[X′(R7′)h]3-g
wherein X′ is oxygen, nitrogen, or silicon, R7′ is as defined above and each R7′ substituent is independent of the other, g is 0, 1, 2, or 3, and h is 1, 2, or 3, with the proviso that when X′ is a silicon atom, h is 3, when X′ is an oxygen atom h is 1, and when X′ is a nitrogen atom, h is 2. When g is 0 and X′ is oxygen, any two or 3 of R7′ can be taken together with the oxygen atoms to which they are attached to form a cyclic moiety. When g is 3 any two of R7′ can be taken together with the phosphorus atom to which they are attached to represent a phosphacycle of the formula:
wherein R7′ is as previously defined and h′ is an integer from 4 to 11.
The organophosphorus compounds can also include bidentate phosphine ligands of the formulae:
wherein R7 is as previously defined and i is 0, 1, 2, or 3 are also contemplated herein.
Representative phosphine ligands include, but are not limited to trimethylphosphine, triethylphosphine, tri-n-propylphosphine, triisopropylphosphine, tri-n-butylphosphine, tri-sec-butylphosphine, tri-i-butylphosphine, tri-t-butylphosphine, tricyclopentylphosphine, triallylphosphine, tricyclohexylphosphine, triphenylphosphine, trinaphthylphosphine, tri-p-tolylphosphine, tri-o-tolylphosphine, tri-m-tolylphosphine, tribenzylphosphine, tri(p-trifluoromethylphenyl)phosphine, tris(trifluoromethyl)phosphine, tri(p-fluorophenyl)phosphine, tri(p-trifluoromethylphenyl)phosphine, allyldiphenylphosphine, benzyldiphenylphosphine, bis(2-furyl)phosphine, bis(4-methoxyphenyl)phenylphosphine, bis(4-methylphenyl)phosphine, bis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)phosphine, t-butylbis(trimethylsilyl)phosphine, t-butyldiphenylphosphine, cyclohexyldiphenylphosphine, diallylphenylphosphine, dibenzylphosphine, dibutylphenylphosphine, dibutylphosphine, di-t-butylphosphine, dicyclohexylphosphine, diethylphenylphosphine, di-i-butylphosphine, dimethylphenylphosphine, dimethyl(trimethylsilyl)phosphine, diphenylphosphine, diphenylpropylphosphine, diphenyl(p-tolyl)phosphine, diphenyl(trimethylsilyl)phosphine, diphenylvinylphosphine, divinylphenylphosphine, ethyldiphenylphosphine, (2-methoxyphenyl)methylphenylphosphine, tri-n-octylphosphine, tris(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)phosphine, tris(3-chlorophenyl)phosphine, tris(4-chlorophenyl)phosphine, tris(2,6-dimethoxyphenyl)phosphine, tris(3-fluorophenyl)phosphine, tris(2-furyl)phosphine, tris(2-methoxyphenyl)phosphine, tris(3-methoxyphenyl)phosphine, tris(4-methoxyphenyl)phosphine, tris(3-methoxypropyl)phosphine, tris(2-thienyl)phosphine, tris(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)phosphine, tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphine, isopropyldiphenylphosphine, dicyclohexylphenylphosphine, (+)-neomenthyldiphenylphosphine, tribenzylphosphine, diphenyl(2-methoxyphenyl)phosphine, diphenyl(pentafluorophenyl)phosphine, bis(pentafluorophenyl)phenylphosphine, and tris(pentafluorophenyl)phosphine.
Exemplary bidentate phosphine ligands include but are not limited to(R)-(+)-2,2N-Bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1N-binaphthy; bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)methane; bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)ethane; bis(diphenylphosphino)methane; bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane.
The phosphine ligands can also be selected from phosphine compounds that are water soluble thereby imparting the resulting catalysts with solubility in aqueous media. Selected phosphines of this type include but are not limited to carboxylic substituted phosphines such as 4-(diphenylphosphine)benzoic acid, and 2-(diphenylphosphine)benzoic acid, sodium 2-(dicyclohexylphosphino)ethanesulfonate, 4,4′-(phenylphosphinidene)bis(benzene sulfonic acid) dipotassium salt, 3,3′,3″-phosphinidynetris(benzene sulfonic acid) trisodium salt, 4-(dicyclohexylphosphino)-1,1-dimethylpiperidinium chloride, 4-(dicyclohexylphosphino)-1,1-dimethylpiperidinium iodide, quaternary amine-functionalized salts of phosphines such as 2-(dicyclohexylphosphino)-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium chloride, 2,2′-(cyclohexylphosphinidene)bis[N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium dichloride, 2,2′-(cyclohexylphosphinidene)bis(N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium) diiodide, and 2-(dicyclohexylphosphino)-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium iodide.
Examples of phosphite ligands include but are not limited to trimethylphosphite, diethylphenylphosphite, triethylphosphite, tris(2,4-di-t-butylphenyl)phosphite, tri-n-propylphosphite, triisopropylphosphite, tri-n-butylphosphite, tri-sec-butylphosphite, triisobutylphosphite, tri-t-butylphosphite, dicyclohexylphosphite, tricyclohexylphosphite, triphenylphosphite, tri-p-tolylphosphite, tris(p-trifluoromethylphenyl)phosphite, benzyldiethylphosphite, and tribenzylphosphite.
Examples of phosphinite ligands include but are not limited to methyl diphenylphosphinite, ethyl diphenylphosphinite, isopropyl diphenylphosphinite, and phenyl diphenylphosphinite.
Examples of phosphonite ligands include but are not limited to diphenyl phenylphosphonite, dimethyl phenylphosphonite, diethyl methylphosphonite, diisopropyl phenylphosphonite, and diethyl phenylphosphonite.
Representative labile neutral electron donor ligands (L″) are reaction diluent, reaction monomers, DMF, DMSO, dienes including C4 to C10 aliphatic and C4 to C10 cycloaliphatic dienes representative dienes include butadiene, 1,6-hexadiene, and cyclooctadiene (COD), water, chlorinated alkanes, alcohols, ethers, ketones, nitriles, arenes, phosphine oxides, organic carbonates and esters.
Representative chlorinated alkanes include but are not limited to dichloromethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, and carbon tetrachloride.
Suitable alcohol ligands can be selected from alcohols of the formula R9′OH, wherein R9′ represents linear and branched C1-C20 alkyl, linear and branched C1-C20 haloalkyl, substituted and unsubstituted C3-C20 cycloalkyl, substituted and unsubstituted C6-C18 aryl, and substituted and unsubstituted C6-C18 aralkyl. When substituted, the cycloalkyl, aryl and aralkyl groups can be monosubstituted or multisubstituted, wherein the substituents are independently selected from hydrogen, linear and branched C1-C12 alkyl, linear and branched C1-C5 haloalkyl, linear and branched C1-C5 alkoxy, C6-C12 aryl, and halogen selected from chlorine, bromine, and fluorine. Representative alcohols include but are not limited to methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, butanol, hexanol, t-butanol, neopentanol, phenol, 2,6-di-i-propylphenol, 4-t-octylphenol, 5-norbornene-2-methanol, and dodecanol.
Suitable ether ligands and thioether ligands can be selected from ethers and thioethers of the formulae (R10′—O—R10′) and (R10′—S—R10′), respectively, wherein R10′ independently represents linear and branched C1-C10 alkyl radicals, linear and branched C1-C20 haloalkyl, substituted and unsubstituted C3-C20 cycloalkyl, linear and branched C1-C20 alkoxy substituted and unsubstituted C6-C18 aryl, and substituted and unsubstituted C6-C18 aralkyl. When substituted, the cycloalkyl, aryl and aralkyl groups can be monosubstituted or multisubstituted, wherein the substituents are independently selected from hydrogen, linear and branched C1-C12 alkyl, linear and branched C1-C5 haloalkyl, linear and branched C1-C5 alkoxy, C6-C12 aryl, and halogen selected from chlorine, bromine, and fluorine. taken together along with the oxygen or sulfur atom to which they are attached to form a cyclic ether or cyclic thioether. Representative ethers include but are not limited to dimethyl ether, dibutyl ether, methyl-t-butyl ether, di-i-propyl ether, diethyl ether, dioctyl ether, 1,4-dimethoxyethane, THF, 1,4-dioxane and tetrahydrothiophene.
Suitable ketone ligands are represented by ketones of the formula R11′C(O)R11′ wherein R11′ independently represents hydrogen, linear and branched C1-C20 alkyl, linear and branched C1-C20 haloalkyl, substituted and unsubstituted C3-C20 cycloalkyl, substituted and unsubstituted C6-C18 aryl, and substituted and unsubstituted C6-C18 aralkyl. When substituted, the cycloalkyl, aryl and aralkyl groups can be monosubstituted or multisubstituted, wherein the substituents are independently selected from hydrogen, linear and branched C1-C12 alkyl, linear and branched C1-C5 haloalkyl, linear and branched C1-C5 alkoxy, C6-C12 aryl, and halogen selected from chlorine, bromine, and fluorine. Representative ketones include but are not limited to acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclohexanone, and benzophenone.
The nitrile ligands can be represented by the formula R12′CN, wherein R12′ represents hydrogen, linear and branched C1-C20 alkyl, linear and branched C1-C20 haloalkyl, substituted and unsubstituted C3-C20 cycloalkyl, substituted and unsubstituted C6-C18 aryl, and substituted and unsubstituted C6-C18 aralkyl. When substituted, the cycloalkyl, aryl and aralkyl groups can be monosubstituted or multisubstituted, wherein the substituents are independently selected from hydrogen, linear and branched C1-C12 alkyl, linear and branched C1-C5 haloalkyl, linear and branched C1-C5 alkoxy, C6-C12 aryl, and halogen selected from chlorine, bromine, and fluorine. Representative nitriles include but are not limited to acetonitrile, propionitrile, benzonitrile, benzyl cyanide, and 5-norbornene-2-carbonitrile.
The arene ligands can be selected from substituted and unsubstituted C6-C12 arenes containing monosubstitution or multisubstitution, wherein the substituents are independently selected from hydrogen, linear and branched C1-C12 alkyl, linear and branched C1-C5 haloalkyl, linear and branched C1-C5 alkoxy, C6-C12 aryl, and halogen selected from chlorine, bromine, and fluorine. Representative arenes include but are not limited to toluene, benzene, o-, m-, and p-xylenes, mesitylene, fluorobenzene, o-difluorobenzene, p-difluorobenzene, chlorobenzene, pentafluorobenzene, o-dichlorobenzene, and hexafluorobenzene.
Suitable trialkyl and triaryl phosphine oxide ligands can be represented by phosphine oxides of the formula P(O)(R13′)3, wherein R13′ independently represents linear and branched C1-C20 alkyl, linear and branched C1-C20 haloalkyl, substituted and unsubstituted C3-C20 cycloalkyl, linear and branched C1-C20 alkoxy, linear and branched C1-C20 haloalkoxy, substituted and unsubstituted C6-C18 aryl, and substituted and unsubstituted C6-C18 aralkyl. When substituted, the cycloalkyl, aryl and aralkyl groups can be monosubstituted or multisubstituted, wherein the substituents are independently selected from hydrogen, linear and branched C1-C12 alkyl, linear and branched C1-C5 haloalkyl, linear and branched C1-C5 alkoxy, C6-C12 aryl, and halogen selected from chlorine, bromine, and fluorine. Representative phosphine oxides include but are not limited to triphenylphosphine oxide, tributylphosphine oxide, trioctylphosphine oxide, tributylphosphate, and tris(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate.
Representative carbonates include but are not limited to ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate.
Representative esters include but are not limited to ethyl acetate and i-amyl acetate.
The weakly coordinating counteranion complex, [WCA], of Formula I can be selected from borates and aluminates, boratobenzene anions, carborane and halocarborane anions.
The borate and aluminate weakly coordinating counteranions are represented by Formulae II and III below:
[M′(R24′)(R25′)(R26′)(R27′)]− II
[M′(OR28′)(OR29′)(OR30′)(OR31′)]− III
wherein in Formula II M′ is boron or aluminum and R24′, R25′, R26′, and R27′ independently represent fluorine, linear and branched C1-C10 alkyl, linear and branched C1-C10 alkoxy, linear and branched C3-C5 haloalkenyl, linear and branched C3-C12 trialkylsiloxy, C18-C36 triarylsiloxy, substituted and unsubstituted C6-C30 aryl, and substituted and unsubstituted C6-C30 aryloxy groups wherein R24′ to R27′ can not all simultaneously represent alkoxy or aryloxy groups. When substituted the aryl groups can be monosubstituted or multisubstituted, wherein the substituents are independently selected from linear and branched C1-C5 alkyl, linear and branched C1-C5 haloalkyl, linear and branched C1-C5 alkoxy, linear and branched C1-C5 haloalkoxy, linear and branched C1-C12 trialkylsilyl, C6-C18 triarylsilyl, and halogen selected from chlorine, bromine, and fluorine, preferably fluorine. Representative borate anions under Formula II include but are not limited to tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate, tetrakis(2-fluorophenyl)borate, tetrakis(3-fluorophenyl)borate, tetrakis(4-fluorophenyl)borate, tetrakis(3,5-difluorophenyl)borate, tetrakis(2,3,4,5-tetrafluorophenyl)borate, tetrakis(3,4,5,6-tetrafluorophenyl)borate, tetrakis(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)borate, methyltris(perfluorophenyl)borate, ethyltris(perfluorophenyl)borate, phenyltris(perfluorophenyl)borate, tetrakis(1,2,2-trifluoroethylenyl)borate, tetrakis(4-tri-i-propylsilyltetrafluorophenyl)borate, tetrakis(4-dimethyl-tert-butylsilyltetrafluorophenyl)borate, (triphenylsiloxy)tris(pentafluorophenyl)borate, (octyloxy)tris(pentafluorophenyl)borate, tetrakis[3,5-bis[1-methoxy-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethyl]phenyl]borate, tetrakis[3-[1-methoxy-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethyl]-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate, and tetrakis[3-[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethyl]-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate.
Representative aluminate anions under Formula II include but are not limited to tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)aluminate, tris(perfluorobiphenyl)fluoroaluminate, (octyloxy)tris(pentafluorophenyl)aluminate, tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)aluminate, and methyltris(pentafluorophenyl)aluminate.
In Formula III M′ is boron or aluminum, R28′, R29′, R30′, and R31′ independently represent linear and branched C1-C10 alkyl, linear and branched C1-C10 haloalkyl, C2-C10 haloalkenyl, substituted and unsubstituted C6-C30 aryl, and substituted and unsubstituted C7-C30 aralkyl groups, subject to the proviso that at least three of R28′ to R31′ must contain a halogen containing substituent. When substituted the aryl and aralkyl groups can be monosubstituted or multisubstituted, wherein the substituents are independently selected from linear and branched C1-C5 alkyl, linear and branched C1-C5 haloalkyl, linear and branched C1-C5 alkoxy, linear and branched C1-C10 haloalkoxy, and halogen selected from chlorine, bromine, and fluorine, preferably fluorine. The groups OR28′ and OR29′ can be taken together to form a chelating substituent represented by —O—R32′—O—, wherein the oxygen atoms are bonded to M′ and R32′ is a divalent radical selected from substituted and unsubstituted C6-C30 aryl and substituted and unsubstituted C7-C30 aralkyl. Preferably, the oxygen atoms are bonded, either directly or through an alkyl group, to the aromatic ring in the ortho or meta position. When substituted the aryl and aralkyl groups can be monosubstituted or multisubstituted, wherein the substituents are independently selected from linear and branched C1-C5 alkyl, linear and branched C1-C5 haloalkyl, linear and branched C1-C5 alkoxy, linear and branched C1-C10 haloalkoxy, and halogen selected from chlorine, bromine, and fluorine, preferably fluorine. Representative structures of divalent R32′ radicals are illustrated below:
wherein R33′ independently represents hydrogen, linear and branched C1-C5 alkyl, linear and branched C1-C5 haloalkyl, and halogen selected from chlorine, bromine, and fluorine, preferably fluorine; R34′ can be a monosubstituent or taken up to four times about each aromatic ring depending on the available valence on each ring carbon atom and independently represents hydrogen, linear and branched C1-C5 alkyl, linear and branched C1-C5 haloalkyl, linear and branched C1-C5 alkoxy, linear and branched C1-C10 haloalkoxy, and halogen selected from chlorine, bromine, and fluorine, preferably fluorine; and n″ independently represents an integer from 0 to 6. It should be recognized that when n″ is 0 the oxygen atom in the formula —O—R32′—O— is bonded directly to a carbon atom in the aromatic ring represented by R32′. In the above divalent structural formulae the oxygen atom(s), i.e., when n″ is 0, and the methylene or substituted methylene group(s), —(C(R33′)2)n′—, are preferably located on the aromatic ring in the ortho or meta positions. Representative chelating groups of the formula —O—R32′—O—include but are not limited to are 2,3,4,5-tetrafluorobenzenediolate (—OC6F4O—), 2,3,4,5-tetrachlorobenzenediolate (—OC6Cl4O—), and 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzenediolate (—OC6Br4O—), and bis(1′,1′-bitetrafluorophenyl-2,2′-diolate).
Representative borate and aluminate anions under Formula III include but are not limited to [B(OC(CF3)3)4]−, [B(OC(CF3)2(CH3))4]−, [B(OC(CF3)2H)4]−, [B(OC(CF3)(CH3)H)4]−, [Al(OC(CF3)2Ph)4]−, [B(OCH2(CF3)2)4]−, [Al(OC(CF3)2C6H4CH3)4]−, [Al(OC(CF3)3)4]−, [Al(OC(CF3)(CH3)H)4]−, [Al(OC(CF3)2H)4]−, [Al(OC(CF3)2C6H4-4-i-Pr)4]−, [Al(OC(CF3)2C6H4-4-t-butyl)4]−, [Al(OC(CF3)2C6H4-4-SiMe3)4,]−, [Al(OC(CF3)2C6H4-4-Si-i-Pr3)4,]−, [Al(OC(CF3)2C6H2-2,6-(CF3)2-4-Si-i-Pr3)4]−, [Al(OC(CF3)2C6H3-3,5-(CF3)2)4]−, [Al(OC(CF3)2C6H2-2,4,6-(CF3)3)4]−, and [Al(OC(CF3)2C6F5)4]−.
The boratobenzene anions useful as the weakly coordinating counteranion can be represented by Formula IV below:
wherein R34′ is selected from fluorine, fluorinated hydrocarbyl, perfluorocarbyl, and fluorinated and perfluorinated ethers. As used here and throughout the specification, the term halohydrocarbyl means that at least one hydrogen atom on the hydrocarbyl radical, e.g., alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, and aralkyl groups, is replaced with a halogen atom selected from chlorine, bromine, iodine, and fluorine (e.g., haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, haloalkynyl, halocycloalkyl, haloaryl, and haloaralkyl). The term fluorohydrocarbyl means that at least one hydrogen atom on the hydrocarbyl radical is replaced by fluorine. The degree of halogenation can range from at least one hydrogen atom being replaced by a halogen atom (e.g., a monofluoromethyl group) to full halogenation (perhalogenation) wherein all hydrogen atoms on the hydrocarbyl group have been replaced by a halogen atom (e.g., perhalocarbyl such as trifluoromethyl (perfluoromethyl)). The fluorinated hydrocarbyl and perfluorocarbyl radicals preferably contain 1 to 24 carbon atoms, more preferably, 1 to 12 carbon atoms and most preferably 6 carbon atoms and can be linear or branched, cyclic, or aromatic. The fluorinated hydrocarbyl and perfluorocarbyl radicals include but are not limited to fluorinated and perfluorinated linear and branched C1-C24 alkyl, fluorinated and perfluorinated C3-C24 cycloalkyl, fluorinated and perfluorinated C2-C24 alkenyl, fluorinated and perfluorinated C3-C24 cycloalkenyl, fluorinated and perfluorinated C6-C24 aryl, and fluorinated and perfluorinated C7-C24 aralkyl. The fluorinated and perfluorocarbyl ether substituents are represented by the formulae —(CH2)mOR36′, or —(CF2)mOR36′ respectively, wherein R36′ is a fluorinated or perfluorocarbyl group as defined above, m is and integer of 0 to 5. It is to be noted that when m is 0 the oxygen atom in the ether moiety is directly bonded attached to the boron atom in the boratobenzene ring.
Preferred R34′ radicals include those that are electron withdrawing in nature such as, for example, fluorinated and perfluorinated hydrocarbyl radicals selected from trifluoromethyl, perfluoroethyl, perfluoropropyl, perfluoroisopropyl, pentafluorophenyl and bis(3,5-trifluoromethyl)phenyl.
R35′ independently represents hydrogen, halogen, perfluorocarbyl, and silylperfluorocarbyl radicals, wherein the perfluorocarbyl and silylperfluorocarbyl are as defined previously. Preferred halogen groups are selected from chlorine, fluorine, with fluorine being especially preferred. When R35′ is halogen, perfluorocarbyl, and/or silylperfluorocarbyl, the radical(s) are preferably ortho or para (more preferably para) to the boron atom in the boratobenzene ring.
Representative boratobenzene anions include but are not limited to [1,4-dihydro-4-methyl-1-(pentafluorophenyl)]-2-borate, 4-(1,1-dimethyl)-1,2-dihydro-1-(pentafluorophenyl)-2-borate, 1-fluoro-1,2-dihydro-4-(pentafluorophenyl)-2-borate, and 1-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,2-dihydro-4-(pentafluorophenyl)-2-borate.
The carborane and halocarborane anions useful as the weakly coordinating counteranion include but are not limited to CB11(CH3)12−, CB11H12−, 1-C2H5CB11H11−, 1-Ph3SiCB11H11−, 1-CF3CB11H11−, 12-BrCB11H11−, 12-BrCB11H11−, 7,12-Br2CB11H10−, 12-ClCB11H11−, 7,12-Cl2CB11H10−, 1-H—CB11F11−, 1-CH3—CB11F11−, 1-CF3—CB11F11−, 12-CB11H11F−, 7,12-CB11H11F2−, 7,9,12-CB11H11F3−, CB11H6Br6−, 6-CB9H9F−, 6,8-CB9H8F2−, 6,7,8-CB9H7F3−6,7,8,9-CB9H6F4−, 2,6,7,8,9-CB9H5F5−, CB9H5Br5−, CB11H6Cl6−, CB11H6F631 , CB11H6F6−, CB11H6I6−, CB11H6Br6−, 6,7,9,10,11,12-CB11H6F6−, 2,6,7,8,9,10-CB9H5F5−, 1-H—CB9F9−, 12-CB11H11(C6H5)−, 1-C6F5—CB11H5Br6−, CB11Me12−, CB11(CF3)12−, Co(B9C2H11)2−, CB11(CH3)12−, CB11(C4H9)12−, CB11(C6H13)12−, Co(C2B9H11)2−, Co(Br3C2B9H8)2− and dodecahydro-1-carbadodecaborate.
The catalysts of Formula I can be prepared as a preformed single component catalyst in solvent or can be prepared in situ by admixing the catalyst precursor components in the desired monomer to be polymerized.
The single component catalyst of Formula I can be prepared by admixing the catalyst precursors in an appropriate solvent, allowing the reaction to proceed under appropriate temperature conditions, and isolating the catalyst product. In another embodiment, a Group 10 metal procatalyst is admixed with a Group 15 electron donor compound and/or a labile neutral electron donor compound, and a salt of a weakly coordinating anion in an appropriate solvent to yield the preformed catalyst complex set forth under Formula I above. In another embodiment a Group 10 metal procatalyst containing a Group 15 electron donor ligand is admixed with a salt of a weakly coordinating anion in an appropriate solvent to yield the preformed catalyst complex.
The catalyst preparation reactions are carried out in solvents that are inert under the reaction conditions. Examples of solvents suitable for the catalyst preparation reaction include but are not limited to alkane and cycloalkane solvents such as pentane, hexane, heptane, and cyclohexane; halogenated alkane solvents such as dichloromethane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, ethylchloride, 1,1-dichloroethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1-chloropropane, 2-chloropropane, 1-chlorobutane, 2-chlorobutane, 1-chloro-2-methylpropane, and 1-chloropentane; ethers such as THF and diethylether; aromatic solvents such as benzene, xylene, toluene, mesitylene, chlorobenzene, and o-dichlorobenzene; and halocarbon solvents such as Freon® 112; and mixtures thereof. Preferred solvents include benzene, fluorobenzene, o-difluorobenzene, p-difluorobenzene, pentafluorobenzene, hexafluorobenzene, o-dichlorobenzene, chlorobenzene, toluene, o-, m-, and p-xylenes, mesitylene, cyclohexane, THF, and dichloromethane.
A suitable temperature range for carrying out the reaction is from about −80° C. to about 150° C., preferably from about −30° C. to about 100° C., more preferably from about 0° C. to about 65° C., and most preferably from about 10° C. to about 40° C. Pressure is not critical but may depend on the boiling point of the solvent employed, i.e. sufficient pressure to maintain the solvent in the liquid phase. Reaction times are not critical, and can range from several minutes to 48 hours. The reactions are preferably carried out under inert atmosphere such as nitrogen or argon.
The reaction is carried out by dissolving the procatalyst in a suitable solvent and admixing the appropriate ligand(s) and the salt of the desired weakly coordinating anion with the dissolved procatalyst, and optionally heating the solution until the reaction is complete. The preformed single component catalyst can be isolated or can be used directly by adding aliquots of the preformed catalyst in solution to the polymerization medium. Isolation of the product can be accomplished by standard procedures, such as evaporating the solvent, washing the solid with an appropriate solvent, and then recrystallizing the desired product. The molar ratios of catalyst components employed in the preparation the preformed single component catalyst of the invention is based on the metal contained in the procatalyst component. In a preferred embodiment the molar ratio of procatalyst/Group 15 electron donor component/WCA salt is 1:1-10:1-100, more preferably, 1:1-5:1-20, and most preferably, 1:1-2:1-5. In embodiments of the invention where the procatalyst is ligated with a Group 15 electron donor ligand and/or a labile neutral electron donor ligand the molar ratio of procatalyst (based on the metal content) to WCA salt 1:1-100, preferably, 1:1-20, and more preferably, 1:1-5.
In one embodiment, a Group 10 metal procatalyst dimer of the formula [R′MA′]2 is admixed with a Group 15 electron donor compound, (L′), and a salt of a suitable weakly coordinating anion in an appropriate solvent to produce the single component catalyst product as shown in equation (1) below.
[R′MA′]2+xL′+yL″+[WCA]salt→[R′M(L′)x(L″)y]b[WCA]d 1.
Suitable procatalyst dimers of the formula [R′MA′]2 include but are not limited to the following compositions (allyl)palladiumtrifluoroacetate dimer, (allyl)palladiumchloride dimer, (crotyl)palladiumchloride dimer, (allyl)palladiumiodide dimer, (β-pinenyl)palladiumchloride dimer, methallylpalladium chloride dimer, 1,1-dimethylallylpalladium chloride dimer, and (allyl)palladiumacetate dimer.
In another embodiment, a ligated Group 10 metal procatalyst of the formula [R′M(L″)yA′] is admixed with a Group 15 electron donor compound, (L′), and a salt of a suitable weakly coordinating anion in an appropriate solvent to produce the single component catalyst product as shown in equation (2) below.
[R′M(L″)yA′]+xL′+[WCA]salt→[R′M(L′)x(L″)y]b[WCA]d 2.
A representative procatalyst of the formula [R′M(L″)yA′] includes but is not limited to (COD)palladium (methyl)chloride.
In a further embodiment, a Group 10 metal ligated procatalyst of the formula [R′M(L′)xA′] containing the Group 15 electron donor ligand (L′) is admixed with a salt of a suitable weakly coordinating anion in an appropriate solvent to produce the single component catalyst product as shown in equation (3) below.
[R′M(L′)xA′]+yL″+[WCA]salt→[R′M(L′)x(L″)y]b[WCA]d 3.
Suitable procatalysts of the formula [R′M(L′)xA′] include but are not limited to the following compositions:
Other procatalyst components suitable for use in the foregoing process include (Me2NCH2C6H4)Pd(O3SCF3)P(cyclohexyl)3 (i.e., ortho-metallatedphenylmethlyenedimethylamino palladium tricyclohexylphosphine), (allyl)Pd(P-i-Pr3)C6F5, (allyl)Pd(PCy3)C6F5, (CH3)Pd(PMe3)2Cl, (C2H5)Pd(PMe3)2Cl (Ph)Pd(PMe3)2Cl, (CH3)Pd(PMe3)2Br, (CH3)Pd(PMe2Ph)2Cl, (C2H5)Pd(PMe3)2Br, (C2H5)Pd(PMe3)2Br, (Ph)Pd(PMe3)2Br, (CH3)Pd(PMe3)NO3, (CH3)Pd(P(i-Pr)3)2O3SCCF3, (η1-benzyl)Pd(PEt3)2Cl, (allyl)Pd(PMe3)OC(O)CH2CH═CH2, (allyl)Pd(AsPh3)Cl, (allyl)Pd(PPh3)Cl, (allyl)Pd(SbPh3)Cl, (methylallyl)Pd(PPh3)Cl, (methylallyl)Pd(AsPh3)Cl, (methylallyl)Pd(SbPh3)Cl, (methylallyl)Pd(PBu3)Cl, and (methylallyl)Pd(P[(OCH2)3]CH)Cl.
In another embodiment, the catalyst can be formed by protonating a procatalyst of the formula:
in the presence of a Brρnsted acid based WCA salt or an equivalent reaction utilizing a carbonium or silylium based WCA salt to yield an active catalyst as illustrated in Eq. 4.
In this embodiment R′ is a divalent hydrocarbyl ligand of the formula —(CdH2d)— that is taken together with the Group 10 metal center M to form a metallacycle where d′ represents the number of carbon atoms in the divalent hydrocarbyl backbone and is an integer from 3 to 10. Any of the hydrogen atoms on the divalent hydrocarbyl backbone can be replaced by linear and branched C1-C5 alkyl, linear and branched C1-C5 haloalkyl, C5-C10 cycloalkyl, and C6-C10 aryl. The cycloalkyl and aryl moieties can optionally be substituted with a halogen substituent selected from bromine, chlorine, fluorine, and iodine, preferably fluorine. In addition, any two or three of the alkyl substituents taken together with the hydrocarbyl backbone carbon atoms to which they are attached can form an aliphatic or aromatic ring system. The rings can be monocyclic, polycyclic, or fused. Protonation occurs at one of the hydrocarbyl/metal center bond interfaces to yield a cation complex with a monovalent hydrocarbyl ligand coordinated to the metal center M.
In another embodiment a Group 10 metal ligated procatalyst of the formula [R′M(L′)x(L″)yA′] containing a Group 15 electron donor ligand (L′) and a labile neutral electron donor ligand (L″) is admixed with a salt of a suitable weakly coordinating anion in an appropriate solvent to produce the single component catalyst product as shown in equation (5) below.
[R′M(L′)x(L″)yA′]+[WCA]salt→[R′M(L′)x(L″)y]b[WCA]d 5.
Suitable procatalysts of the formula [R′M(L′)x(L″)yA′] include but are not limited to the following compositions:
In another embodiment of the invention the catalyst of Formula I is generated by reacting a procatalyst of the formula [M(L′)x(L″)y(A′)2] with an organometallic compound of aluminum, lithium or magnesium, and a source of a weakly coordinating anion (WCA) or a strong Lewis Acid. In this embodiment the anionic hydrocarbyl ligand (R′) on the group 10 metal center (M) is supplied via reaction with the organometallic compound to yield the active catalyst as shown below.
[M(L′)x(L″)y(A′)2+[WCA]salt or Strong Lewis Acid+organometallic compound→[R′M(L′)x(L″)y]b[WCA]d 6.
Examples of procatalysts suitable for use in this embodiment include:
In general the Group 10 metal procatalyst is a nickel (II), platinum (II) or palladium (II) compound containing two anionic leaving groups (A′), which can be readily displaced by the weakly coordinating anion that is provided by the WCA salt or strong Lewis acid described below and can be replaced by hydrocarbyl groups originating from the organometallic compound. The leaving groups can be the same or different. The Group 10 metal procatalyst may or may not be ligated.
When the procatalyst of this embodiment is not ligated with a Group 15 electron donor component (L′), the Group 15 electron donor ligand can be added to the reaction medium as shown in the following reaction scheme.
[M(L″)y(A′)2]+xL′+[WCA]salt or Strong Lewis Acid+organometallic compound→[R′M(L′)x(L″)y]b[WCA]d 7.
The strong Lewis acids suitable for use in this embodiment are selected from compounds of the formula:
M′(R41′)3
wherein M′ represents aluminum or boron and R41 represents monosubstituted and multisubstituted C6-C30 aryl, wherein the substituents on the aryl group are independently selected from halogen, preferably fluorine, linear and branched C1-C5 haloalkyl, preferably trifluoromethyl, and halogenated and perhalogenated phenyl, preferably pentafluorophenyl. Examples of such strong Lewis acids include: tris(pentafluorophenyl)boron, tris(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)boron, tris(2,2′,2″-nonafluorobiphenyl)borane, and tris(pentafluorophenyl)aluminum.
The organometallic compound is a hydrocarbyl derivative of silicon, germanium, tin, lithium, magnesium or aluminum. Aluminum derivatives are preferred. The organoaluminum component of the catalyst system is represented by the formula:
AlR′3−x″Qx″
wherein R′ independently represents hydrogen, linear and branched C1-C20 alkyl, C5-C10 cycloalkyl, linear and branched C2-C20 alkenyl, C6-C15 cycloalkenyl, allylic ligands or canonical forms thereof, C6-C20 aryl, and C7-C30 aralkyl, *Q is a halide or pseudohalide selected from chlorine, fluorine, bromine, iodine, linear and unbranched C1-C20 alkoxy, C6-C24 aryloxy; x″ is 0 to 2.5, preferably 0 to 2, most preferably 0 to 1. Trialkylaluminum compounds are most preferred. Examples of suitable organometallic compounds include:
Embodiments of the catalyst devoid of a hydrocarbyl containing ligand can be synthesized by reacting a procatalyst of the formula [M(AN)2] with the desired ligands and WCA salt in accordance with the following reaction scheme:
[M(AN)2]+xL′+2[WCA]salt→[M(L′)x][WCA]2+2AN salt 8.
wherein x=1 or 2, M, LN, and LO are as previously defined.
Examples of procatalyst compounds include palladium (II) bis(acetylacetonate, palladium (acetate)2, Pd(NO3)2, PdC12, PdBr2, and PdI2.
The foregoing schematic equations (1 to 8) have been presented for illustrative purposes only. While they have been written in balanced form, it should be recognized that an excess of reaction components can be employed without deviating from the spirit of invention. For example, an excess of LN, LO, AN, or WCA salt containing components can be employed in the process of the invention so long as the process is not deleteriously affected.
In a preferred embodiment the molar ratio of the Group 10 metal/Group 15 electron donor compound/source of a weakly coordinating anion/organometallic compound is 1:1-10:1-100:2-200, more preferably 1:1-5:1-40:4-100, and most preferably 1:1-2:2-20:5-50. In embodiments where the Group 10 metal ion source is an adduct containing a Group 15 electron donor compound, no additional Group 15 electron donor compound need be employed. In this embodiment the most preferred molar ratio of the Group 10 metal/Group 15 electron donor compound/source of a weakly coordinating anion/organometallic compound is 1:0:2-20:5-50.
In all of the forgoing embodiments the catalysts of Formula I can be prepared as a preformed single component catalyst in solvent or they can be prepared in situ by admixing the precursor components (ligated or non-ligated Group 10 metal component with leaving group(s), ligand component(s), and WCA source or strong Lewis acid source) in the desired monomer, monomer mixtures, or solutions thereof. It is also possible to admix two or even three of the catalyst precursor components and then add the mixture to the monomer or monomer solution containing the remaining catalyst precursor component(s).
In the equations and formulae set forth above and throughout the specification, R′, M, L′, L″, [WCA], b, d, x, and y are as defined above unless otherwise defined, A′ is an anionic leaving group which is defined below, [WCA] salt is a metal salt of the weakly coordinating anion [WCA], and the abbreviations Me, Et, Pr, Bu, Cy, and Ph, as used here and throughout the specification refer to methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, cyclohexyl, and phenyl, respectively.
The foregoing Group 10 metal procatalyst components are commercially available or can be synthesized by techniques well known in the art.
As discussed above catalyst complex of Formula I can be formed in situ by combining any of the Group 10 metal procatalysts with the desired catalyst system components in monomer. In cases where the Group 10 metal procatalyst already contains the desired ligand groups, the procatalyst is mixed in monomer along with the WCA salt or the alternative activators such as strong Lewis acids or Brρnsted acids. The WCA salt, strong Lewis acid or Brρnsted acid serves as the an activator for the procatalyst in the presence of monomer. The in situ reactions for preparing the catalysts of Formula I generally follow the same conditions and reaction schemes as outlined for the preparation of the preformed single component catalysts, the principal difference being that the catalysts are formed in monomer in lieu of solvent and that a polymer product is formed.
A′ represents an anionic leaving group that can be readily displaced by the weakly coordinating anion that is provided by the WCA salt. The leaving group forms a salt with the cation on the WCA salt. Leaving group A′ is selected from halogen (i.e., Br, Cl, I, and F), nitrate, triflate (trifluoromethanesulfonate), triflimide (bistrifluoromethanesulfonimide), trifluoroacetate, tosylate, AlBr4−, AlF4−, AlCl4−, AlF3O3SCF3−, AsCl6−, SbCl6−, SbF6−, PF6−, BF4−, ClO4−, HSO4−, carboxylates, acetates, acetylacetonates, carbonates, aluminates, and borates.
In another embodiment the leaving group can be a hydrocarbyl group or halogenated hydrocarbyl group when a Brρnsted acid based WCA salt is utilized as the activator. In this embodiment the activator protonates the hydrocarbyl or halogenated hydrocarbyl forming a neutral moiety. The leaving group moiety is preferably selected from the hydride, linear and branched C1-C5 alkyl, linear and branched C1-C5 haloalkyl, C5-C10 cycloalkyl, and C6-C10 aryl. The cycloalkyl and aryl moieties can optionally be substituted with a halogen substituent selected from bromine, chlorine, fluorine, and iodine, preferably fluorine. In this embodiment, A′ is protonated to yield the neutral moiety A′H. Methyl and pentafluorophenyl groups are representative examples of leaving groups under this embodiment.
Halogen leaving groups include chlorine, iodine, bromine and fluorine. The acetates include groups of the formula R38′C(O)O−, and the carbonates include groups of the formula R38′OC(O)O−, wherein R38′ represents linear and branched C1-C5 alkyl, linear and branched C1-C5 haloalkyl (preferably fluorine), linear or branched C1-C5 alkenyl, C6-C12 aryl, optionally monosubstituted or independently multisubstituted with linear and branched C1-C5 alkyl, linear and branched C1-C5 haloalkyl, and halogen (preferably fluorine).
The aluminate and borate leaving groups can be represented by the formulae M′(R39′)4−, M′(GR39′)431 , M′(—C═CPh)4−, or a moiety represented by the following structures:
wherein G is a sulfur or oxygen atom Ph represents phenyl and substituted phenyl as defined below, and R39′ independently represents linear and branched C1-C10 alkyl, linear and branched C1-C10 chloro- or bromoalkyl, C5-C10 cycloalkyl, substituted and unsubstituted aryl, preferably, phenyl and substituted phenyl, substituted and unsubstituted C7-C20 aralkyl, preferably, phenylalkyl and substituted phenylalkyl. By substituted is meant that the aryl or phenyl groups can contain one or more of linear and branched C1-C5 alkyl, linear and branched C1-C5 haloalkyl, chlorine, and bromine substituents, and combinations thereof.
Representative aluminate groups include but are not limited to tetraphenoxyaluminate, tetrakis(cyclohexanolato)aluminate, tetraethoxyaluminate, tetramethoxyaluminate, tetrakis(isopropoxy)aluminate, tetrakis(2-butanolato)aluminate, tetrapentyloxyaluminate, tetrakis(2-methyl-2-propanolato)aluminate, tetrakis(nonyloxy)aluminate, and bis(2-methoxyethanolate-O,O′)bis(2-methoxyethanolate-O′)aluminate, tetrakis(phenyl)aluminate, tetrakis(p-tolyl)aluminate, tetrakis(m-tolyl)aluminate, tetrakis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)aluminate, and tetrakis(3,5-dimethylphenyl)aluminate.
Representative borate groups include tetraphenylborate, tetrakis(4-methylphenyl)borate, tetrakis(4-chlorophenyl)borate, tetrakis(4-bromophenyl)borate, tetrakis(2-bromo-4-chlorophenyl)borate, butyltriphenylborate, tetrakis(4-methoxyphenyl)borate, tetrakis(phenylethynyl)borate, bis(1,2-benzenediolato)borate, triphenyl(phenylethynyl)borate, bis(tetrafluorobenzenediolate)borate, bis(tetrachlorobenzenediolate)borate, bis(tetrabromobenzenediolate)borate, bis(1,1′-biphenyl-2,2′-diolato)borate, tetrakis(thiophenolyl)borate, bis(3,5-di-tert-butylbenzenediolate)borate, tetrakis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)borate, tetrakis(p-tolyl)borate, tetrakis(3,5-dimethylphenyl)borate, and tetrakis(m-tolyl)borate.
In addition to the anionic leaving groups described above, A′ can also be selected from highly fluorinated and perfluorinated alkylsulfonyl and arylsulfonyl containing anions of the formulae (R40′SO2)2CH−, (R40′SO2)3C−, and (R40′SO2)2N−, wherein R40′ independently represents linear and branched C1-C20 highly fluorinated and perfluorinated alkyl, C5-C15 highly fluorinated and perfluorinated cycloalkyl, and highly fluorinated and perfluorinated C6-C22 aryl. Optionally, the alkyl and cycloalkyl groups can contain a heteroatom in the chain of cyclic structure, respectively. Preferred heteroatoms include divalent (non-peroxidic) oxygen (i.e., —O—), trivalent nitrogen, and hexavalent sulfur. Any two of R40′ can be taken together to form a ring. When R40′ is a cycloalkyl substituent, a heterocycloalkyl substituent, or is taken with another R40′ group to form a ring, the ring structures preferably contain 5 or 6 atoms, 1 or 2 of which can be heteroatoms.
In the above formulae the term highly fluorinated means that at least 50 percent of the hydrogen atoms bonded to the carbon atoms in the alkyl, cycloalkyl, and aryl moieties are replaced by fluorine atoms. Preferably, at least 2 out of every 3 hydrogen atoms on the alkyl, cycloalkyl, and aryl moieties under R40′ are replaced by fluorine. More preferably, at least 3 out of every 4 hydrogen atoms are replaced by fluorine, and most preferably all of the hydrogen atoms on the R40′ substituent are replaced by fluorine to give the perfluorinated moiety. In addition to or in lieu of fluorine atom substitution on the aryl ring(s), the aryl groups can contain linear and branched C1-C10 highly fluorinated and perfluorinated alkyl groups, such as, for example, trifluoromethyl. In embodiments where hydrogen atoms remain on the alkyl, cycloalkyl, and aryl moieties, a portion or all of the remaining hydrogen atoms can be replaced with bromine and/or chlorine atoms.
Representative highly fluorinated and perfluorinated alkylsulfonyl and arylsulfonyl containing anions of the foregoing formulae include but are not limited to (C2F5SO2)2N−, (C4F9SO2)2N−, (CF3SO2)N31 , (CF3SO2)(C4F9SO2)N−, ((CF3)2NC2F4SO2)2N−, (C6F5SO2)(CF3SO2)N−, (CF3SO2)(CHF2SO2)N−, (C2F5SO2)(CF3SO2)N−, (C3F7SO2)2N−, ((CF3)2(F)CSO2)2N−, (C4F8(CF3)2NSO2)2N−, (C8F17SO2)3C−, (CF3SO2)3C−, (CF3SO2)2CH−, (C4F9SO2)3C−, (CF3SO2)2(C4F9SO2)C−, ((CF3)2NC2F4SO2)C(SO2CF3)2−, (3,5-bis(CF3)C6H3)SO2N(SO2CF3)−, (C6F5SO2)C(SO2CF3)2−, and the structures exemplified below:
Additional highly fluorinated and perfluorinated alkylsulfonyl and arylsulfonyl anions suitable as leaving groups are described in Turowsky and Seppelt, Inorganic Chemistry, 1988, 27, 2135-2137, and in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,387,222; 4,505,997; 5,021,308; 5,072,040; 5,162,177; and 5,273,840 the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
The salt of the weakly coordinating anion employed in the process of the present invention can be represented by the formula [C(L″)z]b[WCA]d, wherein C represents a proton (H+), an alkaline earth metal cation, a transition metal cation or an organic group containing cation, L″ and WCA, are as defined above, z is an integer from 0 to 8, and bO and dO represent the number of times the cation complex and weakly coordinating counteranion complex (WCA), respectively, are taken to balance the electronic charge on the overall salt complex.
The alkali metal cations include Group 1 metals selected from lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and cesium. The preferred Group 1 metal cations are lithium, sodium and potassium.
The alkali earth metal cations include Group 2 metals selected from beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, and barium. The preferred Group 2 metal cations are magnesium, calcium, strontium, and barium. The transition metal cation is selected from zinc, silver, and thallium.
The organic group cation is selected from ammonium, phosphonium, carbonium and silylium cations, i.e., [NHR41′3]+, [NR41′4]+, [PHR41′3], [PR41′4], [R41′3C]+, and [R41′3Si]+, where R41′ independently represents a hydrocarbyl, silylhydrocarbyl, or perfluorocarbyl group, each containing 1 to 24 carbon atoms, more preferably, from 1 to 12 carbons arranged in a linear, branched, or ring structure. By perfluorocarbyl is meant that all carbon bonded hydrogen atoms are replaced by a fluorine atom. Representative hydrocarbyl groups include but are not limited to linear and branched C1-C20 alkyl, C3-C20 cycloalkyl, linear and branched C2 to C20 alkenyl, C3-C20 cycloalkenyl, C6-C24 aryl, and C7-C24 aralkyl, and organometallic cations. The organic cations are selected from trityl, trimethylsilylium, triethylsilylium, tris(trimethylsilyl)silylium, tribenzylsilylium, triphenylsilylium, tricyclohexylsilylium, dimethyloctadecylsilylium, and triphenylcarbenium (i.e., trityl). In addition to the above cation complexes ferrocenium cations such as [(C5H5)2Fe]+ and [(C5(CH3))2Fe]+ are also useful as the cation in the WCA salts of the invention.
Examples of WCA salts having a weakly coordinating anion described under Formula II include but are not limited to
Examples of WCA salts having a weakly coordinating anion described under Formula III include but are not limited to LiB(OC(CF3)3)4, LiB(OC(CF3)2(CH3))4, LiB(OC(CF3)2H)4, LiB(OC(CF3)(CH3)H)4, TlB(OC(CF3)3)4, TlB(OC(CF3)2H)4, TlB(OC(CF3)(CH3)H)4, TlB(OC(CF3)2(CH3))4, (Ph3C)B(OC(CF3)3)4, (Ph3C)B(OC(CF3)2(CH3))4, (Ph3C)B(OC(CF3)2H)4, (Ph3C)B(OC(CF3)(CH3)H)4, AgB(OC(CF3)3)4, AgB(OC(CF3)2H)4, AgB(OC(CF3)(CH3)H)4, LiB(O2C6F4)2, TlB(O2C6F4)2, Ag(toluene)2B(O2C6F4)2, and Ph3CB(O2C6F4)2, LiB(OCH2(CF3)2)4, [Li(HOCH3)4]B(O2C6Cl4)2, [Li(HOCH3)4]B(O2C6F4)2, [Ag(toluene)2]B(O2C6Cl4)2, LiB(O2C6Cl4)2, (LiAl(OC(CF3)2Ph)4), (TlAl(OC(CF3)2Ph)4), (AgAl(OC(CF3)2Ph)4), (Ph3CAl(OC(CF3)2Ph)4, (LiAl(OC(CF3)2C6H4CH3)4), (ThAl(OC(CF3)2C6H4CH3)4), (AgAl(OC(CF3)2C6H4CH3)4), (Ph3CAl(OC(CF3)2C6H4CH3)4), LiAl(OC(CF3)3)4, ThAl(OC(CF3)3)4, AgAl(OC(CF3)3)4, Ph3CAl(OC(CF3)3)4, LiAl(OC(CF3)(CH3)H)4, TlAl(OC(CF3)(CH3)H)4, AgAl(OC(CF3)(CH3)H)4, Ph3CAl(OC(CF3)(CH3)H)4, LiAl(OC(CF3)2H)4, TlAl(OC(CF3)2H)4, AgAl(OC(CF3)2H)4, Ph3CAl(OC(CF3)2H)4, LiAl(OC(CF3)2C6H4-4-i-Pr)4, TlAl(OC(CF3)2C6H4-4-i-Pr)4, AgAl(OC(CF3)2C6H4-4-i-Pr)4, Ph3CAl(OC(CF3)2C6H4-4-i-Pr)4, LiAl(OC(CF3)2C6H4-4-t-butyl)4, TlAl(OC(CF3)2C6H4-4-t-butyl)4, AgAl(OC(CF3)2C6H4-4-t-butyl)4, Ph3CAl(OC(CF3)2C6H4-4-t-butyl)4, LiAl(OC(CF3)2C6H4-4-SiMe3)4, TlAl(OC(CF3)2C6H4-4-Si Me3)4, AgAl(OC(CF3)2C6H4-4-Si Me3)4, Ph3CAl(OC(CF3)2C6H4-4-Si Me3)4, LiAl(OC(CF3)2C6H4-4-Si-i-Pr3)4, TlAl(OC(CF3)2C6H4-4-Si-i-Pr3)4, AgAl(OC(CF3)2C6H4-4-Si-i-Pr3)4, Ph3CAl(OC(CF3)2C6H4-4-Si-i-Pr3)4, LiAl(OC(CF3)2C6H2-2,6-(CF3)2-4-Si-i-Pr3)4, TlAl(OC(CF3)2C6H2-2,6-(CF3)2-4-Si-i-Pr3)4, AgAl(OC(CF3)2C6H2-2,6-(CF3)2-4-Si-i-Pr3)4, Ph3CAl(OC(CF3)2C6H2-2,6-(CF3)2-4-Si-i-Pr3)4, LiAl(OC(CF3)2C6H3-3,5-(CF3)2)4, TlAl(OC(CF3)2C6H3-3,5-(CF3)2)4, AgAl(OC(CF3)2C6H3-3,5-(CF3)2)4, Ph3CAl(OC(CF3)2C6H3-3,5-(CRF3)2)4, LiAl(OC(CF3)2C6H2-2,4,6-(CF3)3)4, TlAl(OC(CF3)2C6H2-2,4,6-(CF3)3)4, AgAl(OC(CF3)2C6H2-2,4,6-(CF3)3)4, Ph3CAl(OC(CF3)2C6H2-2,4,6-(CF3)3)4, LiAl(OC(CF3)2C6F5)4, TlAl(OC(CF3)2C6F5)4, AgAl(OC(CF3)2C6F5)4, and Ph3CAl(OC(CF3)2C6F5)4.
Examples of boratobenzene salts include but are not limited to [1,4-dihydro-4-methyl-1-(pentafluorophenyl)]-2-borinyl lithium, [1,4-dihydro-4-methyl-1-(pentafluorophenyl)]-2-borinyl triphenylmethylium, 4-(1,1-dimethyl)-1,2-dihydro-1-(pentafluorophenyl)-2-borinyl lithium, 4-(1,1-dimethyl)-1,2-dihydro-1-(pentafluorophenyl)-2-borinyl triphenylmethylium, 1-fluoro-1,2-dihydro-4-(pentafluorophenyl)-2-borinyl lithium, 1-fluoro-1,2-dihydro-4-(pentafluorophenyl)-2-borinyl triphenylmethylium, 1-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,2-dihydro-4-(pentafluorophenyl)-2-borinyl lithium, and 1-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,2-dihydro-4-(pentafluorophenyl)-2-borinyl triphenylmethylium.
Examples of WCA carborane and halocarborane salts include but are not limited to silver dodecahydro-1-carbadodecaborate, LiCB11(CH3)12, LiCB11H12, (Me3NH)[CB11H12], (Me4N)[1-C2H5CB11H11], (Me4N)[1-Ph3SiCB11H11], (Me4N)[1-CF3CB11H11], Cs[12-BrCB11H11], Ag[12-BrCB11H11], Cs[7,12-Br2CB11H10], Cs[12-ClCB11H11], Cs[7,12-Cl2CB11H10], Cs[1-H-CB11F11], Cs[1-CH3—CB11F11], (i-Pr3)Si[1-CF3—CB11F11], Li[12-CB11H11F], Li[7,12-CB11H11F2], Li[7,9,12-CB11H11F3], (i-Pr3)Si[CB11H6Br6], Cs[CB11H6Br6], Li[6-CB9H9F], Li[6,8-CB9H8F2], Li[6,7,8-CB9H7F3], Li[6,7,8,9-CB9H6F4], Li[2,6,7,8,9-CB9H5F5], Li[CB9H5Br5], Ag[CB11H6Cl6], Tl[CB11H6Cl6], Ag[CB11H6F6], Tl[CB11H6F6], Ag[CB11H6I6], Tl[CB11H6I6], Ag[CB11H6Br6], Tl[CB11H6Br6], Li[6,7,9,10,11,12-CB11H6F6], Li[2,6,7,8,9,10-CB9H5F5], Li[1-H-CB9F9], Tl[12-CB11H11(C6H5)], Ag[1-C6F5—CB11H5Br6], Li[CB11Me12], Li[CB11(CF3)12], Li[CB11H6I6], Li[CB9H5Br5], Li[Co(B9C2H11)2], Li[CB11(CH3)12], Li[CB11(C4H9)12], Li[CB11(C6H13)12], Na[Co(C2B9H11)2], and Na[Co(Br3C2B9H8)2]. Additional halocarborane salts are disclosed in International Patent Publication WO 98/43983.
The catalysts of the present invention are suitable for the preparation of a wide range of polymers comprising cyclic repeating units. The cyclic polymers are prepared by the addition polymerization of a polycycloolefin monomer(s) in the presence of a catalytic amount of a catalyst of Formula I or the procatalyst components described above. The monomer(s) can be polymerized via solution or mass polymerization techniques. As stated herein the terms “polycycloolefin,” “polycyclic,” and “norbornene-type” monomer are used interchangeably and mean that the monomer contains at least one norbornene moiety as shown below:
The simplest polycyclic monomer of the invention is the bicyclic monomer, bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene, commonly referred to as norbornene. The term norbornene-type monomer is meant to include norbornene, substituted norbornene(s), and any substituted and unsubstituted higher cyclic derivatives thereof so long as the monomer contains at least one norbornene-type or substituted norbornene-type moiety. Preferred substituted norbornene-type monomers and higher cyclic derivatives thereof contain a pendant hydrocarbyl substituent(s) or a pendant functional substituent(s) containing an oxygen atom. The preferred norbornene-type or polycycloolefin monomers are represented by the structure below:
wherein “a” represents a single or double bond, R1 to R4 independently represents a hydrocarbyl or functional substituent, m is an integer from 0 to 5, and when “a” is a double bond one of R1, R2 and one of R3, R4 is not present.
When the substituent is a hydrocarbyl group, halohydrocarbyl, or perhalocarbyl group R1 to R4 independently represent hydrocarbyl, halogenated hydrocarbyl and perhalogenated hydrocarbyl groups selected from hydrogen, linear and branched C1-C10 alkyl, linear and branched, C2-C10 alkenyl, linear and branched C2-C10 alkynyl, C4-C12 cycloalkyl, C4-C12 cycloalkenyl, C6-C12 aryl, and C7-C24 aralkyl, R1 and R2 or R3 and R4 can be taken together to represent a C1-C10 alkylidenyl group. Representative alkyl groups include but are not limited to methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, and decyl. Representative alkenyl groups include but are not limited to vinyl, allyl, butenyl, and cyclohexenyl. Representative alkynyl groups include but are not limited to ethynyl, 1-propynyl, 2-propynyl, 1-butynyl, and 2-butynyl. Representative cycloalkyl groups include but are not limited to cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and cyclooctyl substituents. Representative aryl groups include but are not limited to phenyl, naphthyl, and anthracenyl. Representative aralkyl groups include but are not limited to benzyl, and phenethyl. Representative alkylidenyl groups include methylidenyl, and ethylidenyl, groups.
The preferred perhalohydrocarbyl groups include perhalogenated phenyl and alkyl groups. The halogenated alkyl groups useful in the invention are linear or branched and have the formula CzX″2z+1 wherein X″ is a halogen as set forth above and z is selected from an integer of 1 to 10. Preferably X″ is fluorine. Preferred perfluorinated substituents include perfluorophenyl, perfluoromethyl, perfluoroethyl, perfluoropropyl, perfluorobutyl, and perfluorohexyl. In addition to the halogen substituents, the cycloalkyl, aryl, and aralkyl groups of the invention can be further substituted with linear and branched C1-C5 alkyl and haloalkyl groups, aryl groups and cycloalkyl groups.
When the pendant group(s) is a functional substituent, R1 to R4 independently represent a radical selected from —(CH2)nC(O)NH2, —(CH2)nC(O)Cl, —(CH2)nC(O)OR5, —(CH2)n—OR5, —(CH2)n—OC(O)R5, —(CH2)n—C(O)R5, —(CH)2)n—OC(O)OR5, —(CH2)nSi(R5)3(CH2)nSi(OR5)3, —(CH2)nC(O)OR6, and the group:
wherein n independently represents an integer from 0 to 10 and R5 independently represents hydrogen, linear and branched C1-C10 alkyl, linear and branched, C2-C10 alkenyl, linear and branched C2-C10 alkynyl, C5-C12 cycloalkyl, C6-C14 aryl, and C7-C24 aralkyl. Representative hydrocarbyl groups set forth under the definition of R5 are the same as those identified above under the definition of R1 to R4. As set forth above under R1 to R4 the hydrocarbyl groups defined under R5 can be halogenated and perhalogenated. The R6 radical represents an acid labile moiety selected from —C(CH3)3, —Si(CH3)3, —CH(R7)OCH2CH3, —CH(R7)OC(CH3)3 or the following cyclic groups:
wherein R7 represents hydrogen or a linear or branched (C1-C5) alkyl group. The alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, t-pentyl and neopentyl. In the above structures, the single bond line projecting from the cyclic groups indicates the position where the cyclic protecting group is bonded to the acid substituent. Examples of R6 radicals include 1-methyl-1-cyclohexyl, isobornyl, 2-methyl-2-isobomyl, 2-methyl-2-adamantyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranoyl, 3-oxocyclohexanonyl, mevalonic lactonyl, 1-ethoxyethyl, and 1-t-butoxy ethyl.
The R6 radical can also represent dicyclopropylmethyl (Dcpm), and dimethylcyclopropylmethyl (Dmcp) groups which are represented by the following structures:
In Structure VII above, R1 and R4 together with the two ring carbon atoms to which they are attached can represent a substituted or unsubstituted cycloaliphatic group containing 4 to 30 ring carbon atoms or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group containing 6 to 18 ring carbon atoms or combinations thereof. The cycloaliphatic group can be monocyclic or polycyclic. When unsaturated the cyclic group can contain monounsaturation or multiunsaturation, with monounsaturated cyclic groups being preferred. When substituted, the rings contain monosubstitution or multisubstitution wherein the substituents are independently selected from hydrogen, linear and branched C1-C5 alkyl, linear and branched C1-C5 haloalkyl, linear and branched C1-C5 alkoxy, halogen, or combinations thereof. R1 and R4 can be taken together to form the divalent bridging group, —C(O)-Q-(O)—, which when taken together with the two ring carbon atoms to which they are attached form a pentacyclic ring, wherein Q represents an oxygen atom or the group N(R8), and R8 is selected from hydrogen, halogen, linear and branched C1-C10 alkyl, and C6-C18 aryl. A representative structure is shown in below.
wherein m is an integer from 0 to 5.
Deuterium enriched norbornene-type monomers wherein at least one of the hydrogen atoms on the norbornene-type moiety and/or one at least one of the hydrogen atoms on a pendant hydrocarbyl substituent described under R1 to R4 have been replaced by a deuterium atom are contemplated within the scope of the present invention. Preferably at least 40 percent of the hydrogen atoms on the norbornene-type moiety and/or the hydrocarbyl substituent are replaced by deuterium, more preferably, at least about 50 percent, and still more preferably at least about 60 percent. Preferred deuterated monomers are represented by the structure below:
wherein RD is deuterium, “i” is an integer ranging from 0 to 6, with the proviso that when “i” is 0, at least one of R1D and R2D must be present, R1 and R2 independently represent a hydrocarbyl or functional substituent as defined above, and R1D and R2D may or may not be present and independently represent a deuterium atom or a deuterium enriched hydrocarbyl group containing at least one deuterium atom. Preferably the deuterated hydrocarbyl group is selected from linear and branched C1-C10 alkyl wherein at least 40 percent, preferably at least 50 percent and more preferably at least 60 percent of the hydrogen atoms on the carbon backbone are replaced by deuterium.
Preferred monomers include the various alkyl norbornenes wherein the alkyl group has from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, desirable from about 1 to about 10 carbon atoms, with methyl, butyl, hexyl, or decyl being preferred. As noted herein, blends of monomers are often utilized and another preferred list of monomers include the various trialkoxy silyl norbornenes having the formula:
wherein n is from 0 to about 10, desirably from 0 to about 4, with 0, that is nonexistent, being preferred. R is an alkyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms with methyl or ethyl being preferred.
Crosslinked polymers can be prepared by copolymerizing the norbornene-type monomer(s) set forth under Structure VII above with a multifunctional norbornene-type or multifunctional polycycloolefin crosslinking monomer(s). By multifunctional norbornene-type or multifunctional polycycloolefin crosslinking monomer is meant that the crosslinking monomer contains at least two norbornene-type moieties, each functionality being addition polymerizable in the presence of the catalyst system of the present invention. The crosslinkable monomers include fused multicyclic ring systems and linked multicyclic ring systems. Examples of fused crosslinkers are illustrated in Structures VIIb to VIIg below. For brevity, norbornadiene is included as a fused multicyclic crosslinker.
wherein m independently is an integer from 0 to 5.
A linked multicyclic crosslinker is illustrated generically in Structure VIII below.
wherein m independently is an integer from 0 to 5, R9 is a divalent radical selected from divalent hydrocarbyl radicals and divalent ether radicals. By divalent is meant that a free valence at each terminal end of the radical is attached to a norbornene-type moiety. Preferred divalent hydrocarbyl radicals are alkylene radicals and divalent aromatic radicals. The alkylene radicals are represented by the formula —(CdH2d)— where d represents the number of carbon atoms in the alkylene chain and is an integer from 1 to 10. The alkylene radicals are preferably selected from linear and branched (C1-C10) alkylene such as methylene, ethylene, propylene, butylene, pentylene, hexylene, heptylene, octylene, nonylene, and decylene. When branched alkylene radicals are contemplated, it is to be understood that a hydrogen atom in the alkylene backbone is replaced with a linear or branched (C1 to C5) alkyl group.
The divalent aromatic radicals are selected from divalent phenyl, and divalent naphthyl radicals. The divalent ether radicals are represented by the group —R10—O—R10—, wherein R10 independently is the same as R9. Examples of specific linked multicyclic crosslinkers are represented as in Structures VIIIa to VIIIe as follows.
An economical route for the preparation of hydrocarbyl substituted and functionally substituted norbornene monomers relies on the Diels-Alder addition reaction in which CPD or substituted CPD is reacted with a suitable dienophile at elevated temperatures to form the substituted norbornene-type adduct generally shown by the following reaction scheme:
wherein R1 to R4 independently represent hydrogen, hydrocarbyl, and/or a functional group as previously described.
Other norbornene type adducts can be prepared by the thermal pyrolysis of dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) in the presence of a suitable dienophile. The reaction proceeds by the initial pyrolysis of DCPD to CPD followed by the Diels-Alder addition of CPD and the dienophile to give the adducts shown below:
wherein n represents the number of cyclic units in the monomer and R1 to R4 independently represent hydrogen, hydrocarbyl, and/or a functional group as previously defined. Norbornadiene and higher Diels-Alder adducts thereof similarly can be prepared by the thermal reaction of CPD and DCPD in the presence of an acetylenic reactant as shown below.
wherein n, R1 and R2 are as defined above.
Deuterium enriched norbornene-type monomers can be prepared by heating DCPD in the presence of D2O and a base such as NaOH to yield deuterated CPD which in turn can be reacted with a dienophile (Eq. 1) or a deuterated dienophile (Eq. 2) to give the respective deuterated norbornene containing a pendant deuterated hydrocarbyl substituent or a pendant hydrocarbyl substituent. In another embodiment non-deuterated CPD can be reacted with a deuterium enriched dienophile to yield norbornene containing a deuterium enriched hydrocarbyl pendant group (Eq. 3).
In Eq. 1 and Eq. 2 above, R1 to R4, R1D and R2D are as previously defined, and i′ is an integer ranging from 1 to 6.
Examples of polymerizable norbornene-type monomers include but are not limited to norbornene (bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene),
In another embodiment of the invention the polymer can be crosslinked during a post polymerization curing step (latent crosslinking). In this embodiment a norbornene-type monomer containing a pendant post crosslinkable functional group is copolymerized into the polycyclic backbone whereupon the functional group is subsequently crosslinked via well known techniques. By post crosslinkable functional group is meant that the functional group is inert to the initial polymerization reaction but is receptive to subsequent chemical reactions to effect the crosslinking of adjacent polymer chains. Suitable post crosslinkable monomers are set forth under Structure VII wherein at least one of R1 to R4 is selected from linear and branched, C2-C10 alkenyl, C4-C10 cycloalkenyl, —(CH2)nSi(OR5)3, wherein n and R5 are as defined above, R1 and R2 or R3 and R4 can be taken together to represent a C1-C10 alkylidenyl radical, fused cyclic groups wherein R1 and R4 taken together with the two ring carbon atoms to which they are attached form an unsaturated C4 to C8 ring. Preferred post crosslinkable alkenyl functional groups include vinyl, butenyl, and cyclohexyl. Preferred alkylidenyl groups include methylidenyl and ethylidenyl substituents. Preferred alkoxysilyl groups include trimethoxysilyl and triethoxysilyl moieties. Preferred crosslinkers containing fused multicyclic ring systems include dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) and unsymmetrical trimer of cyclopentadiene (CPD).
The latent crosslinkable pendant groups can be reacted via a variety chemistries known to initiate the reaction of the various functional groups. For example, the alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, and alkylidenyl groups can be crosslinked via a free radical mechanism. The alkoxysilyl groups can be crosslinked via a cationic reaction mechanism. Representative monomers that contain post crosslinkable functional groups are represented below.
In the latent crosslinking embodiment of the invention the crosslinking reaction step can be induced by a free radical initiator. Suitable initiators are those that can be activated thermally or photochemically. The initiator is added to the reaction medium and the polymerization of the monomer mixture is allowed to proceed to completion. A key consideration, however, is that the radical generating compound employed be stable (does not decompose) at the polymerization temperature of the monomeric reaction medium. When utilizing thermally activated free radical generators, latent crosslinking is induced by exposing the polymer medium to temperatures above the decomposition temperature of the free radical generating compound. In embodiments utilizing photoinitiated free radical generators, latent crosslinking is induced by exposing the polymer medium to a radiation source such as e-beam and UV radiation. Suitable free radical generator compounds (crosslinking agents) include the organic peroxides and aliphatic azo compounds. The aliphatic azo compounds are suitable initiators for the thermal and photochemical activated crosslinking embodiments of the invention, while the organic peroxides are suitable for use in as thermally activated initiators only. The amount of crosslinking agent employed ranges from about 0.005 part by weight to about 5.0 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of monomer in the reaction medium.
Suitable organic peroxide include but are not limited to dibenzoyl peroxide, di(2,4-dichlorobenzoyl) peroxide, diacetyl peroxide, diisobutyryl peroxide, dilauroyl peroxide, t-butylperbenzoate, t-butylperacetate, 2,5-di(benzoylperoxy)-1,2-dimethylhexane, di-t-butyl diperoxyazelate, t-butyl peroxy-2-ethylhexanoate, t-amyl peroctoate, 2,5-di(2-ethylhexanoylperoxy)-2,5-dimethylhexane, t-butylperoxyneodecanoate, ethyl 3,3-di(t-butylperoxy)butyrate, 2,2-di(t-butylperoxy)butane, 1,1-di(t-butylperoxy)cyclohexane, 1,1-di(t-butylperoxy)-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane, 2,5-di(t-butylperoxy)-2,5-dimethylhex-3-yne, di-t-butyl peroxide, 2,5-di(t-butylperoxy)-2,5-dimethylhexane, dicumyl peroxide, n-propyl peroxydicarbonate, i-propyl peroxydicarbonate, cyclohexyl peroxydicarbonate, and acetyl peroxydicarbonate.
Suitable azo compounds include but are not limited to 2,2′-azobis[2,4-dimethyl]pentane, 2-(t-butylazo)-4-methoxy-2,4-dimethylpentanenitrile, 2,2′-azobis(i-butyronitrile), 2-(t-butylazo)-2,4-dimethylpentanenitrile, 2-(t-butylazo)i-butyronitrile, 2-(t-butylazo)-2-methylbutanenitrile, 1,1-azobis-cyclohexanecarbonitrile, 1-(t-amylazo)cyclohexanecarbonitrile, and 1-(t-butylazo)cyclohexanecarbonitrile.
The decomposition temperatures of the foregoing free radical generator compounds are well known in the art and can be selected on the basis of the polymerization temperatures employed in initial reaction. In other words the initiator compound must be stable at the polymerization temperatures so it is available for the post polymerization crosslinking reaction. As discussed above latent crosslinking is can be effected by thermal or photochemical means.
As discussed above, monomers containing trialkoxysilyl groups can be crosslinked by latent crosslinking in the presence of a cationic initiator agent. A polymerization stable cationic initiator can be can be thermally activated to induce the latent crosslinking of the silyl groups. Suitable cationic crosslinking initiators include, for example, dibutyltin diluarate, dimethyltin diluarate, and dioctyltin diluarate.
The amount of multifunctional norbornene-type crosslinkable monomers and post crosslinkable monomers that are optionally present in the reaction mixture can range from about 0.1 mole percent to about 50 mole percent based on the total monomer in the monomer mixture to be reacted. Preferably, the amount of crosslinker ranges from about 1 mole percent to about 25 mole percent of the total monomer mixture and most preferably from about 1 mole percent to about 10 mole percent.
The monomers of the invention are polymerized in solution or in mass. The catalyst is added to the reaction medium containing the desired monomer(s) as a preformed single component catalyst or the catalyst can be formed in situ by admixing the procatalyst component, the Group 15 electron donor component, and the WCA salt activator component in the reaction medium. When the procatalyst is ligated with the Group 15 electron donor component, it is not necessary to employ the Group 15 electron donor as a separate component. In one in situ embodiment the ligated procatalyst component (e.g., containing desired ligand group(s)) is admixed with the WCA salt activator component in the reaction medium. In another in situ embodiment a procatalyst component with or without ligands is admixed with a desired ligand containing component(s) and the WCA salt activator component in the reaction medium. The procatalyst components are generically exemplified in the preformed catalyst preparation equations (1) to (4) set forth above. The preferred molar ratio of procatalyst (based on the Group 10 metal):Group 15 electron donor component:WCA salt is 1:1-10:1-100, more preferably, 1:1-5:1-20, and most preferably, 1:1-2:1-5. In embodiments of the invention where the procatalyst is ligated with a Group 15 electron donor ligand and/or a labile neutral electron donor ligand, the molar ratio of procatalyst (based on the metal content) to WCA salt 1:1-100, preferably, 1:1-20, and more preferably, 1:1-5. The order of addition of the various catalyst components to the reaction medium is not important.
The polymers prepared by the process of the invention are addition polymers of polycycloolefinic repeating units linked through 2,3-enchainment. The repeating units are polymerized from a polycycloolefin monomer or combination of polycycloolefin monomers that contain at least one norbornene-type moiety as described herein.
In the solution process the polymerization reaction can be carried out by adding a solution of the preformed catalyst or individual catalyst components to a solution of the cycloolefin monomer or mixtures of monomers to be polymerized. The amount of monomer in solvent preferably ranges from 10 to 50 weight percent, and more preferably 20 to 30 weight percent. After the single component catalyst or catalyst components are added to the monomer solution, the reaction medium is agitated (e.g., stirred) to ensure complete mixing of catalyst and monomer components.
The polymerization reaction temperatures can range from about 0° C. to about 150° C., preferably from about 10° C. to about 100° C., and more preferably from about 20° C. to about 80° C.
Examples of solvents for the polymerization reaction include but are not limited to alkane and cycloakane solvents such as pentane, hexane, heptane, and cyclohexane; halogenated alkane solvents such as dichloromethane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, ethylchloride, 1,1-dichloroethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1-chloropropane, 2-chloropropane, 1-chlorobutane, 2-chlorobutane, 1-chloro-2-methylpropane, and 1-chloropentane; aromatic solvents such as benzene, xylene, toluene, mesitylene, chlorobenzene, and o-dichlorobenzene, Freon® 112 halocarbon solvent, water; or mixtures thereof. Preferred solvents include cyclohexane, toluene, mesitylene, dichloromethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, and water.
Surprisingly, it has been found that the catalysts of the invention are highly active in the polymerization of cycloolefins. The catalysts exhibit activities at monomer to procatalyst or catalyst metal molar ratios of over 100,000:1. Preferred monomer to procatalyst or catalyst ratios range from about 100,500:1 to about 1,000,000:1, more preferably from about 110,000:1 to about 500,000:1 and most preferably from about 120,000:1 to about 250,000:1 While these catalysts have been found to be active at monomer to catalyst metal molar ratios of over 100,000:1, it is within the scope of this invention to utilize monomer to catalyst metal molar ratios of less than 100,000:1 depending on the use desired for the polymer.
When an aqueous polymerization medium is desired it is preferable that the Group 15 electron donor ligand or component be chosen from the water soluble phosphines set forth above. The polymerization reaction can be conducted in suspension or emulsion. In suspension, the monomers are suspended in an aqueous medium containing a suspension agent selected from one or more water soluble substances such as, for example, polyvinyl alcohol, cellulose ether, partially hydrolyzed polyvinyl acetate, or gelatin and then carrying out the reaction in the presence of the catalyst system of the invention.
The emulsion polymerization can in general be carried out by emulsifying the monomers in water or a mixed solvent of water and a water-miscible organic solvent (such as methanol, or ethanol), preferably in the presence of at least one emulsifying agent and then carrying out the emulsion polymerization in the presence of the catalyst of the invention. Emulsifying agents include, for example, mixed acid soaps containing fatty and rosin acids, alkyl sulfonate soaps and soaps of oligomeric naphthalene sulfonates.
In the mass polymerization process according to the invention a two component catalyst system is preferably employed in the polymerization of the cycloolefinic monomer(s). The term mass polymerization refers to a polymerization reaction which is generally carried out in the substantial absence of a solvent. In some cases, however, a small proportion of solvent is present in the reaction medium. Small amounts of solvent can be conveyed to the reaction medium via the introduction of the catalyst system components which are in some cases dissolved in solvent. Solvents also can be employed in the reaction medium to reduce the viscosity of the polymer at the termination of the polymerization reaction to facilitate the subsequent use and processing of the polymer. The amount of solvent that can be present in the reaction medium ranges from 0 to about 20 percent, preferably from 0 to about 10 percent and, more preferably from 0 to about 1 percent, based on the weight of the monomer(s) present in the reaction mixture. Preferred solvents are those that are utilized in dissolving the catalyst system components. Examples of solvents include but are not limited to alkane and cycloalkane solvents such as pentane, hexane, heptane, and cyclohexane; halogenated alkane solvents such as dichloromethane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, ethylchloride, 1,1-dichloroethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1-chloropropane, 2-chloropropane, 1-chlorobutane, 2-chlorobutane, 1-chloro-2-methylpropane, and 1-chloropentane; esters such as ethylacetate, i-amylacetate; ethers such as THF and diethylether; aromatic solvents such as benzene, xylene, toluene, mesitylene, chlorobenzene, and o-dichlorobenzene; and halocarbon solvents such as Freon® 112; and mixtures thereof. Preferred solvents include benzene, fluorobenzene, o-difluorobenzene, p-difluorobenzene, pentafluorobenzene, hexafluorobenzene, o-dichlorobenzene, chlorobenzene, toluene, o-, m-, and p-xylenes, mesitylene, cyclohexane, ethylacetate, THF, and dichloromethane.
A ligated procatalyst containing a Group 15 electron donor ligand is prepared in solvent and then added to the desired monomer or mixture of monomers containing the dissolved WCA salt activator. The reaction mixture is mixed and the reaction is permitted to proceed from about 1 minute to about 2 hours. The reaction mixture can be optionally heated at a temperature ranging from about 20° C. to about 200° C. The polymerization temperature is not specifically limited, but is usually in the range of 20° C. to 120° C., preferably 20° C. to 90° C. The polymerization reaction can be carried out under an inert atmosphere such as nitrogen or argon. Advantageously, however, it has been found that the catalyst system components of the invention are moisture and oxygen insensitive, allowing for less stringent handling and processing conditions. Following the initial polymerization reaction a polymer cement is obtained. The cement can be applied to a desired substrate or conveyed into a mold and post cured to complete the polymerization reaction.
Without wishing to be bound by theory of invention it is believed that post curing is desirable from the standpoint of monomer to polymer conversion. In a mass process the monomer is essentially the diluent for the catalyst system components. As monomer is converted to polymer a plateau is reached beyond which conversion of monomer to polymer can go no higher (vitrification). This conversion barrier results from the loss of reactant mobility as the reaction medium becomes converted to a polymeric matrix. Consequently, the catalyst system components and unconverted monomer become segregated and can not react. It is well known that diffusivity within a polymer decreases dramatically as the polymer passes from the rubbery state to the glassy state. It is believed that post curing at elevated temperatures increases the mobility of the reactants in the matrix allowing for the further conversion of monomer to polymer.
Post curing of the polymers of the present invention is preferably conducted at elevated temperatures for a time period sufficient to reach a desired conversion of monomer to polymer. The post curing cycle is preferably conducted for 1 to 2 hours over a temperature range of from about 100° C. to about 300° C., preferably from about 125° C. to about 200 ° C., and more preferably from about 140° C. to about 180 ° C. The cure cycle can be effected at a constant temperature or the temperature can be ramped, e.g., incrementally increasing the curing temperature from a desired minimum curing temperature to a desired maximum curing temperature over the desired curing cycle time range. In one embodiment (A) the temperature ramping can be effected by following a gradual increasing slope on a temperature vs. time plot from the desired minimum temperature to the desired maximum temperature in the cure cycle. In this embodiment when the maximum temperature is reached, the temperature maximum can optionally be held for a desired period of time until the desired cure state is attained. In an alternate embodiment (B) the temperature ramping can follow a stepwise curve on a temperature vs. time plot. In this embodiment the temperature ramping proceeds in step fashion from the desired minimum cure temperature to the desired maximum cure temperature in the cure cycle. In another embodiment (C) the post cure can be effected by combining post cure embodiments (A and B)wherein the cure cycle encompasses a combination of steps and slopes from the desired minimum cure temperature to the desired maximum cure temperature. In still another embodiment (D and E) the cure cycle can follow a curve from the desired minimum cure temperature to the desired maximum cure temperature. In embodiments A, B, and C it should be noted that the rise and run of the slope do not have to be constant between the minimum and maximum cure temperatures of the cure cycle. In other words the rise and run can vary when proceeding from the desired minimum to desired maximum cure temperatures. The foregoing cure cycle temperature ramping curves are illustrated below.
Ramping of the temperature during the cure cycle is preferable because it diminishes the potential of catalyst degradation and the evaporation of monomer.
Optionally, additives include but not limited to those selected from blowing agents; foaming agents; pigments; dyes and luminescent additives such as organic and inorganic phosphors; fillers such as mica, germania, titania, zirconia, zinc oxide, zinc sulfide, lead sulfide, boron nitrides, silicon nitrides, silicon carbides, barium titanate, lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate (Tamtron® Y5V183U dielectric filler available from Tam Ceramics); and also nano scale fillers; alumina; silica; gold coated polymer lattices; silver particles; plasticizers; lubricants; flame retardants, tackifyers; fibers; antioxidants; antiozonants; UV stabilizers; odor masking agents; odor absorbing agents; crosslinking agents; tougheners and impact modifiers; polymeric modifiers and viscosifiers and mixtures thereof; various glasses such as nanoglass having a particle size of generally less than 100 nanometers, regular glasses such as S, E, NE glasses, and the like; can be added by mixing one or more of them into the monomer medium before the polymerization reaction is initiated. Other additives are various elastomers such as polyisobutylene, for example Vistanex MML 140™ from Exxon Mobil Chemical, or copolymers thereof which can be added to the monomer or monomer mixtures of the present invention to function as a viscosity thickener. The identity and relative amounts of such components are well known to those skilled in the art and need not be discussed in detail here.
The optional additives are employed to enhance the processing, appearance and/or the physical properties of the polymer. For example, the additives can be utilized to enhance and modify inter alia the coefficient of thermal expansion, stiffness, impact strength, dielectric constant, solvent resistance, color, and odor of the polymer product. The viscosifiers are employed to modify the viscosity and shrinkage of the monomeric mixture before the polymerization reaction is initiated. Suitable viscosity modifiers include elastomers and the norbornene-type polymers of the present invention. The viscosity modifiers can be dissolved in the polymerizable monomers of the invention to increase the viscosity of the monomer reaction mixture. As discussed above, crosslinking can be effected during the initial polymerization reaction of the monomer mixture or during a post polymerization thermal or photochemical curing step.
When employed in the mass polymerization system of the invention, the preferred molar ratio of monomer to metal preferably ranges from about 500,000:1 to about 5,000:1, more preferably from about 250,000:1 to about 10,000:1, and most preferably from about 200,000:1 to about 50,000:1.
The above polycycloolefin copolymers when utilized inter alia for electronic and/or optical applications are copolymers which have several good physical properties. For example, the copolymers have good optical transparency such as at least about 80%, desirable at least about 90%, and preferably at least 95% of the light having a wave length from about 100, or about 370, or about 400, to about 700, or about 800, or about 1,000 nanometers being transferable through a quartz sheet having a thickness of 125 microns. Alternatively, in electronic applications, the polymer can be semi transparent, or opaque. The copolymers have high glass transition temperatures such as from about 100° C. to about 400° C. depending upon the particular polymer. For example, copolymers of decyl norbornene and trimethoxy silyl norbornene will have a Tg of from about 130 to about 170° C. while polynorbornene will have a Tg of from about 360 to about 400° C. The polycyclic olefin copolymers have desirable low coefficients of thermal expansion such as from about 30 to about 300 with an average of from about 125 to about 175 parts per million expansion per degree centigrade. Another desirable attribute of the copolymers made in accordance with the present invention is that they have low moisture absorption such as from 0 or 0.01 to about 1%, desirably from about 0 or 0.01 to about 0.5% and preferably from about 0 or 0.01 to about 0.2% by weight based upon the total weight of the copolymers, according to ASTM test D570-98. The tensile modulus of the copolymers are low, such as from about 10 to about 10,000 and preferably from about 100 to about 1,000 mega Pascals according to ASTM D638-95. Before curing, the formulations of the present invention have low viscosities in the range from about 10 to about 10,000 and desirably from about 100 to about 500 centipoises. They thus have good leveling properties. The refractive index of the optical transparent copolymers of the present invention can be tailored and accordingly can be matched to be similar to that of an adjacent transparent layer, coating, etc. Refractive indexes of generally from about 1.2 to about 3.0, desirably from about 1.3 to about 2.5 with from about 1.4 to about 1.8 being preferred. The copolymers are cured at low temperatures in at least one stage such as from about 15° C. to about 200° C. with from about 60° C. to about 150° C. being preferred. Another desireable attribute of the copolymers made according to the methods of the present invention is that they have good adhesion to various materials such as silicon, silicon dioxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon nitride, or quartz, ceramic, alumina, BT-laminate, FR-4, various polymers such as poly(phthalamide) (PPA), poly(phenylene sulfide) (PPS), polyetherimide (PEI), poly(amide imide) (PAI), epoxy, polyimide, polyamide, polyester, polyacrylate, and the like and other common optical or electronic materials. Examples of still other materials which could serve as substrates include various metals such as copper, lead, silver, gold, aluminum, tin, iron, chromium, titanium, tantalum, nickel, and alloys thereof. Values of from about 6 to about 12 lbs per inch and desirably from about 8 to about 10 lbs per inch are generally obtained. Still another desirable property is that of good thermal aging such as at least about 2,000 hours at 125° C. Moreover, the copolymers of the present invention are readily processable and easily molded and have good thermal aging.
The copolymers produced by the foregoing processes are useful inter alia in electronic, optical, and optoelectronic applications. In electronic applications uses include but are not limited to dielectric films (i.e., multichip modules and flexible circuits), chip attach adhesives, underfill adhesives, chip encapsulants, glob tops, near hermetic board and chip protective coatings, embedded passives, laminating adhesives, capacitor dielectrics, high frequency insulator/connectors, high voltage insulators, high temperature wire coatings, conductive adhesives, reworkable adhesives, photosensitive adhesives and dielectric film, resistors, inductors, capacitors, antennas and printed circuit board substrates. As known to the art and to the literature, the definition of a chip is an “integrated circuit” or “a small wafer of a semiconductor material that forms the base for an integrated circuit”, Mirriam Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, 10th Ed, 1993, Merriam-Webster, Inc., Springfield, Mass., USA. Thus the above electronic applications such as multichip modules, chip encapsulants, chip protective coatings, and the like relate to semiconductor substrates or components and/or to integrated circuits containing the optical polymers of the present invention which encapsulate the same, coat the same, and the like. The optical coating or encapsulant thus readily serves as a covering or packaging material for a chip or an integraed circuit, or a semiconductor, which is a part of an optical semiconductor component.
In optical applications, uses include but are not limited to optical films, ophthalmic lenses, wave guides, optical fiber, photosensitive optical film, specialty lenses, windows, high refractive index film, laser optics, color filters, optical adhesives, and optical connectors. Other optical applications include the use of the above copolymers as coatings, encapsulants, and the like for numerous types of light sensors including, but not limited to, charge coupled device (CCD) image sensors, and complimentary metal oxide semi-conductors (CMOS) as well as imaging CMOS (IMOS). IMOS can be utilized to encapsulate arrays of chips, semiconductors, and the like. As known to the art and to the literature, sensors can generally be described as devices which have an optical component, in the path of a light source, which transmits light thereto to a converter which transmits light patterns, color, and the like to electronic signals which can be sent and stored on a processor or computer. Other end uses include sensors such as for cameras, for example web and digital, and surveillance, sensors for telescopes, microscopes, various infra-red monitors, bar code readers, personal digital assistants, image scanners, digital video conferencing, cellular phones, electronic toys, and the like. Other sensor uses include various biometric devices such as iris scanners, retina scanners, finger and thumb print scanners, and the like.
Other optical end uses include various light emitting diodes which are coated, encapsulated, etc. with the optical cycloolefin polymer. Example LEDs include visible light LEDs, white light LEDs, ultraviolet light LEDs, laser LEDs, and the like. Such LEDs can be utilized for lighting systems in automobiles, a backlight source in displays, for general illumination, replacement of light bulbs, traffic lights and the like.
Optoelectronics can be defined as the convergence of microeletronics and photonics in a single package material. Optoelectronic packaging materials can be low CTE and/or low modulus adhesives that are used to maintain ultra-tight alignment. In the case of arrayed waveguide gratings and other waveguide features that need to be aligned to the optoelectronic converters or devices, misalignments of 1 micron can cause significant increase attenuation levels and hence loss of signal. Such packaging materials protect, as by encapsulation, coating, covering, adhesion, etc., either electronic or optical components or both, such as microchips, semi-conductors, circuitry, as well as any of the above-noted electronic applications and also light sensors, light emitting diodes, organic LEDs, Polymer LEDs and Organic or inorganic photoluminescent devices or coatings, optical films, wave guides, optical fibers, optical connectors, as well as any of the above other noted optical applications or uses. Other uses include include vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSEL) and laser diodes, which in turn are used in telecom, datacom, and as sensors, semiconductor based detectors, waveguides, gratings and filters for high-speed fiber optic transmission, and couplers for fused and integrated optics.
Due to the high activity of the Group 10 catalysts of the present invention, the amount of Group 10 residual metal in the polymer product (absent any purification) is preferably less than about 100 ppm, more preferably less than about 50 ppm, even more preferably less than 10 ppm, and most preferably less than 5 ppm, wherein the residual metal to polymer is calculated on a weight to weight basis.
The following examples are detailed descriptions of methods of preparation and use of certain compositions of the present invention. The detailed preparation descriptions fall within the scope of, and serve to exemplify, the more generally described methods set forth above.
The examples are presented for illustrative purposes only, and are not intended as a restriction on the scope of the invention.
Procatalyst A. (Allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)chloride. To (allyl)palladium chloride dimer (1.00 g, 2.73 mmol) was added about 75 ml of toluene to give a yellow solution with a small amount of insolubles. To this mixture was added tricyclohexylphosphine (1.55 g, 5.54 mmol) dissolved in about 20 ml of toluene. A clear yellow solution resulted which was allowed to stir at room temperature for 2 hours. The solvent was removed in vacuo to yield a pale yellow powder which was dissolved in THF and stirred overnight. The THF was then removed in vacuo to give an off-white powder which was washed with 50 ml of ether three times. The resulting free-flowing, off-white powder was dried in vacuo. Yield 1.6 g (63%). 31P NMR (CD2Cl2): * 41.1 (s). 1H NMR (CD2Cl2): * 5.40 (m, 1H), 4.49 (br t, 1H), 3.49 (d of d, 1H), 3.42 (s, 1H), 2.59 (d, 1H), 2.14 (m, 3H), 1.90 (br s, 6H), 1.80 (s, 6H), 1.72 (s, 3H), 1.47 (br s, 6H), 1.27 (s, 9H).
Procatalyst B. (Allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine) triflate. A methylene chloride solution of (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)chloride (1.00 g, 2.16 mmol) was added to a methylene chloride solution of silver triflate (0.565 g, 2.20 mmol). The reaction mixture was shielded from room light and allowed to stir for 18 hours. The resulting slurry was filtered to yield a light yellow filtrate. The methylene chloride was removed in vacuo to give a free-flowing white powder. Yield 1.05 g (84%). 31P NMR (C6D6): 42.2 (s). 1H NMR (C6D6): * 5.10 (t, 1H), 4.66 (m, 1H), 3.64 (d of d, 1H), 2.62 (s, 1H), 1.95 (d, 1H), and peaks from 1.9 to 1.0 due to tricyclohexylphosphine. Crystals of this material were grown from methylene chloride/pentane solution. The results of a x-ray crystal structure determination are presented in FIG. 1.
(Allyl)palladium trifluoroacetate dimer. Approximately 1.60 g (4.34 mmol) of (allyl)palladium chloride dimer was dissolved in methylene chloride. This solution was added to a methylene chloride solution of silver trifluoroacetate 2.02 g (9.14 mmol) which was cooled to −10° C. The mixture was allowed to stir for 3 hours. The resulting cloudy solution was filtered to yield a bright, yellow filtrate. Removal of solvent in vacuo gave a yellow powder. 1H NMR (CD2Cl2): * 5.63 (br s, 1H), 4.13 (d, 2H), 3.08 (d, 2H).
Procatalyst C. (Allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)trifluoroacetate. (Allyl)palladium trifluoroacetate dimer (1.00 g, 1.91 mmol) was dissolved in THF at −78° C. To this solution was added tricyclohexylphosphine (1.12 g, 4.00 mmol) in THF. The yellow solution became colorless. After 20 minutes the solution was allowed to warm to room temperature and stir for 2 hours. The solvent was removed in vacuo to give an off-white powder. Yield 0.96 g (47%). 31P NMR (CD2Cl2): * 41.7 (s). 1H NMR (CD2Cl2): * 5.47 (m, 1H), 4.78 (t, 1H), 3.82 (d of d, 1H), 3.24 (s, 1H), 2.50 (d, 1H), and peaks from 1.9 to 1.0 due to tricyclohexylphosphine.
Procatalyst D. {2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]phenyl-C,N-}palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine) chloride.
Di-:-chlorobis{2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]phenyl-C,N-}dipalladium(1.00 g, 1.81 mmol) was dissolved in THF (60 ml). To this solution was added tricyclohexylphosphine (1.00, 3.57 mmol) in 10 ml of THF. The mixture was allowed to stir overnight after which the solvents were removed in vacuo. The resulting solid was dissolved in methylene chloride and allowed to stir for 1 hour. The solvent was removed in vacuo. To the solid was added an 80:20 mixture of pentane:ether. The solvent was decanted. To this solid was added cyclohexane followed by filtration to yield a white solid which was dried in vacuo. Yield 0.96 g (48%). 31P NMR (CD2Cl2): * 43.4 (s). 1H NMR (CD2Cl2): * 7.22 (m, 1H), 6.98 (d, 1H), 6.90 (m, 2H), 3.93 (s, 2H), 2.58 (d, 6H), and peaks from 2.4 to 1.0 due to tricyclohexylphosphine.
Procatalyst E. {2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]phenyl-C,N-}palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine) triflate.
{2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]phenyl-C,N-}palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine) chloride (0.500 g, 0.899 mmol) was dissolved in fluorobenzene. To this solution was added silver triflate (0.231 g, 0.899 mmol) in a fluorobenzene/ether solution. The reaction mixture turned yellow with precipitation of a white solid. The mixture was allowed to stir for 64 hours. The white solid was filtered off and the solvent was removed in vacuo from the yellow filtrate to give a white solid. 31P NMR (CD2Cl2): * 42.1 (s).
Procatalyst F. (Allyl)palladium(tri-o-tolylphosphine)chloride. To (allyl)palladium chloride dimer (1.50 g, 4.10 mmol) solution in about 25 ml of methylene chloride was added tri-o-tolylphosphine (2.50 g, 8.22 mmol) as a methylene chloride solution. The solution was allowed to stir overnight. The solvent was removed in vacuo to yield a pale yellow powder. Yield 3.50 g (88%). 31P NMR (CD2Cl2): * 21.4 (s). 1H NMR (CD2Cl2): * 7.58 (br t, 3H), 7.40 (t, 3H), 7.24 (m, 6H), 5.60 (m, 1H), 4.57 (t, 1H), 3.55 (d of d, 1H), 3.16 (br s, 1H), 2.19 (s, 9H).
Procatalyst G. (Allyl)palladium(tri-o-tolylphosphine) triflate. To a methylene chloride solution (10 ml) of (allyl)palladium chloride dimer (1.50 g, 4.10 mmol) was added a methylene chloride solution (10 ml) of tri-o-tolylphosphine (2.50 g, 8.22 mmol). This solution was added to a methylene chloride solution of silver triflate (1.81 g, 8.19 mmol). A precipitate formed immediately. The reaction mixture was shielded from room light and allowed to stir overnight. The resulting slurry was filtered through Celite® to yield an orange filtrate. The methylene chloride was removed in vacuo to give a yellow powder which was washed with pentane twice, an 80:20 mixture of pentane:ether, then dried in vacuo. Yield 4.05 g (91%). 31P NMR (CD2Cl2): 21.4 (s). 1H NMR (CD2Cl2): * 7.44 (m, 6H), 7.26 (m, 6H), 5.70 (br s, 1H), 5.10 (br s, 1H), 3.95 (br s, 1H), 3.20 (br s, 1H), 2.37 (br s, 1H), 2.19 (s, 9H). Crystals of this material were grown from methylene chloride/pentane solution. The results of a x-ray crystal structure determination are presented in FIG. 2.
Procatalyst H. (Allyl)palladium(tri-o-tolylphosphine) nitrate. To a suspension of silver nitrate (0.935 g, 5.50 mmol) in methylene chloride was added a methylene chloride solution of (allyl)palladium chloride dimer (1.00 g, 2.73 mmol) and tri-o-tolylphosphine (1.66 g, 5.46 mmol). After stirring the mixture overnight, the mixture was filtered to give an orange filtrate. This solution was concentrated and layered with pentane. The resulting white solid was isolated. 31P NMR (CD2Cl2): 20.3 (s). 1H NMR (CD2C12): * 7.50−7.20 (m, 12H), 5.70 (m, 1H), 4.85 (t, 1H), 3.95 (d of d, 1H), 2.60 (br s, 2H), 2.20 (s, 9H).
Procatalyst I. (Allyl)palladium(tri-o-tolylphosphine) acetate. To a suspension of silver acetate (0.919 g, 5.50 mmol) in methylene chloride was added a methylene chloride solution of (allyl)palladium chloride dimer (1.00 g, 2.73 mmol) and tri-o-tolylphosphine (1.66 g, 5.46 mmol). After stirring the mixture overnight, the mixture was filtered to give an orange filtrate. This solution was concentrated and layered with pentane. The resulting white solid was isolated. 31P NMR (CD2Cl2): 20.8 (s). 1H NMR (CD2Cl2): * 7.50-7.20 (m, 12H), 5.60 (m, 1H), 4.67 (t, 1H), 3.80 (d of d, 1H), 2.50 (br s, 2H), 2.20 (s, 9H).
Procatalyst J. (β-pinenyl)palladium chloride dimer. To a slurry of palladium (II) trifluoroacetate (0.5 g, 1.5 mmol) in acetone was added β-pinene (0.23 ml, 1.5 mmol). After 45 minutes, NBu4Cl (0.460 g, 1.65 mmol) in acetone was added and the reaction mixture was stirred for 10 minutes. Some black solid was filtered off and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The solid residue was dissolved in chloroform. Addition of pentane gave a brown oil and a yellow solution. From the yellow solution a yellow solid was obtained by removal of solvent in vacuo. Yield 0.2 g
Procatalyst K. (Allyl)palladium iodide dimer. (Allyl)palladium chloride dimer (1.0 g, 2.7 mmol) was dissolved in acetone (25 ml). To this solution was added an aqueous solution (10 ml) of sodium iodide (2.0 g, 13.3 mmol). The solution immediately turned orange and a yellow solid formed. The mixture was stirred for 30 minutes and solution was isolated by decantation. The solvent was removed in vacuo to give a solid which was extracted with chloroform. The chloroform extract was dried in vacuo to give an orange-brown solid. Yield 0.66 g (44%). 1H NMR (C6D6): * 4.32 (m, 1H), 3.78 (d, 2H), 2.40 (d, 2H). A peak was observed at 548 by FD-MS with the expected isotope pattern for two palladium and two iodine atoms.
Catalyst L. (Allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)(ether)][tetrakis(bis(3,5-trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate]. (Allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine) chloride (1.00 g, 2.73 mmol) was dissolved in ether and cooled to −78° C. Methylmagnesium bromide (720 μl of 3 m solution in ether, 2.16 mmol) was added drop wise. The mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 1 hour after which the solvent was removed in vacuo. The solid was extracted twice with pentane and filtered. The solution was stored at −20° C. overnight. A precipitate formed and the flask was further cooled to −78° C. The resulting solid was collected and dried. Yield 0.5 g (52%). NMR spectra are in agreement with the formation of (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)(methyl). 31P NMR (CD2Cl2): * 42.3 (s). 1H NMR (CD2Cl2): * 4.99 (m, 1H), 3.45 (d, 1H), 3.31 (br t, 1H), 2.39 (d of d, 1H), 2.33 (d, 1H), 2.00 (m, 3H), 1.86 (br s, 6H), 1.78 (br s, 6H), 1.71 (s, 3H) 1.39 (br s, 6H), 1.24 (br s, 9H).
A flask was charged with (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)(methyl) (0.26 g, 0.58 mmol) and H(Et2O)2[tetrakis(bis(3,5-trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate] (0.59 g, 0.58 mmol). The contents of the flask were cooled to −78° C. and 15 ml of ether was added. The mixture was warmed slightly to facilitate dissolution and then cooled to −78° C. After stirring for 3 hours, the solvent was removed in vacuo to give a brown-yellow solid. After washing with pentane twice and drying in vacuo a beige crystalline solid was isolated. Yield 0.69 g (87%). 31P NMR (CD2Cl2): * 43.1 (s). 1H NMR (CD2Cl2): * 7.72 (s, 8H), 7.56 (s, 4H), 5.83 (br m, 1H), 5.15 (br s, 1H), 4.05 (br s, 1H), 3.95 (br s, 1H), 3.44 (q, 4H), 3.20 (br s, 1H), 1.16 (t, 6H), and peaks from 2.05 to 1.1 due to tricyclohexylphosphine.
Procatalyst M. {2-[1-(dimethylamino)ethyl]phenyl-C,N-}palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine) chloride. (+)-Di-:-chlorobis{2-[1-(dimethylamino)ethyl]phenyl-C,N-}dipalladium (0.65 g, 1.1 mmol) was dissolved in methylene chloride. To this solution was added 10 ml of a methylene chloride solution of tricyclohexylphosphine (0.63 g, 2.2 mmol). After 10 hours, the solvent was removed in vacuo. To the yellow residue was added pentane. The yellow pentane solution was decanted from some insolubles. Then the pentane was pumped off from the solution to give a light yellow powder. 31P NMR (CD2Cl2): * 41.8 (s). 1H NMR (CD2Cl2): * 7.22 (m, 1H), 6.93 (m, 2H), 6.86 (m, 1H), 3.65 (m, 1H), 2.55 (d, 6H), 1.75 (d, 1H), and peaks from 2.5 to 1.1 due to tricyclohexylphosphine.
Procatalyst N. Preparation of bis(tricyclohexylphosphine)(hydrido)palladium(II) chloride.
To a slurry of (1,5-cyclooctadiene)palladium(II) chloride (2.0 g) in 20 ml methanol was added 1.67 g of a 25 wt. % solution of sodium methoxide in methanol diluted with 20 ml methanol. After 0.5 hours, (2-methoxy-3-cyclooctenyl)palladium chloride dimer was isolated as a white powder by filtration in air and dried under vacuum (1.67 g, 85%).
To a slurry of (2-methoxy-3-cyclooctenyl)palladium chloride dimer (500 mg) in 25 ml methanol was added tricyclohexylphosphine (1.0 g) as a solid. The reaction was stirred until it became homogeneous. Stirring was stopped and the solution was cooled in a −20° C. freezer. The product was isolated as a gray crystalline solid by filtration in air and dried under vacuum (900 mg, 72%).
Catalyst O. Preparation of bis(tricyclohexylphosphine)(hydrido)palladium(II) nitrate.
To a slurry of tricyclohexylphosphine (4.86 g) in 75 ml ethanol was added palladium(II) nitrate (2.0 g) as a solid at −35° C. A yellow precipitate formed immediately. After 1.5 hours, toluene (150 ml) was added and the reaction warmed to −5° C. Sodium borohydride (0.33 g) was added in 25 ml ethanol, and the reaction was allowed to warm to room temperature. After 40 hours, the reaction was filtered and the solvent removed to give a tan solid. The product was washed with 75 ml ethyl ether and several times with hexane. Recrystallization from toluene/hexane gave the product as tan crystals (3.3 g, 53%).
Catalyst P. Synthesis of (allyl)platinum chloride tetramer. (Allyl)platinum chloride tetramer was synthesized according to J. Lukas in Inorganic Synthesis 1974, 15, 79.
Procatalyst Q. Synthesis of (methallyl)nickel(tricyclohexylphosphine)(triflate). (Methallyl)nickelchloride dimer (2.0 g, 0.0066 mmol) was added to a flask along with tricyclohexylphosphine (3.42 g, 0.0133 mmol). Methylene chloride (25 ml) was added to the flask to give an orange-yellow solution. Silver triflate (3.72 g, 0.0133 mmol) was mixed with methylene chloride (10 ml) in an amber vial. The nickel solution was added to the silver mixture. Immediate precipitation of silver chloride was noted. The mixture was allowed to stir for 3 hours at room temperature. The mixture was filtered through Celite® to give an orange-yellow filtrate. The solvent was removed in vacuo to give a yellow solid. Yield 5.44 g (75%). 31P NMR (CDCl3): * 33.2 (s). 1H NMR (CDCl3): * 4.49 (s, 1H), 3.19 (s, 1H), 2.24 (s, 3H), 2.11 (s, 1H), and peaks from 2.0 to 1.1 due to tricyclohexylphosphine.
Procatalyst R. Synthesis of (allyl)platinum(tricyclohexylphosphine)(chloride). (Allyl)platinum chloride tetramer (0.20 g, 0.18 mmol) was suspended in 25 ml of methylene chloride. Tricyclohexylphosphine (0.21 g, 0.74 mmol) was dissolved in methylene chloride and added to the platinum solution. A yellow solution resulted with some insolubles. The mixture was allowed to stir for 2 days. A tan solution and solid resulted. The volatiles were pumped away to give a tan solid. Yield 0.25 g (63%).
Procatalyst S. Synthesis of (allyl)platinum(tricyclohexylphosphine)(triflate). (Allyl)platinum(tricyclohexylphosphine)(chloride) (0.25 g, 0.45 mmol) was dissolved in toluene and filtered to remove small amount of insolubles. The resulting filtrate was added to a toluene slurry of silver triflate (0.11 g, 0.45 mmol). The mixture was stirred for 2 hours, then filtered to give a yellow filtrate. The solvent was removed in vacuo to give a tan solid.
Procatalyst T. Synthesis of (allyl)palladium(trinaphthylphosphine)(triflate). Trinaphthylphosphine (1.6 g, 3.5 mmol, 90%) and (allyl)palladium chloride dimer (0.61 g, 1.7 mmol) were added to a flask that was cooled to −10° C. To this mixture was added methylene chloride (25 ml) drop-wise to give a light yellow mixture. The slurry was warmed at room with stirring. The mixture turned orange-brown. After 6 hours, the solution was added to a suspension of silver triflate (0.85 g, 3.3 mmol) in 25 ml of methylene chloride. A white precipitate formed. After 16 hours the mixture was filtered. The filtrate was pumped to dryness giving a brown solid. Yield 2.3 g (96%). The solid was recrystallized from methylene chloride/pentane. 31P NMR (CDCl3): * 20.7 (br s). 1H NMR (CDCl3): * 8.3−7.3 (m, 21H), 5.54 (br s, 1H), 5.18 (br t, 1H), 3.91 (m, 1H), 3.03 (br s, 1H), 2.25 (br s, 1H). Crystals of this material were grown from methylene chloride/pentane solution. The results of a x-ray crystal structure determination are presented in FIG. 3.
Procatalyst U. A suspension of (allyl)palladium(trinaphthylphosphine) (triflate) (0.50 g, 0.70 mmol) in 100 ml of toluene was added to a slurry of ether-free lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate (0.48 g, 0.70 mmol) in toluene. After stirring the mixture for 30 minutes, the solution was filtered through Celite to give a yellow filtrate. The solution was concentrated in vacuo and layered with pentane to give an orange oil. The solvent was decanted and the oil was washed with pentane and then dried in vacuo and then washed twice more with pentane and dried to give an light orange solid.
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (8.41 g, 56.1 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (1.59 g, 6.21 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (0.6 mg, 0.0006 mmol). This mixture was diluted with 38 ml of toluene. Approximately 10:1 of a toluene solution of (allyl)palladium chloride dimer (6.23 mMol) and 10:1 of a toluene solution of tricyclohexylphosphine (12.5 mMol) was diluted to about 1 ml total with toluene and added to the monomer solution. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 4 hours. The resulting viscous mixture was poured into acetone to precipitate the polymer which was redissolved into toluene and reprecipitated into methanol which was filtered and dried in vacuo overnight. Yield 6.2 g (62%).
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (8.41 g, 56.1 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (1.59 g, 6.21 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (0.6 mg, 0.0006 mmol). This mixture was diluted with 38 ml of toluene. Approximately 10:1 of a toluene solution of (allyl)palladium chloride dimer (6.23 mMol) and 50:1 of a toluene solution of tricyclohexylphosphine (12.5 mMol) was diluted to about 1 ml total with toluene and added to the monomer solution. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 4 hours. The resulting viscous mixture was poured into acetone to precipitate the polymer which was redissolved into toluene and reprecipitated into methanol which was filtered and dried in vacuo overnight. Yield 6.4 g (64%).
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (8.41 g, 56.1 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (1.59 g, 6.2 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (0.3 mg, 0.0004 mmol). This mixture was diluted with 38 ml of toluene. Approximately 10:1 of a toluene solution of (allyl)palladium chloride dimer (6.23 mMol) and 10:1 of a toluene solution of tricyclohexylphosphine (12.5 mMol) was diluted to about 1 ml total with toluene and added to the monomer solution. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 4 hours. The resulting viscous mixture was poured into acetone to precipitate the polymer which was redissolved into toluene and reprecipitated into methanol, filtered and dried in vacuo overnight. Yield 6.1 g (61%).
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (8.41 g, 56.1 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (1.59 g, 6.21 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (0.1 mg, 0.00006 mmol). This mixture was diluted with 38 ml of toluene. Approximately 10:1 of a toluene solution of (allyl)palladium chloride dimer (6.23 mMol) and 10:1 of a toluene solution of tricyclohexylphosphine (12.5 mMol) was diluted to about 1 ml total with toluene and added to the monomer solution. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 4 hours. The resulting viscous mixture was poured into acetone to precipitate the polymer which was redissolved into toluene and reprecipitated into methanol, filtered and dried in vacuo overnight. Yield 2.4 g (24%).
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (8.41 g, 56.1 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (1.59 g, 6.21 mmol) was added lithium tetrafluoroborate (0.1 mg, 0.0006 mmol). This mixture was diluted with 38 ml of toluene. Approximately 10:1 of a toluene solution of (allyl)palladium chloride dimer (6.23 mMol) and 10:1 of a toluene solution of tricyclohexylphosphine (12.5 mMol) was diluted to about 1 ml total with toluene and added to the monomer solution. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 4 hours. The solution did not become viscous and, upon addition to acetone, no polymer was observed.
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (8.41 g, 56.1 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (1.59 g, 6.21 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (1.1 mg, 0.0013 mmol). This mixture was diluted with 32 ml of toluene. Approximately 20:1 of a toluene solution of (allyl)palladium chloride dimer (0.623 mMol) and 20:1 of a toluene solution of triphenylphosphine (12.5 mMol) was diluted to about 1 ml total with toluene and added to the monomer solution. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 4 hours. The resulting viscous mixture was poured into acetone to precipitate the polymer which was filtered and dried in vacuo overnight. Yield 5.2 g (52%).
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (8.41 g, 56.1 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (1.59 g, 6.21 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (1.1 mg, 0.0012 mmol). This mixture was diluted with 32 ml of toluene. Approximately 10:1 of a toluene solution of (allyl)palladium chloride dimer (12.5 mMol) and 20:1 of a toluene solution of tricyclohexylphosphine (12.5 mMol) was diluted to about 1 ml total with toluene and added to the monomer solution. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 4 hours. The resulting viscous mixture was diluted with toluene and poured into methanol to precipitate the polymer which was filtered and dried in vacuo overnight. Yield 8.2 g (82%).
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (8.41 g, 56.1 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (1.59 g, 6.21 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (1.1 mg, 0.0012 mmol). This mixture was diluted with 32 ml of toluene. Approximately 80:1 of a toluene solution of (allyl)palladium trifluoroacetate dimer (1.6 mMol) and 20:1 of a toluene solution of tricyclohexylphosphine (12.5 mMol) was diluted to about 1 ml total with toluene and added to the monomer solution. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 4 hours. The resulting viscous mixture was diluted with toluene and poured into methanol to precipitate the polymer which was filtered and dried in vacuo overnight. Yield 9.3 g (93%).
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (8.41 g, 56.1 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (1.59 g, 6.21 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (1.1 mg, 0.0012 mmol). This mixture was diluted with 32 ml of toluene. Approximately 40:1 of a toluene solution of (allyl)palladium trifluoroacetate dimer (1.6 mMol) and 20:1 of a toluene solution of tricyclohexylphosphine (12.5 mMol) was diluted to about 1 ml total with toluene and added to the monomer solution. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 4 hours. The resulting viscous mixture was diluted with toluene and poured into methanol to precipitate the polymer which was filtered and dried in vacuo overnight. Yield 8.3 g (83%).
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (8.41 g, 56.1 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (1.59 g, 6.21 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (1.1 mg, 0.0012 mmol). This mixture was diluted with 32 ml of toluene. Approximately 20:1 of a toluene solution of (allyl)palladium trifluoroacetate dimer (1.6 mMol) and 20:1 of a toluene solution of tricyclohexylphosphine (12.5 mMol) was diluted to about 1 ml total with toluene and added to the monomer solution. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 4 hours. The resulting viscous mixture was diluted with toluene and poured into methanol to precipitate the polymer which was filtered and dried in vacuo overnight. Yield 3.9 g (39%).
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (8.41 g, 56.1 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (1.59 g, 6.21 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (1.1 mg, 0.0012 mmol). This mixture was diluted with 24 ml of toluene and 8 ml of ethanol. Approximately 0.1 mg (0.0003 mmol) of (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine) chloride (Catalyst A) to about 1 ml total with toluene and added to the monomer solution. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 4 hours. The resulting mixture was diluted with toluene and poured into methanol to precipitate the polymer which was filtered and dried in vacuo overnight. Yield 0.72 g (7.2%).
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (8.41 g, 56.1 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (1.59 g, 6.21 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (1.1 mg, 0.0012 mmol). This mixture was diluted with 32 ml of toluene. Approximately 0.1 mg (0.0003 mmol) of (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine) chloride (Catalyst A) to about 1 ml total with toluene and added to the monomer solution. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 4 hours. The resulting viscous mixture was diluted with toluene and poured into methanol to precipitate the polymer which was filtered and dried in vacuo overnight. Yield 7.8 g (78%).
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (8.41 g, 56.1 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (1.59 g, 6.21 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (1.1 mg, 0.0012 mmol). This mixture was diluted with 32 ml of toluene. Approximately 50:1 of a toluene solution of (allyl)palladium chloride dimer (2.5 mMol) and 20:1 of a toluene solution of tribenzylphosphine (12.5 mMol) was diluted to about 1 ml total with toluene and added to the monomer solution. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 4 hours. The resulting viscous mixture was diluted with toluene and poured into acetone to precipitate the polymer which was filtered and dried in vacuo overnight. Yield 2.1 g (21%).
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (8.41 g, 56.1 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (1.59 g, 6.21 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (1.1 mg, 0.0012 mmol). This mixture was diluted with 32 ml of toluene. Approximately 50:1 of a toluene solution of (allyl)palladium chloride dimer (2.5 mMol) and 20:1 of a toluene solution of tributylphosphine (12.5 mMol) was diluted to about 1 ml total with toluene and added to the monomer solution. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 4 hours. The resulting viscous mixture was diluted with toluene and poured into acetone to precipitate the polymer which was filtered and dried in vacuo overnight. Yield 4.1 g (41%).
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (8.41 g, 56.1 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (1.59 g, 6.21 mmol) was added sodium tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate (1.1 mg, 0.0004 mmol). This mixture was diluted with 32 ml of toluene. Approximately 50:1 of a toluene solution of (allyl)palladium chloride dimer (2.5 mMol) and 20:1 of a toluene solution of tricyclohexylphosphine (12.5 mMol) was diluted to about 1 ml total with toluene and added to the monomer solution. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 4 hours. The resulting viscous mixture was diluted with toluene and poured into acetone to precipitate the polymer which was filtered and dried in vacuo overnight. Yield 9.3 g (93%).
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (8.41 g, 56.1 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (1.59 g, 6.21 mmol) was added trityl tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate (1.1 mg, 0.0012 mmol). This mixture was diluted with 32 ml of toluene. Approximately 50:1 of a toluene solution of (allyl)palladium chloride dimer (2.5 mMol) and 20:1 of a toluene solution of tricyclohexylphosphine (12.5 mMol) was diluted to about 1 ml total with toluene and added to the monomer solution. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 4 hours. The resulting viscous mixture was diluted with toluene and poured into acetone to precipitate the polymer which was filtered and dried in vacuo overnight. Yield 1.0 g (10%).
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (4.58 g, 30.5 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.420 g, 1.64 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (0.6 mg, 0.0007 mmol). This mixture was diluted with 16 ml of toluene. Approximately 20:1 of a toluene solution of {2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]phenyl-C,N-}palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine) chloride (Catalyst D, 6.52 mMol) was added to the monomer solution. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 4 hours. The resulting viscous mixture was diluted with toluene and poured into acetone to precipitate the polymer which was filtered and dried in vacuo overnight. Yield 3.8 g (76%).
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (4.58 g, 30.5 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.420 g, 1.64 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (0.6 mg, 0.0007 mmol). This mixture was diluted with 16 ml of toluene. Approximately 20:1 of a toluene solution of {2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-phenyl-C,N-}palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine) triflate (Catalyst E, 6.52 mMol) was added to the monomer solution. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 4 hours. The resulting viscous mixture was diluted with toluene and poured into acetone to precipitate the polymer which was filtered and dried in vacuo overnight. Yield 5.0 g (100%).
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (4.58 g, 30.5 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.420 g, 1.64 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (0.6 mg, 0.0007 mmol). This mixture was diluted with 16 ml of toluene. Approximately 10:1 of a toluene solution of (allyl)palladium chloride dimer (3.26 mMol) and 10:1 of a toluene solution of triallylphosphine (6.52 mMol) was diluted to about 3 ml total with toluene and added to the monomer solution. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 4 hours. The resulting viscous mixture was diluted with toluene and poured into methanol to precipitate the polymer which was filtered and dried in vacuo overnight. Yield 1.6 g (32%). Mw=2,460,000 and Mn=1,230,000 as determined by GPC methods.
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (4.58 g, 30.5 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.420 g, 1.64 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (0.6 mg, 0.0007 mmol). This mixture was diluted with 16 ml of toluene. Approximately 10:1 of a toluene solution of (allyl)palladium chloride dimer (3.26 mMol) and 10:1 of a toluene solution of tricyclopentylphosphine (6.52 mMol) was diluted to about 3 ml total with toluene and added to the monomer solution. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 4 hours. The resulting viscous mixture was diluted with toluene and poured into methanol to precipitate the polymer, filtered and dried in vacuo overnight. Yield 4.8 g (96%).
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (4.58 g, 30.5 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.420 g, 1.64 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (0.6 mg, 0.0007 mmol). This mixture was diluted with 16 ml of toluene. Approximately 10:1 of a toluene solution of (allyl)palladium chloride dimer (3.26 mMol) and 10:1 of a toluene solution of triisopropylphosphite (6.52 mMol) was diluted to about 3 ml total with toluene and added to the monomer solution. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 4 hours. The resulting viscous mixture was diluted with toluene and poured into methanol to precipitate the polymer which was filtered and dried in vacuo overnight. Yield 0.2 g (4%).
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (4.58 g, 30.5 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.420 g, 1.64 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis{tris(trifluoromethyl)-tert-butoxy}aluminate (1.1 mg, 0.0011 mmol). This mixture was diluted with 16 ml of toluene. Approximately 200:1 of a toluene solution of (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine) triflate (1.08 mMol) was added to the monomer solution. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 4 hours. The resulting viscous mixture was diluted with toluene and poured into methanol to precipitate the polymer which was filtered and dried in vacuo overnight. Yield 5 g (100%).
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (4.58 g, 30.5 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.420 g, 1.64 mmol) was added the fluorinated tetraalkoxyaluminate, Li[Al(OC(CF3)3)4] (1.1 mg, 0.0011 mmol). This mixture was diluted with 16 ml of toluene. Approximately 200:1 of a toluene solution of {2-(dimethylamino)methyl]-phenyl-C,N-}palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine) triflate (Catalyst E, 1.08 mMol) was added to the monomer solution. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 4 hours. The resulting viscous mixture was diluted with toluene and poured into methanol to precipitate the polymer which was filtered and dried in vacuo overnight. Yield 5 g (100%).
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (4.58 g, 30.5 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.420 g, 1.64 mmol) was added the fluorinated tetraalkoxyaluminate, Li[Al(OC(CF3)2Ph)4] (1.1 mg, 0.0011 mmol). This mixture was diluted with 32 ml of toluene. Approximately 100:1 of a toluene solution of {2-(dimethylamino)methyl]-phenyl-C,N-}palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine) triflate (Catalyst E, 2.16 mMol) was added to the monomer solution. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 4 hours. The resulting viscous mixture was diluted with toluene and poured into methanol to precipitate the polymer which was filtered and dried in vacuo overnight. Yield 4.6 g (92%).
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (4.58 g, 30.5 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.420 g, 1.64 mmol) was added the fluorinated carborane salt, LiCB11F11H (0.4 mg, 0.001 mmol). This mixture was diluted with 32 ml of toluene. Approximately 100:1 of a toluene solution of {2-(dimethylamino)methyl]-phenyl-C,N-}palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine) triflate (Catalyst E, 2.16 mMol) was added to the monomer solution. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 4 hours. The resulting viscous mixture was diluted with toluene and poured into methanol to precipitate the polymer which was filtered and dried in vacuo overnight. Yield 2.7 g (54%).
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (4.58 g, 30.5 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.420 g, 1.64 mmol) was added the brominated carborane salt, LiCB11H6Br6 (0.7 mg, 0.001 mmol). This mixture was diluted with 32 ml of toluene. Approximately 100:L of a toluene solution of {2-(dimethylamino)methyl]-phenyl-C,N-}palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine) triflate (Catalyst E, 2.16 mMol) was added to the monomer solution. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 4 hours. The resulting viscous mixture was diluted with toluene and poured into methanol to precipitate the polymer which was filtered and dried in vacuo overnight. Yield 1.5 g (31%). Mw=417,000 and Mn=212,000 as determined by GPC methods.
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (4.58 g, 30.5 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.420 g, 1.64 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (0.6 mg, 0.0006 mmol). This mixture was diluted with 38 ml of toluene. Approximately 20:1 of a toluene solution of (allyl)palladium chloride dimer (3.28 mMol) and 20:1 of a toluene solution of trifurylphosphine (6.57 mMol) was diluted with toluene and added to the monomer solution. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 4 hours. The resulting viscous mixture was poured into acetone to precipitate the polymer which was redissolved into toluene and reprecipitated into methanol which was filtered and dried in vacuo overnight. Yield 1.9 g (37%).
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (4.58 g, 30.5 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.420 g, 1.64 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (0.6 mg, 0.0006 mmol). This mixture was diluted with 38 ml of toluene. Approximately 20:1 of a toluene solution of (allyl)palladium chloride dimer (3.28 mMol) and 20:1 of a toluene solution of tri-m-methoxyphenylphosphine (6.57 mMol) was diluted with toluene and added to the monomer solution. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 4 hours. The resulting viscous mixture was poured into acetone to precipitate the polymer which was redissolved into toluene and reprecipitated into methanol which was filtered and dried in vacuo overnight. Yield 0.5 g (10%).
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (4.58 g, 30.5 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.420 g, 1.64 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (0.6 mg, 0.0006 mmol). This mixture was diluted with 38 ml of toluene. Approximately 20:1 of a toluene solution of (allyl)palladium chloride dimer (3.28 mMol) and 20:1 of a toluene solution of tri-p-methoxyphosphine (6.57 mMol) was diluted with toluene and added to the monomer solution. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 4 hours. The resulting viscous mixture was poured into acetone to precipitate the polymer which was redissolved into toluene and reprecipitated into methanol which was filtered and dried in vacuo overnight. Yield 3.6 g (72%).
To a clean, dry 500 ml stainless steel reactor was added 45.8 g butylnorbornene (305 mmol) and 4.2 g of 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (16.4 mmol) diluted with toluene to a total volume of 320 ml. The mixture was heated to 65° C. with agitation. To this mixture was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (9.4 mg, 0.011 mmol) in 4 ml of toluene. Approximately 1.3 mg of (allyl)palladium(tri-o-tolylphosphine) triflate (Catalyst G, 0.0022 mmol) in 3 ml of toluene was added to the reactor. After 4 hours the reaction mixture was poured into acetone to precipitate the polymer which was filtered and dried in vacuo overnight. Yield 16.2 g (33%). Mw=165,000 and Mn=71,000 as determined by GPC methods.
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (4.58 g, 30.5 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.420 g, 1.64 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (1.0 mg, 0.00011 mmol). This mixture was diluted with 16 ml of toluene. Approximately 100:1 of a toluene solution of trans-di-(μ-acetato)-bis[o-(di-o-tolylphosphino)benzyl]dipalladium (1.1 mMol) and 100:1 of a toluene solution of tricyclohexylphosphine (2.1 mMol) was diluted with a small amount of toluene and was added to the monomer solution. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 4 hours. The resulting mixture was diluted with toluene and poured into methanol to precipitate the polymer which was filtered and dried in vacuo overnight. Yield 5 g (100%).
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (4.58 g, 30.5 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.420 g, 1.64 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (1.0 mg, 0.00011 mmol) and triphenylphosphine supported on 20% crosslinked polystyrene (0.71 mg, 0.8 weight percent phosphorus) This mixture was diluted with 16 ml of toluene. Approximately 100:1 of a toluene solution of allylpalladium chloride dimer (1.1 mMol) was added to the mixture. The mixture was heated to 65° C. After 4 hours the mixture was poured into an excess of acetone to precipitate the polymer which was filtered and dried in vacuo. Yield 0.15 g (3%).
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (4.58 g, 30.5 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.420 g, 1.64 mmol) was added N,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate (1.0 mg, 0.00011 mmol). This mixture was diluted with 16 ml of toluene. Approximately 100:1 of a toluene solution (1,5-cyclooctadiene)(dimethyl)platinum (2.3 mMol) and 200:1 of a toluene solution of tricyclohexylphosphine (2.1 mMol) was diluted with a small amount of toluene and was added to the monomer solution. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 4 hours. The resulting mixture was diluted with toluene and poured into methanol to precipitate the polymer which was filtered and dried in vacuo overnight. Yield 0.11 g (2%).
A mixture of butylnorbornene (4.58 g, 30.5 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.420 g, 1.64 mmol) was diluted with 16 ml of toluene. A solution of (allyl)palladium chloride dimer (0.00011 mmol) and tricyclohexylphosphine (0.00022 mmol) in toluene was added to the monomer solution. No WCA salt activator was employed. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 4 hours. The mixture was then poured into an excess of acetone. No polymer precipitated.
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (4.58 g, 30.5 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.420 g, 1.64 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (1.0 mg, 0.0011 mmol). This mixture was diluted with 16 ml of toluene. A solution of (allyl)palladium chloride dimer (0.00011 mmol) in toluene was added to the monomer solution. No neutral Group 15 electron donor ligand providing compound was added. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 4 hours. The mixture was then poured into an excess of acetone. No polymer precipitated.
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (4.58 g, 30.5 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.420 g, 1.64 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (1.0 mg, 0.0011 mmol). This mixture was diluted with 16 ml of toluene. A solution of (allyl)palladium chloride dimer (0.00011 mmol) and tricyclohexylphosphine (0.00022 mmol) in toluene was added to the monomer solution. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 4 hours. The resulting viscous mixture was diluted in toluene then poured into an excess of acetone to precipitate the polymer. The polymer was filtered and dried in vacuo. Yield 4.25 g (85%).
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (4.58 g, 30.5 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.420 g, 1.64 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (1.0 mg, 0.0011 mmol). This mixture was diluted with 16 ml of toluene. Approximately 100:1 of a toluene solution of {2-[1-(dimethylamino)-ethyl]phenyl-C,N-}palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine chloride (Catalyst M, 1.1 mMol) was added to the monomer solution. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 4 hours. The resulting viscous mixture was diluted with toluene and poured into acetone to precipitate the polymer which was filtered and dried in vacuo overnight. Yield 5.0 g (100%).
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (4.58 g, 30.5 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.420 g, 1.64 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (1.0 mg, 0.0011 mmol) and 5-butenylnorbornene (0.060 g, 0.00033 mol) as a chain transfer agent and comonomer. The mixture was diluted with 32 ml of toluene. To this solution was added 100:1 of a toluene solution of allylpalladium(tricyclohexylphosphine) triflate (Catalyst B, 1.3 mMol). After heating the mixture for 4 hours at 65° C., the mixture was poured into an excess of acetone. The resulting polymer was filtered and dried in vacuo. Yield 3.9 g (77%). Mw=1,372,000 and Mn=427,000 as determined by GPC methods.
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (4.58 g, 30.5 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.420 g, 1.64 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (1.0 mg, 0.0011 mmol) and 5-butenylnorbornene (0.180 g, 0.0010 mol) as a chain transfer agent and comonomer. The mixture was diluted with 32 ml of toluene. To this solution was added 100:1 of a toluene solution of allylpalladium(tricyclohexylphosphine) triflate (Catalyst B, 1.3 mMol). After heating the mixture for 4 hours at 65° C., the mixture was poured into an excess of acetone. The resulting polymer was filtered and dried in vacuo. Yield 3.7 g (73%). Mw=750,000 and Mn=230,000 as determined by GPC methods.
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (4.58 g, 30.5 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.420 g, 1.64 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (0.6 mg, 0.0007 mmol) and 5-butenylnorbornene (0.30 g, 0.0017 mol) as a chain transfer agent and comonomer. The mixture was diluted with 32 ml of toluene. To this solution was added 100:1 of a toluene solution of allylpalladium(tricyclohexylphosphine) triflate (Catalyst B, 1.3 mMol). After heating the mixture for 4 hours at 65° C., the mixture was poured into an excess of acetone. The resulting polymer was filtered and dried in vacuo. Yield 3.5 g (70%). Mw=428,000 and Mn=121,000 as determined by GPC methods.
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (4.58 g, 30.5 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.420 g, 1.64 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (0.6 mg, 0.0007 mmol) and 5-butenylnorbornene (1.01 g, 0.0058 mol) as a chain transfer agent and comonomer. The mixture was diluted with 32 ml of toluene. Approximately 100:1 of a toluene solution of trans-di-(μ-acetato)-bis[o-(di-o-tolylphosphino)benzyl]dipalladium (1.3 mMol) and 100:1 of a toluene solution of tricyclohexylphosphine (2.6 mMol) was added to the monomer solution. After heating the mixture for 4 hours at 65° C., the mixture was poured into an excess of acetone. The resulting polymer was filtered and dried in vacuo. Yield 2.5 g (51%). Mw=180,000 and Mn=63,000 as determined by GPC methods.
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (4.58 g, 30.5 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.420 g, 1.64 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (1.0 mg, 0.0011 mmol). This mixture was diluted with 32 ml of toluene. To this mixture was added 100:1 of a toluene solution of bis(tricyclohexyl-phosphine)palladiumhydridochloride (Catalyst N, 1.3 mMol). The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 4 hours after which the mixture became so viscous that it could not be stirred. The polymer was precipitated into acetone, filtered and dried in vacuo. Yield 3.0 g (61%).
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (4.58 g, 30.5 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.420 g, 1.64 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (1.0 mg, 0.0011 mmol). This mixture was diluted with 32 ml of toluene. To this mixture was added 100:1 of a toluene solution of bis(tricyclohexylphosphine)palladiumhydridonitrate (Catalyst O, 1.3 mMol). The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 4 hours after which the mixture became so viscous that it could not be stirred. The polymer was precipitated into acetone, filtered and dried in vacuo. Yield 5 g (100%).
To a mixture of norbornene (5.0 g, 53 mmol was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (1.0 mg, 0.0011 mmol). This mixture was diluted with 16 ml of toluene. To this mixture was added 200:1 of a toluene solution of allylpalladium(tricyclohexylphosphine) triflate (Catalyst B, 0.27 mMol). The mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature for 18 hours. After precipitation, filtering and drying a yield of 0.68 g of polymer was obtained. Yield 14%.
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (4.58 g, 30.5 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.420 g, 1.64 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (1.0 mg, 0.0011 mmol) and 5-butenylnorbornene (0.05 g, 0.00033 mol). This mixture was diluted with 16 ml of toluene. To this mixture was added 50:L of a toluene solution of (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine) triflate (Catalyst B, 1.3 mMol). The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 18 hours. The viscous solution was diluted with toluene and then the polymer was precipitated into an excess of acetone. After filtering and drying in vacuo overnight a conversion of 4.75 g of polymer was obtained. Yield 95%. Mw=2,115,000 and Mn=608,000 as determined by GPC methods.
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (4.58 g, 30.5 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.420 g, 1.64 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (1.0 mg, 0.0011 mmol) and 5-butenylnorbornene (0.15 g, 0.0010 mol). This mixture was diluted with 16 ml of toluene. To this mixture was added 50:L of a toluene solution of (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine) triflate (Catalyst B, 1.3 mMol). The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 18 hours. The viscous solution was diluted with toluene and then the polymer was precipitated into an excess of acetone. After filtering and drying in vacuo overnight a conversion of 4.54 g of polymer was obtained. Yield 91%. Mw=973,000 and Mn=146,000 as determined by GPC methods.
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (4.58 g, 30.5 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.420 g, 1.64 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (1.0 mg, 0.0011 mmol) and 5-butenylnorbornene (0.25 g, 0.0017 mol). This mixture was diluted with 16 ml of toluene. To this mixture was added 50:L of a toluene solution of (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine) triflate (Catalyst B, 1.3 mMol). The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 18 hours. The viscous solution was diluted with toluene and then the polymer was precipitated into an excess of acetone. After filtering and drying in vacuo overnight a conversion of 4.03 g of polymer was obtained. Yield 81%. Mw=690,000 and Mn=120,000 as determined by GPC methods.
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (4.58 g, 30.5 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.420 g, 1.64 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (1.0 mg, 0.0011 mmol) and 5-butenylnorbornene (0.54 g, 0.0036 mol). This mixture was diluted with 16 ml of toluene. To this mixture was added 50:1 of a toluene solution of (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine) triflate (Catalyst B, 1.3 mMol). The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 18 hours. The viscous solution was diluted with toluene and then the polymer was precipitated into an excess of acetone. After filtering and drying in vacuo overnight a conversion of 3.91 g of polymer was obtained. Yield 78%. Mw=379,000 and Mn=120,000 as determined by GPC methods. The polymer contained approximately 5% 5 butenylnorbornene according to 1H NMR analysis.
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (4.58 g, 30.5 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.420 g, 1.64 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (1.0 mg, 0.0011 mmol) and 5-butenylnorbornene (1.21 g, 0.0082 mol). This mixture was diluted with 16 ml of toluene. To this mixture was added 50:1 of a toluene solution of (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine) triflate (Catalyst B, 1.3 mMol). The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 18 hours. The viscous solution was diluted with toluene and then the polymer was precipitated into an excess of acetone. After filtering and drying in vacuo overnight a conversion of 3.70 g of polymer was obtained. Yield 74%. Mw=202,000 and Mn=68,000 as determined by GPC methods. The polymer contained approximately 12% 5-butenylnorbornene according to 1H NMR analysis.
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (4.58 g, 30.5 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.420 g, 1.64 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (1.0 mg, 0.0011 mmol) and 5-butenylnorbornene (3.26 g, 0.022 mol). This mixture was diluted with 16 ml of toluene. To this mixture was added 50:1 of a toluene solution of (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine) triflate (Catalyst B, 1.3 mMol). The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 18 hours. The viscous solution was diluted with toluene and then the polymer was precipitated into an excess of acetone. After filtering and drying in vacuo overnight a conversion of 2.85 g of polymer was obtained. Yield 57%. Mw=154,000 and Mn=59,000 as determined by GPC methods. The polymer contained approximately 25% 5-butenylnorbornene according to 1H NMR analysis.
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (4.58 g, 30.5 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.420 g, 1.64 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (100:1 of a 0.0016 M solution in toluene, 0.00016 mmol) and 5-butenylnorbornene (0.05 g, 0.33 mmol). This mixture was diluted with 16 ml of toluene. To this mixture was added 50:1 of a toluene solution of (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine) triflate (Catalyst B, 0.65 mMol). The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 18 hours. The viscous solution was diluted with toluene and then the polymer was precipitated into an excess of acetone. After filtering and drying in vacuo overnight a conversion of 4.28 g of polymer was obtained. Yield 86%. Mw=1,886,000 and Mn=328,000 as determined by GPC methods.
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (4.58 g, 30.5 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.420 g, 1.64 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (100:1 of a 0.0016 M solution in toluene, 0.00016 mmol) and 5-butenylnorbornene (0.15 g, 1.0 mmol). This mixture was diluted with 16 ml of toluene. To this mixture was added 50:1 of a toluene solution of (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine) triflate (Catalyst B, 0.65 mMol). The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 18 hours. The viscous solution was diluted with toluene and then the polymer was precipitated into an excess of acetone. After filtering and drying in vacuo overnight a conversion of 4.00 g of polymer was obtained. Yield 80%. Mw=957,000 and Mn=267,000 as determined by GPC methods.
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (4.58 g, 30.5 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.420 g, 1.64 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (100:1 of a 0.0016 M solution in toluene, 0.00016 mmol) and 5-butenylnorbornene (0.25 g, 1.7 mmol). This mixture was diluted with 16 ml of toluene. To this mixture was added 50:1 of a toluene solution of (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine) triflate (Catalyst B, 0.65 mMol). The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 18 hours. The viscous solution was diluted with toluene and then the polymer was precipitated into an excess of acetone. After filtering and drying in vacuo overnight a conversion of 4.32 g of polymer was obtained. Yield 86%. Mw=460,000 and Mn=119,000 as determined by GPC methods.
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (4.58 g, 30.5 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.420 g, 1.64 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (100:1 of a 0.0016 M solution in toluene, 0.00016 mmol), and hexene-1 (0.31 g, 3.6 mmol). This mixture was diluted with 16 ml of toluene. To this mixture was added 50:1 of a toluene solution of (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine) triflate (Catalyst B, 0.65 mMol). The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 18 hours. The viscous solution was diluted with toluene and then the polymer was precipitated into an excess of acetone. After filtering and drying in vacuo overnight a conversion of 3.13 g of polymer was obtained. Yield 63%. Mw=2,050,000 and Mn=682,000 as determined by GPC methods.
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (4.58 g, 30.5 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.420 g, 1.64 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (100:1 of a 0.0016 M solution in toluene, 0.00016 mmol), and hexene-1 (0.69 g, 8.2 mmol). This mixture was diluted with 16 ml of toluene. To this mixture was added 50:1 of a toluene solution of (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine) triflate (Catalyst B, 0.65 mMol). The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 18 hours. The viscous solution was diluted with toluene and then the polymer was precipitated into an excess of acetone. After filtering and drying in vacuo overnight a conversion of 2.01 g of polymer was obtained. Yield 40%. Mw=1,275,000 and Mn=548,000 as determined by GPC methods.
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (4.58 g, 30.5 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.420 g, 1.64 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (100:1 of a 0.0016 M solution in toluene, 0.00016 mmol), and hexene-1 (1.83 g, 22.0 mmol). This mixture was diluted with 16 ml of toluene. To this mixture was added 50:1 of a toluene solution of (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine) triflate (Catalyst B, 0.65 mMol). The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 18 hours. The viscous solution was diluted with toluene and then the polymer was precipitated into an excess of acetone. After filtering and drying in vacuo overnight a conversion of 1.28 g of polymer was obtained. Yield 26%. Mw=532,000 and Mn=190,000 as determined by GPC methods.
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (4.58 g, 30.5 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.420 g, 1.64 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (100:1 of a 0.0016 M solution in toluene, 0.00016 mmol), and 5-vinylnorbornene (0.21 g, 1.7 mmol). This mixture was diluted with 16 ml of toluene. To this mixture was added 50:1 of a toluene solution of (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine) triflate (Catalyst B, 0.65 mMol). The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 18 hours. The viscous solution was diluted with toluene and then the polymer was precipitated into an excess of acetone. After filtering and drying in vacuo overnight a conversion of 1.28 g of polymer was obtained. Yield 14%.
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (4.58 g, 30.5 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.420 g, 1.64 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (100:1 of a 0.0016 M solution in toluene, 0.00016 mmol), and 5-ethylidenenorbornene (0.21 g, 1.7 mmol). This mixture was diluted with 16 ml of toluene. To this mixture was added 50:1 of a toluene solution of (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine) triflate (Catalyst B, 0.65 mMol). The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 18 hours. The viscous solution was diluted with toluene and then the polymer was precipitated into an excess of acetone. After filtering and drying in vacuo overnight a conversion of 1.7 g of polymer was obtained. Yield 34%.
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (4.58 g, 30.5 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.420 g, 1.64 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (100:1 of a 0.0016 M solution in toluene, 0.00016 mmol), and 5-ethylidenenorbornene (0.43 g, 3.6 mmol). This mixture was diluted with 16 ml of toluene. To this mixture was added 50:1 of a toluene solution of (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine) triflate (Catalyst B, 0.65 mMol). The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 18 hours. The viscous solution was diluted with toluene and then the polymer was precipitated into an excess of acetone. After filtering and drying in vacuo overnight a conversion of 1.4 g of polymer was obtained. Yield 28%.
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (4.58 g, 30.5 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.420 g, 1.64 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (0.0010 g, 0.0012 mmol). This mixture was diluted with 16 ml of toluene. To this mixture was added (allyl)platinum chloride tetramer (Catalyst P, 100:1 of a 0.054 mMol solution in toluene) and tricyclohexylphosphine (100:1 of a 0.11 mMol solution in toluene). The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 64 hours. The poured into an excess of acetone. After filtering and drying in vacuo overnight a conversion of 0.11 g of polymer was obtained. Yield 2%.
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (8.41 g, 56.1 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (1.59 g, 6.21 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (0.5 mg, 0.0006 mmol). This mixture was diluted with 18 ml of toluene. A mixture of (allyl)palladium chloride dimer (0.000062 mmol) and triphenylphosphine (0.00013 mmol) in toluene and added to the monomer solution. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 4 hours. The resulting mixture was poured into acetone to precipitate the polymer which was filtered and dried in vacuo overnight. Yield 2.6 g (26%).
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (8.41 g, 56.1 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (1.59 g, 6.21 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (1.1 mg, 0.0013 mmol). This mixture was diluted to a total volume 18 ml with toluene. A mixture of (allyl)palladium chloride dimer (0.00013 mmol) and triphenylphosphine (0.00025 mmol) in toluene and added to the monomer solution. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 4 hours. The resulting mixture was poured into acetone to precipitate the polymer which was filtered and dried in vacuo overnight. Yield 8.8 g (88%).
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (8.41 g, 56.1 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (1.59 g, 6.21 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (0.5 mg, 0.0006 mmol). This mixture was diluted to a total volume 18 ml with toluene. A mixture of (allyl)palladium chloride dimer (0.000031 mmol) and triphenylphosphine (0.000063 mmol) in toluene and added to the monomer solution. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 4 hours. The resulting mixture was poured into acetone to precipitate the polymer which was filtered and dried in vacuo overnight. Yield 2.3 g (23%).
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (4.2 g, 28.1 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.8 g, 3.1 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (0.5 mg, 0.0006 mmol). This mixture was diluted to a total volume 100 ml with toluene. A mixture of (allyl)palladium chloride dimer (0.000062 mmol) and triphenylphosphine (0.00013 mmol) in toluene and added to the monomer solution. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 4 hours. The resulting mixture was poured into acetone to precipitate the polymer which was filtered and dried in vacuo overnight. Yield 1.2 g (24%).
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (4.2 g, 28.1 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.8 g, 3.1 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O) (0.5 mg, 0.0006 mmol). This mixture was diluted to a total volume 64 ml with toluene. A mixture of (allyl)palladium chloride dimer (0.000062 mmol) and triphenylphosphine (0.00013 mmol) in toluene and added to the monomer solution. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 4 hours. The resulting mixture was poured into acetone to precipitate the polymer which was filtered and dried in vacuo overnight. Yield 1.3 g (26%).
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (4.2 g, 28.1 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.8 g, 3.1 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (0.5 mg, 0.0006 mmol). This mixture was diluted to a total volume 100 ml with toluene. A mixture of (allyl)palladium chloride dimer (0.000062 mmol) and triphenylphosphine (0.00013 mmol) in toluene and added to the monomer solution. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 4 hours. The resulting mixture was poured into acetone to precipitate the polymer which was filtered and dried in vacuo overnight. Yield 3.0 g (60%).
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (4.2 g, 28.1 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.8 g, 3.1 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (0.5 mg, 0.0006 mmol). This mixture was diluted to a total volume 16 ml with toluene. A mixture of (allyl)palladium chloride dimer (0.000062 mmol) and triphenylphosphine (0.00013 mmol) in toluene and added to the monomer solution. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 4 hours. The resulting mixture was poured into acetone to precipitate the polymer which was filtered and dried in vacuo overnight. Yield 4.5 g (90%).
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (4.2 g, 28.1 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.8 g, 3.1 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (0.5 mg, 0.0006 mmol). This mixture was diluted to a total volume 100 ml with toluene. A mixture of (allyl)palladium chloride dimer (0.000062 mmol) and triphenylphosphine (0.00013 mmol) in toluene and added to the monomer solution. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 18 hours. The resulting mixture was poured into acetone to precipitate the polymer which was filtered and dried in vacuo overnight. Yield 10.5 g (21%).
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (4.2 g, 28.1 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.8 g, 3.1 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (0.5 mg, 0.0006 mmol). This mixture was diluted to a total volume 64 ml with toluene. A mixture of (allyl)palladium chloride dimer (0.000062 mmol) and triphenylphosphine (0.00013 mmol) in toluene and added to the monomer solution. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 4 hours. The resulting mixture was poured into acetone to precipitate the polymer which was filtered and dried in vacuo overnight. Yield 1.25 g (25%).
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (4.6 g, 30.7 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.4 g, 1.5 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (0.5 mg, 0.0006 mmol). This mixture was diluted to a total volume 16 ml with toluene. About 28 μl of cyclopentene (0.32 mmol) was added. A mixture of (allyl)palladium chloride dimer (0.000062 mmol) and triphenylphosphine (0.00013 mmol) in toluene and added to the monomer solution. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 4 hours. The resulting mixture was poured into acetone to precipitate the polymer which was filtered and dried in vacuo overnight. Yield 1.4 g (28%). Mw=2,530,000 and Mn=1,340,000 as determined by GPC methods.
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (4.6 g, 30.7 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.4 g, 1.5 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (0.5 mg, 0.0006 mmol). This mixture was diluted to a total volume 16 ml with toluene. About 144 μl of cyclopentene (1.64 mmol) was added. A mixture of (allyl)palladium chloride dimer (0.000062 mmol) and triphenylphosphine (0.00013 mmol) in toluene and added to the monomer solution. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 4 hours. The resulting mixture was poured into acetone to precipitate the polymer which was filtered and dried in vacuo overnight. Yield 0.7 g (14%). Mw=1,230,000 and Mn=582,000 as determined by GPC methods.
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (4.6 g, 30.7 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.4 g, 1.5 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (0.5 mg, 0.0006 mmol). This mixture was diluted to a total volume 16 ml with toluene. About 305 μl of cyclopentene (3.46 mmol) was added. A mixture of (allyl)palladium chloride dimer (0.000062 mmol) and triphenylphosphine (0.00013 mmol) in toluene and added to the monomer solution. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 4 hours. The resulting mixture was poured into acetone to precipitate the polymer which was filtered and dried in vacuo overnight. Yield 0.6 g (12%). Mw=802,000 and Mn=311,000 as determined by GPC methods.
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (4.6 g, 30.7 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.4 g, 1.5 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (0.5 mg, 0.0006 mmol). This mixture was diluted to a total volume 16 ml with toluene. A mixture of (allyl)palladium chloride dimer (0.000062 mmol) and triphenylphosphine (0.00013 mmol) in toluene and added to the monomer solution. The mixture was heated to 100° C. for 4 hours. The resulting mixture was poured into acetone to precipitate the polymer which was filtered and dried in vacuo overnight. Yield 4.1 g (82%).
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (4.6 g, 30.7 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.4 g, 1.5 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (0.3 mg, 0.0003 mmol). This mixture was diluted to a total volume 16 ml with toluene. A mixture of (allyl)palladium chloride dimer (0.00016 mmol) and tributylphosphine (0.00032 mmol) in toluene and added to the monomer solution. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 4 hours. The resulting mixture was poured into acetone to precipitate the polymer which was filtered and dried in vacuo overnight. Yield 0.9 g (18%). Mw=1,920,000 and Mn=845,000 as determined by GPC methods.
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (4.6 g, 30.7 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.4 g, 1.5 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (0.5 mg, 0.0006 mmol). This mixture was diluted to a total volume 16 ml with toluene. A mixture of (allyl)palladium chloride dimer (0.00006 mmol) and tributylphosphine (0.00013 mmol) in toluene and added to the monomer solution. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 4 hours. The resulting mixture was poured into acetone to precipitate the polymer which was filtered and dried in vacuo overnight. Yield 1.65 g (33%).
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (4.6 g, 30.7 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.4 g, 1.5 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (1.4 mg, 0.0016 mmol). This mixture was diluted to a total volume 16 ml with toluene. A mixture of (allyl)palladium chloride dimer (0.00016 mmol) and triphenylphosphine (0.00032 mmol) in toluene and added to the monomer solution. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 4 hours. The resulting mixture was poured into acetone to precipitate the polymer which was filtered and dried in vacuo overnight. Yield 3.55 g (71%).
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (4.6 g, 30.7 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.4 g, 1.5 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (0.3 mg, 0.0003 mmol). This mixture was diluted to a total volume 16 ml with toluene. A mixture of (allyl)palladium chloride dimer (0.00016 mmol) and tri-o-tolylphosphine (0.00032 mmol) in toluene and added to the monomer solution. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 4 hours. The resulting mixture was poured into acetone to precipitate the polymer which was filtered and dried in vacuo overnight. Yield 0.25 g (5%).
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (4.6 g, 30.7 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.4 g, 1.5 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (1.4 mg, 0.0016 mmol). This mixture was diluted to a total volume 16 ml with toluene. A mixture of (allyl)palladium chloride dimer (0.00016 mmol) and tri-o-tolylphosphine (0.00032 mmol) in toluene and added to the monomer solution. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 4 hours. The resulting mixture was poured into acetone to precipitate the polymer which was filtered and dried in vacuo overnight. Yield 0.75 g (15%). Mw 301,000 and Mn=133,000 as determined by GPC methods.
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (4.6 g, 30.7 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.4 g, 1.5 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (0.3 mg, 0.0003 mmol). This mixture was diluted to a total volume 16 ml with toluene. A mixture of (allyl)palladium chloride dimer (0.00016 mmol) and tricyclohexylphosphine (0.00032 mmol) in toluene and added to the monomer solution. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 4 hours. The resulting mixture was poured into acetone to precipitate the polymer which was filtered and dried in vacuo overnight. Yield 0.3 g (6%). Mw=1,630,000 and Mn=816,000 as determined by GPC methods.
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (4.6 g, 30.7 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.4 g, 1.5 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (0.5 mg, 0.0006 mmol). This mixture was diluted to a total volume 16 ml with toluene. A mixture of (allyl)palladium chloride dimer (0.00006 mmol) and tricyclohexylphosphine (0.00013 mmol) in toluene and added to the monomer solution. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 4 hours. The resulting mixture was poured into acetone to precipitate the polymer which was filtered and dried in vacuo overnight. Yield 4.9 g (98%).
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (4.6 g, 30.7 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.4 g, 1.5 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (0.3 mg, 0.0003 mmol). This mixture was diluted to a total volume 16 ml with toluene. A mixture of (allyl)palladium chloride dimer (0.00016 mmol) and tri-i-propylphosphine (0.00032 mmol) in toluene and added to the monomer solution. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 4 hours. The resulting mixture was poured into acetone to precipitate the polymer which was filtered and dried in vacuo overnight. Yield 0.8 g (16%). Mw=1,770,000 and Mn=862,000 as determined by GPC methods.
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (4.6 g, 30.7 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.4 g, 1.5 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (0.5 mg, 0.0006 mmol). This mixture was diluted to a total volume 16 ml with toluene. A mixture of (allyl)palladium chloride dimer (0.00006 mmol) and tri-i-propylphosphine (0.00013 mmol) in toluene and added to the monomer solution. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 4 hours. The resulting mixture was poured into acetone to precipitate the polymer which was filtered and dried in vacuo overnight. Yield 1.7 g (34%).
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (4.6 g, 30.7 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.4 g, 1.5 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (1.4 mg, 0.0016 mmol). This mixture was diluted to a total volume 16 ml with toluene. A mixture of (allyl)palladium chloride dimer (0.00016 mmol) and tri-i-propylphosphine (0.00032 mmol) in toluene and added to the monomer solution. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 4 hours. The resulting mixture was poured into acetone to precipitate the polymer which was filtered and dried in vacuo overnight. Yield 3.7 g (74%).
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (4.6 g, 30.7 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.4 g, 1.5 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (0.5 mg, 0.0006 mmol). This mixture was diluted to a total volume 16 ml with toluene. A mixture of (β-pinenyl)palladium chloride dimer (Catalyst J, 0.00006 mmol) and tricyclohexylphosphine (0.00013 mmol) in toluene and added to the monomer solution. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 4 hours. The resulting mixture was poured into acetone to precipitate the polymer which was filtered and dried in vacuo overnight. Yield 1.65 g (35%).
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (4.6 g, 30.7 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.4 g, 1.5 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (1.4 mg, 0.0016 mmol). This mixture was diluted to a total volume 16 ml with toluene. A mixture of (β-pinenyl)palladium chloride dimer (Catalyst J, 0.00016 mmol) and tricyclohexylphosphine (0.00032 mmol) in toluene and added to the monomer solution. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 4 hours. The resulting mixture was poured into acetone to precipitate the polymer which was filtered and dried in vacuo overnight. Yield 4.9 g (98%).
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (4.6 g, 30.7 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.4 g, 1.5 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (0.5 mg, 0.0006 mmol). This mixture was diluted to a total volume 16 ml with toluene. A mixture of (allyl)palladium iodide dimer (Catalyst K, 0.00006 mmol) and tricyclohexylphosphine (0.00013 mmol) in toluene and added to the monomer solution. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 4 hours. The resulting mixture was poured into acetone to precipitate the polymer which was filtered and dried in vacuo overnight. Yield 0.25 g (5%).
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (4.6 g, 30.7 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.4 g, 1.5 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (1.4 mg, 0.0016 mmol). This mixture was diluted to a total volume 16 ml with toluene. A mixture of (allyl)palladium iodide dimer (Catalyst K, 0.00016 mmol) and tricyclohexyl-phosphine (0.00032 mmol) in toluene and added to the monomer solution. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 4 hours. The resulting mixture was poured into acetone to precipitate the polymer which was filtered and dried in vacuo overnight. Yield 0.75 g (15%).
A mixture of butylnorbornene (4.6 g, 30.7 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.4 g, 1.5 mmol), and dimethylanilinium tetrakis(pentafluorophenylborate) (0.0013 g, 0.0016 mmol) was prepared. This mixture was diluted to a total volume 10 ml with toluene. About 0.05 ml of a 0.00623 M toluene solution of (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)(methyl) was added. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 4 hours. The resulting mixture was diluted with toluene and poured into acetone to precipitate the polymer which was filtered and dried in vacuo overnight. Yield 3.6 g (72%).
The experiment above was repeated using dimethylanilinium tetrakis(bis(3,5-trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate instead of the tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate salt. Yield 5.0 g (100%).
The experiment above was repeated using trityl tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate instead of dimethylanilinium tetrakis(bis(3,5-trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate. Yield 2.8 g (56%).
A mixture of butylnorbornene (4.6 g, 30.7 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.4 g, 1.5 mmol) was prepared. This mixture was diluted to a total volume 10 ml with toluene. About 0.10 ml of a 3.11 mMol toluene solution of [(allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)(ether)][tetrakis(bis(3,5-trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate] (Catalyst L) was added. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 4 hours. The resulting mixture was poured into acetone to precipitate the polymer which was filtered and dried in vacuo overnight. Yield 1.4 g (28%).
A. To a mixture of butylnorbornene (4.6 g, 30.7 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.4 g, 1.5 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (0.5 mg, 0.0006 mmol). This mixture was diluted to a total volume 16 ml with toluene. (Allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine) chloride (Catalyst A, 0.00013 mmol) was added to the monomer solution. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 4 hours. The resulting mixture was poured into acetone to precipitate the polymer which was filtered and dried in vacuo overnight. Yield 0.54 g (11%).
B. (Comparative) The experiment above was repeated, except no lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate bis(diethyletherate) was added. No polymer was observed upon addition of the toluene reaction mixture to acetone.
C. (Comparative) The first experiment was repeated, except that (allyl)palladium chloride dimer (0.00007 mmol) was used instead of (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine) chloride. No polymer was observed upon addition of the toluene reaction mixture to acetone.
To a 2.0 M solution of ethylnorbornene (2.0 g, 16 mmol) in toluene was added 0.20 ml of a 0.0016 m solution of lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O in toluene followed by 0.010 ml of a 0.0062 M solution of (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine) triflate (Catalyst B). The solution was heated to 75° C. for 1 hour. The resulting viscous solution was diluted with toluene and poured into an excess of acetone to precipitate the polymer. Yield 1.5 g (74%).
A 1.3 M solution of norbornene (2.0 g, 21 mmol) in toluene was prepared. In a separate vial added about 100:1 of a 0.0088 M solution of lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O in toluene and about 100:1 of a 0.0018 M solution of (methallyl)nickel(tricyclohexylphosphine)(triflate) (Catalyst Q) in toluene were mixed. This mixture was added to the norbornene solution and heated to 65° C. for 18 hours. The resulting viscous solution was diluted with toluene and poured into an excess of methanol to precipitate the polymer. Yield 1.8 g (92%).
A solution of butylnorbornene (4.6 g, 31 mmol) and the ethylester of 5-carboxylic acid of norbornene (0.27 g, 1.6 mmol) in toluene (16 ml total) was prepared. In a separate vial added about 100:1 of a 0.0088 M solution of lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O in toluene and about 100:1 of a 0.0022 M solution of (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphoshine)(triflate) (Catalyst B) in toluene were mixed. This mixture was added to the monomer solution and heated to 65° C. for 18 hours. The resulting polymer puck was stirred in methanol, filtered, and dried. Yield 3.76 g (78%).
A mixture of butylnorbornene (5.0 g, 33 mmol) in 25 ml of oxygenated, deionized water was prepared. In a separate vial added about 150:1 of a 0.0088 m solution of lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O in toluene and about 125:1 of a 0.0022 M solution of (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)(triflate) (Catalyst B) in toluene were mixed. This mixture was added to the monomer mixture and heated to 65° C. for 18 hours. A lumpy, solid polymer puck, indicating high conversion, separated from the water.
A mixture of butylnorbornene (4.6 g, 30.7 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.4 g, 1.5 mmol) was prepared. This mixture was diluted to a total volume 16 ml with toluene. Catalyst U (0.0002 g) was dissolved in toluene and added to the monomer mixture. The solution was heated to 65° C. for 64 hours. The mixture formed a puck indicating high conversion.
Butylnorbornene (4.58 g, 30.5 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.34 g, 1.3 mmol) were diluted with toluene to 16 ml total solution. Lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (1.2 mg, 0.0014 mmol), (allyl)palladium(trifluoroacetate) dimer (2.8 mg, 0.00014 mmol), and triphenylamine (2.7 mg, 0.00027 mmol) were premixed in 3 ml toluene and then added to the monomer mixture. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 64 hours. Polymer was precipitated by adding the reaction mixture to acetone. Yield 0.68 g (14%).
Butylnorbornene (4.58 g, 30.5 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.34 g, 1.3 mmol) were diluted with toluene to 16 ml total solution. Lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (1.2 mg, 0.0014 mmol), (allyl)palladium(trifluoroacetate) dimer (2.8 mg, 0.00014 mmol), and triphenylstibine (3.8 mg, 0.00027 mmol) were premixed in 3 ml toluene and then added to the monomer mixture. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 64 hours. Polymer was precipitated by adding the reaction mixture to acetone. Yield 0.57 g (11%).
Butylnorbornene (4.58 g, 30.5 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.34 g, 1.3 mmol) were diluted with toluene to 16 ml total solution. (1,5-cyclooctadiene)palladium(methyl)chloride (100:1 of a 0.0027 M solution in toluene, 0.00027 mmol) and tricyclohexylphosphine (100:1 of a 0.0027 M solution in toluene, 0.00027 mmol) were mixed together. This solution was added to lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (1.2 mg, 0.0014 mmol). This mixture was then added to the monomers and the mixture was heated to 65° C. Within 1-2 hours, a puck formed indicating high conversion.
Hexylnorbornene (5.44 g, 30.5 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.41 g, 1.6 mmol) were diluted with toluene to 16 ml total solution along with lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (1.4 mg, 0.0016 mmol). (Allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)(triflate) (50 μl of a 0.0062 M solution in toluene, 0.00032 mmol) was added. This mixture was then added to the monomers and the mixture was heated to 65° C. Within 3 hours, the mixture become highly viscous. After 18 hours, the polymer was precipitated, filtered, and dried. Yield 5.54 g (95%).
Hexylnorbornene (5.16 g, 29.0 mmol), 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.82 g, 3.2 mmol), and hexene-1 (0.26 g, 3.1 mmol) were diluted with toluene to 19 ml total volume along with lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (1.4 mg, 0.0016 mmol). The contents were warmed to 65° C. and (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)(triflate) (0.00032 mmol) was added in toluene. After 18 hours, the viscous mixture was diluted with additional toluene and added to acetone. The precipitated polymer was filtered and dried. Yield 6.0 g (100%). Mw=1,079,000 and Mn=320,000 as determined by GPC methods.
Hexylnorbornene (5.16 g, 29.0 mmol), 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.82 g, 3.2 mmol), and hexene-1 (0.52 g, 6.2 mmol) were diluted with toluene to 19 ml total volume along with lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (1.4 mg, 0.0016 mmol). The contents were warmed to 65° C. and (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)(triflate) (0.00032 mmol) was added in toluene. After 18 hours, the viscous mixture was diluted with additional toluene and added to acetone. The precipitated polymer was filtered and dried. Yield 6.0 g (100%). Mw=762,000 and Mn=166,000 as determined by GPC methods.
Hexylnorbornene (3.73 g, 21.0 mmol), 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.82 g, 3.2 mmol), cyclohexenylnorbornene (1.40 g, 8.1 mmol) and hexene-1 (0.13 g, 1.6 mmol) were diluted with toluene to 19 ml total volume along with lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (1.4 mg, 0.0016 mmol). The contents were warmed to 65° C. and (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)(triflate) (0.00032 mmol) was added in toluene. After 18 hours, the viscous mixture was diluted with additional toluene and added to acetone. The precipitated polymer was filtered and dried. Yield 0.97 g (16%).
Hexylnorbornene (3.73 g, 21.0 mmol), 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.82 g, 3.2 mmol), cyclohexenylnorbornene (1.40 g, 8.1 mmol) and hexene-1 (0.26 g, 3.2 mmol) were diluted with toluene to 19 ml total volume along with lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (1.4 mg, 0.0016 mmol). The contents were warmed to 65° C. and (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)(triflate) (0.00032 mmol) was added in toluene. After 18 hours, the viscous mixture was diluted with additional toluene and added to acetone. The precipitated polymer was filtered and dried. Yield 0.89 g (15%). Mw=115,000 and Mn=50,000 as determined by GPC methods.
Hexylnorbornene (3.73 g, 21.0 mmol), 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.82 g, 3.2 mmol), cyclohexenylnorbornene (1.40 g, 8.1 mmol) and hexene-1 (0.52 g, 6.4 mmol) were diluted with toluene to 19 ml total volume along with lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (1.4 mg, 0.0016 mmol). The contents were warmed to 65° C. and (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)(triflate) (0.00032 mmol) was added in toluene. After 18 hours, the viscous mixture was diluted with additional toluene and added to acetone. The precipitated polymer was filtered and dried. Yield 0.89 g (15%). Mw=100,000 and Mn=40,000 as determined by GPC methods.
Hexylnorbornene (5.16 g, 29.0 mmol), 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.82 g, 3.2 mmol), and hexene-1 (0.26 g, 3.2 mmol) were diluted with cyclohexane to 30 ml total volume along with lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (1.4 mg, 0.0016 mmol). The contents were warmed to 65° C. and (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine) (trifluoroacetate) (0.00027 mmol) was added in toluene. After 18 hours the polymer was precipitated into acetone, filtered and dried. Yield 3.6 g (60%).
Butylnorbornene (1.57 g, 10.5 mmol), 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.41 g, 1.6 mmol), and dicyclopentadiene (0.53 g, 4.0 mmol) were diluted with toluene to 30 ml total volume along with lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (0.7 mg, 0.0008 mmol). The contents were warmed to 65° C. and (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine) (trifluoroacetate) (0.00016 mmol) was added in toluene. After 18 hours the mixture had gelled indicating high conversion.
Butylnorbornene (5.0 g, 33 mmol) was added to a deareated water (50 ml) solution of lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (14.5 mg, 0.016 mmol). The mixture was placed into a blender under nitrogen. The catalyst, (allyl)palladium dimer (0.61 mg, 0.0017 mmol), and ligand, tricyclohexylphosphine (0.93 mg, 0.0033 mmol), in 0.5 ml of toluene was added to the blender. The mixture was stirred at high speed at room temperature for 6 min. The polymer formed was isolated by filtration and dried. Yield 0.9 g (18%).
Butylnorbornene (10.0 g, 66.7 mmol) and 0.17 ml of a 30% aqueous solution of sodium lauryl sulfate was added to a deareated water (100 ml) solution of lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (29 mg, 0.033 mmol). The mixture was stirred rapidly with a mechanical stirrer for 5 minutes. The catalyst, (allyl)palladium dimer (1.22 mg, 0.00332 mmol), and ligand, tricyclohexylphosphine (1.86 mg, 0.00667 mmol), in 1.0 ml of toluene was added to the mixture. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for about 4 hours. A large portion of polymer with large particle size and a milky solution resulted. The large portion of polymer was dissolved in toluene, precipitated in acetone, filtered and dried to give 6.8 g (68%) of polymer. The milky solution, essentially an emulsion, was added to acetone (100 ml) to give 0.7 g (7%) of white powder after filtering and drying.
Butylnorbornene (10.0 g, 66.7 mmol) and 0.17 ml of a 30% aqueous solution of sodium lauryl sulfate was added to a deareated water (100 ml) solution of lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (2.9 mg, 0.0033 mmol). The mixture was stirred rapidly with a mechanical stirrer for 1 hour. The catalyst, (allyl)palladium dimer (0.12 mg, 0.00033 mmol), and ligand, tricyclohexylphosphine (0.19 mg, 0.00067 mmol), in 0.1 ml of toluene was added to the mixture. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for about 4 hours. A milky solution resulted. The milky solution, essentially an emulsion, was added to acetone (100 ml) to give 0.25 g (2.5%) of white powder after filtering and drying.
Methylacetate of 5-norbornene methanol (5.0 g, 30 mmol) was added to a deareated water (100 ml) solution of lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (13 mg, 0.015 mmol). The mixture was stirred rapidly with a magnetic stirrer. The catalyst, (allyl)palladium dimer (0.55 mg, 0.0015 mmol), and ligand, tricyclohexylphosphine (0.84 mg, 0.0030 mmol), in 0.1 ml of toluene was added to the mixture. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for about 4 hours at 65° C. A powdery polymer was subsequently precipitated. Yield 0.25 g (5%).
Butylnorbornene (5.0 g, 33 mmol) was added to a deareated water (100 ml) solution of lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (2.9 mg, 0.0033 mmol) in the presence of 0.5 wt % sodium lauryl sulfate. The mixture was stirred rapidly with a magnetic stirrer. The catalyst, (allyl)palladium dimer (0.12 mg, 0.00033 mmol), and ligand, tricyclohexylphosphine (0.19 mg, 0.00067 mmol), in 0.1 ml of toluene was added to the mixture. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 hours. A milky solution and precipitated polymer resulted. About 2.1 g (42% yield) of polymer was isolated.
Butylnorbornene (5.0 g, 33 mmol) was added to a deareated water (50 ml) solution of lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (2.9 mg, 0.0033 mmol) in the presence of 1.0 wt % sodium lauryl sulfate. The mixture was stirred rapidly with a magnetic stirrer. The catalyst, (allyl)palladium dimer (0.12 mg, 0.00033 mmol), and ligand, tricyclohexylphosphine (0.19 mg, 0.00067 mmol), in 0.1 ml of toluene was added to the mixture. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 hours. A milky solution and precipitated polymer resulted. About 1 g (20% yield) of polymer was isolated.
Butylnorbornene (5.0 g, 33 mmol) was added to a deareated water (100 ml) solution of lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (2.9 mg, 0.0033 mmol) in the presence of 0.5 wt % sodium lauryl sulfate. The mixture was stirred rapidly with a mechanical stirrer. The catalyst, (allyl)palladium dimer (0.12 mg, 0.00033 mmol), and ligand, tricyclohexylphosphine (0.19 mg, 0.00067 mmol), in 0.1 ml of toluene was added to the mixture. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 hours at 65° C. A milky solution and precipitated polymer resulted. About 3.3 g (66%) of polymer was isolated after dissolving the polymer in toluene and precipitating in acetone, filtering, and drying.
Butylnorbornene (5.0 g, 33 mmol) was added to a deareated water (5 ml) solution of lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (5.4 mg, 0.0064 mmol) in the presence of 0.5 wt % sodium lauryl sulfate. The mixture was stirred rapidly with a magnetic stirrer. The catalyst, (allyl)palladium dimer (0.24 mg, 0.00064 mmol), and ligand, tricyclohexylphosphine (0.36 mg, 0.0013 mmol), in 100 ml of toluene was added to the mixture. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 hours at 65° C. A milky solution and precipitated polymer resulted. The particle size of the polymer in the milky solution was determined to be about 181 nm with a polydispersity of 2.6. The amount of polymer contained in the water emulsion constituted about 0.31 g (6.2% yield). The precipitated polymer was dried overnight and gave 2.0 g (40%) yield.
(Allyl)palladium chloride dimer (0.0049 g, 0.013 mmol) and the sodium salt tri(m-sulfonatophenyl)phosphine (0.015 g, 0.026 mmol) were dissolved in 4 ml of deareated water. Butylnorbornene (5.0 g, 33 mmol) was added to a deareated water (50 ml) solution of lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (5.4 mg, 0.0064 mmol). The mixture was stirred rapidly with a magnetic stirrer. About 100 μl of the aqueous catalyst solution was added to the monomer solution after heating the monomer mixture to 65° C. After 1 hour, the precipitated polymer/water mixture was poured into methanol, filtered, and dried. Yield 4.45 g (89%).
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (5.0 g, 33 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.95 g, 3.7 mmol) was added 12 ml of toluene. Approximately 100 μl of a toluene stock solution of (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine) trifluoroacetate (Catalyst C, 3.0 mMol) and 100 μl of a toluene stock solution of ether-free lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate (14.9 mMol) were combined together and diluted with 2 ml of toluene, then added to the monomer mixture. The mixture was heated to 80° C. for 1 hour. A solid puck formed, indicating high conversion.
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (5.0 g, 33 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.95 g, 3.7 mmol) was added 12 ml of toluene. Approximately 100 μl of a toluene stock solution of (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine) trifluoroacetate (Catalyst C, 3.0 mMol) and 100 μL of a toluene/THF (98:2) stock solution of potassium tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate (14.9 mMol) were combined together and diluted with 2 ml of toluene, then added to the monomer mixture. The mixture was heated to 80° C. for 1 hour. A solid puck formed, indicating high conversion.
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (5.0 g, 33 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.95 g, 3.7 mmol) was added 12 ml of toluene. Approximately 100 μl of a toluene stock solution of (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine) trifluoroacetate (Catalyst C, 3.0 mMol) and 100 μl of a toluene stock solution of sodium tetrakis[3,5-bis(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-methoxy-2-propyl)phenyl]borate trihydrate (14.9 mMol) were combined together and diluted with 2 ml of toluene, then added to the monomer mixture. The mixture was heated to 80° C. for 1 hour. A solid puck formed, indicating high conversion.
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (5.0 g, 33 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.95 g, 3.7 mmol) was added 12 ml of toluene. Approximately 10 μl of a toluene stock solution of (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine) trifluoroacetate (Catalyst C, 3 mMol) and 100 μl of a toluene stock solution of sodium tetrakis[3,5-bis(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-methoxy-2-propyl)phenyl]borate trihydrate (0.76 mMol) were combined together and diluted with 2 ml of toluene, then added to the monomer mixture. The mixture was heated to 80° C. for 18 hours. A viscous solution formed, which was diluted with toluene and precipitated into an excess of methanol to isolate the polymer. After filtration and drying in vacuo overnight a conversion of 2.32 g of polymer was obtained. Yield 39%. Mw=2,580,000 Mn=913,000 as determined by GPC methods.
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (5.0 g, 33 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.95 g, 3.7 mmol) was added 12 ml of toluene. Approximately 100 μl of a toluene stock solution of (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine) chloride (Catalyst A, 3.0 mMol) and 100 μL of a toluene stock solution of Ag[CB11H6Br6] (14.9 mMol) were combined together and diluted with 2 ml of toluene in the absence of light. The solution was then filtered to remove AgCl and then added to the monomer mixture. The mixture was heated to 80° C. for 18 hours. A slightly viscous solution formed, which was diluted with toluene and precipitated into an excess of acetone to isolate the polymer. After filtration and drying in vacuo overnight, 0.34 g (6% yield) of polymer was obtained. Mw=253,000 Mn=87,000 as determined by GPC methods.
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (5.00 g, 33.0 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.95 g, 3.7 mmol) was added 12 ml of dichloromethane. Approximately 100 μl of a toluene stock solution of (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine) trifluoroacetate (Catalyst C, 3 mMol) was combined with lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (0.0015 g, 0.0017 mmol) in 0.5 ml of toluene, then added to the monomer mixture. The mixture was reacted at 25° C. for 18 hours. A solid puck formed, indicating high conversion.
To a bottle containing 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (9.47 g, 37.0 mmol) was added 12 ml of toluene. Approximately 100 μl of a toluene stock solution of (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine) trifluoroacetate (Catalyst C, 3 mMol) and 100 μl of a toluene stock solution of ether-free lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate (14.9 mMol) were combined together and diluted with 2 ml of toluene, then added to the monomer mixture. The mixture was heated to 80° C. for 2 hours. A very viscous solution formed, which was diluted with toluene and precipitated into an excess of methanol to isolate the polymer. After filtration and drying in vacuo overnight, a conversion of 3.84 g was obtained. Yield 41%. Mw=1,540,000 Mn=417,000 as determined by GPC methods.
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (5.00 g, 33.0 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.95 g, 3.7 mmol) was added 12 ml of toluene, all having been stored for weeks in the air. Approximately 100 μl of a toluene stock solution of (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine) trifluoroacetate (Catalyst C, 3 mMol) and 100 μl of a toluene stock solution of lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl) borate (14.9 mMol) were combined together and diluted with 2 ml of toluene, then added to the monomer mixture. The mixture was heated to 80° C. for 18 hours. A slightly viscous solution resulted, which was diluted with toluene and precipitated into an excess of acetone to isolate the polymer. After filtration and drying in vacuo overnight, a conversion of 0.35 g was obtained. Yield 6%. Mw=772,000 Mn=420,000 as determined by GPC.
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (5.00 g, 33.0 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.95 g, 3.7 mmol) was added 12 ml of toluene. Approximately 50 μl of a toluene stock solution of (allyl)palladiumchloride dimer (3.0 mMol) and 50 μl of a toluene stock solution of tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphite (6.0 mMol) were combined together and diluted with 2 ml of toluene, then added to a solution of ether-free lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate (0.0010 g, 0.0014 mmol) in 1 ml of toluene. The catalyst solution was then added to the monomer solution, and the mixture was heated to 80° C. for 18 hours. A viscous solution formed which was diluted with toluene and precipitated into an excess of acetone to isolate the polymer. After filtration and drying in vacuo overnight, a conversion of 2.35 g was obtained. Yield 39%.
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (5.00 g, 33.0 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.95 g, 3.7 mmol) was added 12 ml of toluene. Approximately 50 μl of a toluene stock solution of (allyl)palladiumchloride dimer (3.0 mMol) and 50 μl of a toluene stock solution of tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphine (6.0 mMol) were combined together and diluted with 2 ml of toluene, then added to a solution of ether-free lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate (0.0010 g, 0.0014 mmol) in 1 ml of toluene. The catalyst solution was then added to the monomer solution, and the mixture was heated to 80° C. for 18 hours. A viscous solution formed which was diluted with toluene and precipitated into an excess of acetone to isolate the polymer. After filtration and drying in vacuo overnight, a conversion of 2.60 g was obtained. Yield 44%.
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (5.00 g, 33 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.95 g, 3.7 mmol) was added 12 ml of toluene. Approximately 50 μl of a toluene stock solution of (allyl)palladiumchloride dimer (3.0 mMol) and 50 μl of a toluene stock solution of tri-o-xenylphosphite (6.0 mMol) were combined together and diluted with 2 ml of toluene, then added to a solution of ether-free lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate (0.0010 g, 0.0014 mmol) in 1 ml of toluene. The catalyst solution was then added to the monomer solution, and the mixture was heated to 80° C. for 18 hours. A slightly viscous solution formed which was diluted with toluene and precipitated into an excess of acetone to isolate the polymer. After filtration and drying in vacuo overnight, a conversion of 1.86 g was obtained. Yield 31%. Mw=96,000 Mn=31,000 as determined by GPC methods.
Butylnorbornene (5 g, 0.033 mol) and triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.95 g, 0.0037 mol) were dissolved in toluene (2 M solution of monomers). (Allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)chloride (0.00031 mmol) and AgBF4 (0.00031 mmol) were combined in toluene. The mixture was then added to the monomers. This mixture was heated to 80° C. for 18 hours. The mixture was then added to methanol. No polymer precipitated.
Butylnorbornene (5.0 g, 0.033 mol), triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.95 g, 0.0037 mol), and lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (0.0013 g, 0.0015 mmol) were dissolved in toluene (2 M solution of monomers). (Allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)chloride (0.00031 mmol) and AgBF4 (0.00031 mmol) were combined in toluene. This solution was added to the monomers. This mixture was heated to 80° C. for 1 hour. A puck formed indicating high conversion.
Butylnorbornene (5.0 g, 0.033 mol) and lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (0.0013 g, 0.0015 mmol) were dissolved in toluene (2 M solution of monomers). About 100 μl of an (allyl)palladiumchloride dimer (1.4 mmol) solution in toluene was added to a 100 μl solution of 1,3,5,7,9,11,13-heptacyclopentyl-15-[2-(diphenylphosphino)ethyl]pentacyclo[9.5.1.13,9.15,15.17,13]octasiloxane (2.8 mmol) solution in toluene. This mixture was added to the monomer mixture. After 5 minutes at room temperature a polymeric puck formed indicating high conversion.
Butylnorbornene (5.0 g, 0.033 mol) and lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (0.0013 g, 0.0015 mmol) were dissolved in toluene (2 M solution of monomers). About 100 μl of an (allyl)palladiumchloride dimer (1.4 mmol) solution in toluene was added to a 100 μl solution of Sb(SPh)3 (2.8 mmol) solution in toluene. This mixture was added to the monomer mixture. After 64 hours at 80° C. the mixture was poured into acetone to precipitate the polymer, which was filtered and dried. Yield 3.4 g (68%).
Butylnorbornene (5.0 g, 0.033 mol) and lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (0.0013 g, 0.0015 mmol) were dissolved in toluene (2 M solution of monomers). About 100 μl of an (allyl)palladiumchloride dimer (1.4 mmol) solution in toluene was added to a 100 μl solution of tris(2,4-di-t-butyl)phenylphosphite (2.8 mmol) solution in toluene. This mixture was added to the monomer mixture. After 1 minute at room temperature a polymeric puck formed indicating high conversion.
Butylnorbornene (5.0 g, 0.033 mol) and lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (0.0013 g, 0.0015 mmol) were dissolved in toluene (2 M solution of monomers). About 100 μl of an (allyl)palladiumchloride dimer (1.4 mmol) solution in toluene was added to a 100 μl solution of bis(trimethylsilyl)aminobis(trimethylsilylimino)phosphine (2.8 mmol) solution in toluene. This mixture was added to the monomer mixture. After heating the mixture to 80° C. for 2 hours the solution was added to acetone to precipitate the polymer. The polymer was filtered and dried. Yield 2.4 g (48%).
A 50 weight percent solution of butylnorbornene (5.0 g, 0.033 mol) was prepared in toluene. Lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (0.0012 g, 0.0014 mmol) was combined with (allyl)palladiumchloride dimer (100 μl of a 1.4 mmol solution in toluene) and triphenylamine (100 μl of a 2.7 mmol solution in toluene) in toluene and added to the monomer mixture. A polymeric puck formed within 5-10 min at room temperature.
A 50 weight percent solution of butylnorbornene (5.0 g, 0.033 mol) was prepared in toluene. Lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (0.0012 g, 0.0014 mmol) was combined with (allyl)platinum(tricyclohexylphosphine)triflate (100 μl of a 2.8 mmol solution in toluene) in toluene and added to the monomer mixture. The mixture was heated to 80° C. for 18 hours. The mixture was poured into acetone to precipitate the polymer. After filtering and drying, 0.15 g of polymer was isolated (3% yield).
To a thick-walled, septum-sealed glass vial, equipped with a magnetic stir-bar was added 5-butylnorbornene (7.95 g, 53 mmol), toluene (19 ml), palladium ethylhexanoate (82 μl, 0.35 μmol), tricyclohexylphosphine (28 μl, 0.35 μmol), tris(pentafluorophenyl)boron (126 μl, 6.36 μmol) and triethylaluminum (4.2 μl, 1.7 molar in cyclohexane), 7.0 μmol). (Ratio of monomer to palladium, 150,000:1) The resulting stirred solution was placed in a heated oil bath at 67° C. for a total of 3 hours. Within less than 30 minutes the colorless, clear solution was a highly viscous mass that could no longer be stirred. After 3 hours the colorless gel was isolated by breaking the flask, was cut into small pieces using a blade and the material was dissolved in boiling toluene (800 ml) over a period of several hours.
The polymer was precipitated by pouring into excess methanol (1 liter), filtered and washed with excess methanol prior to drying to constant weight under vacuum at 80° C.
The dried, white, granular polymer was found to weigh 7.76 g (97.6% conversion). Proton NMR revealed the polymer to be free of any solvents or unconverted monomer.
To a thick-walled, septum-sealed glass vial, equipped with a magnetic stir bar was added 5-butylnorbornene (7.57 g, 50.4 mmol), triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.68 g, 2.6 mmol), toluene (20 ml), palladium ethylhexanoate (82 μl, 0.35 mol), tricyclohexylphosphine (28 μl, 0.35 mol), tris(pentafluorophenyl)boron (126 μl, 6.36 mol) and triethylaluminum (4.2 μl (1.7 molar in cyclohexane), 7.0 mol). (Ratio of monomers to palladium, 150,000:1). The resulting stirred solution was placed in a heated oil bath at 67° C. for a total of 4 hours. Within 60 minutes the colorless, clear solution was a highly viscous mass that could no longer be stirred. After 4 hours the colorless gel was isolated by breaking the flask, was cut into small pieces using a blade and the material was dissolved in hot toluene. The polymer was precipitated by pouring into excess acetone, filtered and washed with excess acetone prior to drying to constant weight under vacuum at 80° C. The dried, white, granular polymer was found to weigh 4.5 g (55% conversion). Proton NMR revealed the polymer to be a copolymer of butylnorbornene and triethoxysilylnorbornene.
To a thick-walled, septum-sealed glass vial, equipped with a magnetic stir bar was added 5-butylnorbornene (7.57 g, 50.4 mmol), triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.68 g, 2.6 mmol), toluene (10 ml), palladium ethylhexanoate (0.52 μmol), tricyclohexylphosphine (0.52 μmol), tris(pentafluorophenyl)boron (4.6 μmol) and triethylaluminum (5.2 μmol). (Ratio of monomers to palladium, 100,000:1.) The resulting stirred solution was placed in a heated oil bath at 65° C. for a total of 3 hours. Within 90 minutes the colorless, clear solution was a highly viscous mass that could no longer be stirred. After 3 hours the colorless gel was isolated by breaking the flask, was cut into small pieces using a blade and the material was dissolved in hot toluene. The polymer was precipitated by pouring into excess acetone, filtered and washed with excess acetone prior to drying to constant weight under vacuum at 80° C. The dried, white, granular polymer was found to weigh 5.7 g (70% conversion).
To a thick-walled, septum-sealed glass vial, equipped with a magnetic stir bar was added 5-butylnorbornene (7.57 g, 50.4 mmol), triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.68 g, 2.6 mmol), toluene (8 ml), palladium ethylhexanoate (2.6 μmol), tricyclohexylphosphine (2.6 μmol), tris(pentafluorophenyl)boron (23.4 μmol) and triethylaluminum (26 μmol). (Ratio of monomers to palladium, 20,000:1.) The resulting stirred solution was placed in a heated oil bath at 65° C. Within 30 seconds the reaction exothermed violently resulting in a solid mass that no longer stirred within 45 seconds indicating that very high conversion had been achieved despite the reaction time of less than 1 minute.
To a thick-walled, septum-sealed glass vial, equipped with a magnetic stir bar was added 5-butylnorbornene (7.57 g, 50.4 mmol), triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.68 g, 2.6 mmol), toluene (6 ml), bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium dichloride (0.9 mg, 2.6 μmol) in toluene (3 ml), tris(pentafluorophenyl)boron (0.46 ml, 23.4 μmol) and triethylaluminum (16 μl (1.7 molar in cyclohexane), 26 μmol). (Ratio of monomers to palladium, 20,000:1) The resulting stirred solution was placed in a heated oil bath at 65° C. for a total of 3 hours. Within 60 minutes the colorless, clear solution was a highly viscous mass that could no longer be stirred. After 3 hours the colorless gel was isolated by breaking the flask, was cut into small pieces using a blade and the material was dissolved in hot toluene. The polymer was precipitated by pouring into excess acetone, filtered and washed with excess acetone prior to drying to constant weight under vacuum at 80° C. The dried, white, granular polymer was found to weigh 4.83 g (60% conversion). Proton NMR revealed the polymer to be a copolymer of butylnorbornene and triethoxysilylnorbornene. The molecular weight (Mw) of the resulting copolymer was found to be 845,000.
To a thick-walled, septum-sealed glass vial, equipped with a magnetic stir bar was added 5-butylnorbornene (7.57 g, 50.4 mmol), triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.68 g, 2.6 mmol), toluene (8 ml), palladium ethylhexanoate (2.6 μmol), tris(pentafluorophenyl)boron (23.4 μmol) and triethylaluminum (26 μmol). (Ratio of monomers to palladium, 20,000:1). The resulting stirred solution was placed in heated oil bath at 65° C. for a total of 3 hours. The resulting polymer was precipitated by pouring into excess acetone, filtered and washed with excess acetone prior to drying to constant weight under vacuum at 80° C. The dried, white polymer was found to weigh less than 0.1 g (less than 1.5% conversion). This shows the dramatic improvement of added phosphine ligands on catalyst performance.
To a thick-walled, septum-sealed glass vial, equipped with a magnetic stir bar was added 5-butylnorbornene (7.95 g, 53 mmol), palladium ethylhexanoate (82 μl, 0.35 μmol), tricyclohexylphosphine (28 μl, 0.35 μmol), tris(pentafluorophenyl)boron (126 μl, 6.36 μmol) and triethylaluminum (4.2 μl (1.7 molar in cyclohexane), 7.0 μmol). (Ratio of monomer to palladium, 150,000:1). There was a rapid increase in viscosity. After 10 minutes the vial was placed in a heated oil bath at 70° C. for 30 minutes, then the temperature was ramped to 100° C. for a further 30 minutes, before being heated to 130° C. for a final period of 60 minutes. The colorless, transparent solid puck was allowed to cool and was then isolated by breaking the vial. The conversion of the puck was measured using TGA methods (DuPont analyzer heated at 10° C. per minute, under nitrogen, from 30° C. to 450° C. and measuring the weight loss at 350° C.). The conversion was found to be 92%.
A 50 weight percent solution of butylnorbornene (5.0 g, 0.033 mol) was prepared in toluene. Lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (0.0012 g, 0.0014 mmol) was combined with (allyl)palladiumchloride dimer (100 μl of a 1.4 mmol solution in toluene) and 2,6-di-t-butylpyridine (100 μl of a 2.9 mmol solution in toluene) in toluene and added to the monomer mixture. A polymeric puck formed within 5-10 min at room temperature.
To a solution of LiFABA (2.0 mg) and hexylnorbornene (20 g) in 30 ml of toluene was added bis(tricyclohexylphosphine)(hydrido)palladium(II) nitrate (0.8 mg) in 0.5 ml toluene. Ratio of monomer:procatalyst:activator was 100,000:1:2. The reaction was stirred for 3.5 hours at 55° C. during which time the reaction became a rubbery solid. The solid was dissolved in toluene. The product was precipitated in acetone and dried under vacuum to give 19.5 g, 97.5%) of white polymer. Mn (Daltons): 698,861, Mw (Daltons): 3,482,375, Polydispersity: 4.98.
To a solution of LiFABA (1.9 mg) and hexylnorbornene (18.5 g) and triethoxysilylnorbornene (1.5 g) in 30 ml of toluene was added bis(tricyclohexylphosphine)(hydrido)palladium(II) nitrate (0.8 mg) in 0.5 ml toluene. Ratio of monomer:procatalyst:activator was 100,000:1:2. The reaction was stirred for 3.5 hours at 55° C. during which time the reaction became a gel. The gel was dissolved in toluene. The product was precipitated in acetone and dried under vacuum to give 12.2 g, 61% of white polymer. Mn (Daltons): 1,959,122, Mw (Daltons): 4,394,532, Polydispersity: 2.2. Incorporation of triethoxysilylnorbornene was demonstrated by 1H NMR in C6D6.
To a solution of LiFABA (1.2 mg) and butylnorbornene (10.0 g) in toluene (total solution volume 60 ml) was added (allyl)(tricyclohexylphosphine)palladium(II) triflate (0.15 mg) in 1.0 ml toluene. Ratio of monomer:procatalyst:activator was 250,000:1:5. The reaction was stirred for 4 hours at 65° C. during which time the reaction became a rubbery solid. The solid was dissolved in toluene. The product precipitated in acetone and dried under vacuum to give 5.0 g, 50% of white polymer. Molecular weight of product was too high to be measured by available GPC techniques.
To a solution of LiFABA (1.2 mg) and butylnorbornene (9.9 g) and butenylnorbornene (0.10 g) in toluene (total solution volume 60 ml) was added (allyl)(tricyclohexylphosphine)palladium(II) triflate (0.15 mg) in 1.0 ml toluene. Ratio of monomer:procatalyst:activator was 250,000:1:5. The reaction was stirred for 4 hours at 65° C. during which time the reaction became a rubbery solid. The solid was dissolved in toluene. The product precipitated in acetone and dried under vacuum to give 5.8 g, 58% of white polymer. Mn (Daltons): 290,492, Mw (Daltons): 1,167,790, Polydispersity: 4.0.
To a solution of LiFABA (1.2 mg) and butylnorbornene (9.5 g) and butenylnorbornene (0.50 g) in toluene (total solution volume 60 ml) was added (allyl)(tricyclohexylphosphine)palladium(II) triflate (0.15 mg) in 1.0 ml toluene. Ratio of monomer:procatalyst:activator was 250,000:1:5. The reaction was stirred for 4 hours at 65° C. The product was precipitated in acetone and dried under vacuum to give 1.5 g, 15% of white polymer. Mn (Daltons): 175,150, Mw (Daltons): 419,563, Polydispersity: 2.4.
To a solution of LiFABA (1.2 mg) and butylnorbornene (9.0 g) and butenylnorbornene (1.0 g) in toluene (total solution volume 60 ml) was added (allyl)(tricyclohexylphosphine)palladium(II) triflate (0.15 mg) in 1.0 ml toluene. Ratio of monomer:procatalyst:activator was 250,000:1:5. The reaction was stirred for 4 hours at 65° C. The product was precipitated in acetone and dried under vacuum to give 5.8 g, 58% of white polymer. Mn (Daltons): 61,438, Mw (Daltons): 157,953, Polydispersity: 2.6.
To a solution of LiFABA (1.2 mg) and butylnorbornene (7.5 g) and butenylnorbornene (2.5 g) in toluene (total solution volume 60 ml) was added (allyl)(tricyclohexylphosphine)palladium(II) triflate (0.15 mg) in 1.0 ml toluene. Ratio of monomer:procatalyst:activator was 250,000:1:5. The reaction was stirred for 4 hours at 65° C. The product was precipitated in acetone and dried under vacuum to give 4.1 g, 41% of white polymer. Mn (Daltons): 22,182, Mw (Daltons): 77,524, Polydispersity: 3.5.
To a solution of DANFABA (0.45 mg) and hexylnorbornene (10.0 g) in toluene (total solution volume was 33 ml) was added (allyl)(tricyclohexylphosphine)(perfluorophenyl)palladium(II) in 1.0 ml toluene. The reaction was stirred for 4 hours at 60° C., the product was precipitated in acetone and dried under vacuum to give a white polymer 1.5 g (15%).
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (8.41 g, 56.1 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (1.59 g, 6.21 mmol) was added sodium tetraphenylborate (0.4 mg, 0.0013 mmol). This mixture was diluted with 32 ml of toluene. Approximately 50:1 of a toluene solution of (allyl)palladium chloride dimer (2.5 M) and 20:1 of a toluene solution of tricyclohexylphosphine (12.5 mmol) was diluted to about 1 ml total with toluene and added to the monomer solution. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 4 hours. The resulting mixture was poured into acetone. No polymer precipitated.
A stock solution of (allyl)palladium chloride dimer (0.00623 M) and tricyclohexylphosphine (0.0125 M) in toluene was prepared. An 0.05 ml aliquot of this solution was added to a mixture of butylnorbornene (4.59 g, 30.6 mmol), 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.41 g, 1.60 mmol), silica gel (1.0 g, calcined at 220° C. for 24 hours followed by 600° C. for 5 hours), and lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5Et2O (1.4 mg, 0.0016 mmol). The contents were heated to 65° C. for 45 minutes and then ramped to 150° C. and held for 15 minutes. The contents were then cooled room temperature. A very hard polymeric puck with suspended silica particles resulted.
A stock solution of (allyl)palladium chloride dimer (0.00623 M) and tricyclohexylphosphine (0.0125 M) in toluene was prepared. An 0.05 ml aliquot of this solution was added to a mixture of butylnorbornene (4.59 g, 30.6 mmol), 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.41 g, 1.60 mmol), silica gel (0.3 g, calcined at 220° C. for 24 hours followed by 600° C. for 5 hours), and lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5Et2O (1.4 mg, 0.0016 mmol). The contents were heated to 65° C. for 45 minutes and then ramped to 150° C. and held for 15 minutes. The contents were then cooled room temperature. A very hard polymeric puck with suspended silica particles resulted.
A stock solution of (allyl)palladium chloride dimer (0.00623 M) and tricyclohexylphosphine (0.0125 M) in toluene was prepared. An 0.05 ml aliquot of this solution was added to a mixture of butylnorbornene (4.59 g, 30.6 mmol), 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.41 g, 1.60 mmol), and lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5Et2O (1.4 mg, 0.0016 mmol). The contents were placed into a 150° C. bath and held for 30 minutes. The contents were then cooled room temperature. A very hard polymeric puck resulted.
A stock solution of (allyl)palladium chloride dimer (0.00623 M) and tricyclohexylphosphine (0.0125 M) in toluene was prepared. An 0.04 ml aliquot of this solution was added to a mixture of butylnorbornene (9.18 g, 61.2 mmol), 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.82 g, 3.2 mmol), silica gel (2.00 g, calcined at 220° C. for 24 hours followed by 600° C. for 5 hours), and lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5Et2O (1.4 mg, 0.0016 mmol). The contents were placed into a 150° C. bath and held for 30 minutes. The contents were then cooled room temperature. A very hard polymeric puck resulted with suspended silica particles.
A stock solution of (allyl)palladium chloride dimer (0.00623 M) and tricyclohexylphosphine (0.0125 M) in toluene was prepared. An 0.05 ml aliquot of this solution was added to a mixture of hexylnorbornene (5.44 g, 30.6 mmol), 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.41 g, 1.60 mmol), and lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5Et2O (1.4 mg, 0.0016 mmol). The mixture was allowed to stand at room temperature for 1.5 hours after which time the solution became quite viscous. This mixture was then poured onto a silicon wafer. The wafer was heated to about 265° C. by ramping the temperature from ambient to 170° C., then 200° C., then 225° C., then to 265° C. The wafer was then cooled and immersed in water to facilitate removal of the transparent film. From thin film tensile measurements (ASTM D1708-93), a modulus of 62,500±18,100 psi and elongation at break of 55±21%. No detectable monomer or toluene was observed by 1H NMR measurements.
A stock solution of (allyl)palladium chloride dimer (0.00623 M) and tricyclohexylphosphine (0.0125 M) in toluene was prepared. An 0.05 ml aliquot of this solution was added to a mixture of decylnorbornene (7.16 g, 30.6 mmol), 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.41 g, 1.60 mmol), and lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5Et2O (1.4 mg, 0.0016 mmol). The mixture was allowed to stand at room temperature for 1.5 hours after which time the mixture became slightly viscous. This mixture was then poured onto a silicon wafer. The wafer was then heated to about 170° C. The wafer was then cooled and immersed in water to facilitate removal of a transparent film. No detectable monomer, or toluene was observed by 1H NMR measurements.
A stock solution of (allyl)palladium chloride dimer (0.00623 M) and tricyclohexylphosphine (0.0125 M) in toluene was prepared. An 0.05 ml aliquot of this solution was added to a mixture of decylnorbornene (7.16 g, 30.6 mmol), 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.41 g, 1.60 mmol), and lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)-borate.2.5Et2O (1.4 mg, 0.0016 mmol). Some of this mixture was then poured onto a silicon wafer. The wafer was then heated to about 170° C. and held for 15 minutes. The wafer was then cooled and immersed in water to facilitate removal of a transparent film. From thin film tensile measurements (ASTM D1708-93), a modulus of 11,600±1950 psi and elongation at break of 185±11%.
The rest of the mixture prepared above was allowed to stand for 7 days at ambient temperature. The mixture became more viscous, yet mobile. A second film was cast onto a silicon wafer and heated identically to that above. From thin film tensile measurements (ASTM D1708-93), a modulus of 8700±1040 psi and elongation at break of 158±24%.
A stock solution of (allyl)palladium chloride dimer (0.00623 M) and tricyclohexylphosphine (0.0125 M) in toluene was prepared. An 0.05 ml aliquot of this solution was added to a mixture of decylnorbornene (7.06 g, 30.6 mmol), 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.41 g, 1.60 mmol), exo, trans, exo-norbornadiene dimer (0.06 g, 0.33 mmol) and lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5Et2O (1.4 mg, 0.0016 mmol). After allowing the mixture to stand for about an hour, it was poured onto a silicon wafer. The wafer was then heated to about 170° C. and held for 30 minutes. The wafer was then cooled and immersed in water to facilitate removal of a transparent film. From thin film tensile measurements (ASTM D1708-93), a modulus of 7600±640 psi and elongation at break of 100±3%.
A stock solution of (allyl)palladium chloride dimer (0.00623 M) and tricyclohexylphosphine (0.0125 M) in toluene was prepared. An 0.05 ml aliquot of this solution was added to a mixture of decylnorbornene (7.06 g, 30.6 mmol), 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.41 g, 1.60 mmol), Irgafos®168 (0.06 g, 0.33 mmol) and lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5Et2O (1.4 mg, 0.0016 mmol). After allowing the mixture to stand for about two hours, it was poured onto a silicon wafer. The wafer was then heated to about 170° C. and held for 30 minutes. The wafer was then cooled and immersed in water to facilitate removal of a transparent film.
A stock solution of (allyl)palladium chloride dimer (0.00623 M) and tricyclohexylphosphine (0.0125 M) in toluene was prepared. An 0.05 ml aliquot of this solution was added to a mixture of decylnorbornene (6.80 g, 29.1 mmol), 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.39 g, 1.60 mmol), exo, trans, exo-norbornadiene dimer (0.59 g, 3.2 mmol) and lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5Et2O (1.4 mg, 0.0016 mmol). The mixture was poured onto a silicon wafer to form a thin film of solution. The mixture was then heated to about 170° C. and held for 30 minutes. The wafer was then cooled and immersed in water to facilitate removal of the transparent film. From thin film tensile measurements (ASTM D1708-93), a modulus of 12400±2450 psi and elongation at break of 42±6%.
A stock solution of (allyl)palladium chloride dimer (0.00623 M) and tricyclohexylphosphine (0.0125 M) in toluene was prepared. An 0.05 ml aliquot of this solution was added to a mixture of decylnorbornene (5.73 g, 24.5 mmol), 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.37 g, 1.45 mmol), exo, trans, exo-norbornadiene dimer (1.18 g, 6.41 mmol) and lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5Et2O (1.4 mg, 0.0016 mmol). The mixture was poured onto a silicon wafer to form a thin film. The mixture was then heated to about 170° C. and held for 30 minutes. The wafer was then cooled and immersed in water to facilitate removal of the transparent film. From thin film tensile measurements (ASTM D1708-93), a modulus of 43700 psi and elongation at break of 11%.
An 0.05 ml aliquot of a stock solution of (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine) triflate (0.00623 M in toluene) was added to a mixture of hexylnorbornene (5.44 g, 30.6 mmol), 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.41 g, 1.60 mmol), and lithium tetrakis(pentafluoro-phenyl)borate.2.5Et2O (1.4 mg, 0.0016 mmol). This mixture was then poured onto a silicon wafer to form a thin film of solution. The mixture was then heated to about 270° C. for 15 minutes. The wafer was then cooled and immersed in water to facilitate removal of the transparent film. From thin film tensile measurements (ASTM D1708-93), a modulus of 62,000±3400 psi and elongation at break of 68±7%. Dynamic thermogravimetric analysis of the film (10° C./minute, from 35 to 460° C.) showed negligible weight loss at 350° C. (1.0%).
A stock solution of (allyl)palladium chloride dimer (0.00623 M) and tricyclohexylphosphine (0.0125 M) in toluene was prepared. An 0.05 ml aliquot of this solution was added to a mixture of decylnorbornene (7.16 g, 30.6 mmol), 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.41 g, 1.60 mmol), and lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)-borate.2.5Et2O (1.4 mg, 0.0016 mmol) which contained 6 weight percent barium titanate (Cabot). This mixture was then poured onto a silicon wafer. The wafer was then heated to about 170° C. and held for 30 minutes. The wafer was then cooled and immersed in water to facilitate removal of a film containing suspended barium titanate particles.
The above experiment was repeated except a 6 weight percent mixture of lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate (TAMTRON® Y5V183U from Tam Ceramics) was used instead of barium titanate. An opaque, beige film resulted.
Dimethylanilinium tetrakis(bis(3,5-trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate (0.002 g, 0.0016 mmol) was added to 5.44 g (30.6 mmol). To this mixture was added about 0.05 ml of a 0.00623 M solution of (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)(methyl) in toluene. This mixture was poured onto a silicon wafer and heated to 270° C. for 15 minutes. A thin film was recovered.
A stock solution of (allyl)palladium (tricyclohexylphosphine) trifluoroacetate (0.00623 M) in toluene was prepared. An 0.05 ml aliquot of this solution was added to a mixture of decylnorbornene (7.16 g, 30.6 mmol), 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.41 g, 1.6 mmol), and lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)-borate.2.5Et2O (1.4 mg, 0.0016 mmol) which contained 40 weight percent of lead magnesium niobate (TAMTRON®Y5V183U from Tam Ceramics). This mixture was then poured onto a silicon wafer. The mixture was then heated to about 180° C. and held for 30 minutes. A film containing the lead magnesium niobate was recovered after cooling.
Lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (1.4 mg, 0.0016 mmol) was added to hexylnorbornene (5.44 g, 30.6 mmol). To this mixture was added about 0.05 ml of a 0.00623 M solution of (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine) trifluoroacetate in toluene. This mixture was poured onto a silicon wafer and heated to 270° C. for 30 minutes. A clear film was recovered.
A stock solution of (allyl)palladium (tricyclohexylphosphine) trifluoroacetate (0.00623 M) in toluene was prepared. An 0.1 ml aliquot of this solution was added to a mixture of decylnorbornene (7.16 g, 30.6 mmol), 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.41 g, 1.6 mmol), and lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)-borate.2.5Et2O (2.8 mg, 0.0032 mmol) which contained 40 weight percent of barium titanate (Cabot). This mixture was then poured onto a silicon wafer. The mixture was then heated to about 170° C. and held for 30 minutes. A film containing the barium titanate was recovered after cooling.
A stock solution of {2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]phenyl-C,N-}palladium(tricyclohexyl-phosphine) triflate (0.00623 M). An 0.75 ml aliquot of this solution was added to a mixture of hexylnorbornene (5.44 g, 30.6 mmol), 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.41 g, 1.6 mmol), and lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)-borate.2.5 Et2O (2.1 mg, 0.0025 mmol). This mixture was then poured onto a silicon wafer. The mixture was then heated to about 270° C. A film was recovered after cooling.
A stock solution of (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine) trifluoroacetate (0.00623 M) in toluene was prepared. An 0.1 ml aliquot of this solution was added to a mixture of hexylnorbornene (5.44 g, 30.6 mmol), 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.41 g, 1.6 mmol), and lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)-borate.2.5 Et2O (2.8 mg, 0.0032 mmol). This mixture was then poured onto a silicon wafer. The mixture was then heated to about 170° C. and held for 30 minutes. A film was recovered after cooling.
A stock solution of (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine) trifluoroacetate (0.00623 M) in toluene was prepared. An 0.1 ml aliquot of this solution was added to a mixture of hexylnorbornene (4.58 g, 25.7 mmol), 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (1.65 g, 6.45 mmol), and lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (2.8 mg, 0.0032 mmol). This mixture was then poured onto a silicon wafer. The mixture was then heated to about 270° C. and held for 15 minutes. A transparent film was recovered after cooling.
A stock solution of (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine) trifluoroacetate (0.00623 M) in toluene was prepared. An 0.1 ml aliquot of this solution was added to a mixture of hexylnorbornene (5.44 g, 30.6 mmol), 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.41 g, 1.6 mmol), and lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (2.8 mg, 0.0032 mmol). This mixture was then poured onto a silicon wafer. The mixture was then heated to about 270° C. and held for 15 minutes. A film was recovered after cooling.
Approximately 0.18 ml of a deuterated benzene solution of (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)(methyl) (0.0072 M), N,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate (0.014 ml), and diethyl ether (0.0072 ml) was added to a mixture of hexylnorbornene (5.44 g, 30.6 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.41 g, 1.6 mmol), and lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5Et2O (2.8 mg, 0.0032 mmol) which had been sparged with air. This mixture was then poured onto a silicon wafer. The mixture was then heated to about 170° C. and held for 30 minutes. A film was recovered after cooling.
A stock solution of (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine) chloride (0.00623 M) in toluene was prepared. An 0.2 ml aliquot of this solution was added to a mixture of hexylnorbornene (5.44 g, 30.6 mmol), 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.41 g, 1.6 mmol), and lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (2.2 mg, 0.0026 mmol) which had been sparged with air. This mixture was then poured onto a silicon wafer. The mixture was then heated to about 170° C. and held for 15 minutes. A film was recovered after cooling. Dynamic thermogravimetric analysis of the film (10° C./minute, from 35 to 460° C.) showed negligible weight loss at 350° C. (2.0%).
A stock solution of (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine) chloride (0.00623 M) in toluene was prepared. An 0.1 ml aliquot of this solution was added to a mixture of hexylnorbornene (5.44 g, 30.6 mmol), 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.41 g, 1.6 mmol), and lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (1.1 mg, 0.0013 mmol) which had been sparged with air. This was then heated to about 170° C. and held for 4 hours. A hard polymer puck was recovered after cooling.
A stock solution of (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine) trifluoroacetate (0.00623 M) in toluene was prepared. An 0.2 ml aliquot of this solution was added to a mixture of hexylnorbornene (5.44 g, 30.6 mmol), 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.41 g, 1.6 mmol), and lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (2.2 mg, 0.0026 mmol) which had been sparged with air. This mixture was then poured onto a silicon wafer. The mixture was then heated to about 170° C. and held for 15 minutes. A film was recovered after cooling which had a thickness of about 20 mils. Dynamic thermogravimetric analysis of the film (10° C./minute, from 35 to 460° C.) showed negligible weight loss at 350° C. (0.9%).
A stock solution of (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)trifluoroacetate (0.00623 M) in toluene was prepared. An 0.1 ml aliquot of this solution was added to a mixture of hexylnorbornene (5.44 g, 30.6 mmol), 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.41 g, 1.6 mmol), and lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (1.1 mg, 0.0013 mmol) which had been sparged with air. This mixture was heated to about 170° C. and held for 4 hours. A hard polymeric puck was recovered after cooling.
A stock solution of (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)trifluoroacetate (0.00623 M) in toluene was prepared. An 0.5 ml aliquot of this solution was added to a mixture of hexylnorbornene (5.44 g, 30.6 mmol), 5-glycidylether-2-norbornene (0.24 g, 1.6 mmol), and lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (5.6 mg, 0.0067 mmol) which had been sparged with air. This mixture was then poured onto a silicon wafer in air. The mixture was then heated to about 170° C. and held for 15 minutes. A film was recovered after cooling.
A stock solution of (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)trifluoroacetate (0.00623 M) in toluene was prepared. An 0.5 ml aliquot of this solution was added to a mixture of hexylnorbornene (4.58 g, 25.7 mmol), 5-glycidylether-2-norbornene (0.97 g, 6.4 mmol), and lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (5.6 mg, 0.0067 mmol) which had been sparged with air. This mixture was then poured onto a silicon wafer in air. The mixture was then heated to about 170° C. and held for 15 minutes. A film was recovered after cooling.
A stock solution of (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine) trifluoroacetate (0.00623 M) in toluene was prepared. An 0.83 ml aliquot of this solution was added to a mixture of hexylnorbornene (10.9 g, 61.1 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.82 g, 3.2 mmol). To a separate vial was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (9.0 mg, 0.011 mmol), hexylnorbornene (10.9 g, 61.1 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.82 g, 3.2 mmol). Each mixture was sparged with air. Equal volumes of solution from each vial were mixed and then poured onto a silicon wafer in air. The mixture was then heated to about 170° C. and held for 15 minutes. A transparent film resulted. Dynamic thermogravimetric analysis of the film (10° C./minute, from 35 to 460° C.) showed negligible weight loss at 350° C. (0.9%). The vials were then stored at ambient temperature in air. After 3 days, more of the solution was cast in the same manner. A transparent film resulted. Dynamic thermogravimetric analysis of the film (10° C./minute, from 35 to 460° C.) showed negligible weight loss at 350° C. (2.0%). The vials were stored again at ambient temperature in air. After 4 more days, more of the solution was cast in the same manner. A transparent film resulted. Dynamic thermogravimetric analysis of the film (10° C./minute, from 35 to 460° C.) showed still negligible weight loss at 350° C. (2.7%).
A stock solution of (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine) trifluoroacetate (0.00623 M) in toluene was prepared. An 0.0.10 ml aliquot of this solution was added to a mixture of hexylnorbornene (10.9 g, 61.1 mmol), 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.82 g, 3.2 mmol), and lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (2.2 mg, 0.0026 mmol), which had been saturated with disperse red number 1. This mixture was then filtered through a 0.2 :m filter and then was poured onto a silicon wafer in air. The mixture was then heated to about 170° C. and held for 15 minutes. A colored, transparent film resulted.
A stock solution of (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine) trifluoroacetate (0.00623 M) in toluene was prepared. An 0.0.10 ml aliquot of this solution was added to a mixture of hexylnorbornene (10.9 g, 61.1 mmol), 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.82 g, 3.2 mmol), and lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (2.2 mg, 0.0026 mmol), which had been saturated with disperse orange number 1. This mixture was then filtered through a 0.2 :m filter and then was poured onto a silicon wafer in air. The mixture was then heated to about 170° C. and held for 15 minutes. A colored, transparent film resulted.
A stock solution of (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine) trifluoroacetate (0.00623 M) in toluene was prepared. An 0.0.10 ml aliquot of this solution was added to a mixture of hexylnorbornene (10.9 g, 61.1 mmol), 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.82 g, 3.2 mmol), and lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (2.2 mg, 0.0026 mmol), which had been saturated with disperse blue number 14. This mixture was then filtered through a 0.2 :m filter and then was poured onto a silicon wafer in air. The mixture was then heated to about 170° C. and held for 15 minutes. A colored, transparent film resulted.
A stock solution of (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine) trifluoroacetate (0.00623 M) in toluene was prepared. An 0.0.10 ml aliquot of this solution was added to a mixture of hexylnorbornene (10.9 g, 61.1 mmol), 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.82 g, 3.2 mmol), and lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (2.2 mg, 0.0026 mmol), which had been saturated with disperse yellow number 7. This mixture was then filtered through a 0.2 :m filter and then was poured onto a silicon wafer in air. The mixture was then heated to about 170° C. and held for 15 minutes. A colored, transparent film resulted.
A stock solution of (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine) trifluoroacetate (0.00623 M) in toluene was prepared. An 0.0.10 ml aliquot of this solution was added to a mixture of hexylnorbornene (10.9 g, 61.1 mmol), 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.82 g, 3.2 mmol), and lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (2.2 mg, 0.0026 mmol), which had been saturated with copper naphthalocyanine. This mixture was then filtered through a 0.2 :m filter and then was poured onto a silicon wafer in air. The mixture was then heated to about 170° C. and held for 15 minutes. A colored, transparent film resulted.
A stock solution of (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine) trifluoroacetate (0.00623 M) in toluene was prepared. An 0.2 ml aliquot of this solution was added to a mixture of hexylnorbornene (5.44 g, 30.6 mmol), 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.41 g, 1.6 mmol), and lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (2.2 mg, 0.0026 mmol), and 5 weight percent Kraton® G1652. This mixture was then poured onto a silicon wafer in air. The wafer was then heated to about 170° C. and held for 15 minutes. A slightly opaque film was recovered after cooling.
A stock solution of (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine) trifluoroacetate (0.00623 M) in toluene was prepared. An 0.2 ml aliquot of this solution was added to a mixture of hexylnorbornene (5.44 g, 30.6 mmol), 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.41 g, 1.6 mmol), and lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (2.2 mg, 0.0026 mmol), and 10 weight percent Kraton® G1652. This mixture was then poured onto a silicon wafer in air. The wafer was then heated to about 170° C. and held for 15 minutes. A markedly opaque film was recovered after cooling.
A stock solution of (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine) trifluoroacetate (0.00623 M) in toluene was prepared. An 0.2 ml aliquot of this solution was added to a mixture of hexylnorbornene (5.44 g, 30.6 mmol), 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.41 g, 1.6 mmol), and lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (2.2 mg, 0.0026 mmol), and 2 weight percent Kraton® 1101. This mixture was then poured onto a silicon wafer in air. The film was then heated to about 170° C. and held for 15 minutes. An opaque film was recovered after cooling.
A stock solution of (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine) trifluoroacetate (0.00623 M) in toluene was prepared. An 0.2 ml aliquot of this solution was added to a mixture of hexylnorbornene (5.44 g, 30.6 mmol), 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.41 g, 1.6 mmol), and lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (2.2 mg, 0.0026 mmol), and 2 weight percent Kraton® 1726. This mixture was then poured onto a silicon wafer in air. The wafer was then heated to about 170° C. and held for 15 minutes. A transparent film was recovered after cooling.
To a mixture of norbornene (4.84 g, 51.5 mmol) and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (3.30 g, 12.9 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (2.8 mg, 0.0032 mmol). To this mixture was added (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine) triflate (0.10 ml of a 0.0062 M solution in toluene). This mixture was allowed to stand at room temperature until it became viscous. It was then poured, in air, onto a silicon wafer. The wafer ramped up to 170° C. over 20 minutes and then held at this temperature for an additional 5 minutes. A film was recovered after cooling the wafer.
In air, lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (3.3 mg, 0.0038 mmol) was dissolved in 5.5 g of ethylnorbornene (45 mmol) and 0.61 g of 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (2.4 mmol). To this mixture was added (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine) trifluoroacetate (0.30 ml of a 0.0062 M solution in toluene). The mixture was cast onto a silicon wafer in air and heated to 170° C. for 20 minutes. A transparent film resulted.
A stock solution of (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)(trifluoroacetate) (0.00623 M) in toluene was prepared. Lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (5.6 mg, 0.0064 mmol) was weighed into a bottle. This bottle was opened to the ambient air and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (8.26 g, 32.2 mmol) was added to this bottle. Then, 0.52 ml of the palladium stock solution was added to the bottle containing the lithium salt and the monomer. This solution was heated to 46° C. with stirring while lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate (6.56 g, TAMTRON® H Y5V183U from Tam Ceramics) was added. The mixture was heated at 70° C. and stirred at 300 rpm for 7.5 minutes. Then the contents were poured onto an oxidized silicon wafer that had been coated with an 8000Δ thick aluminum metal layer. This wafer was heated to 170° C. for 15 minutes. The wafer was quenched in water. While the aluminum delaminated from the silicon wafer the film continued to adhere to the aluminum film indicating good adhesion of the polymer to the aluminum metal.
The permittivity of the film averaged 5.0 over 1 MHz to 1.1 GHz frequency range, while the loss tangent averaged 0.016 over the same frequency range.
A stock solution of (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)(triflate) (0.00623 M) in toluene was prepared. Lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (0.0089 grams) was weighed into a bottle. This bottle was opened to the ambient air and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (10.18 g, 39.7 mmol) was added to this bottle. Then 0.15 ml of palladium stock solution was added to the bottle containing the lithium salt and the monomer. This mixture was heated to 52° C. with stirring (100 to 500 rpm) while lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate (24.43 g, TAMTRON® Y5V183U from Tam Ceramics) was added. After 8.5 minutes at 52° C., the solution was ramped to 70° C. in 3 minutes.
After dwelling for 4.5 minutes at 70° C., the mixture was poured from the bottle into a 3 inch diameter ring resting on top of a 4 inch oxidized silicon wafer coated with 8000Δ of aluminum (aluminum had been coated by evaporation). The wafer was ramped from 70° C. to 170° C. in 4 minutes. The mixture was heated for 15 minutes at 170° C. Then, the wafer and ring were removed from the hotplate and quenched in water. As the film contracted, due to its exposure to lukewarm water, the aluminum delaminated from the wafer, but the aluminum remained adhered to the film. This indicates that the adhesion of aluminum is better to the film produced than to the thin (8000 Angstroms) layer of silicon dioxide on top of the silicon wafer.
The permittivity of the film averaged 9.8 over 1 MHz to 1.1 GHz frequency range, while the loss tangent averaged 0.023 over the same frequency range.
A stock solution of (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)(trifluoroacetate) (0.0249 M) in methylene chloride was prepared. Lithium tetrakis(pentafluoro-phenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (0.011 grams) was weighed into a bottle. This bottle was opened to the ambient air and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (8.24 g, 32.2 mmol) was added to the bottle. Approximately 0.26 ml of the catalyst stock solution was added to the above mixture. The mixture was allowed to stir at 90° C. for about 1 minute, then lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate (32.96 g, TAMTRON® Y5V183U from Tam Ceramics) was added. The mixture was allowed to stir for an additional 10 minutes at 90° C. The mixture was then poured onto polyimide film and heated to 90° C. for 15 minutes and then heated to 180° C. for 30 minutes. A composite film resulted.
The permittivity of the film averaged 15.8 over 1 MHz to 1.1 GHz frequency range, while the loss tangent averaged 0.016 over the same frequency range.
A stock solution of (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)(trifluoroacetate) (0.0249 M) in methylene chloride was prepared. Lithium tetrakis(pentafluoro-phenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (0.011 g) was weighed into a bottle. This bottle was opened to the ambient air and 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (8.24 g, 32.2 mmol) was added to the bottle. Approximately 0.26 ml of the catalyst stock solution was added to the above mixture. The mixture was allowed to stir at 90° C. for about 1 minute, then lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate (24.72 g, TAMTRON® Y5V183U from Tam Ceramics) was added. The mixture was allowed to stir for an additional 10 minutes at 90° C. The mixture was then poured onto polyimide film and heated to 90° C. for 15 minutes and then heated to 180° C. for 30 minutes. A composite film resulted.
The permittivity of the film averaged 10.8 over 1 MHz to 1.1 GHz frequency range, while the loss tangent averaged 0.014 over the same frequency range.
Hexylnorbornene (10.88 g, 61.1 mmol), 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.82 g, 3.2 mmol), and lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (0.011 g, 0.013 mmol) were combined in air. Approximately 0.51 ml of a 0.0125 M stock solution of (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)(trifluoroacetate) (0.0064 mmol) in toluene was added to the monomer mixture. Next, 35.1 g of lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate (24.72 g, TAMTRON® Y5V183U from Tam Ceramics) was added with vigorous stirring. The mixture was heated to 90° C. for about 10 minutes. After pouring the resulting mixture onto a silicon wafer, the mixture was heated to 90° C. for 15 minutes and then to 180° C. for 30 minutes. A composite film resulted.
The permittivity of the film averaged 6.8 over 1 MHz to 1.1 GHz frequency range, while the loss tangent averaged 0.002 over the same frequency range.
Lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate (24.72 g, TAMTRON® Y5V183U from Tam Ceramics) was crushed in a Siebtechnik reciprocating grinder for 1 minute. Then a solution of 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (8.24 g, 32.2 mol), lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (0.011 grams, 0.013 mmol), and (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)(trifluoroacetate) (0.0064 mmol) was added to the lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate. The mixture was milled for an additional 3 minutes. The resulting smooth paste was spread onto a glass plate with a doctor blade with a setting of 20 mils. The plate was placed under vacuum and heated to 250° C. over 75 minutes and held at held for 1 hour. Then the plate was cooled under vacuum overnight to give thin composite film was a smooth surface. Examination of cross-sectioned film revealed homogeneous dispersion of the composite.
Hexylnorbornene (5.44 g, 31.0 mmol), 5-triethoxynorbornene (0.41 g, 1.6 mol), and lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5Et2O (2.8 mg, 0.0032 mmol) were mixed together in air. To this mixture was added (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)(trifluoroacetate) (0.00064 mmol) as a stock solution (0.0249 ml) in methylene chloride. The resulting mixture was heated to 70° C. for about 10 minutes until significant thickening of the solution was observed. The mixture was then poured onto a glass plate and drawn with a doctor blade. The plate was placed in an oven and slowly ramped to 140° C. and held there for 1 hour. After cooling, the thin film was removed from the glass plate with the aid of cool water. A transparent film measuring about 7 mils thick was recovered. The thickness of the film can be adjusted by changing the doctor blade setting.
Hexylnorbornene (5.44 g, 30.6 mmol), 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.41 g, 1.6 mmol), and divinyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane (0.31 g, Gelest DMS-VO5), and lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5Et2O (2.8 mg, 0.0032 mmol) were combined in air. Approximately 0.10 ml of a 0.0062 M toluene solution of (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)(trifluoroacetate) (0.00062 mmol). The mixture was then poured onto a silicon wafer and heated to 90° C. for 15 minutes and then heated to 170° C. for 15 minutes. A transparent film was recovered.
The experiment was carried out as in the above example, except that different polydimethylsiloxanes were used.
a. Divinyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane (0.31 g, Gelest DMS-V22, Mn=9400) was used. A very opaque, almost white film was recovered.
b. Divinyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane (0.31 g, Gelest DMS-V00, Mn=186) was used. A transparent film was recovered.
c. Dimethyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane (0.31 g, Gelest DMS-T05, Mn=770) was used. A transparent film was recovered.
d. Divinyl-terminated polydimethyldiphenylsiloxane (0.31 g, Gelest PDV-1625, Mn=9500) was used. An opaque film was recovered.
e. Divinyl-terminated polydimethylmonomethylmonovinylsiloxane (0.31 g, Gelest VMM-010) was used. An opaque film was recovered.
a. Hexylnorbornene (5.44 g, 30.6 mmol), 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.41 g, 1.6 mmol), and divinyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane (0.31 g, Gelest DMS-V22, Mn=9400), and lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5Et2O (2.8 mg, 0.0032 mmol) were combined in air. Approximately 0.10 ml of a 0.0062 M methylene chloride solution of allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)(trifluoroacetate) (0.00062 mmol). The mixture was heated to 80° C. for about 10 minutes until it became somewhat viscous. The mixture was then poured onto a glass plate and spread with a doctor blade set a 14 mils. The plate was heated to 90° C. under vacuum and held for 30 minutes. Then the plate was heated to 170° C. and held for 15 minutes. An opaque film was recovered.
b. Hexylnorbornene (5.44 g, 30.6 mmol), 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.41 g, 1.6 mmol), and divinyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane (0.31 g, Gelest DMS-V00, Mn=186), and lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5Et2O (2.8 mg, 0.0032 mmol) were combined in air. Approximately 0.10 ml of a 0.0062 M methylene chloride solution of (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)(trifluoroacetate) (0.00062 mmol). The mixture was heated to 80° C. for about 10 minutes and it became somewhat viscous. The mixture was then poured onto a glass plate and spread with a doctor blade set at 14 mils. The plate was heated to 90° C. under vacuum and held for 30 minutes. Then the plate was heated to 170° C. and held for 15 minutes. A transparent film was recovered.
Hexylnorbornene (5.44 g, 30.6 mmol), 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.41 g, 1.6 mmol), tetracyclododecadiene (0.27 g), Irganox® 1076 (0.03 g), divinyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane (0.32 g, Gelest DMS-V05, Mn=770), and lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5Et2O (5.6 mg, 0.0064 mmol) were combined in air. The mixture was briefly sonicated to aid in dissolution of the antioxidant. Approximately 0.054 ml of a 0.025 M methylene chloride solution of (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)(trifluoroacetate) (0.0014 mmol). The mixture was heated to 80° C. for about 5 minutes and it became somewhat viscous. The mixture was then poured onto a glass plate and spread with a doctor blade set at 16 mils. The plate was heated to 75° C. under vacuum and held for 20 minutes. Then the plate was heated to 150° C. and held for 10 minutes. A transparent film was recovered.
Hexylnorbornene (5.44 g, 30.6 mmol), 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.41 g, 1.6 mmol), and sodium tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate (2.9 mg, 0.0032 mmol) were combined in air. Approximately 0.10 ml of a 0.0062 M toluene solution of (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)(trifluoroacetate) (0.00062 mmol). The mixture was then poured onto a silicon wafer and heated to 90° C. for 15 minutes and then heated to 170° C. for 15 minutes. A transparent film was recovered.
A. Hexylnorbornene (5.44 g, 30.6 mmol), 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.41 g, 1.6 mmol), and lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5Et2O (1.5 mg, 0.0016 mmol), and 0.10 ml of a 0.0031 M stock solution of (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)(triflate) in toluene (0.00031 mmol) were combined in air in a Class 1000 clean room. The mixture was then filtered through a 0.2: Teflon® frit with the aid of a syringe into a clean test tube. The test tube was then heated to 90° C. held for 30 minutes and then ramped up to 170° C. and held for 1 hour. The test tube was cooled and the ends of the polymeric cylinder were cut off and polished with #4000 sandpaper to give a completely transparent cylinder of 5 cm length.
B. The above experiment was repeated, except that the following amounts of cocatalyst and catalyst were used: lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5Et2O (0.9 mg, 0.0011 mmol), and 0.07 ml of a 0.0031 M stock solution of (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)(triflate) in toluene (0.00022 mmol). The test tube was cooled and the ends of the polymeric cylinder were cut off and polished with #4000 sandpaper to give a completely transparent cylinder of 5 cm length.
Butylnorbornene (5.90 g, 39 mmol) and triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.53 g, 2.1 mmol) were combined with lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5Et2O (0.9 mg, 0.0011 mmol) in a vial. (Allyl)palladium(triisopropylphosphine)(triflate) (0.00021 mmol) in 67 μl of toluene was added to the vial. The vial was heated to 270° C. for 15 minutes to yield a hard plug of polymer.
Hexylnorbornene (5.44 g) and triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.41 g) were combined with lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5Et2O (0.9 mg, 0.0011 mmol) in a vial in air. To this mixture was added (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)(triflate) (0.00022 mmol) from a 0.0031 M solution in toluene. The vial was heated to 90° C. for 30 minutes and then to 230° C. for 30 min. A clear polymer rod resulted.
Hexylnorbornene (5.44 g) and triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.41 g) were combined with lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5Et2O (0.7 mg, 0.0008 mmol) in a vial in air. To this mixture was added (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)(triflate) (0.00016 mmol) from a 0.0031 M solution in toluene. The vial was heated to 90° C. for 30 minutes and then to 230° C. for 30 min. A clear polymer rod resulted.
Hexylnorbornene (5.44 g) and triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.41 g) were combined with lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5Et2O (0.6 mg, 0.0006 mmol) in a vial in air. To this mixture was added (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)(triflate) (0.00013 mmol) from a 0.0031 M solution in toluene. The vial was heated to 90° C. for 30 minutes and then to 230° C. for 30 min. A clear polymer rod resulted.
Hexylnorbornene (4.3 g, 24 mmol), triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.41 g, 1.6 mmol), and ethylester of 5-norbornene carboxylic acid (1.07 g, 6.4 mmol) were combined with lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5Et2O (1.1 mg, 0.013 mmol) in a vial. To this mixture was added (allyl)palladium(trinaphthylphosphine)(triflate) (0.0064 mmol) from a 0.013 M solution in toluene. The mixture was then poured onto a silicon wafer, heated to 90° C. for 15 minutes and then to 180° C. for 30 minutes. A film resulted that showed only 2.7 percent weight loss at 350° C. by TGA (10°/min).
Triethoxysilylnorbornene (8.24 g, 32 mmol) and lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5Et2O (11 mg, 0.013 mmol) were mixed in a vial. To this mixture was added (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)(trifluoroacetate) (0.0064 mmol) from a 0.013 M solution in toluene. The mixture was then poured onto a polyimide film, heated to 90° C. for 15 minutes and then to 180° C. for 30 minutes. A film resulted that showed only 7.2 percent weight loss at 350° C. by TGA (10°/min).
Hexylnorbornene (5.16 g, 29 mmol), triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.41 g, 1.6 mmol), and benzylether of 5-norbornene methanol (0.34 g, 1.6 mmol) were combined with lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5Et2O (14 mg, 0.016 mmol) were mixed together. The catalyst, (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)trifluoroacetate (0.00032 mmol, 0.13 ml of a 0.025 M solution in methylene chloride), was added to the mixture. The mixture was poured onto a silicon wafer and heated to 90° C. for 15 minutes and then to 170° C. for 15 minutes. A transparent film resulted.
Hexylnorbornene (5.16 g, 29 mmol), triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.41 g, 1.6 mmol), and phenylnorbornene (0.27 g, 1.6 mmol) were combined with lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5Et2O (14 mg, 0.016 mmol). The catalyst, (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)trifluoroacetate (0.00032 mmol, 0.13 ml of a 0.025 M solution in methylene chloride), was added to the mixture. The mixture was poured onto a silicon wafer and heated to 90° C. for 15 minutes and then to 170° C. for 15 minutes. A film resulted.
Hexylnorbornene (5.44 g, 31 mmol), triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.41 g, 1.6 mmol), and Trilene® CP30 (Uniroyal Chemical Co.) (0.31 g) were combined with lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5Et2O (2.8 mg, 0.00032 mmol) were mixed together. The catalyst, (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)trifluoroacetate (0.00064 mmol, 26 μl of a 0.025 M solution in methylene chloride), was added to the mixture. The mixture was poured onto a silicon wafer and heated to 90° C. for 15 minutes and then to 170° C. for 15 minutes. An opaque film resulted.
Hexylnorbornene (5.44 g, 31 mmol), triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.41 g, 1.6 mmol), and Trilene® CP40 (Uniroyal Chemical Co.) (0.31 g) were combined with lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5Et2O (2.8 mg, 0.00032 mmol). The catalyst, (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)trifluoroacetate (0.00064 mmol, 26 μl of a 0.025 M solution in methylene chloride), was added to the mixture. The mixture was poured onto a silicon wafer and heated to 90° C. for 15 minutes and then to 170° C. for 15 minutes. An opaque film resulted.
Hexylnorbornene (5.44 g, 31 mmol), triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.41 g, 1.6 mmol), and Trilene® CP50 (Uniroyal Chemical Co.) (0.31 g) were combined with lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5Et2O (2.8 mg, 0.00032 mmol) were mixed together. The catalyst, (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)trifluoroacetate (0.00064 mmol, 26 μl of a 0.025 M solution in methylene chloride), was added to the mixture. The mixture was poured onto a silicon wafer and heated to 90° C. for 15 minutes and then to 170° C. for 15 minutes. An opaque film resulted.
Hexylnorbornene (5.44 g, 31 mmol), triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.41 g, 1.6 mmol), and Vistanex® LM-H-LC (Exxon) (0.12 g) were combined with lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5Et2O (2.8 mg, 0.00032 mmol) were mixed together. The catalyst, (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)trifluoroacetate (0.00064 mmol, 50 μl of a 0.013 M solution in methylene chloride), was added to the mixture. The mixture was poured onto a silicon wafer and heated to 90° C. for 15 minutes and then to 170° C. for 15 minutes. A clear film resulted.
Hexylnorbornene (5.44 g, 31 mmol), triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.41 g, 1.6 mmol), and Vistanex® LM-MH (Exxon) (0.12 g) were combined with lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5Et2O (2.8 mg, 0.00032 mmol). The catalyst, (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)trifluoroacetate (0.00064 mmol, 50 μl of a 0.013 M solution in methylene chloride), was added to the mixture. The mixture was poured onto a silicon wafer and heated to 90° C. for 15 minutes and then to 170° C. for 15 minutes. A clear film resulted.
Hexylnorbornene (5.44 g, 31 mmol), triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.41 g, 1.6 mmol), and Vistanex® MML-100 (Exxon) (0.12 g) were combined with lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5Et2O (2.8 mg, 0.00032 mmol) were mixed together. The catalyst, (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)trifluoroacetate (0.000064 mmol, 50 μl of a 0.013 M solution in methylene chloride), was added to the mixture. The mixture was poured onto a silicon wafer and heated to 90° C. for 15 minutes and then to 170° C. for 15 minutes. A hazy film resulted.
Hexylnorbornene (5.44 g, 31 mmol), triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.41 g, 1.6 mmol), and Vistanex® MML-140 (Exxon) (0.12 g) were combined with lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5Et2O (2.8 mg, 0.00032 mmol). The catalyst, (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)trifluoroacetate (0.00064 mmol, 50 μl of a 0.013 M solution in methylene chloride), was added to the mixture. The mixture was poured onto a silicon wafer and heated to 90° C. for 15 minutes and then to 170° C. for 15 minutes. A hazy film resulted.
Hexylnorbornene (5.44 g, 31 mmol), triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.41 g, 1.6 mmol), tetracyclododecadiene (0.27 g, 1.7 mmol) and Vistanex® LM-H-LC (Exxon) (0.12 g) were combined with lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5Et2O (5.6 mg, 0.00064 mmol) were mixed together. The catalyst, (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)trifluoroacetate (0.00013 mmol, 0.10 ml of a 0.013 M solution in methylene chloride), was added to the mixture. The mixture was allowed to thicken in viscosity by standing at room temperature for about 30 minutes in air. The mixture was then poured onto a glass plate and pulled into a film using a doctor blade. The plate was placed into an oven at 65° C. for 30 minutes and then into an oven heated to 120° C. for 30 minutes under a slight vacuum. A clear film resulted. Using ASTM D1938-94, the film demonstrated an average tear force of 29.4 g at 0.18 mm thickness.
Hexylnorbornene (5.44 g, 31 mmol), triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.41 g, 1.6 mmol), tetracyclododecadiene (0.27 g, 1.7 mmol) and Vistanex® LM-MH (Exxon) (0.12 g) were combined with lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5Et2O (5.6 mg, 0.00064 mmol). The catalyst, (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)trifluoroacetate (0.00013 mmol, 0.10 ml of a 0.013 M solution in methylene chloride), was added to the mixture. The mixture was allowed to thicken in viscosity by standing at room temperature for about 30 minutes in air. The mixture was then poured onto a glass plate and pulled into a film using a doctor blade. The plate was placed into an oven at 65° C. for 30 minutes and then into an oven heated to 120° C. for 30 minutes under a slight vacuum. A clear film resulted. Using ASTM D1938-94, the film demonstrated an average tear force of 21.6 g at 0.16 mm thickness.
Hexylnorbornene (5.44 g, 31 mmol), triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.41 g, 1.6 mmol), tetracyclododecadiene (0.27 g, 1.7 mmol) and Vistanex® LM-H-LC (Exxon) (0.24 g) were combined with lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5Et2O (5.6 mg, 0.00064 mmol) were mixed together. The catalyst, (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)trifluoroacetate (0.00013 mmol, 0.10 ml of a 0.013 M solution in methylene chloride), was added to the mixture. The mixture was poured onto a silicon wafer and heated to 80° C. for 15 minutes and then heated to 170° C. for 15 minutes. A clear film resulted.
Hexylnorbornene (5.44 g, 31 mmol), triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.41 g, 1.6 mmol), tetracyclododecadiene (0.27 g, 1.7 mmol) and Vistanex® LM-MH (Exxon) (0.24 g) were combined with lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5Et2O (5.6 mg, 0.00064 mmol). The catalyst, (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)trifluoroacetate (0.00013 mmol, 0.10 ml of a 0.013 M solution in methylene chloride), was added to the mixture. The mixture was poured onto a silicon wafer and heated to 80° C. for 15 minutes and then heated to 170° C. for 15 minutes. A clear film resulted.
Hexylnorbornene (5.44 g, 31 mmol), triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.41 g, 1.6 mmol), and Vistanex® LM-MH (Exxon) (0.12 g) were combined with lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5Et2O (5.6 mg, 0.00064 mmol) were mixed together. The catalyst, (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)trifluoroacetate (0.00013 mmol, 100 μl of a 0.013 M solution in methylene chloride), was added to the mixture. The mixture was allowed to stand at room temperature until the viscosity increased. Then the mixture was poured onto a glass plate and pulled into a film using a doctor blade. The film was heated to 70° C. for 30 minutes and then to 120° C. for 30 minutes under a slight vacuum. The resulting film was transparent. Using ASTM D1938-94, the film demonstrated an average tear force of 31.9 g at 0.15 mm thickness.
Hexylnorbornene (5.44 g, 31 mmol), triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.41 g, 1.6 mmol), and Vistanex® LM-H-LC (Exxon) (0.12 g) were combined with lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5Et2O (5.6 mg, 0.00064 mmol). The catalyst, (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)trifluoroacetate (0.00013 mmol, 100 μl of a 0.013 M solution in methylene chloride), was added to the mixture. The mixture was allowed to stand at room temperature until the viscosity increased. Then the mixture was poured onto a glass plate and pulled into a film using a doctor blade. The film was heated to 70° C. for 30 minutes and then to 120° C. for 30 minutes under a slight vacuum. The resulting film was transparent. Using ASTM D1938-94, the film demonstrated an average tear force of 20.5 g at 0.11 mm thickness. The film exhibited 1.6% weight loss at 325° C.
Hexylnorbornene (5.44 g, 31 mmol), triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.41 g, 1.6 mmol), and Vistanex® LM-MS-LC (Exxon) (0.12 g) were combined with lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5Et2O (5.6 mg, 0.00064 mmol). The catalyst, (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)trifluoroacetate (0.00013 mmol, 100 μl of a 0.013 M solution in methylene chloride), was added to the mixture. The mixture was allowed to stand at room temperature until the viscosity increased. Then the mixture was poured onto a glass plate and pulled into a film using a doctor blade. The film was heated to 70° C. for 30 minutes and then to 120° C. for 30 minutes under a slight vacuum. The resulting film was transparent. Using ASTM D1938-94, the film demonstrated an average tear force of 39.9 g at 0.15 mm thickness.
Hexylnorbornene (5.44 g, 29 mmol) and 5-norbornene methanol (0.20 g, 1.6 mmol) were combined with lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5Et2O (5.6 mg, 0.00064 mmol). The catalyst, (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)trifluoroacetate (0.00013 mmol, 100 μl of a 0.013 M solution in methylene chloride), was added to the mixture. The mixture was poured onto a silicon wafer in the air and heated to 90° C. for 30 minutes then to 170° C. for 15 minutes. A clear film resulted.
Hexylnorbornene, triethoxysilylnorbornene, benzylether of 5-norbornene methanol, and tetracyclododecene in an 85:5:5:5 molar ratio, respectively, were mixed together along with lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5Et2O. Ferrocene was added to this mixture until a saturation solution was obtained. To this mixture was added the catalyst, allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)trifluoroacetate. The final monomers to catalyst to cocatalyst molar ratio was 25,000:1:2, respectively. The mixture was poured onto a silicon wafer and polymerized to give an orange-colored disk.
Component A was prepared by combining hexylnorbornene (28.1 mmol), triethoxysilylnorbornene (3.3 mmol), norbornadiene dimer (1.6 mmol), and (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)(trifluoroacetate) (1.3×10−6 ml). Component B was prepared by dissolving lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (3.0 mg, 3.4×10−6 ml) in triethoxysilylnorbornene (3.3 mmol) followed by addition of hexylnorbornene (28.1 mmol), norbornadiene dimer (1.6 mmol). 6 ml of component A and 6 ml of component B were separately drawn into individual glass syringes, and combined after filtration through a 0.2 micron filter disk. The combined mixture was cast onto 7″×9″ area of glass. The mixture was heated at 65° C. for 30 minutes, and cured at 180° C. for 1 hour leaving an optically transparent, odorless thin film.
Component A was prepared by combining hexylnorbornene (39.3 mmol), triethoxysilylnorbornene (4.6 mmol), tetracyclododecene (2.3 mmol), 0.09 g Irganox® 1076, and (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)(trifluoroacetate) (1.9×10−6 ml). A 3 wt % blend was prepared by dissolving 0.26 g of a 90:10 hexylnorbornene:triethoxysilylnorbornene copolymer (Mw=360,000) into component A. Component B was prepared by dissolving lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (4.7 mg, 5.4×10−6 ml) in triethoxysilylnorbornene (4.6 mmol) followed by addition of hexylnorbornene (39.3 mmol), tetracyclododecene (2.3 mmol), and 0.09 g Irganox® 1076. A 3 wt % blend was prepared by dissolving 0.26 g of a 90:10 hexylnorbornene:triethoxysilylnorbornene copolymer (Mw=360,000) into component B. 6 ml of viscous component A and 6 ml of viscous component B were separately drawn into individual glass syringes, and combined. The combined solution was cast onto 7″×9″ area of glass. The mixture was heated at 65° C. for 30 minutes, and cured at 180° C. for 1 hour leaving an optically transparent, odorless thin film having dimple-like regions of phase separation. The film exhibited 3.5% weight loss at 325° C.
Component A was prepared by combining hexylnorbornene (39.3 mmol), triethoxysilylnorbornene (4.6 mmol), tetracyclododecene (2.3 mmol), 0.09 g Irganox® 1076, and (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)(trifluoroacetate) (1.9×10−6 mol). A 5 wt % blend was prepared by dissolving 0.43 g of a 90:10 hexylnorbornene:triethoxysilylnorbornene copolymer (Mw=360,000) into component A. Component B was prepared by dissolving lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (4.7 mg, 5.4×10−6 ml) in triethoxysilylnorbornene (4.6 mmol) followed by addition of hexylnorbornene (39.3 mmol), tetracyclododecene (2.3 mmol), and 0.09 g Irganox® 1076. A 5 wt % blend was prepared by dissolving 0.43 g of a 90:10 hexylnorbornene:triethoxysilylnorbornene copolymer (Mw=360,000) into component B. 6 ml of viscous component A and 6 ml of viscous component B were separately drawn into individual glass syringes, and combined. The combined solution was cast onto 7″×9″ area of glass. The mixture was heated at 65° C. for 30 minutes, and cured at 180° C. for 1 hour leaving an optically transparent, odorless thin film having dimple-like regions of phase separation. The film exhibited 5.6% weight loss at 325° C.
Component A was prepared by combining hexylnorbornene (39.3 mmol), triethoxysilylnorbornene (4.6 mmol), tetracyclododecene (2.3 mmol), 0.09 g Irganox® 1076, and (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)(trifluoroacetate)(1.9×10−6 ml). A 7 wt % blend was prepared by dissolving 0.60 g of a 90:10 hexylnorbornene:triethoxysilylnorbornene copolymer (Mw=360,000) into component A. Component B was prepared by dissolving lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (4.7 mg, 5.4×10−6 ml) in triethoxysilylnorbornene (4.6 ml) followed by addition of hexylnorbornene (39.3 mmol), tetracyclododecene (2.3 mmol), and 0.09 g Irganox® 1076. A 7 wt % blend was prepared by dissolving 0.60 g of a 90:10 hexylnorbornene:triethoxysilylnorbornene copolymer (Mw=360,000) into component B. 6 ml of viscous component A and 6 ml of viscous component B were separately drawn into individual glass syringes, and combined. The combined solution was cast onto 7″×9″ area of glass. The mixture was heated at 65° C. for 30 minutes, and cured at 180° C. for 1 hour leaving an optically transparent, odorless thin film having dimple-like regions of phase separation.
Component A was prepared by combining hexylnorbornene (39.3 mmol), triethoxysilylnorbornene (4.6 mmol), tetracyclododecene (2.3 mmol), 0.09 g Irganox® 1076, and (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)(trifluoroacetate)(1.9×10−6 ml). A 10 wt % blend was prepared by dissolving 0.85 g of a 90:10 hexylnorbornene:triethoxysilylnorbornene copolymer (Mw=270,000) into component A. Component B was prepared by dissolving lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (4.7 mg, 5.4×106 ml) in triethoxysilylnorbornene (4.6 mmol) followed by addition of hexylnorbornene (39.3 mmol), tetracyclododecene (2.3 mmol), and 0.09 Irganox® 1076. A 10 wt % blend was prepared by dissolving 0.85 g of a 90:10 hexylnorbornene:triethoxysilylnorbornene copolymer (Mw=270,000) into component B. 6 ml of viscous component A and 6 ml of viscous component B were separately drawn into individual glass syringes, and combined. The combined solution was cast onto 7″×9″ area of glass. The mixture was heated at 65° C. for 30 minutes, and cured at 180° C. for 1 hour leaving an optically transparent, odorless thin film having dimple-like regions of phase separation. The film exhibited 3.5% weight loss at 325° C.
Component A was prepared by combining hexylnorbornene (39.3 mmol), triethoxysilylnorbornene (4.6 mmol), tetracyclododecene (2.3 mmol), 0.09 g Irganox® 1076, and (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)(trifluoroacetate)(1.9×10−6 ml). A 6 wt % blend was prepared by dissolving 0.50 g of a 90:10 hexylnorbornene:triethoxysilylnorbornene copolymer (Mw=270,000) into component A. Component B was prepared by dissolving lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (4.7 mg, 5.4×10−6 ml) in triethoxysilylnorbornene (4.6 mmol) followed by addition of hexylnorbornene (39.3 mmol), tetracyclododecene (2.3 mmol), and 0.09 g Irganox® 1076. A 6 wt % blend was prepared by dissolving 0.50 g of a 90:10 hexylnorbornene:triethoxysilylnorbornene copolymer (Mw=270,000) into component B. 6 ml of viscous component A and 6 ml of viscous component B were separately drawn into individual glass syringes, and combined. The combined solution was cast onto 7″×9″ area of glass. The mixture was heated at 65° C. for 30 minutes, and cured at 180° C. for 1 hour leaving an optically transparent, odorless thin film having dimple-like regions of phase separation. The film exhibited 2.7% weight loss at 325° C.
Component A was prepared by combining hexylnorbornene (39.3 mmol), triethoxysilylnorbornene (4.6 mmol), tetracyclododecene (2.3 mmol), 0.09 g Irganox® 1076, and (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)(trifluoroacetate) (1.9×10−6 ml). A 3 wt % blend was prepared by dissolving 0.26 g of a 90:10 hexylnorbornene:triethoxysilylnorbornene copolymer (Mw=270,000) into component A. Component B was prepared by dissolving lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (4.7 mg, 5.4×10−6 ml) in triethoxysilylnorbornene (4.6 mmol) followed by addition of hexylnorbornene (39.3 mmol), tetracyclododecene (2.3 mmol), and 0.09 g Irganox® 1076. A 3 wt % blend was prepared by dissolving 0.26 g of a 90:10 hexylnorbornene:triethoxysilylnorbornene copolymer (Mw=270,000) into component B. 6 ml of viscous component A and 6 ml of viscous component B were separately drawn into individual glass syringes, and combined. The combined solution was cast onto 7″×9″ area of glass. The mixture was heated at 65° C. for 30 minutes, and cured at 180° C. for 1 hour leaving an optically transparent, odorless thin film having dimple-like regions of phase separation. The film exhibited 2.5% weight loss at 325° C.
Component A was prepared by combining hexylnorbornene (39.3 mmol), triethoxysilylnorbornene (4.6 mmol), tetracyclododecene (2.3 mmol), 0.09 g Irganox® 1076, and (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)(trifluoroacetate) (1.9×10−6 ml). A 12 wt % blend was prepared by dissolving 1.18 g of a 90:10 hexylnorbornene:triethoxysilylnorbornene copolymer (Mw=208,000) into component A. Component B was prepared by dissolving lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (4.7 mg, 5.4×10−6 ml) in triethoxysilylnorbornene (4.6 mmol) followed by addition of hexylnorbornene (39.3 mmol), tetracyclododecene (2.3 mmol), and 0.09 g Irganox® 1076. A 12 wt % blend was prepared by dissolving 1.18 g of a 90:10 hexylnorbornene:triethoxysilylnorbornene copolymer (Mw=208,000) into component B. 6 ml of viscous component A and 6 ml of viscous component B were separately drawn into individual glass syringes, and combined. The combined solution was cast onto 7″×9″ area of glass. The mixture was heated at 65° C. for 30 minutes, and cured at 180° C. for 1 hour leaving an optically transparent, odorless thin film having dimple-like regions of phase separation. The film exhibited 3.0% weight loss at 325° C.
Component A was prepared by combining hexylnorbornene (39.3 mmol), triethoxysilylnorbornene (4.6 mmol), tetracyclododecene (2.3 mmol), 0.09 g Irganox® 1076, and (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)(trifluoroacetate) (1.9×106 ml). A 8 wt % blend was prepared by dissolving 0.75 g of a 90:10 hexylnorbornene:triethoxysilylnorbornene copolymer (Mw=208,000) into component A. Component B was prepared by dissolving lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (4.7 mg, 5.4×10−6 ml) in triethoxysilylnorbornene (4.6 mmol) followed by addition of hexylnorbornene (39.3 mmol), tetracyclododecene (2.3 mmol), and 0.09 g Irganox® 1076. An 8 wt % blend was prepared by dissolving 0.75 g of a 90:10 hexylnorbornene:triethoxysilylnorbornene copolymer (Mw=208,000) into component B. 6 ml of viscous component A and 6 ml of viscous component B were separately drawn into individual glass syringes, and combined. The combined solution was cast onto 7″×9″ area of glass. The mixture was heated at 65° C. for 30 minutes, and cured at 180° C. for 1 hour leaving an optically transparent, odorless thin film having dimple-like regions of phase separation. The film exhibited 3.7% weight loss at 325° C.
Component A was prepared by combining hexylnorbornene (39.3 mmol), triethoxysilylnorbornene (4.6 mmol), tetracyclododecene (2.3 mmol), 0.09 g Irganox® 1076, and (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)(trifluoroacetate) (1.9×10−6 ml). A 4 wt % blend was prepared by dissolving 0.36 g of a 90:10 hexylnorbornene:triethoxysilylnorbornene copolymer (Mw=208,000) into component A. Component B was prepared by dissolving lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate*2.5 Et2O (4.7 mg, 5.4×10−6 ml) in triethoxysilylnorbornene (4.6 mmol) followed by addition of hexylnorbornene (39.3 mmol), tetracyclododecene (2.3 mmol), and 0.09 g Irganox® 1076. A 4 wt % blend was prepared by dissolving 0.36 g of a 90:10 hexylnorbornene:triethoxysilylnorbornene copolymer (Mw=208,000) into component B. 6 ml of viscous component A and 6 ml of viscous component B were separately drawn into individual glass syringes, and combined. The combined solution was cast onto 7″×9″ area of glass. The mixture was heated at 65° C. for 30 minutes, and cured at 180° C. for 1 hour leaving an optically transparent, odorless thin film having dimple-like regions of phase separation. The film exhibited 3.7% weight loss at 325° C.
Component A was prepared by combining hexylnorbornene (39.3 mmol), triethoxysilylnorbornene (4.4 mmol), 0.09 g Irganox® 1076, and (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)(trifluoroacetate) (1.9×10−6 ml). A 6 wt % blend was prepared by dissolving 0.75 g of a 90:10 hexylnorbornene:triethoxysilylnorbornene copolymer (Mw=270,000) into component A. Component B was prepared by dissolving lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (4.7 mg, 5.4×10−6 ml) in triethoxysilylnorbornene (4.4 mmol) followed by addition of hexylnorbornene (39.3 mmol), and 0.09 g Irganox® 1076. A 6 wt % blend was prepared by dissolving 0.75 g of a 90:10 hexylnorbornene:triethoxysilylnorbornene copolymer (Mw=270,000) into component B. 6 ml of viscous component A and 6 ml of viscous component B were separately drawn into individual glass syringes, and combined. The combined solution was cast onto 7″×9″ area of glass. The mixture was heated at 65° C. for 30 minutes, and cured at 180° C. for 1 hour leaving an optically transparent, odorless thin film having dimple-like regions of phase separation. The film exhibited 1.7% weight loss at 325° C.
Component A was prepared by combining hexylnorbornene (39.3 mmol), triethoxysilylnorbornene (2.0 mmol), 0.08 g Irganox® 1076, and (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)(triflate) (3.3×10−6 ml). A 6 wt % blend was prepared by dissolving 0.75 g of a 95:5 butylnorbornene:triethoxysilylnorbornene copolymer (Mw=205,000) into component A. Component B was prepared by dissolving lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (4.6 mg, 5.3×10−6 ml) in triethoxysilylnorbornene (2.0 mmol) followed by addition of hexylnorbornene (39.3 mmol), and 0.08 g Irganox® 1076. A 6 wt % blend was prepared by dissolving 0.75 g of a 95:5 butylnorbornene:triethoxysilylnorbornene copolymer (Mw=205,000) into component B. 6 ml of viscous component A and 6 ml of viscous component B were separately drawn into individual glass syringes, and combined. The combined solution was cast onto 7″×9″ area of glass. The mixture was heated at 65° C. for 30 minutes, and cured at 180° C. for 1 hour leaving an optically transparent, odorless thin film. No regions of phase separation were observed.
Component A was prepared by combining hexylnorbornene (28 mmol), triethoxysilylnorbornene (1.5 mmol), and (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)(trifluoroacetate) (1.7×10−6 ml). A 6 wt % blend was prepared by dissolving 0.33 g of a 80:20 hexylnorbornene:triethoxysilylnorbornene copolymer (Mw=170,000) into component A. Component B was prepared by dissolving lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (3.0 mg, 3.4×10−6 ml) in triethoxysilylnorbornene (1.5 mmol) followed by addition of hexylnorbornene (28 mmol). A 6 wt % blend was prepared by dissolving 0.33 g of a 80:20 hexylnorbornene:triethoxysilylnorbornene copolymer (Mw=170,000) into component B. 6 ml of viscous component A and 6 ml of viscous component B were separately drawn into individual glass syringes, and combined. The combined solution was cast onto a 7″×9″ area. The mixture was heated at 65° C. for 30 minutes and cured at 180° C. for 1 hour leaving an optically transparent, odorless thin film. No regions of phase separation were observed.
Component A was prepared by combining hexylnorbornene (34 mmol), 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (3.7 mmol), and (allyl)platinum(tricyclohexylphosphine) triflate (4.5×10−6 ml). Component B was prepared by dissolving lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (6.0 mg, 6.9×10−6 ml) in 5-triethoxysilylnorbornene (3.7 mmol) followed by addition of hexylnorbornene (34 mmol). Components A and B were combined via syringe, heated while under nitrogen at 80° C. for 8 hours until a solid slightly opaque puck was obtained.
Component A was prepared by combining hexylnorbornene (34 mmol) and (methallyl) nickel (tricyclohexylphosphine) triflate (5.5×10−5 ml). Component B was prepared by dissolving lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (60.0 mg, 6.9×10−5 ml) in 150 μl dichloromethane followed by addition of hexylnorbornene (34 mmol). Components A and B were combined via syringe and while under nitrogen at 80° C. for 8 hours until a solid, light orange puck was obtained.
Component A was prepared by combining hexylnorbornene (34 mmol) and (allyl)platinum (tricyclohexylphosphine) triflate (3.8×10−5 ml). Component B was prepared by dissolving lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (60.0 mg, 6.9×10−5 ml) in 150 μl dichloromethane followed by addition of hexylnorbornene (34 mmol). Components A and B were combined via syringe, heated while under nitrogen at 80° C. for 8 hours until a solid slightly opaque puck was obtained.
Perfluorohexylnorbornene monomer (3 g, 7.3 mmol) was combined with lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5Et2O (3.0 mg, 0.0034 mmol). The mixture was sonicated in order to dissolve the solid in the monomer. The catalyst, (allyl)palladium(tricylcohexylphosphine)trifluoroacetate (0.03 ml of a 0.0128 M solution in methylene chloride) was added to the mixture. The mixture was then poured onto a mold placed on a hot plate maintained at 65° C. The solution was heated at 65° C. for 15 minutes, then at 90° C. for 15 minutes, then at 130° C. for 15 minutes, and finally at 180° C. for 30 minutes. A clear, transparent film was obtained, which was insoluble in organic solvents and perfluorinated solvents.
Hexylnorbornene (1 g, 5.6 mmol) and 5-(perfluorobutyl) norbornene (1.17 g, 3.7 mmol) were combined with lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5Et2O (1.6 mg, 0.0018 mmol). To this mixture, the catalyst (allyl)palladium(tricylcohexylphosphine)trifluoroacetate (0.03 ml of a 0.0128 M solution in methylene chloride) was added. The mixture was allowed to increase in viscosity and then poured onto a glass plate and spread out using a doctor-blade. The glass plate was placed in an oven at 65° C. for 30 minutes and then under vacuum at 100° C. for 60 minutes. An optically clear film was obtained.
Synthesis of Deuterated Cyclopentadiene.
Method 1: This method is a modification of a procedure described in the literature: Renaud, R. N., Stephens, J. C J. Label. Compounds 1967, 3 (suppl. No. 1), 416-419.
A high pressure autoclave equipped with an agitator, was charged with freshly cracked cyclopentadiene (46.8 g, 0.71 mol). This was quickly followed by a solution of sodium carbonate (25 g, 0.24 mol) in deuterium oxide (100 g). The temperature is increased to 160° C. and maintained at that temperature for 40 hours. After the reactor had cooled to room temperature, the resulting emulsion was removed from the reactor and allowed to separate. The organic layer was then separated from the aqueous layer. It is cracked to obtain the deuterated cyclopentadiene.
Method 2: This method is modification of the procedure described in the literature: Lambert, J. B., Finzel, R. B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1983, 105, 1954-1958.
To a mixture of freshly cracked cyclopentadiene (50 g) and dimethyl sulfoxide (40 ml), maintained at 0° C., was added a NaOD/D2O mixture. The NaOD/D2O mixture was obtained by adding sodium metal (10 g) to deuterium oxide (60 ml) while maintaining the temperature below 10° C. The mixture was allowed to stir vigorously for 1 hour. The top layer, which contained the cyclopentadiene was then separated and stirred with a fresh mixture of NaOD/D2O. This process was repeated a total of 4 times. The final product (35 ml) was then distilled.
Deuterocyclopentadiene (10 g, 0.14 mol) was combined with 1H, 1H, 2H-perfluoro-1-octene (50 g, 0.15 mol). The mixture was allowed to stir at 0° C. for 2 hours and was heated to reflux for 2 hours. After the solution had cooled down, the product was obtained by vacuum distillation. Obtained pure product, 1,2,3,4,7,7-hexadeutero-5-(perfluorobutyl) norbornene (30 g, 52% yield).
Hexylnorbornene (2 g, 11.2 mmol) and 1,2,3,4,7,7-hexadeutero-5-(perfluorobutyl)norbornene (3.6 g, 11.2 mmol) were combined with lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5Et2O (3.9 g, 0.0044 mmol). To this mixture, the catalyst (allyl)palladium(tricylcohexylphosphine)trifluoroacetate (0.07 ml of a 0.0128 M solution in methylene chloride) was added. The solution was allowed to increase in viscosity and then poured onto a glass plate and spread out using a doctor-blade. The glass plate was placed in an oven at 65° C. for 30 minutes and under vacuum at 100° C. for 60 minutes. An optically clear film was obtained.
Hexylnorbornene (6 g, 34 mmol), triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.66 g, 2.6 mmol), tetracylcododecane (2.05 g, 12.8 mmol) and tetracyclododecadiene (0.41 g, 2.6 mmol) were combined with lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5Et2O (3.0 mg, 0.0034 mmol). To this mixture, the catalyst (allyl)palladium(tricylcohexylphosphine)trifluoroacetate (0.05 ml of a 0.0128 M solution in methylene chloride) was added. The mixture was filtered through a 0.2 micron PTFE syringe filter into a test tube. This was then placed in an oil bath maintained at 90° C. for 60 minutes. The temperature was then increased to 200° C. and the mixture was maintained at this temperature for 90 minutes. An optically clear rod of the polymer was obtained by carefully breaking the test tube.
Hexylnorbornene (6 g, 34 mmol), triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.62 g, 2.4 mmol) and tetracylcododecane (1.9 g, 11.8 mmol) were combined with lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5Et2O (3.0 mg, 0.0034 mmol). To this mixture, the catalyst (allyl)palladium(tricylcohexylphosphine)trifluoroacetate (0.05 ml of a 0.0128 M solution in methylene chloride) was added. The mixture was filtered through a 0.2 micron PTFE syringe filter into a test tube. This was then placed in an oil bath maintained at 90° C. for 60 minutes. The temperature was then increased to 200° C. and the mixture was maintained at this temperature for 90 minutes. A clear rod of the polymer was obtained by carefully breaking the test tube.
Hexylnorbornene (5 g, 28.1 mmol), triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.39 g, 1.5 mmol) and benzylether of 5-norbornene methanol (0.35 g, 1.6 mmol) were combined with lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5Et2O (2.3 mg, 0.0026 mmol). To this mixture, the catalyst (allyl)palladium(tricylcohexylphosphine)trifluoroacetate (0.05 ml of a 0.0128 M solution in methylene chloride) was added. The solution was filtered through a 0.2 micron PTFE syringe filter into a test tube. This was then placed in an oil bath maintained at 90° C. for 60 minutes. The temperature was then increased to 200° C. and the solution was maintained at this temperature for 90 minutes. An optically clear rod of the polymer was obtained by carefully breaking the test tube.
Hexylnorbornene (6 g, 33.7 mmol), triethoxysilylnorbornene (1.1 g, 4.3 mmol), benzylether of 5-norbornene methanol (0.45 g, 2.1 mmol) and tetracyclodecadiene (0.33 g, 2.1 mmol) were combined with lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5Et2O (1.8 mg, 0.0021 mmol). To this mixture, the catalyst (allyl)palladium(tricylcohexylphosphine)trifluoroacetate (0.07 ml of a 0.0128 M solution in methylene chloride) was added. The mixture was filtered through a 0.2 micron PTFE syringe filter into a test tube. This was then placed in an oil bath maintained at 90° C. for 60 minutes. The temperature was then increased to 180° C. and the mixture was maintained at this temperature for 120 minutes. An optically clear rod of the polymer was obtained by carefully breaking the test tube.
2-methyl propylnorbornene (7.0 g, 46 mmol), triethoxysilylnorbornene (1.33 g, 5.2 mmol) and Irganox® 1076 (0.8 g, 1 wt %) (Ciba Geigy) were combined with lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5Et2O (5.6 mg, 0.0063 mmol). To this mixture, the catalyst (allyl)palladium(tricylcohexylphosphine)trifluoroacetate (0.1 ml of a 0.0128 M solution in methylene chloride) was added. This mixture was filtered through a 0.2 micron PTFE filter and poured onto a mold on a glass plate and placed in an oven maintained at 65° C. for 30 minutes. The glass plate was then heated at 180° C. for 60 minutes. Obtained an optically clear film.
Hexylnorbornene (4.7 g, 26 mmol), 2-methyl propylnorbornene (4.0 g, 26 mmol), triethoxysilylnorbornene (1.50 g, 6.0 mmol) and Irganox® 1076 (1.2 g, 1 wt %) (Ciba-Geigy) were combined with lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5Et2O (6.3 mg, 0.0072 mmol). To this mixture, the catalyst (allyl)palladium(tricylcohexylphosphine)trifluoroacetate (0.11 ml of a 0.0128 M solution in methylene chloride) was added. This mixture was filtered through a 0.2 micron PTFE filter and poured onto a mold on a glass plate and placed in an oven maintained at 65° C. for 30 minutes. The glass plate was then heated at 180° C. for 60 minutes. An optically clear film was obtained.
Hexylnorbornene (12.0 g, 67.4 mmol), triethoxysilylnorbornene (2.05 g, 8.0 mmol), norbornadiene dimer (0.74 g, 4.0 mmol) were combined with lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5Et2O (5.5 mg, 0.0063 mmol). To this mixture was added an antioxidant, Irganox® 1076 (0.15 g) (Ciba Geigy). The catalyst, (allyl)palladium(tricylcohexylphosphine)trifluoroacetate (0.25 ml of a 0.0128 M solution in methylene chloride) was added to the mixture. The mixture was then poured onto a mold on a glass plate and heated in an oven at 65° C. for 30 minutes. It was then heated at 180° C. for 60 minutes. The film obtained was optically clear.
Component A was prepared by combining hexylnorbornene (28.1 mmol) triethoxysilylnorbornene (3.3 mmol), and (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)(trifluoroacetate) (2.5×10−6 ml). Component B was prepared by dissolving lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (5×10−6 ml) in triethoxysilylnorbornene (3.3 mmol) followed by addition of hexylnorbornene (28.1 mmol). 6 ml of component A and 6 ml of component B were separately drawn into individual glass syringes, and combined after filtration through a 0.2 □m filter disk. The combined solution was cast onto 7″×9″ area of glass. The cast solution was heated at 65° C. for 30 minutes in an air recirculating oven. This film was then cut into 12 pieces and then cured at the following temperatures (160, 170 and 180° C.) in an air recirculating oven and removed at 15 minute intervals to form optically transparent thin films. These films were then analyzed using thermogravimetric analysis (nitrogen purge, analysis heating rate is 10° C./minute). See table below.
Hexylnorbornene (5 g, 28.1 mmol), triethoxysilyl norbornene (0.39 g, 1.5 mmol) and benzylether of 5-norbornene methanol (0.35 g, 1.6 mmol) were combined with lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5Et2O (2.3 mg, 0.0026 mmol). To this mixture, the catalyst (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)trifluoroacetate (0.05 ml of a 0.0128 M solution in methylene chloride) was added. The mixture was filtered through a 0.2 micron PTFE syringe filter into a test tube. This was then placed in an oil bath maintained at 90° C. for 60 minutes. The temperature was then increased to 200° C. and the mixture was maintained at this temperature for 90 minutes. An optically clear rod of the polymer was obtained by carefully breaking the test tube.
Hexylnorbornene (6 g, 33.7 mmol), triethoxysilyl norbornene (1.1 g, 4.3 mmol), benzylether of 5-norbornene methanol (0.45 g, 2.1 mmol) and tetracyclodecadiene (0.33 g, 2.1 mmol) were combined with lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5Et2O (1.8 mg, 0.0021 mmol). To this mixture, the catalyst (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)trifluoroacetate (0.07 ml of a 0.0128 M solution in methylene chloride) was added. The mixture was filtered through a 0.2 micron PTFE syringe filter into a test tube. This was then placed in an oil bath maintained at 90° C. for 60 minutes. The temperature was then increased to 180° C. and the mixture was maintained at this temperature for 120 minutes. An optically clear rod of the polymer was obtained by carefully breaking the test tube.
Hexylnorbornene (5 g, 28.1 mmol.) and triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.38 g, 1.5 mmol.) were combined with lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5Et2O (1.2 mg, 0.001 mmol). To this mixture, the catalyst (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)trifluoroacetate (0.05 ml of a 0.0128 M solution in methylene chloride) was added. The mixture was filtered through a 0.2 micron PTFE syringe filter into a test tube. This was then placed in an oil bath maintained at 90° C. for 60 minutes. The temperature was then increased to 200° C. and the mixture was maintained at this temperature for 90 minutes. An optically clear rod of the polymer was obtained by carefully breaking the test tube.
Hexylnorbornene (5 g, 28.1 mmol.), triethoxysilylnorbornene (0.85 g, 3.3 mmol.) and tetracyclododecadiene (0.26 g, 1.64 mmol.) were combined with lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5Et2O (1.4 mg, 0.001 mmol). To this mixture, the catalyst (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)trifluoroacetate (0.05 ml of a 0.0128 M solution in methylene chloride) was added. The mixture was filtered through a 0.2 micron PTFE syringe filter into a test tube. This was then placed in an oil bath maintained at 90° C. for 60 minutes. The temperature was then increased to 200° C. and the mixture was maintained at this temperature for 90 minutes. An optically clear rod of the polymer was obtained by carefully breaking the test tube.
Palladium(II) trifluoroacetate (0.50 g, 1.5 mmol), allyltributyltin (0.50 g, 1.5 mmol), and tricyclohexylphosphine (0.42 g, 1.5 mmol) were mixed in toluene under nitrogen. After about an 1½ hours, some black precipitate formed. The mixture was filtered though Celite®. The resulting orange solution was stored in the freezer overnight. The next day, the solution was refiltered through Celite®. The solvent was removed in vacuo from the filtrate. The resulting solid was washed with pentane. A colorless solid was obtained. Yield 0.39 g. 31P NMR (CD2Cl2): δ41.6 (s) and unidentified peak at 24.2 (s, approx. 20% of the total).
1H NMR (CD2Cl2): δ5.47 (m, 1H), 4.79 (t, 1H), 3.83 (d of d, 1H), 3.25 (s, 1H), 2.51 (d, 1H), and peaks from 1.9 to 1.0 due to tricyclohexylphosphine.
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (5.0 g, 33 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(penta-fluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (1.2 mg, 0.0014 mmol). This mixture was diluted to 16 ml with toluene. To this mixture was added 50 μL of a 5.5 mMol solution of palladium(II) acetate (0.28 μmol) and tricyclohexylphosphine (0.28 μmol) in fluorobenzene. The mixture was heated to 80° C. for 10 minutes. An immobile polymer puck resulted, suggesting high conversion.
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (5.0 g, 33 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(penta-fluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (1.2 mg, 0.0014 mmol). This mixture was diluted to 16 ml with toluene. To this mixture was added 50 μL of a 5.5 mMol solution of palladium(II) trifluoroacetate (0.28 μmol) and tricyclohexylphosphine (0.28 μmol) in fluorobenzene. The mixture was heated to 80° C. for 10 minutes. An immobile polymer puck resulted, suggesting high conversion.
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (5.0 g, 33 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(penta-fluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (1.2 mg, 0.0014 mmol). This mixture was diluted to 16 ml with toluene. To this mixture was added 50 μL of a 5.5 mMol solution of palladium(II) acetylacetonate (0.28 μmol) and tricyclohexylphosphine (0.28 μmol) in fluorobenzene. The mixture was heated to 80° C. for 10 minutes. An immobile polymer puck resulted, suggesting high conversion.
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (5.0 g, 33 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(penta-fluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (1.2 mg, 0.0014 mmol). This mixture was diluted to 16 ml with toluene. To this mixture was added 50 μL of a 5.5 mMol solution of palladium(0) bis(tricyclohexylphosphine) (0.28 μmol) in toluene. The mixture was heated to 80° C. overnight. An immobile polymer puck resulted, suggesting high conversion.
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (5.0 g, 33 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(penta-fluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (1.2 mg, 0.0014 mmol). This mixture was diluted to 16 ml with toluene. To this mixture was added 50 μL of a 5.5 mMol solution of bis(tricyclohexylphosphine)palladium dichloride (0.28 μmol) in methylene chloride. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 18 hours. An immobile polymer puck resulted, suggesting high conversion.
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (5.0 g, 33 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(penta-fluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (1.2 mg, 0.0014 mmol). This mixture was diluted to 16 ml with toluene. To this mixture was added 50 μL of a 5.5 mMol solution of bis(triethylphosphine)palladium dichloride (0.28 μmol) in methylene chloride. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 18 hours. An immobile polymer puck resulted, suggesting high conversion.
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (5.0 g, 33 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(penta-fluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (1.2 mg, 0.0014 mmol). This mixture was diluted to 16 ml with toluene. To this mixture was added 50 μL of a 5.5 mMol solution of bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium dichloride (0.28 μmol) in methylene chloride. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 18 hours. An immobile polymer puck resulted, suggesting high conversion.
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (5.0 g, 33 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(penta-fluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (1.2 mg, 0.0014 mmol). This mixture was diluted to 16 ml with toluene. To this mixture was added 50 μL of a 5.5 mMol solution of bis(tri-o-tolylphosphine)palladium dichloride (0.28 μmol) in methylene chloride. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 18 hours. An immobile polymer puck resulted, suggesting high conversion.
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (5.0 g, 33 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(penta-fluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (1.2 mg, 0.0014 mmol). This mixture was diluted to 16 ml with toluene. To this mixture was added 50 μL of a 5.5 mMol solution of bis(tributylphosphine)nickel dibromide (0.28 μmol) in methylene chloride. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 18 hours. An immobile polymer puck resulted, suggesting high conversion.
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (5.0 g, 33 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(penta-fluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (1.2 mg, 0.0014 mmol). This mixture was diluted to 16 ml with toluene. To this mixture was added 50 μL of a 5.5 mMol solution of bis(triphenyllphosphine)nickel dibromide (0.28 μmol) in methylene chloride. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 18 hours. A viscous solution resulted. The solution was diluted with toluene and poured into an excess of acetone to precipitate the polymer. The polymer was filtered, and dried under vacuum at 65° C. Yield 4 g (80%).
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (5.0 g, 33 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(penta-fluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (1.2 mg, 0.0014 mmol). This mixture was diluted to 16 mL with toluene. To this mixture was added 50 μL of a 5.5 mMol solution of nickel bis(cyclooctadiene) (0.28 μmol) in methylene chloride and 2-(diphenylphosphino)benzoic acid (0.28 μmol). The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 18 hours. The solution was diluted with toluene and poured into an excess of acetone to precipitate the polymer. The polymer was filtered, and dried under vacuum at 65° C. Yield 1 g (20%).
Palladium(II) acetate (0.0056 g) and tricyclohexylphosphine (0.0088 g) were dissolved in hexylnorbornene (50 g, 0.28 mol) and triethoxysilylnorbornene (8.0 g, 0.031 mol). Lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5Et2O (0.065 g) was dissolved in hexylnorbornene (50 g, 0.28 mol) and triethoxysilylnorbornene (8.0 g, 0.031 mol). Equal volumes of each solution were mixed together. The solution was allowed to thicken and was then poured onto a glass plate. The plate was placed into an oven at 65° C. for 10 min, then heated to 160° C. for one hour. A transparent film resulted. The film exhibited 2.1% weight loss at 320° C. by TGA (10° C./min). The film exhibited a glass transition temperature of 278° C. as determined by the tan δ peak in its DMA trace.
Palladium(II) acetate (0.0056 g) was dissolved in hexylnorbornene (50 g, 0.28 mol) and triethoxysilylnorbornene (8.0 g, 0.031 mol). Lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.2.5Et2O (0.065 g) and tricyclohexylphosphine (0.0088 g) were dissolved in hexylnorbornene (50 g, 0.28 mol) and triethoxysilylnorbornene (8.0 g, 0.031 mol). Equal volumes of each solution were mixed together. The solution was allowed to thicken and was then poured onto a glass plate. The plate was placed into an oven at 65° C. for 10 min, then heated to 160° C. for one hour. A transparent film resulted. The film exhibited 3.3% weight loss at 320° C. by TGA (10° C./min). The film exhibited a glass transition temperature of 274° C. as determined by the tan δ peak in its DMA trace.
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (5.0 g, 33 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(penta-fluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (1.2 mg, 0.0014 mmol). This mixture was diluted to 16 ml with cyclohexane. To this mixture was added 50 μL of a 2.8 mMol solution of (allyl)palladiumtrifluoroacetate dimer (0.14 μmol) and tetraphenylbiphosphine (0.28 μmol) in methylene chloride. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 18 hours. An immobile polymer puck resulted, suggesting high conversion.
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (5.0 g, 33 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(penta-fluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (1.2 mg, 0.0014 mmol). This mixture was diluted to 16 ml with cyclohexane. To this mixture was added 50 μL of a 2.8 mMol solution of (allyl)palladiumtrifluoroacetate dimer (0.14 μmol) and 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane (0.28 μmol) in methylene chloride. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 18 hours. The solution was poured into an excess of acetone. No significant amounts of polymer were obtained.
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (5.0 g, 33 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(penta-fluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (1.2 mg, 0.0014 mmol). This mixture was diluted to 16 ml with cyclohexane. To this mixture was added 50 μL of a 2.8 mMol solution of (allyl)palladiumtrifluoroacetate dimer (0.14 μmol) and 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane (0.28 μmol) in methylene chloride. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 18 hours. Addition of the mixture to an excess of acetone gave no polymer.
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (5.0 g, 33 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(penta-fluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (1.2 mg, 0.0014 mmol). This mixture was diluted to 16 ml with cyclohexane. To this mixture was added 50 μL of a 2.8 mMol solution of (allyl)palladiumtrifluoroacetate dimer (0.14 μmol) and (R)-(+)-2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthyl (0.28 μmol) in methylene chloride. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 18 hours. An immobile polymer puck resulted, suggesting high conversion.
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (5.0 g, 33 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(penta-fluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (1.2 mg, 0.0014 mmol). This mixture was diluted to 16 ml with cyclohexane. To this mixture was added 50 μL of a 2.8 mMol solution of (allyl)palladiumtrifluoroacetate dimer (0.14 μmol) and 1,2-bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)ethane (0.28 μmol) in methylene chloride. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 18 hours. A viscous solution resulted. The solution was diluted with toluene and poured into an excess of acetone to precipitate the polymer. The polymer was filtered, and dried under vacuum at 65° C. Yield 4 g (80%).
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (5.0 g, 33 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(penta-fluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (1.2 mg, 0.0014 mmol). This mixture was diluted to 16 ml with cyclohexane. To this mixture was added 50 μL of a 2.8 mMol solution of (allyl)palladiumtrifluoroacetate dimer (0.14 μmol) and 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)methane (0.28 μmol) in methylene chloride. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 18 hours. A viscous solution resulted. The solution was diluted with toluene and poured into an excess of acetone to precipitate the polymer. The polymer was filtered, and dried under vacuum at 65° C. Yield 1.6 g (32%).
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (5.0 g, 33 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(penta-fluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (1.2 mg, 0.0014 mmol). This mixture was diluted to 16 ml with cyclohexane. To this mixture was added 50 μL of a 2.8 mMol solution of (allyl)palladiumtrifluoroacetate dimer (0.14 μmol) and 1,2-bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)methane (0.28 μmol) in methylene chloride. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 18 hours. A viscous solution resulted. The solution was diluted with toluene and poured into an excess of acetone to precipitate the polymer. The polymer was filtered, and dried under vacuum at 65° C. Yield 2.9 g (58%).
To a mixture of butylnorbornene (5.0 g, 33 mmol) was added lithium tetrakis(penta-fluorophenyl)borate.2.5 Et2O (1.2 mg, 0.0014 mmol). This mixture was diluted to 16 ml with cyclohexane. To this mixture was added 50 μL of a 2.8 mMol solution of (allyl)palladiumtrifluoroacetate dimer (0.14 μmol) and 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (0.28 μmol) in methylene chloride. The mixture was heated to 65° C. for 18 hours. The solution was diluted with toluene and poured into an excess of acetone to precipitate the polymer. The polymer was filtered, and dried under vacuum at 65° C. Yield 2.9 g (58%).
In a glove box, under an inert atmosphere (nitrogen), [(1,5-cyclooctadiene)Pd(Me)(Cl)] (3.02×10−7 mol) was placed into a 25 ml round bottom flask and dissolved in ca. 5 ml CH2Cl2. To this was added 1 equivalent of PPh3. Then, 1 equivalent of sodium [tetrakis(bis(3,5-trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate] was added to the solution. Norbornene (0.106 mol) was added, and the mixture was gently swirled. The flask was placed onto a stir plate. Polymerization was complete (the mixture solidified) within 2 minutes. Polymer product was obtained by diluting in methanol, then decanting off liquid and drying under reduced pressure at room temperature. Approximately 100% yield was obtained (1.05−106 turnovers/hr). Molecular weight was not determined due to the insolubility of the product.
In a glove box, under an inert atmosphere (nitrogen), [(1,5-cyclooctadiene)Pd(Me)(Cl)] (1.13×10−7 mol) was placed into a 25 ml round bottom flask and dissolved in ca. 5 mL CH2Cl2. To this was added 1 equivalent of PPh3. Then, 1 equivalent of sodium [tetrakis(bis(3,5-trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate] was added to the solution. Dicyclopentadiene (0.106 mol) was added, and the mixture was gently swirled. The flask was placed onto a stir plate. Polymerization was complete (the mixture solidified) within 5 minutes. Polymer product was obtained by diluting in methanol, then decanting off liquid and drying under reduced pressure at room temperature. Approximately 100% yield was obtained. Molecular weight was not determined due to the insolubility of the product.
The following examples relate to the utilization of the above polycycloolefin composition comprising a high activity catalyst system for various optical, electronic, or optoelectronic uses as set forth hereinabove.
Typical Formulations for Encapsulation of CCD/CMOS Devices
MEK silica sol (60 g, 30.6% by weight of silica) was heated with octadecyl trimethoxysilane (2 mL) for one hour at 75° C. in an atmosphere of nitrogen. To this, decylnorbornene (DecNB) (65.12 g, 0.28 mol.) and triethoxysilylnorbornene (TMSNB) (14.88 g, 0.07 mol.) were added and the MEK was removed under vacuum. In this mixture was dissolved 0.8 g of Irganox 1076. The mixture was then divided into 2 parts. To one part labeled Component A, was dissolved Allyl palladium tricyclohexylphosphine trifluoroacetate procatalyst (Allyl-Pd—PCy3-TFA) (0.0075 g, 1.39×10−5 mol.). To the other part labeled Component B, was dissolved Irgafos 168 (0.2 g) followed by lithium(diethylether)2.5 tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate (LiFABA) (0.05 g, 5.57×10−5 mol.).
The formulation described in the above example is shown in tabular form:
Typical Procedure for Casting Films Using Above Formulation
Component B was syringed out into a clean room bottle. To this an equal amount of component A was added. The mixture was preheated in an oven maintained at 65° C. for about 7 minutes. This viscous solution was then fabricated into one of the three different parts (1), (2), and (3) outlined below using the following cure profile. The catalyzed monomer solution was placed in an oven for 30 minutes at 65° C. and then cured cure for 60 minutes in an oven maintained at 150° C. This “standard” cure schedule was followed throughout this invention, unless otherwise specified.
Component B was syringed out into a clean room bottle. To this an equal amount of component A was added. The mixture was preheated in an oven maintained at 65° C. for about 7 minutes. This viscous solution was then poured and pulled (using a doctor blade) onto a BT laminate held flat on a glass plate using high temperature adhesive. This ensured that the top of the laminate was coated with desired amount of encapsulant yielding the desired thickness. Once the encapsulant material was cured thermally, the BT-laminate was then separated from the glass plate by heating up to 170° C. for about two minutes.
Filling of Leadless Chip Carrier (LCC-48) Packages and Surface Mount Technology (SMT Devices)
Component B was syringed out from its original container and filtered through a 0.2 micron syringe filter into a clean room bottle. An equal amount of component A was then syringed out and filtered into the bottle containing component B. This mixture was then ready for dispensing into various devices.
The mixture was then immediately dispensed manually using a syringe into several test packages. The dispensing activity was monitored visually so that the cavities were filled sufficiently.
In another variation of this activity, a positive displacement foot pump (Terra Universal automatic dispenser) was used to dispense equal volumes of encapsulant into several cavity devices. This technique can be used for premixed two-component formulations and single component formulations.
In another variation of packaging of the formulation, components A and B were filled into dual barreled syringes. The dual barreled syringe was equipped with a static mixer having between 8 and 32 mixing elements. Using a dispensing gun, the liquid was directly dispensed into various cavities.
Performance of Inactive Ceramic Packages
In order to prove efficacy of the optical encapsulant formulations, the compatibility of the cured materials in inactive (or “test”) ceramic packages was investigated. The inactive or test packages were Ceramic Leadless Chip Carrier (LCC-48) packages that contained aluminum die with 48 wire bonds from the die to the ceramic package. “Compatibility” was defined as good if the package maintained electrical connectivity before and after the following steps:
A “pass” in the package meant that there was no wire bond failure for any of the 48 leads as tested by electrical connectivity. In addition, this also means that no delamination, cracking, or other obvious visible signs of incompatibility were evident.
For many of the test packages, the following conditioning protocol was followed:
Comparative ‘Control’ Experiment. Results of Conditioning Steps 1-5 for Unencapsulated LCC-48 Test Packages
20 test packages that contained no encapsulant were put through curing conditions and conditioning steps 1-5.
RESULT: 1 failure out of 20 (5% loss)
Results of Conditioning Steps 1-5 for 80:20 DecylNorbornene:Trimethoxysilyl Norbornene (DecNB:TMSNB)
30 test packages were filled with the 80:20 DecNB:TMSNB formulation (25 packages contained Synergist—Thiodipropionic acid dilauryl ester (TDP) and 5 packages without TDP) and cured following the typical cure schedule. The packages were subjected to the following steps and tested electrically after each step.
All packages passed conditions 1 and 2. Condition 3 produced two package failures—contained TDP, one did not. All samples passed condition 4. Condition 5 produced three more failed test packages, one of them having failed at two adjacent pins at the corner. All three of these formulations contained TDP.
RESULT: Formulation containing TDP had 5failures (17% of total). Formulation without TDP had just one failure.
Results of Conditioning Steps 1-5 for 70:30 DecNB:TMSNB
20 test packages were filled with the 70:30 DecNB:TMSNB (all containing TDP) composition and cured following the typical cure schedule. The packages were subjected to preconditioning steps 1-5. Results are given in the table below:
RESULT: Three failed test packages (16%) of total. All failures occurred during solder reflow
Results of Conditioning Steps 1-5 for 50:50 DecNB:TMSNB
20 test packages were filled with the 50:50 DecNB:TMSNB (all with TDP) composition and cured following our typical cure schedule. The packages were subjected to steps 1-5. Results are given in the table below:
RESULT: Eight failed test packages (40% of total). All failures occurred during solder reflow, many packages showed cracking in the encapsulant visible to the naked eye.
Results of Conditioning Steps 1-5 for 100% TMSNB
20 test packages were filled with 100% TMSNB (all with TDP) composition and cured following the typical cure schedule. The packages were subjected to step1.
Results are given in the table below:
RESULT: Twenty failed test packages (100% of total). All samples showed signs of cracking in the encapsulant layer.
Results of Simulated Conditioning Steps for 80:20 BuNB:TMSNB
20 test packages filled with 80:20 BuNB:TMSNB (with TDP) were subjected to the following preconditioning steps. Results are given the table below.
Monomer weight loss during cure for this batch was about 39%. No failures occurred until solder reflow step whereupon all packages failed—most samples showed visible signs of delamination. This indicated that adhesion was an issue.
RESULT: 20 failures out of 20 (100% loss).
Results of Conditioning Steps 1-5 for 80:20 HexNB:TMSNB
77 test packages filled with 80:20 HexNB:TMSNB (with TDP) were subjected to preconditioning. Results are given in the table below.
No failures observed until the solder reflow step, whereupon five failures were observed. Examination of the packages under the microscope showed cracking of the polymer in some instances and nearly all samples showed signs of delamination at the corners of the package.
RESULT: 5 failures out of 77 (6.5% loss).
Conclusions drawn from above experiments The data generated shows that the most promising composition for a CCD/CMOS optical encapsulant, based on compatibility with wire bonded LCC-48 pakcages are: DecNB:TMSNB formulations with ratios ranging from 80:20 to 70:30 and the HexNB:TMSNB formulation in a ratio of 80:20. These compositions had the lowest failure rates. In fact HexNB:TMSNB filled packages had the same failure rate as the unencapsulated packages given in the comparative example.
Filled Optical Encapsulant Compositions
Silica filled compositions werre used as an encapsulant in this invention. In this case, the filler has to be miscible with the monomer mixture, not affect the performance of the catalyst, upon cure produce a transparent material that ultimately provides the required protection of the optoelectronic device.
It is contemplated that the fillers can be inorganic or organic materials. For the inorganic fillers, the size can range from molecular to about 200 nm (or about ½ the wavelength of the lowest wavelength of interest, in this case 400 nm).
The fillers can be glass, titania, zirconia, zinc oxide, zinc sulfide, lead sulphide, alumina, clays or talcs.
Glass Filler:Extremely small silica particles (i.e. colloidal silica) are available from several commercial sources. These include Nissan Chemical and Nalco among others. Colloidal silica particles range from four to 100 nanometers in diameter. These sub-micron-sized spheres have very large surface areas, up to 750 square meters per gram of silica solids, which can dramatically impact the binding and reinforcing properties of many organic or inorganic systems. The surface of the particle is composed of silanol groups that are partially ionized. A counter ion is present as a stabilizer and the resulting system is in equilibrium. Because of the ionic nature of the surface of the silica, stable solutions are typically available in polar solvents such as water, methanol, and methylethylketone (MEK). Stable solutions in hydrophobic solvents such as hexane, cyclohexane and toluene are not commercially available.
The following examples illustrate the need for surface modification of the filler or the presence of a sizing agent in order to make it compatible with the norbornene optical encapsulant system, which is composed primarily of hydrophobic monomers.
Comparative example—Absence of Synergist. To an MEK silica sol (from Nissan Chemical Company, MEK-ST, 30.6% by weight silica, 6.67 g) was added 2 g TMSNB. The MEK was then removed in vacuo to give a viscous transparent, yellow mixture. Addition of 8.74 g of DecylNB gave immediate precipitation of the colloidal silica.
Comparative example—Absence of Decyl Norbornene To an MEK silica sol (from Nissan Chemical Company, MEK-ST, 30.6% by weight silica, 10 g) was added 3 g TMSNB. The MEK was then removed in vacuo to give a viscous transparent, yellow mixture.
To this mixture was added the following ingredients: 0.030 g Irganox™ 1076, 0.0075 g Thiodipropionicaciddilaurylestera (TDP), 0.0018 g N,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate (DANFABA). To this mixture was then added (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)(trifluoroacetate) (5.61×10−7 mole). The mixture was then cured at 65° C. for one hour and at 160° C. for another hour. The polymeric material that formed was hard and transparent, but had cracked and shattered
Surface modification using a sizing agent. A series of silica sols in a variety of norbornene-type monomers were prepared by the following method. An MEK silica sol (from Nissan Chemical Company, MEK-ST, 30.6% by weight silica) was degassed for 15 minutes using dry nitrogen. To this mixture was added the long-chain functional silane (see table below). The mixture was stirred for one hour at 75° C. TMSNB was added to the mixture and the volatiles were removed in vacuo. An alkylnorbornene was added to the mixture. A stock solution of premixed (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)(trifluoroacetate) and N,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate was added to yield a monomer to palladium to anilinium molar reactant ratio of 25,000:1:1. If a suitable sol formed, the mixture was cured at 65° C. for 1 hour and 160° C. for 1 hour. See the following Table for details.
Various Long-Chain Functional Silane Moieties Used to Treat Colloidal Silica for Use in the Optical Encapsulant.
Please note that formulations that were hazy to begin with were not cured.
RESULT: In order to obtain transparent optical quality films, sizing agents or surface modifying additives are required to compatibilize the silica with the hydrophobic norbornene monomers. Typical compatabilizing agents can have the following general formula: CH3(CH2)nSi(OR)3 (n=0-20), where R is alkyl group. The rate of hydrolysis of a particular compatabilizing agents and their ability to bind to the surface of the silica can be tuned by varying the identity of R.
Filling of LCC-48 Packages with Silica Filled Optical Encapsulant
Preparation of the silica sol: 33.34 g of MEK silica sol solution (Nissan Chemical Company, MEK-ST, 30.6% by weight silica) was degassed for 20 min by bubbling dry nitrogen gas. 1 mL of Me(CH2)17Si(OMe)3 was added and the mixture was heated to 75° C. for one hour. DecNB (32.56 g) and TMSNB (7.44 g) containing 0.022 g of N,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate was added to the mixture. Volatiles were removed from the mixture in vacuo. To 15 g of the resulting mixture was added 0.118 g Irganox™ 1076 and 0.029 g of TDP along with 0.1 mL of a stock solution of (allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)-(trifluoroacetate) (0.022 g of palladium catalyst in 1 mL of a suitable solvent). This mixture was added to 58 of the 48-LCC packages by syringe and cured at 65° C. for one hour and 150° C. for one hour. These packages were then treated to the following conditioning protocols:
RESULT: No failures were observed after testing the packages electrically and there were no signs of delamination.
All packages were then put through the following additional protocols:
RESULT: Only one package failed yielding a 98% pass rate.
Formulations for Encapsulation of Various LED Devices
All monomers are degassed using dry nitrogen prior to use.
Component A:
To a mixture of hexylnorbornene (44.09 g, 0.25 mol.), trimethoxysilylnorbornene (5.91 g, 0.0276 mol.) is dissolved Irganox 1076 (0.5 g) followed by allylpalladium tricyclohexylphosphine trifluoroacetate (Allyl-Pd—PCy3-TFA) (0.0060 g, 1.1×10−5 mol.).
Component B:
lithium(diethylether)2.5 tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate (LiFABA) (0.0384 g, 4.41×10−5 mol.) is dissolved in a mixture of trimethoxysilylnorbornene (5.91 g, 0.0276 mol.) and hexylnorbornene (44.09 g, 0.25 mol.). Also added to the mixture and then dissolved is Irganox 1076 (0.5 g) and Irgafos 168 (0.25 g).
The formulation described in the above example is shown in tabular form:
Filling SMT (Surface Mount Technology) Devices Using LED Encapsulant
Equal amounts of components A and B are mixed together. This mixture is dispensed using a micro syringe at low viscosity into the SMT cavities either manually (with visual monitoring) or using a positive displacement pump. Once all the cavities have been filled, the samples are transferred into an oven maintained at 65° C. and held there for 30 minutes. This is followed by a final cure at 150° C. for 60 minutes.
Resin Transfer Molding of Lamp LEDs
The lead frame consisting of multiple Lamp LEDs is arranged such that the heads of the individual LEDs are aligned inside the molding cap. The molding caps can be pretreated with a mold release agent such as XTEND 800 obtained from Axel Plastics.
Equal amounts of components A and B are mixed together. This mixture is dispensed using a syringe at low viscosity into the molding caps until the tip of the Lamp LEDs are covered. This arrangement is then moved into an oven maintained at 65° C. for 30 minutes followed by 60 minutes at 150° C. After curing the optical encapsulant released from the molding caps easily. The resulting LED samples were optically clear with no sign of haze or translucence.
Formulation of 90/10 HxNB/TMSNB Containing 20% Nanoglass
MEK silica sol (133.33 g, 30.6% by weight of silica) is heated with octadecyl trimethoxysilane (4 mL) for one hour at 75° C. in an atmosphere of nitrogen. To this, hexyl hexylnorbornenenorbornene (141.2 g, 0.793 mol.) and trimethoxysilylnorbornene (18.80 g, 0.09 mol.) were added and the MEK was removed under vacuum. In this mixture is dissolved 1.6 g of Irganox 1076. The mixture is then divided into 2 parts. To one part, Component A dissolved allylpalladiumtricyclohexylphosphinetrifluoroacetate (Allyl-Pd—PCy3-TFA) procatalyst (0.0095 g, 1.76×10−5 mol.). To the other part (Component B) dissolved Irgafos 168 (0.4 g) followed by lithium(diethylether)2.5tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate (LiFABA) (0.0614 g, 7.05×10−5 mol.).
The formulation described in the above example is shown in tabular form:
Upon mixing equal volumes of A and B, the sample was prethickened in an oven at 65° C. for about 5-10 minutes and then poured onto a substrate to obtain optical quality films upon curing using the typical schedule.
Formulation of 90/10 HxNB/TMSNB Containing 5% Copolymer Dissolved in the Formulation
A copolymer of HxNB/TMSNB (mole ratio of 90/10) (5 g) is dissolved in a mixture of hexylnorbornene (83.77 g, 0.47 mol.) and trimethoxysilylnorbornene (11.23 g, 0.053 mol.). Depending upon the molecular weight of the polymer, the viscosity of the solution ranged from 100-1000 cPs. In this mixture was dissolved Irganox 1076 (0.95 g). The mixture was degassed using dry nitrogen and divided into two equal portions. To one of the portions labeled component A, dissolved allylpalladiumtricyclohexylphosphinetrifluoroacetate (Allyl-Pd—PCy3-TFA) procatalyst (0.006 g, 1.05×10−5mol.). In the second portion labeled component B, dissolved Irgafos 168 (0.24 g) followed by lithium(diethylether)2.5tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate (LiFABA) (0.0364 g, 4.18×10−5 mol.). Component A was mixed with an equal amount of component B and poured onto a glass plate to obtain clear films.
A series of copolymers of different weight average molecular weights were synthesized for this study. They are listed below:
Typical Formulations for Encapsulation of Other Electronic Devices
Formulation of 90/10 HxNB/TMSNB Containing 5% Vistanex (MML-Series)
Vistanex MML-80 (5 g) is dissolved in a mixture of hexylnorbornene (83.77 g, 0.47 mol.) and trimethoxysilylnorbornene (11.23 g, 0.053 mol.). The viscosity of the molecular weight was about 500 cPs. In this mixture was dissolved Irganox 1076 (0.95 g). The mixture was degassed using dry nitrogen and divided into two equal portions. To one of the portions labeled component A, added a solution of allylpalladiumtricyclohexylphosphinetrifluoroacetate (Allyl-Pd—PCy3-TFA) procatalyst (0.012 g, 2.10×10−5 mol.) dissolved in dichloromethane. In the second portion labeled component B, dissolved Irgafos 168 (0.24 g) followed by lithium(diethylether)2.5tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate (LiFABA) (0.0728 g, 8.4×10−5 mol.). Component A was mixed with an equal amount of component B and poured onto a glass plate. This resulted in slightly hazy films upon cure and showed good adhesion to the glass plate.
The above experiment was repeated with Vistanex MML-140 and hazy films were obtained.
Formulation of 90/10 HxNB/TMSNB Containing 5 wt. % Vistanex and 20 wt. % Nanosilica
MEK silica sol (133.33 g, 30.6% by weight of silica) is heated with octadecyl trimethoxysilane (4 mL) for one hour at 75° C. in an atmosphere of nitrogen. To this, hexylnorbornene (141.2 g, 0.79 mol.) and trimethoxysilylnorbornene (18.80 g, 0.09 mol.) were added and the MEK was removed under vacuum. In this mixture is dissolved 1.6 g of Irganox 1076 and Vistanex MML 80 (10.7 g). Upon dissolution, this resulted in a solution with a viscosity of about 1000 cPs. The mixture is then divided into 2 parts. To one part labeled component A was dissolved allylpalladiumtricyclohexylphosphinctrifluoroacetate (Allyl-Pd—PCy3-TFA) procatalyst (0.0095 g, 1.76×10−5mol.). To the other part (Component B) dissolved Irgafos 168 (0.4 g) followed by lithium(diethylether)2.5tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate (LiFABA) (0.0614 g, 7.05×10−5 mol.). Component A was mixed with an equal amount of component B and poured onto a glass plate. This resulted in hazy film upon cure and showed very good adhesion to the glass plate.
Formulation of 80/20 DecNB/TMSNB Containing 16 wt. % 80/20 DecNB/TMSNB Copolymer
Copolymer of 80/20 DecNB/TMSNB (16 g) was dissolved in a mixture of DecNB (68.38 g, 0.29 mol.) and TMSNB (15.62, 0.073 mol.). In this mixture dissolved 1.26 g of Irganox 1076. This resulted in a solution of viscosity around 15,000 cPs. This mixture was then split into two components of equal weight. Into component A was dissolved palladiumbis(tris(isopropyl)phosphine)bisacetate (0.0080 g, 1.46×10−5 mol.). In component B was dissolved N,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate (DANFABA) (0.047 g, 5.84×10−5 mol.). Component A was mixed with an equal amount of component B and poured onto a glass plate. This resulted in opaque film upon cure and showed good adhesion to various substrates.
Formulation of 80/20 DecNB/TMSNB Containing 16 wt. % 80/20 DecNB/TMSNB Copolymer and 3 wt. % Fumed Silica
Copolymer of 80/20 DecNB/TMSNB (23.2 g) was dissolved in a mixture of DecNB (102.56 g, 0.44 mol.) and TMSNB (23.44 g, 0.11 mol.). In this mixture dissolved 1.26 g of Irganox 1076. 4.35 g of fumed silica (Cabosil obtained from Cabot Laboratories) was added to the mixture and shear mixed into the formulation. This resulted in a solution of viscosity around 50,000 cPs. This mixture was then split into two components of equal weight. Into component A was dissolved palladiumbis(tris(isopropyl)phosphine)bisacetate (0.0119 g, 2.19×10−5mol.). In component B was dissolved N,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate (DANFABA) (0.0702 g, 8.77×10−5mol.). Component A was mixed with an equal amount of component B and poured onto a glass plate. This resulted in opaque films upon cure and showed good adhesion to various substrates.
Formulation of 80/20 DecNB/TMSNB Containing 3 wt. % Vistanex MML 140 Polymer
Vistanex MML 140 (1.5 g) was dissolved in a mixture of DecNB (40.07, 0.174 mol.) and TMSNB (9.3 g, 0.044 mol.). In this mixture dissolved 0.5 g of Irganox 1076. This resulted in a solution of viscosity around 800 cPs. This mixture was then split into two components of equal weight. Into component A was dissolved palladiumbis(tris(isopropyl)phosphine)bisacetate (0.0119 g, 8.7×10−6 mol.). In component B was dissolved N,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate (DANFABA) (0.0279 g, 3.48×10−5 mol.). Component A was mixed with an equal amount of component B and poured onto a glass plate. This resulted in opaque films upon cure and showed good adhesion to various substrates.
Formulation of 80/20 DecNB/TMSNB Containing 2.75 wt. % Vistanex MML 140 Polymer and 5.5 wt % of Fumed Silica
Vistanex MML 140 (1.5 g) was dissolved in a mixture of DecNB (40.07, 0.174 mol.) and TMSNB (9.3 g, 0.044 mol.). In this mixture dissolved 0.5 g of Irganox 1076. Into this mixture was shear mixed in fumed silica (Cabosil) (3 g). This resulted in a formulation that was in the form of a paste. This mixture was then split into two components of equal weight. Into component A was dissolved palladiumbis(tris(isopropyl)phosphine)bisacetate (0.0119 g, 8.7×10−6 mol.). In component B was dissolved N,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate (DANFABA) (0.0279 g, 3.48×10−5 mol.). Component A was mixed with an equal amount of component B and poured onto a glass plate. This resulted in opaque films upon cure and showed good adhesion to various substrates.
In the above examples, it is to be understood that the semiconductor substrate can be provided with a light detector and/or a light source in any conventional manner and subsequently an optical polymer is received thereover, that is located thereon or applied thereto. Thus the optical polymer and a solvent can be dispensed or distributed onto the semiconductor substrate.
While in accordance with the Patent Statutes, the best mode and preferred embodiments have been set forth, the scope of the invention is not limited thereto, but rather by the scope of the attached claims.
The present application is a continuation in part of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/196,525, filed Jul. 16, 2002 for Catalyst and Methods for Polymerizing Cycloolefins, which in turn is a division of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/412,935 filed on Oct. 5, 1999 for Catalyst and Methods for Polymerizing Cycloolefins, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,455,650 granted Sep. 24, 2002, which claims benefit to U.S. Provisional Application 60/103,120 filed Oct. 5, 1998.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5334424 | Hani et al. | Aug 1994 | A |
| 5665795 | Koushima et al. | Sep 1997 | A |
| 5682066 | Gamota et al. | Oct 1997 | A |
| 5705503 | Goodall et al. | Jan 1998 | A |
| 5777433 | Lester et al. | Jul 1998 | A |
| 5783639 | Kataoka et al. | Jul 1998 | A |
| 5856395 | Tanisho et al. | Jan 1999 | A |
| 5885505 | Koushima et al. | Mar 1999 | A |
| 5895800 | Kataoka et al. | Apr 1999 | A |
| 6001488 | Kataoka et al. | Dec 1999 | A |
| 6136499 | Goodall et al. | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6171883 | Fan et al. | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6303978 | Daniels et al. | Oct 2001 | B1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 335 688 | Jun 1994 | EP |
| 1 195 397 | Apr 2002 | EP |
| WO 0020472 | Apr 2000 | WO |
| WO 0115237 | Mar 2001 | WO |
| WO 0192396 | Dec 2001 | WO |
| WO 0210231 | Feb 2002 | WO |
| WO 0219440 | Mar 2002 | WO |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20030181607 A1 | Sep 2003 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60103120 | Oct 1998 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 09412935 | Oct 1999 | US |
| Child | 10196525 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 10196525 | Jul 2002 | US |
| Child | 10271393 | US |
