Patent Grant
7419805
The present invention relates to novel interferon gamma polypeptide variants having interferon gamma (IFNG) activity, methods for their preparation, pharmaceutical compositions comprising the polypeptide variants and their use in the treatment of diseases, in particular for the treatment of interstitial pulmonary diseases, such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Interferon gamma (IFNG) is a cytokine produced by T-lymphocytes and natural killer cells and exists as a homodimer of two noncovalently bound polypeptide subunits. The mature form of each dimer comprises 143 amino acid residues (shown in SEQ ID NO:17), the precursor form thereof includes 166 amino acid residues (shown in SEQ ID NO:18).
Each subunit has two potential N-glycosylation sites (Aggarwal et al., Human Cytokines, Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1992) at positions 25 and 97. Depending on the degree of glycosylation the molecular weight of IFNG in dimer form is 34-50 kDa (Farrar et al., Ann. Rev. Immunol, 1993, 11:571-611).
The primary sequence of wild-type human IFNG (huIFNG) was reported by Gray et al. (Nature 298:859-863, 1982), Taya et al. (EMBO J. 1:953-958, 1982), Devos et al. (Nucleic Acids Res. 10:2487-2501, 1982) and Rinderknecht et al. (J. Biol. Chem. 259:6790-6797, 1984), and in EP 0 077 670, EP 0 089 676 and EP 0 110 044. The 3D structure of huIFNG was reported by Ealick et al. (Science 252:698-702, 1991).
Various naturally-occurring or mutated forms of the IFNG subunit polypeptides have been reported, including one comprising a Cys-Tyr-Cys N-terminal amino acid sequence (positions (−3)-(−1) relative to SEQ ID NO:17), one comprising an N-terminal methionine (position −1 relative to SEQ ID NO:17), and various C-terminally truncated forms comprising 127-134 amino acid residues. It is known that 1-15 amino acid residues may be deleted from the C-terminus without abolishing IFNG activity of the molecule. Furthermore, heterogenecity of the huIFNG C-terminus was described by Pan et al. (Eur. J. Biochem. 166:145-149, 1987).
HuIFNG muteins were reported by Slodowski et al. (Eur. J. Biochem. 202 :1133-1140, 1991), Luk et al. (J. Biol. Chem. 265:13314-13319, 1990), Seelig et al., (Biochemistry 27:1981-1987, 1988), Trousdale et al. (Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 26:1244-1251, 1985), and in EP 146354. A natural huIFNG variant was reported by Nishi et al. (J. Biochem. 97:153-159, 1985).
U.S. Pat. No. 6,046,034 discloses thermostable recombinant huIFNG (rhuIFNG) variants having incorporated up to 4 pairs of cysteine residues to enable disulphide bridge formation and thus stabilization of the IFNG variant in homodimer form.
WO 92/08737 discloses IFNG variants comprising an added methionine in the N-terminal end of the full (residues 1-143) or partial (residues 1-132) amino acid sequence of wild-type human IFNG. EP 0 219 781 discloses partial huIFNG sequences comprising amino acid residues 3-124 (of SEQ ID NO:17). U.S. Pat. No. 4,832,959 discloses partial huIFNG sequences comprising residues 1-127, 5-146 and 5-127 of an amino acid sequence that compared to SEQ ID NO:17 has three additional N-terminal amino acid residues (Cys-Tyr-Cys). U.S. Pat. No. 5,004,689 discloses a DNA sequence encoding huIFNG without the 3 N-terminal amino acid residues (Cys-Tyr-Cys) and its expression in E. coli. EP 0 446 582 discloses E. coli produced rhuIFNG free of an N-terminal methionine. U.S. Pat. No. 6,120,762 discloses a peptide fragment of huIFNG comprising residues 95-134 thereof (relative to SEQ ID NO:18).
High level expression of rhuIFNG was reported by Wang et al. (Sci. Sin. B 24:1076-1084, 1994).
Glycosylation variation in rhuIFNG has been reported by Curling et al. (Biochem. J. 272 :333-337, 1990) and Hooker et al., (J. of Interferon and Cytokine Research, 1998, 18:287-295).
Polymer-modification of rhuIFNG was reported by Kita et al. (Drug Des. Deliv. 6:157-167, 1990), and in EP 236987 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,109,120.
WO 92/22310 discloses asialoglycoprotein conjugate derivatives of interferons, inter alia huIFNG.
IFNG fusion proteins have been described. For instance, EP 0 237 019 discloses a single chain polypeptide having region exhibiting interferon β activity and one region exhibiting IFNG activity.
EP 0 158 198 discloses a single chain polypeptide having a region exhibiting IFNG activity and a region exhibiting IL-2 activity. Several references described single chain dimeric IFNG proteins, e.g. Landar et al. (J. Mol. Biol., 2000, 299:169-179).
WO 99/02710 discloses single chain polypeptides, one example among many being IFNG.
WO 99/03887 discloses PEGylated variants of polypeptides belonging to the growth hormone superfamily, wherein a non-essential amino acid residue located in a specified region of the polypeptide has been replaced by a cysteine residue. IFNG is mentioned as one example of a member of the growth hormone super family, but modification thereof is not discussed in any detail.
IFNG has been suggested for treatment of interstitial lung diseases (also known as Interstitial Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) (Ziesche et al. (N. Engl. J. Med. 341:1264-1269, 1999 and Chest 110:Suppl:25S, 1996) and EP 0 795 332) for which purpose IFNG can be used in combination with prednisolone. In addition to IPF, granulomatous diseases (Bolinger et al, Clinical Pharmacy, 1992, 11:834-850), certain mycobacterial infections (N. Engl. J. Med. 330:1348-1355, 1994), kidney cancer (J. Urol. 152:841-845, 1994), osteopetrosis (N. Engl. J. Med. 332:1594-1599, 1995), scleroderma (J. Rheumatol. 23:654-658, 1996), hepatitis B (Hepatogastroenterology 45:2282-2294, 1998), hepatitis C (Int. Hepatol. Communic. 6:264-273, 1997), septic shock (Nature Medicine 3:678-681, 1997), and rheumatoid arthritis may be treated with IFNG.
As a pharmaceutical compound rhuIFNG is used with a certain success, above all, against some viral infections and tumors. rhuIFNG is usually applicable via parenteral, preferably via subcutaneous, injection. Maximum serum concentrations have been found after seven hours. The half-life in plasma is 30 minutes after iv administration. For this reason efficient treatment with rhuIFNG involves frequent injections. The main adverse effects consist of fever, chills, sweating, headache, myalgia and drowsiness. These effects are associated with injecting rhuIFNG and are observed within the first hours after injection. Rare side effects are local pain and erythema, elevation of liver enzymes, reversible granuloand thrombopenia and cardiotoxicity.
WO 01/36001 discloses novel IFNG conjugates comprising a non-polypeptide moiety attached to an IFNG polypeptide which have been modified by introduction and/or deletion of attachment sites for such non-polypeptide moieties, e.g. PEG and glycosylation sites.
It is well known that when N-glycosylated molecules, such as IFNG, are produced in a glycosylating host not all potential N-glycosylation sites are fully utilized. This means that quite often a mixture of proteins having a varying degree of in vivo N-glycosylation is obtained, which in turn has the consequence that subsequent purification is necessary. Furthermore, it is often time-consuming and cumbersome to separate identical proteins having a varying degree of glycosylation. It has now surprisingly been found that by substitution of one or more amino acid residues located close to an in vivo N-glycosylation site (independently of whether said in vivo N-glycosylation site is naturally occurring in IFNG or whether the in vivo N-glycosylation site has been introduced, such as described in WO 01/36001) it is possible to obtain an increased fraction of fully glycosylated IFNG molecules. In particular, it has been found that changing the naturally occurring N-glycosylation site N-Y-S at positions 97, 98 and 99 of hIFNG to N-Y-T gives rise to a dramatically increased fraction of fully glycosylated IFNG molecules.
Thus, in a first aspect the present invention relates to an interferon gamma (IFNG) polypeptide variant exhibiting IFNG activity and having the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:1 ([S99T]huIFNG), or a fragment thereof exhibiting IFNG activity.
In a further aspect the present invention relates to a variant of SEQ ID NO:1, including variant of fragments of SEQ ID NO:1 (such as SEQ ID NOS:2-16), wherein said variant comprises at least one further modification and exhibits IFNG activity.
In still further aspects the present invention relates to a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide variant of the invention.
In even further aspects the present invention relates to an expression vector comprising a nucleotide sequence of the invention, and to a glycosylating host cell comprising a nucleotide sequence of the invention or an expression vector of the invention.
The present invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a polypeptide variant of invention, to a polypeptide variant of the invention or to a pharmaceutical composition of the invention for use as a medicament.
Even further aspects of the present invention relates to the use of a polypeptide variant of the invention or to the use of a pharmaceutical composition of invention for the manufacture of a medicament for treatment of interstitial lung diseases.
Analogously, the present invention also relates to a method for treating or preventing interstitial lung diseases, said method comprising administering to a mammal, in particular a human being, in need thereof an effective amount of a polypeptide variant of the invention or a pharmaceutical composition of the invention.
A still further aspect of the invention relates to a population of IFNG polypeptide variants, or a composition comprising a population of IFNG polypeptide variants, wherein said population comprises at least 70% of the IFNG polypeptide variant of the invention.
In another aspect the present invention relates to a method of increasing the degree of in vivo N-glycosylation of a parent IFNG polypeptide that comprises at least one in vivo N-glycosylation site with the amino acid sequence N-X-S, wherein X is any amino acid residue except proline, said method comprising substituting the serine residue in said N-X-S amino acid sequence with a threonine residue to obtain an IFNG variant.
In still another aspect the present invention relates to a method for producing an IFNG polypeptide variant of the invention, said method comprising
Other aspects of the present invention will be apparent from the below description.
Definitions
In the context of the present application and invention the following definitions apply:
The term “conjugate” (or interchangeably “conjugated polypeptide” or “conjugated variant”) is intended to indicate a heterogeneous (in the sense of composite or chimeric) molecule formed by the covalent attachment of one or more polypeptide variant(s) to one or more non-polypeptide moieties. The term covalent attachment means that the polypeptide variant and the non-polypeptide moiety are either directly covalently joined to one another, or else are indirectly covalently joined to one another through an intervening moiety or moieties, such as a bridge, spacer, or linkage moiety or moieties. Preferably, a conjugated polypeptide variant is soluble at relevant concentrations and conditions, i.e. soluble in physiological fluids such as blood. Examples of conjugated polypeptide variants of the invention include glycosylated and/or PEGylated polypeptide variants. The term “non-conjugated polypeptide variant” may be used about the polypeptide part of the conjugated polypeptide variant.
The term “non-polypeptide moiety” is intended to indicate a molecule that is capable of conjugating to an attachment group of the IFNG polypeptide variant. Preferred examples of such molecules include polymer molecules, lipophilic compounds, sugar moieties or organic derivatizing agents. It will be understood that the non-polypeptide moiety is linked to the polypeptide through an attachment group of the polypeptide variant. Except where the number of non-polypeptide moieties, such as polymer molecule(s), attached to the IFNG polypeptide variant is expressly indicated every reference to “a non-polypeptide moiety” attached to the IFNG polypeptide variant or otherwise used in the present invention shall be a reference to one or more non-polypeptide moieties attached to the IFNG polypeptide variant.
The term “polymer molecule” is defined as a molecule formed by covalent linkage of two or more monomers, wherein none of the monomers is an amino acid residue. The term “polymer” may be used interchangeably with the term “polymer molecule”.
The term “sugar moiety” is intended to indicate a carbohydrate molecule attached by in vivo or in vitro glycosylation, such as N- or O-glycosylation.
An “N-glycosylation site” has the sequence N-X-S/T/C″, wherein X is any amino acid residue except proline, N is asparagine and S/T/C is either serine, threonine or cysteine, preferably serine or threonine, and most preferably threonine. An “O-glycosylation site” is the OH-group of a serine or threonine residue.
The term “attachment group” is intended to indicate an amino acid residue group capable of coupling to the relevant non-polypeptide moiety such as a polymer molecule or a sugar moiety. Useful attachment groups and their matching non-polypeptide moieties are apparent from the table below.
For in vivo N-glycosylation, the term “attachment group” is used in an unconventional way to indicate the amino acid residues constituting an N-glycosylation site (with the sequence N-X-S/T/C, wherein X is any amino acid residue except proline, N is asparagine and S/T/C is either serine, threonine or cysteine, preferably serine or threonine, and most preferably threonine). Although the asparagine residue of the N-glycosylation site is the one to which the sugar moiety is attached during glycosylation, such attachment cannot be achieved unless the other amino acid residues of the N-glycosylation site is present. Accordingly, when the non-polypeptide moiety is a sugar moiety and the conjugation is to be achieved by N-glycosylation, the term “amino acid residue comprising an attachment group for the non-polypeptide moiety” as used in connection with alterations of the amino acid sequence of the IFNG polypeptide is to be understood as one, two or all of the amino acid residues constituting an N-glycosylation site is/are to be altered in such a manner that either a functional N-glycosylation site is introduced into the amino acid sequence, removed from said sequence or a functional N-glycosylation site is retained in the amino acid sequence (e.g. by substituting a serine residue, which already constitutes part of an N-glycosylation site, with a threonine residue and vice versa).
In the present application, amino acid names and atom names (e.g. CA, CB, CD, CG, SG, NZ, N, O, C, etc) are used as defined by the Protein DataBank (PDB) (www.pdb.org) which are based on the IUPAC nomenclature (IUPAC Nomenclature and Symbolism for Amino Acids and Peptides (residue names, atom names etc.), Eur. J. Biochem., 138, 9-37 (1984) together with their corrections in Eur. J. Biochem., 152, 1 (1985). CA is sometimes referred to as Cα, CB as Cβ. The term “amino acid residue” is intended to indicate an amino acid residue contained in the group consisting of alanine (Ala or A), cysteine (Cys or C), aspartic acid (Asp or D), glutamic acid (Glu or E), phenylalanine (Phe or F), glycine (Gly or G), histidine (His or H), isoleucine (Ile or I), lysine (Lys or K), leucine (Leu or L), methionine (Met or M), asparagine (Asn or N), proline (Pro or P), glutamine (Gln or Q), arginine (Arg or R), serine (Ser or S), threonine (Thr or T), valine (Val or V), tryptophan (Trp or W), and tyrosine (Tyr or Y) residues.
Numbering of amino acid residues in this document is from the N-terminus of [S99T]huIFNG without signal peptide (i.e. SEQ ID NO:1) or, where relevant, from the N-terminus of huIFNG without signal peptide (i.e. SEQ ID NO:17).
The terminology used for identifying amino acid positions/substitutions is illustrated as follows: G 18 indicates position 18 occupied by glycine in the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:1 or SEQ ID NO:17. G18N indicates that the Gly residue of position 18 has been replaced with an Asn. Multiple substitutions are indicated with a “+”, e.g. G18N+S20T means an amino acid sequence which comprises a substitution of the Gly residue in position 18 with an Asn and a substitution of the Ser residue in position 20 with Thr. Alternative substitutions are indicated with a “/”. For example, G18S/T covers the following individual substitutions: G18S and G18T. Deletions are indicated by an asterix. For example, G18* indicates that the Gly residue in position 18 has been deleted. Insertions are indicated the following way: Insertion of an additional Ser residue after the Gly residue located at position 18 is indicated as G18GS. Combined substitutions and insertions are indicated in the following way: Substitution of the Gly residue at position 18 with an Ser residue and insertion of an Ala residue after the position 18 amino acid residue is indicated as G18SA.
The term “nucleotide sequence” is intended to indicate a consecutive stretch of two or more nucleotide molecules. The nucleotide sequence may be of genomic, cDNA, RNA, semisynthetic, synthetic origin, or any combinations thereof.
The term “polymerase chain reaction” or “PCR” generally refers to a method for amplification of a desired nucleotide sequence in vitro, as described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,195. In general, the PCR method involves repeated cycles of primer extension synthesis, using oligonucleotide primers capable of hybridising preferentially to a template nucleic acid.
“Cell”, “host cell”, “cell line” and “cell culture” are used interchangeably herein and all such terms should be understood to include progeny resulting from growth or culturing of a cell.
“Transformation” and “transfection” are used interchangeably to refer to the process of introducing DNA into a cell.
“Operably linked” refers to the covalent joining of two or more nucleotide sequences, by means of enzymatic ligation or otherwise, in a configuration relative to one another such that the normal function of the sequences can be performed. For example, the nucleotide sequence encoding a presequence or secretory leader is operably linked to a nucleotide sequence for a polypeptide if it is expressed as a preprotein that participates in the secretion of the polypeptide: a promoter or enhancer is operably linked to a coding sequence if it affects the transcription of the sequence; a ribosome binding site is operably linked to a coding sequence if it is positioned so as to facilitate translation. Generally, “operably linked” means that the nucleotide sequences being linked are contiguous and, in the case of a secretory leader, contiguous and in reading phase. Linking is accomplished by ligation at convenient restriction sites. If such sites do not exist, then synthetic oligonucleotide adaptors or linkers are used, in conjunction with standard recombinant DNA methods.
The term “modification”, as used herein, covers substitution, insertion and deletion.
The terms “mutation” and “substitution” are used interchangeably herein.
The term “introduce” is primarily intended to mean substitution of an existing amino acid residue, but may also mean insertion of an additional amino acid residue.
The term “remove” is primarily intended to mean substitution of the amino acid residue to be removed for another amino acid residue, but may also mean deletion (without substitution) of the amino acid residue to be removed.
The term “amino acid residue comprising an attachment group for the non-polypeptide moiety” is intended to indicate that the amino acid residue is one to which the non-polypeptide moiety binds (in the case of an introduced amino acid residue) or would have bound (in the case of a removed amino acid residue).
The term “one difference” or “differs from” as used in connection with specific modifications is intended to allow for additional differences being present apart from the specified amino acid difference. Thus, in addition to amino acid residue alterations disclosed herein aiming at optimising the utilization of glycosylation sites or removing and/or introducing amino acid residues comprising an attachment group for a non-polypeptide moiety, the IFNG polypeptide variant may, if desired, comprise other modifications that are not related to such alterations. These may, for example, include truncation of the C-terminus by one or more amino acid residues, addition of one or more extra residues at the N- and/or C-terminus, e.g. addition of a Met residue at the N-terminus, addition of the amino acid sequence Cys-Tyr-Cys at the N-terminus, as well as “conservative amino acid substitutions”, i.e. substitutions performed within groups of amino acids with similar characteristics, e.g. small amino acids, acidic amino acids, polar amino acids, basic amino acids, hydrophobic amino acids and aromatic amino acids. Examples of conservative substitutions in the present invention may in particular be selected from the groups listed in the table below.
The term “at least one” as used about a non-polypeptide moiety, an amino acid residue, a substitution, etc is intended to mean one or more.
The term “AUCsc” or “Area Under the Curve when administered subcutaneously” is used in its normal meaning, i.e. as the area under the IFNG activity in serum-time curve, where the IFNG polypeptide variant has been administered subcutaneously, in particular when administered subcutaneously in rats. Once the experimental IFNG activity-time points have been determined, the AUCsc may conveniently be calculated by a computer program, such as GraphPad Prism 3.01.
The term “functional in vivo half-life” is used in its normal meaning, i.e. the time at which 50% of the biological activity of the polypeptide is still present in the body/target organ, or the time at which the activity of the polypeptide is 50% of the initial value.
As an alternative to determining functional in vivo half-life, “serum half-life” may be determined, i.e. the time at which 50% of the polypeptide circulates in the plasma or bloodstream prior to being cleared. Determination of serum half-life is often more simple than determining the functional in vivo half-life and the magnitude of serum half-life is usually a good indication of the magnitude of functional in vivo half-life. Alternatively terms to serum half-life include “plasma half-life”, “circulating half-life”, “serum clearance”, “plasma clearance” and “clearance half-life”. The serum half-life may conveniently by determined in rats, cf. the Materials and Method section herein. It is important to note that the term “serum half-life”, when used herein, for a given IFNG polypeptide variant must be determined for a sample that has been administered intravenously (iv).
The term “serum” is used in its normal meaning, i.e. as blood plasma without fibrinogen and other clotting factors.
The polypeptide is normally cleared by the action of one or more of the reticuloendothelial systems (RES), kidney, spleen or liver, or by specific or unspecific proteolysis. The term “renal clearance” is used in its normal meaning to indicate any clearance taking place by the kidneys, e.g. by glomerular filtration, tubular excretion or tubular elimination. Normally, renal clearance depends on physical characteristics of the polypeptide, including molecular weight, size (relative to the cutoff for glomerular filtration), symmetry, shape/rigidity, charge, attached carbohydrate chains and the presence of cellular receptors for the polypeptide. A molecular weight of about 67 kDa is normally considered to be a cut-off-value for renal clearance. Renal clearance may be measured by any suitable assay, e.g. an established in vivo assay. For instance, renal clearance may be determined by administering a labeled (e.g. radiolabelled or fluorescence labeled) conjugated polypeptide to a patient and measuring the label activity in urine collected from the patient. Reduced renal clearance is determined relative to the reference molecule, such as huIFNG, [S99T]huIFNG or ACTIMMUNE® IFNG. The functionality to be retained is normally selected from antiviral, antiproliferative, immunomodulatory or IFNG receptor binding activity.
The term “increased” as used about the functional in vivo half-life or serum half-life is used to indicate that the relevant half-life of the IFNG variant is statistically significantly increased relative to that of a reference molecule, such as glycosylated huIFNG (SEQ ID NO:17), glycosylated [S99T]huIFNG (SEQ ID NO:1) or ACTIMMUNE® IFNG (SEQ ID NO:34-produced in E. coli), when administered intravenously and when determined under comparable conditions. Thus, interesting IFNG polypeptide variants are such variants, which, have an increased functional in vivo half-life or an increased serum half-life as compared to any of the reference molecules mentioned above.
More particularly, interesting IFNG variants are such variants where the ratio between the serum half-life (or functional in vivo half-life) of said variant and the serum half-life (or functional in vivo half-life) of huIFNG or [S99T]huIFNG in their glycosylated forms is at least 1.25, more preferably at least 1.50, such as at least 1.75, e.g. at least 2, even more preferably at least 3, such as at least 4, e.g. at least 5, when administered intravenously, in particular when administered intravenously in rats.
Other examples of interesting IFNG variants are such variants where the ratio between the serum half-life (or functional in vivo half-life) of said variant and the serum half-life (or functional in vivo half-life) of ACTIMMUNE® IFNG (SEQ ID NO:34-produced in E. coli) is at least 2 more preferably at least 3, such as at least 4, e.g. at least 5, even more preferably at least 6, such as at least 7, e.g. at least 8, most preferably at least 9, such as at least 10, when administered intravenously, in particular when administered intravenously in rats.
The term “increased” as used about the AUCsc is used to indicate that the Area Under the Curve for an IFNG variant of the invention, when administered subcutaneously, is statistically significantly increased relative to that of a reference molecule, such as glycosylated huIFNG (SEQ ID NO:17), glycosylated [S99T]huIFNG (SEQ ID NO:1) or ACTIMMUNE® IFNG (SEQ ID NO:34—produced in E. coli), determined under comparable conditions. Thus, preferred IFNG variants are such variants, which have an increased AUCsc, as compared to any of the reference molecules mentioned above. Evidently, the same amount of IFNG activity should be administered for the IFNG variant of the invention and the reference molecule. Consequently, in order to make direct comparisons between different IFNG molecules, the AUCsc values may be normalized, i.e. they may be expressed as AUCsc dose administered. Particular preferred IFNG variants are such variants where the ratio between the AUCsc of said variant and the AUCsc of glycosylated huIFNG or glycosylated [S99T]huIFNG is at least 1.25, such as at least 1.5, e.g. at least 2, more preferably at least 3, such as at least 4, e.g. at least 5 or at least 6, even more preferably at least 7, such as at least 8, e.g. at least 9 or at least 10, most preferably at least 12, such as at least 14, e.g. at least 16, at least 18 or at least 20, in particular when administered (subcutaneously) in rats.
Other examples of particular preferred IFNG variants are such variants where the ratio between the AUCsc of said variant and the AUCsc of ACTIMMUNE® IFNG is at least 100, more preferably at least 150, such as at least 200, e.g. at least 250, even more preferably at least 300, such as at least 400 e.g. at least 500, most preferably at least 750, such as at least 1000, e.g. at least 1500 or at least 2000, in particular when administered (subcutaneously) in rats.
The term “Tmax,sc” is used about the time in the IFNG activity in serum-time curve when the highest IFNG activity in serum is observed. Preferred IFNG variants of the invention, are such variants which have an increased Tmax,sc as compared to ACTIMMUNE® IFNG and/or as compared to glycosylated huIFNG. More particularly, such preferred variants have a Tmax,sc (when determined after subcutaneous administration in rats) of at least 200 min, such as at least 250 min, e.g. at least 300 min, more preferably at least 350 min, such as at least 400 min.
The term “reduced immunogenicity” is intended to indicate that the IFNG polypeptide variant gives rise to a measurably lower immune response than a reference molecule, e.g. huIFNG or ACTIMMUNE® IFNG, as determined under comparable conditions. The immune response may be a cell or antibody mediated response (see, e.g., Roitt: Essential Immunology (8th Edition, Blackwell) for further definition of immunogenicity). Normally, reduced antibody reactivity is an indication of reduced immunogenicity. Reduced immunogenicity may be determined by use of any suitable method known in the art, e.g. in vivo or in vitro.
In the present context the terms “increased glycosylation”, “increased degree of in vivo N-glycosylation” or “increased degree of N-glycosylation” are intended to indicate increased levels of attached carbohydrate molecules, normally obtained as a consequence of increased (or better) utilization of glycosylation site(s). It is well-known (Hooker et al., 1998, J. Interferon and Cytokine Res. 18, 287-295 and Sarenva et al., 1995, Biochem J., 308, 9-14) that when huIFNG is expressed in CHO cells only about 50% of the IFNG molecules utilizes both glycosylation sites, about 40% utilizes one glycosylation site (1N), and about 10% is not glycosylated (0N). The increased degree of in vivo N-glycosylation may be determined by any suitable method known in the art, e.g. by SDS-PAGE. One convenient assay for determining increased glycosylation is the method described in the section entitled “Determination of Increased Glycosylation” in the Materials and Methods section herein.
When used herein the term “population of IFNG polypeptide variants” or “composition comprising a population of IFNG polypeptide variants” is intended to cover a composition comprising at least two IFNG polypeptides glycosylated to a different extent. As will be understood the present invention provides means for obtaining a population of IFNG polypeptides, wherein an increased amount of the INFG molecules present in the population is fully glycosylated.
Thus, the present invention also relates to a homogeneous population of IFNG polypeptides of the invention (i.e. a population, wherein most of the IFNG polypeptides are fully glycosylated) or a composition comprising a homogenous population of IFNG polypeptides of the invention. For example, the population of IFNG polypeptides may contain at least 70% of the IFNG polypeptide of the invention, preferably at least 75%, such as at least 80%, e.g. at least 85%, more preferably at least 90%, such as at least 95%, e.g. at least 96%, even more preferably at least 97%, such as at least 98%, e.g. at least 99%.
The term “exhibiting IFNG activity” is intended to indicate that the polypeptide variant has one or more of the functions of native huIFNG or rhuIFNG, including the capability to bind to an IFNG receptor and cause transduction of the signal transduced upon huIFNG-binding of its receptor as determined in vitro or in vivo (i.e. in vitro or in vivo bioactivity). The IFNG receptor has been described by Aguet et al. (Cell 55:273-280, 1988) and Calderon et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:4837-4841, 1988). A suitable assay for testing IFNG activity is the assay entitled “Primary Assay” disclosed herein. When using the “Primary Assay” described herein, polypeptide variants “exhibiting IFNG activity” have a specific activity of at least 5% as compared to the rhuIFNG. It will be understood, that depending on which specific modifications are performed, for example whether the variant is PEGylated or not, may lead to activities over a wide range. Thus, examples of specific activities may range from as low as 5% to as high as 150% as compared to rhuIFNG. For example, the specific activity may be at least 10% (e.g. 10-125%), such as at least 15% (e.g. 15-125%), e.g. at least 20% (such as 20-125%), at least 25% (e.g. 25-125%), at least 30% (e.g. 30-125%), at least 35% (e.g. 35-125%), at least 40% (e.g. 40-125%), at least 45% (e.g. 45-125%), at least 50% (e.g. 50-125%), at least 55% (e.g. 55-125%), at least 60% (e.g. 60-125%), at least 65% (e.g. 65-125%), at least 70% (e.g. 70-125%), at least 75% (e.g. 75-125%), at least 80% (e.g. 80-125%) or at least 90% (e.g. 90-110%) as compared to the specific activity of rhuIFNG.
An “IFNG polypeptide” is a polypeptide exhibiting IFNG activity, i.e. the term “IFNG polypeptide” is used about any IFNG molecule (independently of whether this molecule is huIFNG, a truncated form thereof, or a variant thereof) as long as said IFNG molecule exhibits IFNG activity as defined herein. The term “IFNG polypeptide” is used herein about the polypeptide in monomer or dimeric form, as appropriate. For instance, when specific substitutions are indicated these are normally indicated relative to the huIFNG polypeptide monomer. When reference is made to the IFNG molecule of the invention this is normally in dimeric form (and thus, e.g., comprises two IFNG polypeptide monomers modified as described). The dimeric form of the IFNG polypeptides may be provided by the normal association of two monomers or be in the form of a single chain dimeric IFNG polypeptide.
The term “parent” is intended to indicate the IFNG polypeptide to have the glycosylation site(s) improved in accordance with the present invention. Although the parent polypeptide to be modified by the present invention may be any polypeptide with IFNG activity, and thus be derived from any origin, e.g. a non-human mammalian origin, it is preferred that the parent polypeptide is huIFNG with the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:17 or a fragment thereof.
A “fragment” is a part of the full-length IFNG polypeptide sequence (e.g. a fragment of the full-length huIFNG polypeptide shown in SEQ ID NO:17 or a fragment of the full-length [S99T]huIFNG polypeptide variant shown in SEQ ID NO:1) exhibiting IFNG activity, e.g. a C-terminally or N-terminally truncated version thereof. Specific examples of IFNG polypeptide variant fragments include [S99T]huIFNG C-terminally truncated with 1-15 amino acid residues, e.g. with 1 amino acid residue (SEQ ID NO:2), 2 amino acid residues (SEQ ID NO:3), 3 amino acid residues (SEQ ID NO:4), 4 amino acid residues (SEQ ID NO:5), 5 amino acid residues (SEQ ID NO:6), 6 amino acid residues (SEQ ID NO:7), 7 amino acid residues (SEQ ID NO:8), 8 amino acid residues (SEQ ID NO:9), 9 amino acid residues (SEQ ID NO:10), 10 amino acid residues (SEQ ID NO:11), 11 amino acid residues (SEQ ID NO:12), 12 amino acid residues (SEQ ID NO:13), 13 amino acid residues (SEQ ID NO:14), 14 amino acid residues (SEQ ID NO:15) or 15 amino acid residues (SEQ ID NO:16) and/or N-terminally truncated with 1-3 amino acid residues. Specific examples of huIFNG fragments include huIFNG, which is C-terminally truncated with 1-15 amino acid residues, e.g. with 1 amino acid residue (SEQ ID NO:19), 2 amino acid residues (SEQ ID NO:10), 3 amino acid residues (SEQ ID NO:21), 4 amino acid residues (SEQ ID NO:22), 5 amino acid residues (SEQ ID NO:23), 6 amino acid residues (SEQ ID NO:24), 7 amino acid residues (SEQ ID NO:25), 8 amino acid residues (SEQ ID NO:26), 9 amino acid residues (SEQ ID NO:27), 10 amino acid residues (SEQ ID NO:28), 11 amino acid residues (SEQ ID NO:29), 12 amino acid residues (SEQ ID NO:30), 13 amino acid residues (SEQ ID NO:31), 14 amino acid residues (SEQ ID NO:32) or 15 amino acid residues (SEQ ID NO:33) and/or N-terminally truncated with 1-3 amino acid residues.
As indicated above, the IFNG polypeptide variant may comprise at least one further modification in addition to the S99T substitution as long as said variant exhibits IFNG activity, i.e. the variant may be a variant of [S99T]huIFNG, or a variant of a fragment of [S99T]huIFNG. Specific examples of such variants are variants having introduced and/or removed amino acid residues comprising an attachment group for a non-polypeptide moiety. Other examples of variants of [S99T]huIFNG (and fragments thereof) are the variants described in the “Background of the invention” section above and include, e.g. [S99T]huIFNG with the N-terminal addition Cys-Tyr-Cys or with Met, and the cysteine-modified variants disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,046,034.
Normally, the variant according to the invention is encoded by a nucleotide sequence, which, compared to the nucleotide sequence encoding the parent IFNG polypeptide, has been modified in accordance with the present invention.
This may, however, not always be the case, since the variant polypeptide may be subjected to C- or N-terminal truncation during posttranslational processing, e.g. by C- or N-terminal cleavage by proteases in the cell, in the expression media, during purification, etc., so that the resulting variant polypeptide is a truncated version of the originally produced variant polypeptide (for example, although a full-length variant is initially produced, a C-terminally truncated variant polypeptide may be obtained due to posttranslational processing of the full-length variant polypeptide). In this case, the term “parent” should be construed as the truncated form to be modified in accordance with the invention.
The term “variant” is intended to cover a polypeptide, which differs in one or more amino acid residues from its parent polypeptide (normally SEQ ID NO:17 or any of the truncated forms thereof shown in SEQ ID NOS:19-33), typically in 1-15 amino acid residues (such as in 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 or 15 amino acid residues), e.g. in 1-10 amino acid residues, in 1-5 amino acid residues or in 1-3 amino acid residues.
The term “functional site” is intended to indicate one or more amino acid residues which is/are essential for, or otherwise involved in, the function or performance of IFNG. Such amino acid residues are “located at” the functional site. The functional site may be determined by methods known in the art and is preferably identified by analysis of a structure of the polypeptide complexed to a relevant receptor, such as the IFNG receptor.
The term “huIFNG” is intended to mean the mature form of wild-type human IFNG having the amino sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:17.
The term “rhuIFNG” is intended to cover the mature form of wild-type human IFNG having the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:17, which has been produced by recombinant means.
The term “[S99T]huIFNG” is used to indicate the mature form of wild-type human IFNG, wherein the serine residue in position 99 has been replaced with a threonine residue (disclosed in SEQ ID NO:1).
When used herein the term “glycoyslated huIFNG” indicates that the huIFNG polypeptide is produced in a cell capable of glycosylating the polypeptide and, therefore, the huIFNG polypeptide is glycosylated at its native N-glycosylation sites (position 25 and 97 of SEQ ID NO:17).
In a similar way, the term “glycoyslated huIFNG variant” indicates that the IFNG polypeptide variant is produced in a cell capable of glycosylating the polypeptide variant.
When used herein the term “ACTIMMUNE® IFNG” refers to the 140 amino acid form ACTIMMUNE® is C-terminally truncated with 4 amino acid residues and includes one N-terminal Met residue) of IFNG (disclosed in SEQ ID NO:34) achieved by fermentation of a genetically engineered E. coli bacterium. Further information of ACTIMMUNE® IFNG is available from InterMune Inc.
Interferon Gamma Polypeptide Variants of the Present Invention
IFNG Variants of the Invention with Optimised In Vivo Glycosylation Sites
As indicated previously, it has surprisingly been found that glycosylation of the naturally occurring N-glycosylation site located in position 97 of huIFNG may be increased, i.e. an increased fraction of fully, or substantially fully, glycosylated IFNG molecules may be obtained, by substituting the serine residue located in position 99 of huIFNG (or fragments thereof) with a threonine residue. Inspection of
Accordingly, in a first aspect the present invention relates to an IFNG polypeptide variant exhibiting IFNG activity and having the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:1 (i.e. [S99T]huIFNG), or fragment thereof exhibiting IFNG activity.
As already discussed above, it is known that C-terminally truncated forms of huIFNG retain activity, and in some cases even have increased activity, compared to huIFNG. Thus, in an interesting embodiment of the invention the IFNG polypeptide variant of the invention is a fragment of SEQ ID NO:1, which is C-terminally truncated with 1-15 amino acid residues, typically C-terminally truncated with 1-10 amino acid residues. Specific examples of such C-terminally truncated forms of SEQ ID NO:1 are disclosed in SEQ ID NOS:2-16. The IFNG polypeptide fragment according to this embodiment of the present invention exhibits IFNG activity.
It will be understood that the glycosylated IFNG polypeptide variants according to this aspect should be expressed recombinantly in a glycosylating host cell, preferably a mammalian host cell, such as any of those mentioned in the section entitled “Coupling to a sugar moiety”.
As explained above, only about 50-60% of the total population of expressed IFNG polypeptides are fully glycosylated when rhuIFNG is expressed in CHO cells. Thus, one of the main advantages of the IFNG polypeptide variants of the present invention is the higher utilization of the position 97 in vivo N-glycosylation site, which in turn has the consequence that a more homogenous population is obtained compared to huIFNG. Due to the more homogenous population, compositions (e.g. the harvested medium) comprising such a population of IFNG polypeptide variants do not require the same cumbersome and time-consuming purification as rhuIFNG.
Thus, in a further aspect the present invention relates to a population of IFNG polypeptide variants, or to a composition comprising a population of IFNG polypeptide variants, wherein said population comprises at least about 70% of an IFNG polypeptide variant of the invention. Preferably, the composition comprises at least 75%, more preferably at least 80%, even more preferably at least 85%, such as about 90% of an IFNG polypeptide variant of the invention.
More particularly, the invention relates to a population of IFNG polypeptide variants, or to a composition comprising a population of IFNG polypeptide variants, wherein said population comprises at least 70%, preferably at least 75%, more preferably at least 80%, even more preferably at least 85%, such as about 90% of the IFNG polypeptide variant having the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:1.
Analogously, the invention also relates to a population of IFNG polypeptide variants, or to a composition comprising a population of IFNG polypeptide variants, wherein said population comprises at least 70%, preferably at least 75%, more preferably at least 80%, even more preferably at least 85%, such as about 90% of an IFNG polypeptide variant fragment having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15 and SEQ ID NO:16.
In addition to the already mentioned S99T mutation required for optimisation of the in vivo N-glycosylation site at position 97 in rhuIFNG, other in vivo glycosylation sites, which have been introduced into SEQ ID NO:1 or fragments thereof (e.g. in order to increase the serum half-life and/or to increase the AUCsc) may be optimised. Normally, the in vivo glycosylation site is an N-glycosylation site, but also an O-glycosylation site is contemplated as relevant for the present invention. This optimisation may be achieved by performing a modification, preferably a substitution, in a position, which is located close to a glycosylation site, in particular close to an in vivo N-glycosylation. Typically, such an in vivo N-glycoyslation site is an introduced in vivo N-glycosylation site. Specific examples of suitable positions to introduce in vivo N-glycosylation sites are disclosed in WO 01/36001 and further below.
An amino acid residue “located close to” a glycosylation site is usually located in position −4, −3, −2, −1, +1, +2, +3 or +4 relative to the amino acid residue of the glycosylation site to which the carbohydrate is attached, preferably in position −1, +1, or +3, in particular in position +1 or +3. Thus, the amino acid residue located close to an in vivo N-glycosylation site (having the sequence N-X-S/T/C) may be located in position −4, −3, −2, −1, +1, +2, +3 or +4 relative to the N-residue.
When position +2 relative to the N-residue is modified it will be understood that only a limited number of modifications are possible since in order to maintain/introduce an in vivo N-glycosylation site, the amino acid residue in said position must be either Ser, Thr or Cys.
In a particular preferred embodiment of the invention, the modification of the amino acid residue in position +2 relative to the in vivo N-glycosylation site is a substitution where the amino acid residue in question is replaced with a Thr residue. If, on the other hand, said amino acid residue is already a Thr residue it is normally not preferred or necessary to perform any substitutions in that position. When X is modified, X should not be Pro and preferably not Trp, Asp, Glu and Leu. Further, the amino acid residue to be introduced is preferably selected form the group consisting of Phe, Asn, Gln, Tyr, Val, Ala, Met, Ile, Lys, Gly, Arg, Thr, His, Cys and Ser, more preferably Ala, Met, Ile, Lys, Gly, Arg, Thr, His, Cys and Ser, in particular Ala or Ser.
When position +3 relative to the N-residue is modified, the amino acid residue to be introduced is preferably selected from the group consisting of His, Asp, Ala, Met, Asn, Thr, Arg, Ser and Cys, more preferably Thr, Arg, Ser and Cys. Such modifications are particular relevant if the X residue is a Ser residue.
Thus, with respect to the naturally present in vivo N-glycosylation, it is contemplated that the N-glycosylation site at position 97 may be further optimised by performing a modification, such as a substitution, in a position selected from the group consisting of E93, K94, L95, T96, Y98, V100 and T101 (i.e. at position −4, −3, −2, −1, +1, +3 or +4 relative to N97). Specific examples of substitutions performed in position 98 of SEQ ID NO:1 (or fragments thereof) include Y98F, Y98N, Y98Q, Y98V, Y98A, Y98M, Y981, Y98K, Y98G, Y98R, Y98T, Y98H, Y98C and Y98S, preferably Y98A, Y98M, Y981, Y98K, Y98G, Y98R, Y98T, Y98H, Y98C and Y98S, in particular Y98S. Specific examples of substitutions performed in position 100 of SEQ ID NO:1 (or fragments thereof) include V100H, V100D, V100A, V100M, V100N, V100T, V100R, V100S, or V100C, in particular V100T, V100R, V100S or V100C.
In a similar way, with respect to the in vivo N-glycosylation site at position 25 it is contemplated that this site may be further optimised by performing a modification, such as a substitution, in a position selected from the group consisting of D21, V22, A23, D24, G26, L28 and F29 (i.e. at position −4, −3, −2, −1, +1, +3 or +4 relative to N25). Specific examples of substitutions performed in position 26 of SEQ ID NO:1 (or fragments thereof) include G26F, G26N, G26Y, G26Q, G26V, G26A, G26M, G26I, G26K, G26R, G26T, G26H, G26C and G26S, preferably G26A, G26M, G26I, G26K, G26R, G26T, G26H, G26C and G26S, more preferably G26A and G26S, in particular G26A. Specific examples of substitutions performed in position 28 of SEQ ID NO:1 (or fragments thereof) include G28H, G28D, G28A, G28M, G28N, G28T, G28R, G28S, or G28S, in particular G28A, G28T, G28R, G28S or G28C.
Obviously, any of the modifications mentioned in connection with optimisation of glycosylation at position 97 may be combined with any of the above-mentioned modifications performed in connection with optimisation of glycosylation at position 25.
IFNG Variants of the Invention with Increased AUCsc and/or Increased Serum Half-Life
In a further aspect the present invention relates to a variant of the IFNG polypeptide having the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:1, wherein said variant exhibits IFNG activity.
Moreover, the present invention also relates to a variant of an IFNG polypeptide fragment having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15 and SEQ ID NO:16, wherein said variant exhibits IFNG activity.
Thus, such a variant comprises at least one further modification compared to SEQ ID NOS:1-16.
In order to avoid too much disruption of the structure and function of the [S99T]huIFNG polypeptide variant (or fragments thereof) the total number of amino acid residues to be modified in accordance with the present invention typically does not exceed 15. Usually, the IFNG polypeptide variant comprises 1-10 modifications relative to the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:1, such as 1-8, 2-8, 1-5, 1-3 or 2-5 modifications relative to the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:1. Preferably, the modification(s) is/are a substitution(s). It will be understood that similar considerations hold true for variants of fragments of the IFNG polypeptide variant having the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:1. Thus, when the variant is a variant of any of the sequences disclosed in SEQ ID NOS:2-16, such a variant usually comprises less than 15 modifications, typically 1-10 modifications, relative to the relevant amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NOS:2-16, such as 1-8, 2-8, 1-5, 1-3 or 2-5 modifications relative to the relevant the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NOS:2-16. Preferably, the modification(s) is/are a substitution(s).
Thus, normally such an IFNG polypeptide variant (i.e. a variant which comprises at least one further modification in addition to the S99T substitution) comprises an amino acid sequence which differs from the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:1 (or fragments thereof) in 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 or 15 amino acid residues.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the IFNG variant (further) comprises at least one introduced and/or at least one removed amino acid residue comprising an attachment group for a non-polypeptide moiety.
By removing or introducing an amino acid residue comprising an attachment group for the non-polypeptide moiety it is possible to specifically adapt the polypeptide so as to make the molecule more susceptible to conjugation to the non-polypeptide moiety of choice, to optimse the conjugation pattern (e.g. to ensure an optimal distribution of non-polypeptide moieties on the surface of the IFNG polypeptide variant) and thereby obtain a new conjugate molecule, which exhibits IFNG activity and in addition one or more improved properties as compared to huIFNG- or rhuIFNG-based molecules available today. For instance, by introduction of attachment groups, the IFNG polypeptide variant is boosted or otherwise altered in the content of the specific amino acid residues to which the relevant non-polypeptide moiety binds, whereby a more efficient, specific and/or extensive conjugation is achieved. By removal of one or more attachment groups it is possible to avoid conjugation to the non-polypeptide moiety in parts of the polypeptide in which such conjugation is disadvantageous, e.g. to an amino acid residue located at or near a functional site of the polypeptide (since conjugation at such a site may result in inactivation or reduced IFNG activity of the resulting conjugated polypeptide due to impaired receptor recognition). Further, it may be advantageous to remove an attachment group located closely to another attachment group in order to avoid heterogeneous conjugation to such groups. In interesting embodiments more than one amino acid residue of the IFNG polypeptide is altered, e.g. the alteration embraces removal as well as introduction of amino acid residues comprising attachment sites for the non-polypeptide moiety of choice. This embodiment is considered of particular interest in that it is possible to specifically design the IFNG polypeptide variant so as to obtain an optimal conjugation to the non-polypeptide moiety.
In addition to the removal and/or introduction of amino acid residues the polypeptide variant may comprise other modifications, e.g. substitutions, that are not related to introduction and/or removal of amino acid residues comprising an attachment group for the non-polypeptide moiety. Examples of such modifications include conservative amino acid substitutions and/or introduction of Cys-Tyr-Cys or Met at the N-terminus.
The exact number of attachment groups available for conjugation and present in the IFNG polypeptide variant in dimeric form is dependent on the effect desired to be achieved by the conjugation. The effect to be obtained is, e.g. dependent on the nature and degree of conjugation (e.g. the identity of the non-polypeptide moiety, the number of non-polypeptide moieties desirable or possible to conjugate to the polypeptide, where they should be conjugated or where conjugation should be avoided, etc.).
It will be understood that the amino acid residue comprising an attachment group for a non-polypeptide moiety, either it be removed or introduced, is selected on the basis of the nature of the non-polypeptide moiety part of choice and, in most instances, on the basis of the conjugation method to be used. For instance, when the non-polypeptide moiety is a polymer molecule such as a polyethylene glycol- or polyalkylene oxide-derived molecule amino acid residues capable of functioning as an attachment group may be selected from the group consisting of cysteine, lysine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid and arginine. In particular, cysteine is preferred. When the non-polypeptide moiety is a sugar moiety the attachment group is, e.g. an in vivo glycosylation site, preferably an N-glycosylation site.
Whenever an attachment group for a non-polypeptide moiety is to be introduced into or removed from the IFNG polypeptide having the amino acid sequence shown as SEQ ID NO:1 (or fragments thereof), the position of the polypeptide to be modified is conveniently selected as follows:
The position is preferably located at the surface of the IFNG polypeptide, and more preferably occupied by an amino acid residue that has more than 25% of its side chain exposed to the solvent, preferably more than 50% of its side chain exposed to the solvent, as determined on the basis of a 3D structure or model of IFNG in its dimeric form, the structure or model optionally further comprising one or two IFNG receptor molecules. Such positions are listed in Example 1 herein.
Also of interest is to modify any of the 23 C-terminal amino acid residues of the parent IFNG polypeptide (in particular by introduction of amino acid residues comprising an attachment group for the non-polypeptide moiety, such as Cys residues) since such residues are believed to be located at the surface of the IFNG polypeptide.
In addition, it may be of interest to modify one or more amino acid residues located in the loop regions of the IFNG polypeptide since most amino acid residues within these loop regions are exposed to the surface and located sufficiently far away from functional sites so that non-polypeptide moieties, such as polymer molecules, in particular PEG molecules, and/or N-glycosylation sites, may be introduced without impairing the function of the molecule. Such loops regions may be identified by inspection of the three-dimensional structure of huIFNG. The amino acid residues constituting said loop regions are residues N16-K37 (the “A-B loop”), F60-S65 (the “B-C loop”), N83-S84 (the “C-D loop”) and Y98-L103 (the “D-E loop”).
The amino acid residues constituting the IFNG receptor binding site are Q1, D2, Y4, V5, E9, K12, G18, H19, S20, D21, V22, A23, D24, N25, G26, T27, L30, K34, K37, K108, H111, E112, I114, Q115, A118, E119 (see also Example 2 herein). In general, it is preferred that attachment groups for a non-polypeptide moiety (such as additional N-glycosylation sites and/or cysteine residues) are not introduced into this site of the molecule.
In order to determine an optimal distribution of attachment groups, the distance between amino acid residues located at the surface of the IFNG polypeptide is calculated on the basis of a 3D structure of the IFNG dimeric polypeptide. More specifically, the distance between the CB's of the amino acid residues comprising such attachment groups, or the distance between the functional group (NZ for lysine, CG for aspartic acid, CD for glutamic acid, SG for cysteine) of one and the CB of another amino acid residue comprising an attachment group are determined. In case of glycine, CA is used instead of CB. In the IFNG polypeptide part of the invention any of said distances is preferably more than 8 Å, in particular more than 10 Å in order to avoid or reduce heterogeneous conjugation.
Also, the amino acid sequence of the IFNG polypeptide variant may differ from that of SEQ ID NO:1 (or fragments thereof) in that one or more amino acid residues constituting part of an epitope has been removed, preferably by substitution to an amino acid residue comprising an attachment group for the non-polypeptide moiety, so as to destroy or inactivate the epitope. Epitopes of [S99T]huIFNG, huIFNG or rhuIFNG may be identified by use of methods known in the art, also known as epitope mapping, see, e.g. Romagnoli et al., Biol Chem, 1999, 380(5):553-9, DeLisser H M, Methods Mol Biol, 1999, 96:11-20, Van de Water et al., Clin Immunol Immunopathol, 1997, 85(3):229-35, Saint-Remy J M, Toxicology, 1997, 119(1):77-81, and Lane D P and Stephen C W, Curr Opin Immunol, 1993, 5(2):268-71. One method is to establish a phage display library expressing random oligopeptides of e.g. 9 amino acid residues. IgG1 antibodies from specific antisera towards [S99T]huIFNG, huIFNG or rhuIFNG are purified by immunoprecipitation and the reactive phages are identified by immunoblotting. By sequencing the DNA of the purified reactive phages, the sequence of the oligopeptide can be determined followed by localization of the sequence on the 3D-structure of the IFNG. The thereby identified region on the structure constitutes an epitope that then can be selected as a target region for introduction of an attachment group for the non-polypeptide moiety.
Functional in vivo half-life and serum half-life is e.g. dependent on the molecular weight of the polypeptide variant and the number of attachment groups needed for providing increased half-life may depend on the molecular weight of the non-polypeptide moiety in question. In one embodiment, the IFNG polypeptide variant of the invention has a molecular weight of at least 67 kDa, in particular at least 70 kDa as measured by SDS-PAGE according to Laemmli, U.K., Nature Vol 227 (1970), p 680-85. IFNG has a Mw in the range of about 34-50 kDa, and therefore additional about 20-40 kDa is required to obtain the desired effect. This may, e.g., be provided by 2-4 10 kDa PEG molecules or by a combination of additional in vivo glycosylation sites and additional PEG molecules, or as otherwise described herein.
Preferably, a conjugated IFNG polypeptide variant according to the invention comprises 1-10 (additional) non-polypeptide moieties, such as 1-8, 2-8, 1-5, 1-3 or 2-5 (additional) non-polypeptide moieties. Typically, a conjugated variant comprises 1-3 (additional) non-polypeptide moieties, such as 1, 2 or 3 (additional) non-polypeptide moieties.
As mentioned above, under physiological conditions huIFNG exists as a dimeric polypeptide. The polypeptide is normally in homodimeric form (e.g. prepared by association of two IFNG polypeptide molecules prepared as described herein). However, if desired the IFNG polypeptide variant may be provided in single chain form, wherein two IFNG polypeptide monomers are linked via a peptide bond or a peptide linker. Providing the IFNG polypeptide variant in single chain form has the advantage that the two constituent IFNG polypeptides may be different which can be advantageous, e.g., to enable asymmetric mutagenesis of the polypeptides. For instance, PEGylation sites can be removed from the receptor-binding site from one of the monomers, but retained in the other. Thereby, after PEGylation one monomer has an intact receptor-binding site, whereas the other may be fully PEGylated (and thus provide significantly increased molecular weight).
IFNG Variants of the Invention Wherein the Non-Polypeptide Moiety is a Sugar Moiety
In a preferred embodiment of the invention the IFNG variant of SEQ ID NO:1 (or fragments thereof) comprises at least one introduced glycosylation site and/or at least one removed glycosylation site. Preferably, the glycosylation site is an in vivo N-glycosylation site, i.e. the non-polypeptide moiety is a sugar moiety, e.g. an O-linked or N-linked sugar moiety, preferably an N-linked sugar moiety.
In one interesting embodiment of the invention said variant comprises at least one introduced glycosylation site, in particular an introduced in vivo N-glycosylation site. Preferably, the introduced glycosylation site is introduced by a substitution.
For instance, an in vivo N-glycosylation site may be introduced into a position of the IFNG polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:1 (of fragments thereof) comprising an amino acid residue exposed to the surface. Preferably said surface-exposed amino acid residue has at least 25% of the side chain exposed to the surface, in particular at least 50% of its side chain exposed to the surface. Details regarding determination of such positions can be found in Example 1 herein.
The N-glycosylation site is introduced in such a way that the N-residue of said site is located in said position. Analogously, an O-glycosylation site is introduced so that the S or T residue making up such site is located in said position. It should be understood that when the term “at least 25% (or 50%) of its side chain exposed to the surface” is used in connection with introduction of an in vivo N-glycosylation site this term refers to the surface accessibility of the amino acid side chain in the position where the sugar moiety is actually attached. In many cases it will be necessary to introduce a serine or a threonine residue in position +2 relative to the asparagine residue to which the sugar moiety is actually attached and these positions, where the serine or threonine residues are introduced, are allowed to be buried, i.e. to have less than 25% (or 50%) of their side chains exposed to the surface of the molecule.
Furthermore, in order to ensure efficient glycosylation it is preferred that the in vivo glycosylation site, in particular the N residue of the N-glycosylation site or the S or T residue of the O-glycosylation site, is located within the 118 N-terminal amino acid residues of the IFNG polypeptide, more preferably within the 97 N-terminal amino acid residues. Still more preferably, the in vivo glycosylation site is introduced into a position wherein only one mutation is required to create the site (i.e. where any other amino acid residues required for creating a functional glycosylation site is already present in the molecule).
For instance, substitutions that lead to introduction of an additional N-glycosylation site at positions exposed at the surface of the IFNG polypeptide and occupied by amino acid residues having at least 25% of the side chain exposed to the surface (in a structure with receptor molecule) include:
Q1N+P3S/T, P3N+V5S/T, K6N+A8S/T, E9N+L11S/T, K12S/T, K13N+F15S/T, Y14N+N16S/T, G18S/T, G18N, G18N+S20T, H19N+D21S/T, D21N+A23S/T, G26N+L28S/T, G31N+L33S/T, K34N+W36S/T, K37S/T, K37N+E39S/T, E38N, E38N+S40T, E39N+D41S/T, S40N+R42S/T, K55N+F57S/T, K58N+F60S/T, K61S/T, K61N+D63S/T, D62N+Q64S/T, D63N, D63N+S65T, Q64N+I66S/T, S65N+Q67S/T, Q67N, Q67N+S69T, K68N+V70S/T, E71N+I73S/T, T72N+K74S/T, K74N+D76S/T, E75N+M77S/T, K80S/T, V79N+F81S/T, K80N+F82S/T, N85S/T, S84N+K86S/T, K87S/T, K86N+K88S/T, K87N+R89S/T, D90N+F92S/T, E93N+L95S/T, K94N, K94N+T96S, T101N+L103S/T, D102N+N104S/T, L103N+V105S/T, Q106S/T, E119N, E119N+S121T, P122N+A124S/T, A123N+K125S/T, A124N, A124N+T126S, K125N+G127S/T, T126N+K128S/T, G127N+R129S/T, K128N+K130S/T, R129N+R131S/T, K130N, K130N+S132T, R131N+Q133S/T, S132N+M134S/T, Q133N+L135S/T, M134N+F136S/T, L135N+R137S/T, F136N+G138S/T, R137N+R139S/T, G138N+R140S/T, R139N+A141S/T, R140N and R140N+S142T, the substitution being indicated relative to [S99T]huIFNG with the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO 1 (or relative to the relevant fragment thereof having the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NOS:2-16). S/T indicates a substitution to a serine or threonine residue, preferably a threonine residue.
Substitutions that lead to introduction of an additional N-glycosylation site at positions exposed at the surface of the IFNG polypeptide having at least 50% of the side chain exposed to the surface (in a structure with receptor molecule) include:
P3N+V5S/T, K6N+A8S/T, K12S/T, K13N+F15S/T, G18S/T, D21N+A23S/T, G26N+L28S/T, G31N+L33S/T, K34N+W36S/T, K37N+E39S/T, E38N, E38N+S40S/T, E39N+D41S/T, K55N+F57S/T, K58N+F60S/T, K61S/T, D62N+Q64S/T, Q64N+I66S/T, S65N+Q67S/T, K68N+V70S/T, E71N+I73S/T, E75N+M77S/T, N85S/T, S84N+K86S/T, K86N+K88S/T, K87N+R89S/T, K94N, K94N+T96S, T101N+L103S/T, D102N+N104S/T, L103N+V105S/T, Q106S/T, P122N+A124S/T, A123N+K125S/T, A124N, A124N+T126S, K125N+G127S/T, T126N+K128S/T, G127N+R129S/T, K128N+K130S/T, R129N+R131S/T, K130N, K130N+S132T, R131N+Q133S/T, S132N+M134S/T, Q133N+L135S/T, M134N+F136S/T, L135N+R137S/T, F136N+G138S/T, R137N+R139S/T, G138N+R140S/T, R139N+A141S/T, R140N and R140N+S142T, the substitution being indicated relative to [S99T]huIFNG with the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO 1 (or relative to the relevant fragment thereof having the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NOS:2-16). S/T indicates a substitution to a serine or threonine residue, preferably a threonine residue.
Substitutions where only one amino acid substitution is required to introduce an N-glycosylation site include K12S/T, G18S/T, G18N, K37S/T, E38N, M45N, I49N, K61S/T, D63N, Q67N, V70N, K80S/T, F82N, N85S/T, K87S/T, K94N, Q106S/T, E119N, A124N, K130N and R140N, in particular K12S/T, G18N, G18S/T, K37S/T, E38N, K61S/T, D63N, Q67N, K80S/T, N85S/T, K94N, Q106S/T, A124N, K130N, and R140N (positions with more than 25% of its site chain exposed to the surface (in a structure without receptor molecule)), or more preferably G18N, E38N, D63N, Q67N, K94N, S99N, A124N, K130N and R140N (positions with more than 50% of its side chain exposed to the surface in a structure without receptor molecule).
Usually, it is not preferred to introduce N-glycosylation sites in the region constituting the receptor binding site (except in special cases, cf. the section entitled “Variants with a reduced receptor affinity”). Accordingly, the mutations Q1N+P3S/T, E9N+L11S/T, G18N, G18N+S20T, H19N+D21S/T, D21N+A23S/T, G26N+L28S/T, K34N+W36S/T, K37N+E39S/T, E119N and E119N+S121T should normally not be performed, unless a reduced receptor affinity is desired.
Particular preferred variants of the present invention include a variant of SEQ. ID NO:1 (or fragments thereof having the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NOS:2-16), wherein said variant exhibits IFNG activity and which comprises at least one substitution selected from the group consisting of K12S, K12T, G18S, G18T, E38N, E38N+S40T, K61S, K61T, N85S, N85T, K94N, Q106S and Q106T, more preferably selected from the group consisting of K12T, G18T, E38N+S40T, K61T, N85T, K94N and Q106T, even more preferably selected from the group consisting of K12T, G18T, E38N+S40T, K61T and N85T, in particular E38N+S40T.
In another interesting embodiment of the invention, the variant of SEQ ID NO:1 (or fragments thereof having the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NOS:2-16) comprises at least two introduced glycosylation sites, in particular at least two introduced N-glycosylation sites. The at least two modifications, in particular substitutions, leading to the introduction of the at least two introduced N-glycosylation sites may preferably be selected from the group consisting of K12S, K12T, G18S, G18T, E38N, E38N+S40T, K61S, K61T, N85S, N85T, K94N, Q106S and Q106T, more preferably selected from the group consisting of K12T, G18T, E38N+S40T, K61T, N85T, K94N and Q106T, even more preferably selected from the group consisting of K12T, G18T, E38N+S40T, K61T and N85T. Specific examples of such substitutions giving rise to a variant comprising at least two additional N-glycosylation sites include: K12T+G18T, K12T+E38N+S40T, K12T+K61T, K12T+N85T, G18T+E38N+S40T, G18T+K61T, G18T+N85T, E38N+S40T+K61T, E38N+S40T+N85T and K61T+N85T.
From the above lists of substitutions, it is preferable to select substitutions located within the 118 N-terminal amino acid residues, in particular within the 97 N-terminal amino acid residues.
The IFNG polypeptide variant of the invention may contain a single additional in vivo glycosylation site per monomer (as compared to SEQ ID NO:1 or fragments thereof). However, in order to become of a sufficient size to increase the serum half-life it is often desirable that the polypeptide comprises more than one additional in vivo N-glycosylation site, in particular 2-7 or 2-5 additional in vivo N-glycosylation sites, such as 2, 3, 4 or 5 in vivo N-glycosylation sites. Such in vivo N-glycosylation sites are preferably introduced by one or more substitutions described in any of the above lists.
Furthermore, it will be understood that any of the above-mentioned modifications may be combined with any of the modifications disclosed in the section entitled “IFNG variant of the invention with optimised in vivo glycosylation sites”, in particular with the substitution G26A.
IFNG Variants of the Invention Wherein the Non-Polypeptide Moiety is a Molecule, which has Cysteine as an Attachment Group
In another preferred embodiment of the invention the IFNG variant of SEQ ID NO:1 (or fragments thereof) comprises at least one introduced cysteine residue. For instance, a cysteine residue may be introduced into a position of the IFNG polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:1 (or fragments thereof) comprising an amino acid residue exposed to the surface. Preferably said surface-exposed amino acid residue has at least 25% of the side chain exposed to the surface, in particular at least 50% of its side chain exposed to the surface. Details regarding determination of such positions can be found in Example 1 herein.
For instance, substitutions that lead to introduction of a cysteine residue at positions exposed at the surface of the IFNG polypeptide and occupied by amino acid residue having at least 25% of the side chain exposed to the surface (in a structure with receptor molecule) include: Q1C, D2C, P3C, K6C, E9C, N10C, K13C, Y14C, N16C, G18C, H19C, D21C, N25C, G26C, G31C, K34C, N35C, K37C, E38C, E39C, S40C, K55C, K58C, N59C, K61C, D62C, D63C, Q64C, S65C, Q67C, K68C, E71C, T72C, K74C, E75C, N78C, V79C, K80C, N83C, S84C, N85C, K86C, K87C, D90C, E93C, K94C, T101C, D102C, L103C, N104C and E119C, the substitution being indicated relative to [S99T]huIFNG with the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO 1 (or relative to the relevant fragment thereof having the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NOS:2-16).
Substitutions that lead to introduction of a cysteine residue at positions exposed at the surface of the IFNG polypeptide and occupied by amino acid residue having at least 50% of the side chain exposed to the surface (in a structure with receptor molecule) include: P3C, K6C, N10C, K13C, N16C, D21C, N25C, G26C, G31C, K34C, K37C, E38C, E39C, K55C, K58C, N59C, D62C, Q64C, S65C, K68C, E71C, E75C, N83C, S84C, K86C, K87C, K94C, T101C, D102C, L103C and N104C, the substitution being indicated relative to [S99T]huIFNG with the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO 1 (or relative to the relevant fragment thereof having the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NOS:2-16).
Usually, it is not preferred to introduce a cysteine residue (and subsequently attaching the cysteine residue to a non-polypeptide moiety) in the region constituting the receptor binding site (except in special cases, cf. the section entitled “Variants with a reduced receptor affinity”). Accordingly, the mutations Q1C, E9C, G18C, H19C, D21C, G26C, K34C, K37C and E119C should normally not be performed, unless a reduced receptor affinity is desired.
More preferably, said cysteine residue is introduced by a substitution selected from the group consisting of N10C, N16C, E38C, N59C, N83C, K94C, N104C and A124C.
In another interesting embodiment of the invention, the variant of SEQ ID NO:1 (or fragments thereof having the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NOS:2-16) comprises at least two introduced cysteine residues. The at least two modifications, in particular substitutions, leading to the introduction of the at least two cysteine residues may preferably be selected from the group consisting of N10C, N16C, E38C, N59C, N83C, K94C, N104C and A124C. Specific examples of such substitutions giving rise to a variant comprising at least two introduced cysteine residues include: N10C+N16C, N10C+E38C, N10C+N59C, N10C+N83C, N10C+K94C, N10C+N104C, N10C+A124C, N16C+E38C, N16C+N59C, N16C+N83C, N16C+K94C, N16C+N104C, N16C+A124C, E38C+N59C, E38C+N83C, E38C+K94C, E38C+N104C, E38N+A124C, N59C+N83C, N59C+K94C, N59C+N104C, N59C+A124C, N83C+K94C, N83C+K94C, N83C+N104C, N83C+A124C, K94C+N104C, K94C+A124C and N104C+A124C.
As will be understood the introduced cysteine residue(s) may preferably be conjugated to a non-polypeptide moiety, such as PEG or more preferably mPEG. The conjugation between the cysteine-containing polypeptide variant and the polymer molecule may be achieved in any suitable manner, e.g. as described in the section entitled “Conjugation to a polymer molecule”, e.g. in using a one step method or in the stepwise manner referred to in said section. The preferred method for PEGylating the IFNG polypeptide variant is to covalently attach PEG to cysteine residues using cysteine-reactive PEGs. A number of highly specific, cysteine-reactive PEGs with different groups (e.g. orthopyridyl-disulfide, maleimide and vinylsulfone) and different size PEGs (2-20 kDa, such as 5 kDa, 10 kDa, 12 kDa or 15 kDa) are commercially available, e.g. from Shearwater Polymers Inc., Huntsville, Ala., USA).
It will be understood that any of the above-mentioned modifications may be combined with any of the modifications disclosed in the section entitled “IFNG variants of the invention with optimised in vivo glycosylation sites”, in particular with the substitution G26A.
IFNG Variants of the Invention Wherein the First Non-Polypeptide Moiety is a Sugar Moiety and the Second Non-Polypeptide Moiety is a Molecule, which has Cysteine as an Attachment Group
In a further preferred embodiment of the invention the IFNG variant of SEQ ID NO:1 (or fragments thereof) comprises at least one introduced N-glycosylation site and at least one introduced cysteine residue. Such variants may be prepared by selecting the residues described in the two preceding sections describing suitable positions for introducing N-glycosylation sites and cysteine residues, respectively. However, in a preferred embodiment of the invention said variant comprises substitutions selected from the group consisting of K12T+N16C, K12T+E38C, K12T+N59C, K12T+N83C, K12T+K94C, K12T+N104C, K12T+A124C, G18T+N10C, G18T+E38C, G18T+N59C, G18T+N83C, G18T+K94C, G18T+N104C, G18T+A124C, E38N+S40T+N10C, E38N+S40T+N16C, E38N+S40T+N59C, E38N+S40T+N83C, E38N+S40T+K94C, E38N+S40T+N104C, E38N+S40T+A124C, K61T+N16C, K61T+N16C, K61T+E38C, K61T+N83C, K61T+K94C, K61T+N104C, K61T+A124C, N85T+N10C, N85T+N16C, N85T+E38C, N85T+N59C, N85T+K94C, N85T+N104C, N85T+A124C, K94N+N10C, K94N+N16C, K94N+E38C, K94N+N59C, K94N+N83C, K94N+N104C, K94N+A124C, Q106T+N10C, Q106T+N16C, Q106T+E38C, Q106T+N59C, Q106T+N83C, Q106T+K94C and Q106T+A124C, more preferably from the group consisting of E38N+S40T+N10C, E38N+S40T+N16C, E38N+S40T+N59C, E38N+S40T+N83C, E38N+S40T+K94C and E38N+S40T+N104C.
As will be understood the introduced cysteine residue may preferably be conjugated to a non-polypeptide moiety, such as PEG or more preferably mPEG. The conjugation between the cysteine-containing polypeptide variant and the polymer may be achieved in any suitable manner, e.g. as described in the section entitled “Conjugation to a polymer molecule”, e.g. in using a one step method or in the stepwise manner referred to in said section. A suitable polymer is VS-mPEG or OPSS-mPEG.
Furthermore, it will be understood that any of the above-mentioned modifications may be combined with any of the modifications disclosed in the section entitled “IFNG variant of the invention with optimised in vivo glycosylation sites”, in particular with the substitution G26A.
IFNG Variants with a Reduced Receptor Affinity
One way to increase the serum half-life of an IFNG polypeptide would be to decrease the receptor-mediated internalisation and thereby decrease the receptor-mediated clearance.
The receptor-mediated internalisation is dependent upon the affinity of the IFNG dimer for the IFNG receptor complex and, accordingly, an IFNG variant with a decreased affinity to the IFNG receptor complex is expected to be internalised, and hence cleared, to a lesser extent.
The affinity of the IFNG dimmer to its receptor complex may be decreased by performing one or more modifications, in particular substitutions, in the receptor binding site of the IFNG polypeptide. The amino acid residues which constitute the receptor binding site is defined in Example 2 herein. One class of substitutions that may be performed is conservative amino acid substitutions. In another embodiment, the modification performed gives rise to the introduction of an N-glycosylation site.
Thus, in a further particular preferred embodiment of the invention the IFNG variant of SEQ ID NO:1 (or fragments thereof) comprises at least one modification, such as a substitution, in the receptor binding site (as defined herein). More particularly, the IFNG polypeptide comprises at least one modification, preferably a substitution, which creates an in vivo N-glycosylation site, in said receptor binding site. For instance, such substitutions may be selected from the group consisting of Q1N+P3S/T, D2N+Y4S/T, Y4N+K6S/T, V5N+E7S/T, E9N+L11S/T, K12N+Y14S/T, G18N, G18N+S20T, H19N+D21S/T, S20N+V22S/T, D21N+A23S/T, V22N+D24S/T, D24N+G26S/T, G26N+L28S/T, L30N+132S/T, K34N+W36S/T, K37N+E39S/T, K108N+I110S/T, H111N+L113S/T, E112N+I114S/T, I114N+V116S/T, Q115N+M117S/T, A118N+L120S/T, E119N and E119N+S121T, preferably from the group consisting of Q1N+P3S/T, D2N+Y4S/T, E9N+L11S/T, K12N+Y14S/T, G18N, G18N+S20T, H19N+D21S/T, S20N+V22S/T, D21N+A23S/T, K34N+W36S/T, K37N+E39S/T, H111N+L113S/T, Q115N+M117S/T, A118N+L120S/T, E119N and E119N+S121T (introduction of N-glycosylation sites in positions comprising an amino acid residue having at least 25% of its side chain exposed to the surface), more preferably from the group consisting of Q1N+P3S/T, D2N+Y4S/T, E9N+L11S/T, G18N, G18N+S20T, H19N+D21S/T, S20N+V22S/T, D21N+A23S/T, K34N+W36S/T, K37N+E39S/T, Q115N+M117S/T, A118N+L120S/T, E119N and E119N+S121T (introduction of N-glycosylation sites in positions comprising an amino acid residue having at least 50% of its side chain exposed to the surface), even more preferably from the group consisting of Q1N+P3T, D2N+Y4T, E9N+L11T, G18N+S20T, H19N+D21T, S20N+V22T, D21N+A23T, K34N+W36T, K37N+E39T, Q115N+M117T, A118N+L120T and E119N+S121T, most preferably from the group consisting of G18N+S20T, H19N+D21T, D21N+A23T and E119N+S121T, in particular D21N+A23T.
Such variants are contemplated to exhibit a reduced receptor affinity as compared to huIFNG or ACTIMMUNE® IFNG. The receptor affinity may be measured by any suitable assay and will be known to the person skilled in the art. One example of a suitable assay for determining the receptor binding affinity is the BIAcore® assay described in Michiels et al. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 30:505-516 (1998). Using the above-identified assay, IFNG variants considered useful for the purposes described herein are such IFNG variants, wherein the binding affinity (Kd) is 1-95% of the Kd-value of glycosylated [S99T]huIFNG or ACTIMMUNE® IFNG. For example the Kd-value of the IFNG polypeptide may be 1-75% or 1-50%, such as 1-25%, e.g. 1-20% or even as low as 1-15%, 1-10% or 1-5% of the Kd-value of glycosylated [S99T]huIFNG or ACTIMMUNE® INFG.
Typically, such IFNG variants having reduced receptor affinity will exhibit a reduced IFNG activity, e.g. when tested in the “Primary Assay” described herein. For example, them IFNG polypeptide variant may exhibit 1-95% of the specific activity of ACTIMMUNE® or rhuIFNG, e.g. 1-75%, such as 1-50%, e.g. 1-20% or 1-10% of the specific activity of ACTIMMUNE® IFNG or rhuIFNG.
As mentioned above, such IFNG variants are contemplated to possess an increased serum-half due to the reduced receptor-mediated clearance. Therefore, the IFNG polypeptide variants according to the aspect of the invention are contemplated to fulfil the requirements with respect to increased serum-half described previously herein in connection with the definition of increased serum half-life.
Evidently, any of the above-mentioned modifications giving rise to a reduced receptor binding affinity may be combined with any of the other modifications disclosed herein, in particular the modifications mentioned in the sections entitled “IFNG variants of the invention with optimised N-glycosylation sites”, “IFNG variants of the invention wherein the non-polypeptide moiety is a sugar moiety”, “IFNG variants of the invention wherein the non-polypeptide moiety is a molecule, which has cysteine as an attachment group” and “IFNG variants of the invention wherein the first non-polypeptide moiety is a sugar moiety and the second non-polypeptide moiety is a molecule, which has cysteine as an attachment group”, such as G26A, E38N+S40T and combinations thereof.
Conjugation Methods
The Non-Polypeptide Moiety
As indicated further above the non-polypeptide moiety is preferably selected from the group consisting of a polymer molecule, a lipophilic compound, a sugar moiety (e.g. by way of in vivo N-glycosylation) and an organic derivatizing agent. All of these agents may confer desirable properties to the IFNG polypeptide variant, in particular increased AUCsc, increased serum half-life and/or reduced immunogenicity. The polypeptide variant is normally conjugated to only one type of non-polypeptide moiety, but may also be conjugated to two or more different types of non-polypeptide moieties, e.g. to a polymer molecule and a sugar moiety, to a lipophilic group and a sugar moiety, to an organic derivating agent and a sugar moiety, to a lipophilic group and a polymer molecule, etc. When conjugated to two different types of non-polypeptide moieties these are preferably a sugar moiety and a polymer moiety. The conjugation to two or more different non-polypeptide moieties may be done simultaneous or sequentially. In the following sections “Conjugation to a lipophilic compound”, “Conjugation to a polymer molecule”, “Conjugation to a sugar moiety” and “Conjugation to an organic derivatizing agent” conjugation to specific types of non-polypeptide moieties is described.
Conjugation to a Lipophilic Compound
The polypeptide variant and the lipophilic compound may be conjugated to each other, either directly or by use of a linker. The lipophilic compound may be a natural compound such as a saturated or unsaturated fatty acid, a fatty acid diketone, a terpene, a prostaglandin, a vitamine, a carotenoide or steroide, or a synthetic compound such as a carbon acid, an alcohol, an amine and sulphonic acid with one or more alkyl-, aryl-, alkenyl- or other multiple unsaturated compounds. The conjugation between the polypeptide variant and the lipophilic compound, optionally through a linker may be done according to methods known in the art, e.g. as described by Bodanszky in Peptide Synthesis, John Wiley, New York, 1976 and in WO 96/12505.
Conjugation to a Polymer Molecule
The polymer molecule to be coupled to the polypeptide variant may be any suitable polymer molecule, such as a natural or synthetic homo-polymer or heteropolymer, typically with a molecular weight in the range of 300-100,000 Da or 1000-50,000 Da, such as in the range of 2000-40,000 Da or 2000-30,000 Da, e.g. in the range of 2000-20,000 Da, 2000-10,000 or 1000-5000 Da. More particularly, the polymer molecule, such as PEG, in particular MPEG, will typically have a molecular weight of about 2, 5, 10, 12, 15, 20, 30, 40 or 50 kDa, in particular a molecular weight of about 5 kDa, about 10 kDa, about 12 kDa, about 15 kDa or 20 about kDa.
When used about polymer molecules herein, the word “about” indicates an approximate average molecular weight and reflects the fact that there will normally be a certain molecular weight distribution in a given polymer preparation.
Examples of homo-polymers include a polyol (i.e. poly-OH), a polyamine (i.e. poly-NH2) and a polycarboxylic acid (i.e. poly-COOH). A hetero-polymer is a polymer, which comprises one or more different coupling groups, such as, e.g., a hydroxyl group and an amine group.
Examples of suitable polymer molecules include polymer molecules selected from the group consisting of polyalkylene oxide (PAO), including polyalkylene glycol (PAG), such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polypropylene glycol (PPG), branched PEGs, poly-vinyl alcohol (PVA), poly-carboxylate, poly-(vinylpyrolidone), polyethylene-co-maleic acid anhydride, polystyrene-co-malic acid anhydride, dextran including carboxymethyl-dextran, or any other biopolymer suitable for reducing immunogenicity and/or increasing functional in vivo half-life and/or serum half-life. Another example of a polymer molecule is human albumin or another abundant plasma protein. Generally, polyalkylene glycol-derived polymers are biocompatible, non-toxic, non-antigenic, non-immunogenic, have various water solubility properties, and are easily excreted from living organisms.
PEG is the preferred polymer molecule to be used, since it has only few reactive groups capable of cross-linking compared, e.g., to polysaccharides such as dextran, and the like. In particular, monofunctional PEG, such as, monomethoxypolyethylene glycol (mPEG), is of interest since its coupling chemistry is relatively simple (only one reactive group is available for conjugating with attachment groups on the polypeptide). Consequently, the risk of cross-linking is eliminated, the resulting conjugated polypeptide variantss are more homogeneous and the reaction of the polymer molecules with the polypeptide is easier to control.
To effect covalent attachment of the polymer molecule(s) to the polypeptide variant, the hydroxyl end groups of the polymer molecule must be provided in activated form, i.e. with reactive functional groups (examples of which include primary amino groups, hydrazide (HZ), thiol, succinate (SUC), succinimidyl succinate (SS), succinimidyl succinamide (SSA), succinimidyl proprionate (SPA), succinimidy carboxymethylate (SCM), benzotriazole carbonate (BTC), N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS), aldehyde, nitrophenylcarbonate (NPC), and tresylate (TRES)). Suitably activated polymer molecules are commercially available, e.g. from Shearwater Polymers, Inc., Huntsville, Ala., USA. Alternatively, the polymer molecules can be activated by conventional methods known in the art, e.g. as disclosed in WO 90/13540. Specific examples of activated linear or branched polymer molecules for use in the present invention are described in the Shearwater Polymers, Inc. 1997 and 2000 Catalogue (Functionalized Biocompatible Polymers for Research and pharmaceuticals, Polyethylene Glycol and Derivatives, incorporated herein by reference). Specific examples of activated PEG polymers include the following linear PEGs: NHS-PEG (e.g. SPA-PEG, SSPA-PEG, SBA-PEG, SS-PEG, SSA-PEG, SC-PEG, SG-PEG, and SCM-PEG), and NOR-PEG), BTC-PEG, EPOX-PEG, NCO-PEG, NPC-PEG, CDI-PEG, ALD-PEG, TRES-PEG, VS-PEG, IODO-PEG, and MAL-PEG, and branched PEGs such as PEG2-NHS and those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,932,462 and 5,643,575, both of which references are incorporated herein by reference. Furthermore, the following publications, incorporated herein by reference, disclose useful polymer molecules and/or PEGylation chemistries: U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,824,778, 5,476,653, WO 97/32607, EP 229,108, EP 402,378, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,902,502, 5,281,698, 5,122,614, 5,219,564, WO 92/16555, WO 94/04193, WO 94/14758, WO 94/17039, WO 94/18247, WO 94/28024, WO 95/00162, WO 95/11924, WO95/13090, WO 95/33490, WO 96/00080, WO 97/18832, WO 98/41562, WO 98/48837, WO 99/32134, WO 99/32139, WO 99/32140, WO 96/40791, WO 98/32466, WO 95/06058, EP 439 508, WO 97/03106, WO 96/21469, WO 95/13312, EP 921 131, U.S. Pat. No. 5,736,625, WO 98/05363, EP 809 996, U.S. Pat. No. 5,629,384, WO 96/41813, WO 96/07670, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,473,034, 5,516,673, EP 605 963, U.S. Pat. No. 5,382,657, EP 510 356, EP 400 472, EP 183 503 and EP 154 316.
Specific examples of activated PEG polymers particularly preferred for coupling to cysteine residues, include the following linear PEGs: vinylsulfone-PEG (VS-PEG), preferably vinylsulfone-mPEG (VS-mPEG); maleimide-PEG (MAL-PEG), preferably maleimide-mPEG (MAL-mPEG) and orthopyridyl-disulfide-PEG (OPSS-PEG), preferably orthopyridyl-disulfide-mPEG (OPSS-mPEG). Typically, such PEG or MPEG polymers will have a size of about 5 kDa, about 10 kD, about 12 kDa or about 20 kDa.
The conjugation of the polypeptide variant and the activated polymer molecules is conducted by use of any conventional method, e.g. as described in the following references (which also describe suitable methods for activation of polymer molecules): Harris and Zalipsky, eds., Poly(ethylene glycol) Chemistry and Biological Applications, AZC, Washington; R. F. Taylor, (1991), “Protein immobilization. Fundamental and applications”, Marcel Dekker, N.Y.; S. S. Wong, (1992), “Chemistry of Protein Conjugation and Crosslinking”, CRC Press, Boca Raton; G. T. Hermanson et al., (1993), “Immobilized Affinity Ligand Techniques”, Academic Press, N.Y.). For PEGylation to cysteine residues (see above) the IFNG variant is usually treated with a reducing agent, such as dithiothreitol (DDT) prior to PEGylation. The reducing agent is subsequently removed by any conventional method, such as by desalting. Conjugation of PEG to a cysteine residue typically takes place in a suitable buffer at pH 6-9 at temperatures varying from 4° C. to 25° C. for periods up to 16 hours.
The skilled person will be aware that the activation method and/or conjugation chemistry to be used depends on the attachment group(s) of the polypeptide variant as well as the functional groups of the polymer (e.g. being amino, hydroxyl, carboxyl, aldehyde or sulfydryl). The PEGylation may be directed towards conjugation to all available attachment groups on the polypeptide variant (i.e. such attachment groups that are exposed at the surface of the polypeptide) or may be directed towards specific attachment groups, e.g. the N-terminal amino group (U.S. Pat. No. 5,985,265). Furthermore, the conjugation may be achieved in one step or in a stepwise manner (e.g. as described in WO 99/55377).
It will be understood that the PEGylation is designed so as to produce the optimal molecule with respect to the number of PEG molecules attached, the size and form (e.g. whether they are linear or branched) of such molecules, and where in the polypeptide variant such molecules are attached. For instance, the molecular weight of the polymer to be used may be chosen on the basis of the desired effect to be achieved. For instance, if the primary purpose of the conjugation is to achieve a conjugate having a high molecular weight (e.g. to reduce renal clearance) it is usually desirable to conjugate as few high molecular weight-polymer molecules as possible to obtain the desired molecular weight. When a high degree of epitope shielding is desirable this may be obtained by use of a sufficiently high number of low molecular weight polymer (e.g. with a molecular weight of about 5,000 Da) to effectively shield all or most epitopes of the polypeptide. For instance, 2-8, such as 3-6, of such polymers may be used.
In connection with conjugation to only a single attachment group on the protein (as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,985,265), it may be advantageous that the polymer molecule, which may be linear or branched, has a high molecular weight, e.g. about 20 kDa.
Normally, the polymer conjugation is performed under conditions aiming at reacting all available polymer attachment groups with polymer molecules. Typically, the molar ratio of activated polymer molecules to polypeptide variant is 1000-1, in particular 200-1, e.g. 100-1, such as 10-1 or 5-1 in order to obtain optimal reaction. However, also equimolar ratios may be used.
It is also contemplated according to the invention to couple the polymer molecules to the polypeptide variant through a linker. Suitable linkers are well known to the skilled person. A preferred example is cyanuric chloride (Abuchowski et al., (1977), J. Biol. Chem., 252, 3578-3581; U.S. Pat. No. 4,179,337; Shafer et al., (1986), J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Chem. Ed., 24, 375-378.
Subsequent to the conjugation residual activated polymer molecules are blocked according to methods known in the art, e.g. by addition of primary amine to the reaction mixture, and the resulting inactivated polymer molecules removed by a suitable method.
Coupling to a Sugar Moiety
The coupling of a sugar moiety may take place in vivo or in vitro. In order to achieve in vivo glycosylation of a polypeptide with IFNG activity, which have been modified so as to introduce one or more in vivo glycosylation sites (see the section “IFNG variants of the invention wherein the non-polypeptide moiety is a sugar moiety), the nucleotide sequence encoding the polypeptide must be inserted in a glycosylating, eukaryotic expression host. The expression host cell may be selected from fungal (filamentous fungal or yeast), insect or animal cells or from transgenic plant cells. Furthermore, the glycosylation may be achieved in the human body when using a nucleotide sequence encoding the polypeptide variant of the invention in gene therapy. In one embodiment the host cell is a mammalian cell, such as an CHO cell, BHK or HEK cell, e.g. HEK293, or an insect cell, such as an SF9 cell, or a yeast cell, e.g. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia pastoris or any other suitable glycosylating host, e.g. as described further below. Optionally, sugar moieties attached to the IFNG polypeptide variant by in vivo glycosylation are further modified by use of glycosyltransferases, e.g. using the glycoAdvance™ technology marketed by Neose, Horsham, Pa., USA. Thereby, it is possible to, e.g., increase the sialyation of the glycosylated IFNG polypeptide variant following expression and in vivo glycosylation by CHO cells.
Covalent in vitro coupling of glycosides to amino acid residues of IFNG polypepeptides may be used to modify or increase the number or profile of carbohydrate substituents. Depending on the coupling mode used, the sugar(s) may be attached to a) arginine and histidine, b) free carboxyl groups, c) free sulfhydryl groups such as those of cysteine, d) free hydroxyl groups such as those of serine, threonine, tyrosine or hydroxyproline, e) aromatic residues such as those of phenylalanine or tryptophan or f) the amide group of glutamine. These amino acid residues constitute examples of attachment groups for a sugar moiety, which may be introduced and/or removed in the IFNG polypeptide. Suitable methods of in vitro coupling are described, for example, in WO 87/05330 and in Aplin et al., CRC Crit Rev. Biochem., pp. 259-306, 1981. The in vitro coupling of sugar moieties or PEG to protein- and peptide-bound Gln-residues can also be carried out by transglutaminases (TGases), e.g. as described by Sato et al., 1996 Biochemistry 35, 13072-13080 or in EP 725145.
Coupling to an Organic Derivatizing Agent
Covalent modification of the IFNG polypeptide variant may be performed by reacting (an) attachment group(s) of the polypeptide variant with an organic derivatizing agent. Suitable derivatizing agents and methods are well known in the art. For example, cysteinyl residues most commonly are reacted with α-haloacetates (and corresponding amines), such as chloroacetic acid or chloroacetamide, to give carboxymethyl or carboxyamidomethyl derivatives. Cysteinyl residues also are derivatized by reaction with bromotrifluoroacetone, α-bromo-β-(4-imidozoyl)propionic acid, chloroacetyl phosphate, N-alkylmaleimides, 3-nitro-2-pyridyl disulfide, methyl 2-pyridyl disulfide, p-chloromercuribenzoate, 2-chloromercuri-4-nitrophenol, or chloro-7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole. Histidyl residues are derivatized by reaction with diethylpyrocarbonateat pH 5.5-7.0 because this agent is relatively specific for the histidyl side chain. Para-bromophenacyl bromide also is useful; the reaction is preferably performed in 0.1 M sodium cacodylate at pH 6.0. Lysinyl and amino terminal residues are reacted with succinic or other carboxylic acid anhydrides. Derivatization with these agents has the effect of reversing the charge of the lysinyl residues. Other suitable reagents for derivatizing α-amino-containing residues include imidoesters such as methyl picolinimidate; pyridoxal phosphate; pyridoxal; chloroborohydride; trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid; O-methylisourea; 2,4-pentanedione; and transaminase-catalyzed reaction with glyoxylate. Arginyl residues are modified by reaction with one or several conventional reagents, among them phenylglyoxal, 2,3-butanedione, 1,2-cyclohexanedione, and ninhydrin. Derivatization of arginine residues requires that the reaction be performed in alkaline conditions because of the high pKa of the guanidine functional group. Furthermore, these reagents may react with the groups of lysine as well as the arginine guanidino group. Carboxyl side groups (aspartyl or glutamyl) are selectively modified by reaction with carbodiimides (R—N═C═N—R′), where R and R′ are different alkyl groups, such as 1-cyclohexyl-3-(2-morpholinyl-4-ethyl) carbodiimide or 1-ethyl-3-(4-azonia-4,4-dimethylpentyl)carbodiimide. Furthermore, aspartyl and glutamyl residues are converted to asparaginyl and glutaminyl residues by reaction with ammonium ions.
Blocking of Functional Site
It has been reported that excessive polymer conjugation can lead to a loss of activity of the polypeptide to which the polymer is conjugated. This problem can be eliminated, e.g., by removal of attachment groups located at the functional site or by blocking the functional site prior to conjugation. These latter strategies constitute further embodiments of the invention, the first strategy being exemplified further above, e.g. by removal of lysine residues which may be located close to the functional site and/or by introducing cysteine residues and/or in vivo glycosylation sites at positions not interfering with functional sites.
More specifically, according to the second strategy the conjugation between the polypeptide variant and the non-polypeptide moiety is conducted under conditions where the functional site of the IFNG polypeptide variant is blocked by a helper molecule capable of binding to the functional site of the polypeptide variant. Preferably, the helper molecule is one, which specifically recognizes a functional site of the polypeptide variant, such as a receptor. Alternatively, the helper molecule may be an antibody, in particular a monoclonal antibody recognizing the polypeptide variant. In particular, the helper molecule may be a neutralizing monoclonal antibody.
The polypeptide variant is then allowed to interact with the helper molecule before effecting conjugation. This ensures that the functional site of the polypeptide variant is shielded or protected and consequently unavailable for derivatization by the non-polypeptide moiety such, as a polymer. Following its elution from the helper molecule, the conjugate between the non-polypeptide moiety and the polypeptide variant can be recovered with at least a partially preserved functional site.
The subsequent conjugation of the polypeptide variant having a blocked functional site to a polymer, a lipophilic compound, a sugar moiety, an organic derivatizing agent or any other compound is conducted in the normal way, e.g. as described in the sections above entitled “Conjugation to . . . ”.
In a further embodiment the helper molecule is first covalently linked to a solid phase such as column packing materials, for instance Sephadex or agarose beads, or a surface, e.g. reaction vessel. Subsequently, the polypeptide variant is loaded onto the column material carrying the helper molecule and conjugation carried out according to methods known in the art, e.g. as described in the sections above entitled “Conjugation to . . . ”. This procedure allows the conjugated polypeptide variant to be separated from the helper molecule by elution. The conjugated polypeptide variant is eluted by conventional techniques under physico-chemical conditions that do not lead to a substantive degradation of the conjugated polypeptide variant. The fluid phase containing the conjugated polypeptide variant is separated from the solid phase to which the helper molecule remains covalently linked. The separation can be achieved in other ways: For instance, the helper molecule may be derivatized with a second molecule (e.g. biotin) that can be recognized by a specific binder (e.g. streptavidin). The specific binder may be linked to a solid phase thereby allowing the separation of the conjugated polypeptide variant from the helper molecule-second molecule complex through passage over a second helper-solid phase column which will retain, upon subsequent elution, the helper molecule-second molecule complex, but not the conjugated polypeptide variant. The conjugated polypeptide variant may be released from the helper molecule in any appropriate fashion. De-protection may be achieved by providing conditions in which the helper molecule dissociates from the functional site of the polypeptide variant to which it is bound. For instance, a complex between an antibody to which a polymer is conjugated and an anti-idiotypic antibody can be dissociated by adjusting the pH to an acid or alkaline pH.
Conjugation of a Tagged Polypeptide Variant
In an alternative embodiment the IFNG polypeptide variant is expressed, as a fusion protein, with a tag, i.e. an amino acid sequence or peptide stretch made up of typically 1-30, such as 1-20 amino acid residues. Besides allowing for fast and easy purification, the tag is a convenient tool for achieving conjugation between the tagged IFNG polypeptide variant and the non-polypeptide moiety. In particular, the tag may be used for achieving conjugation in microtiter plates or other carriers, such as paramagnetic beads, to which the tagged polypeptide can be immobilised via the tag. The conjugation to the tagged IFNG polypeptide variantin, e.g., microtiter plates has the advantage that the tagged polypeptide variant can be immobilised in the microtiter plates directly from the culture broth (in principle without any purification) and subjected to conjugation. Thereby, the total number of process steps (from expression to conjugation) can be reduced. Furthermore, the tag may function as a spacer molecule ensuring an improved accessibility to the immobilised polypeptide variant to be conjugated. The conjugation using a tagged polypeptide variant may be to any of the non-polypeptide moieties disclosed herein, e.g. to a polymer molecule such as PEG.
The identity of the specific tag to be used is not critical as long as the tag is capable of being expressed with the polypeptide variant and is capable of being immobilised on a suitable surface or carrier material. A number of suitable tags are commercially available, e.g. from Unizyme Laboratories, Denmark. For instance, the tag may any of the following sequences:
(all available from Unizyme Laboratories, Denmark) or any of the following:
Antibodies against the above tags are commercially available, e.g. from ADI, Aves Lab and Research Diagnostics.
The subsequent cleavage of the tag from the polypeptide may be achieved by use of commercially available enzymes.
Methods of Preparing an IFNG Polypeptide Variant of the Invention
The IFNG polypeptide variant may be produced by any suitable method known in the art. Such methods include constructing a nucleotide sequence encoding the polypeptide variant and expressing the sequence in a suitable transformed or transfected host. However, polypeptide variants of the invention may be produced, albeit less efficiently, by chemical synthesis or a combination of chemical synthesis or a combination of chemical synthesis and recombinant DNA technology.
The nucleotide sequence of the invention encoding an IFNG polypeptide variant (in monomer or single chain form) may be constructed by isolating or synthesizing a nucleotide sequence encoding the parent IFNG, such as huIFNG with the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:17 or a fragment thereof, and then changing the nucleotide sequence so as to effect introduction (i.e. insertion or substitution) or deletion (i.e. removal or substitution) of the relevant amino acid residue(s).
The nucleotide sequence is conveniently modified by site-directed mutagenesis in accordance with well-known methods, see, e.g., Mark et al., “Site-specific Mutagenesis of the Human Fibroblast Interferon Gene”, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 81, pp. 5662-66 (1984); and U.S. Pat. No. 4,588,585.
Alternatively, the nucleotide sequence is prepared by chemical synthesis, e.g. by using an oligonucleotide synthesizer, wherein oligonucleotides are designed based on the amino acid sequence of the desired polypeptide variant, and preferably selecting those codons that are favored in the host cell in which the recombinant polypeptide variant will be produced. For example, several small oligonucleotides coding for portions of the desired polypeptide variant may be synthesized and assembled by PCR, ligation or ligation chain reaction (LCR). The individual oligonucleotides typically contain 5′ or 3′ overhangs for complementary assembly.
Once assembled (by synthesis, site-directed mutagenesis or another method), the nucleotide sequence encoding the polypeptide variant is inserted into a recombinant vector and operably linked to control sequences necessary for expression of the IFNG polypeptide variant in the desired transformed host cell.
It should of course be understood that not all vectors and expression control sequences function equally well to express the nucleotide sequence encoding an IFNG polypeptide variant described herein. Neither will all hosts function equally well with the same expression system. However, one of skill in the art may make a selection among these vectors, expression control sequences and hosts without undue experimentation. For example, in selecting a vector, the host must be considered because the vector must replicate in it or be able to integrate into the chromosome. The vector's copy number, the ability to control that copy number, and the expression of any other proteins encoded by the vector, such as antibiotic markers, should also be considered. In selecting an expression control sequence, a variety of factors should also be considered. These include, for example, the relative strength of the sequence, its controllability, and its compatibility with the nucleotide sequence encoding the polypeptide variant, particularly as regards potential secondary structures. Hosts should be selected by consideration of their compatibility with the chosen vector, the toxicity of the product coded for by the nucleotide sequence, their secretion characteristics, their ability to fold the polypeptide correctly, their fermentation or culture requirements, and the ease of purification of the products coded for by the nucleotide sequence.
The recombinant vector may be an autonomously replicating vector, i.e. a vector, which exists as an extrachromosomal entity, the replication of which is independent of chromosomal replication, e.g. a plasmid. Alternatively, the vector is one which, when introduced into a host cell, is integrated into the host cell genome and replicated together with the chromosome(s) into which it has been integrated.
The vector is preferably an expression vector, in which the nucleotide sequence encoding the IFNG polypeptide variant is operably linked to additional segments required for transcription of the nucleotide sequence. The vector is typically derived from plasmid or viral DNA. A number of suitable expression vectors for expression in the host cells mentioned herein are commercially available or described in the literature. Useful expression vectors for eukaryotic hosts, include, for example, vectors comprising expression control sequences from SV40, bovine papilloma virus, adenovirus and cytomegalovirus. Specific vectors are, e.g., pCDNA3.1(+)\Hyg (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif., USA) and pCI-neo (Stratagene, La Jola, Calif., USA). Useful expression vectors for bacterial hosts include known bacterial plasmids, such as plasmids from E. coli, including pBR322, pET3a and pET12a (both from Novagen Inc., WI, USA), wider host range plasmids, such as RP4, phage DNAs, e.g., the numerous derivatives of phage lambda, e.g., NM989, and other DNA phages, such as M13 and filamentous single stranded DNA phages. Useful expression vectors for yeast cells include the 2μ plasmid and derivatives thereof, the POT1 vector (U.S. Pat. No. 4,931,373), the pJSO37 vector described in (Okkels, Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 782, 202-207, 1996) and pPICZ A, B or C (Invitrogen). Useful vectors for insect cells include pVL941, pBG311 (Cate et al., “Isolation of the Bovine and Human Genes for Mullerian Inhibiting Substance And Expression of the Human Gene In Animal Cells”, Cell, 45, pp. 685-98 (1986), pBluebac 4.5 and pMelbac (both available from Invitrogen).
Other vectors for use in this invention include those that allow the nucleotide sequence encoding the IFNG polypeptide variant to be amplified in copy number. Such amplifiable vectors are well known in the art. They include, for example, vectors able to be amplified by DHFR amplification (see, e.g., Kaufman, U.S. Pat. No. 4,470,461, Kaufman and Sharp, “Construction Of A Modular Dihydrafolate Reductase cDNA Gene: Analysis Of Signals Utilized For Efficient Expression”, Mol. Cell. Biol., 2, pp. 1304-19 (1982)) and glutamine synthetase (“GS”) amplification (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,122,464 and EP 338,841).
The recombinant vector may further comprise a DNA sequence enabling the vector to replicate in the host cell in question. An example of such a sequence (when the host cell is a mammalian cell) is the SV40 origin of replication. When the host cell is a yeast cell, suitable sequences enabling the vector to replicate are the yeast plasmid 2μ replication genes REP 1-3 and origin of replication.
The vector may also comprise a selectable marker, e.g. a gene the product of which complements a defect in the host cell, such as the gene coding for dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) or the Schizosaccharomyces pombe TPI gene (described by P. R. Russell, Gene 40, 1985, pp. 125-130), or one which confers resistance to a drug, e.g. ampicillin, kanamycin, tetracyclin, chloramphenicol, neomycin, hygromycin or methotrexate. For filamentous fungi, selectable markers include amdS, pyrG, arcB, niaD, sC.
The term “control sequences” is defined herein to include all components, which are necessary or advantageous for the expression of the IFNG polypeptide variant. Each control sequence may be native or foreign to the nucleic acid sequence encoding the polypeptide variant. Such control sequences include, but are not limited to, a leader, polyadenylation sequence, propeptide sequence, promoter, enhancer or upstream activating sequence, signal peptide sequence, and transcription terminator. At a minimum, the control sequences include a promoter.
A wide variety of expression control sequences may be used in the present invention. Such useful expression control sequences include the expression control sequences associated with structural genes of the foregoing expression vectors as well as any sequence known to control the expression of genes of prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells or their viruses, and various combinations thereof.
Examples of suitable control sequences for directing transcription in mammalian cells include the early and late promoters of SV40 and adenovirus, e.g. the adenovirus 2 major late promoter, the MT-1 (metallothionein gene) promoter, the human cytomegalovirus immediate-early gene promoter (CMV), the human elongation factor 1α (EF-1α) promoter, the Drosophila minimal heat shock protein 70 promoter, the Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) promoter, the human ubiquitin C (UbC) promoter, the human growth hormone terminator, SV40 or adenovirus E1b region polyadenylation signals and the Kozak consensus sequence (Kozak, M. J Mol Biol 1987 Aug. 20; 196(4):947-50).
In order to improve expression in mammalian cells a synthetic intron may be inserted in the 5′ untranslated region of the nucleotide sequence encoding the IFNG polypeptide variant. An example of a synthetic intron is the synthetic intron from the plasmid pCI-Neo (available from Promega Corporation, WI, USA).
Examples of suitable control sequences for directing transcription in insect cells include the polyhedrin promoter, the P10 promoter, the Autographa californica polyhedrosis virus basic protein promoter, the baculovirus immediate early gene 1 promoter and the baculovirus 39K delayed-early gene promoter, and the SV40 polyadenylation sequence.
Examples of suitable control sequences for use in yeast host cells include the promoters of the yeast α-mating system, the yeast triose phosphate isomerase (TPI) promoter, promoters from yeast glycolytic genes or alcohol dehydogenase genes, the ADH2-4c promoter and the inducible GAL promoter.
Examples of suitable control sequences for use in filamentous fungal host cells include the ADH3 promoter and terminator, a promoter derived from the genes encoding Aspergillus oryzae TAKA amylase triose phosphate isomerase or alkaline protease, an A. niger α-amylase, A. niger or A. nidulans glucoamylase, A. nidulans acetamidase, Rhizomucor miehei aspartic proteinase or lipase, the TPII terminator and the ADH3 terminator.
Examples of suitable control sequences for use in bacterial host cells include promoters of the lac system, the trp system, the TAC or TRC system and the major promoter regions of phage lambda.
The nucleotide sequence of the invention, whether prepared by site-directed mutagenesis, synthesis or other methods, may or may not also include a nucleotide sequence that encode a signal peptide. The signal peptide is present when the polypeptide is to be secreted from the cells in which it is expressed. Such signal peptide, if present, should be one recognized by the cell chosen for expression of the polypeptide variant. The signal peptide may be homologous (e.g. be that normally associated with huIFNG) or heterologous (i.e. originating from another source than huIFNG) to the polypeptide or may be homologous or heterologous to the host cell, i.e. be a signal peptide normally expressed from the host cell or one which is not normally expressed from the host cell. Accordingly, the signal peptide may be prokaryotic, e.g. derived from a bacterium such as E. coli, or eukaryotic, e.g. derived from a mammalian, or insect or yeast cell.
The presence or absence of a signal peptide will, e.g., depend on the expression host cell used for the production of the polypeptide variant, the protein to be expressed (whether it is an intracellular or intracellular protein) and whether it is desirable to obtain secretion. For use in filamentous fungi, the signal peptide may conveniently be derived from a gene encoding an Aspergillus sp. amylase or glucoamylase, a gene encoding a Rhizomucor miehei lipase or protease or a Humicola lanuginosa lipase. The signal peptide is preferably derived from a gene encoding A. oryzae TAKA amylase, A. niger neutral α-amylase, A. niger acid-stable amylase, or A. niger glucoamylase. For use in insect cells, the signal peptide may conveniently be derived from an insect gene (cf. WO 90/05783), such as the lepidopteran Manduca sexta adipokinetic hormone precursor, (cf U.S. Pat. No. 5,023,328), the honeybee melittin (Invitrogen), ecdysteroid UDPglucosyltransferase (egt) (Murphy et al., Protein Expression and Purification 4, 349-357 (1993) or human pancreatic lipase (hpl) (Methods in Enzymology 284, pp. 262-272, 1997).
A preferred signal peptide for use in mammalian cells is that of huIFNG or the murine Ig kappa light chain signal peptide (Coloma, M (1992) J. Imm. Methods 152:89-104). For use in yeast cells suitable signal peptides have been found to be the α-factor signal peptide from S. cereviciae. (cf. U.S. Pat. No. 4,870,008), the signal peptide of mouse salivary amylase (cf. 0. Hagenbuchle et al., Nature 289, 1981, pp. 643-646), a modified carboxypeptidase signal peptide (cf. L. A. Valls et al., Cell 48, 1987, pp. 887-897), the yeast BAR1 signal peptide (cf. WO 87/02670), and the yeast aspartic protease 3 (YAP3) signal peptide (cf. M. Egel-Mitani et al., Yeast 6, 1990, pp. 127-137).
Any suitable host may be used to produce the IFNG polypeptide variant, including bacteria, fungi (including yeasts), plant, insect, mammal, or other appropriate animal cells or cell lines, as well as transgenic animals or plants. Examples of bacterial host cells include grampositive bacteria such as strains of Bacillus, e.g. B. brevis or B. subtilis, Pseudomonas or Streptomyces, or gramnegative bacteria, such as strains of E. coli. The introduction of a vector into a bacterial host cell may, for instance, be effected by protoplast transformation (see, e.g., Chang and Cohen, 1979, Molecular General Genetics 168: 111-115), using competent cells (see, e.g., Young and Spizizen, 1961, Journal of Bacteriology 81: 823-829, or Dubnau and Davidoff-Abelson, 1971, Journal of Molecular Biology 56: 209-221), electroporation (see, e.g., Shigekawa and Dower, 1988, Biotechniques 6: 742-751), or conjugation (see, e.g., Koehler and Thorne, 1987, Journal of Bacteriology 169: 5771-5278).
Examples of suitable filamentous fungal host cells include strains of Aspergillus, e.g. A. oryzae, A. niger, or A. nidulans, Fusarium or Trichoderma. Fungal cells may be transformed by a process involving protoplast formation, transformation of the protoplasts, and regeneration of the cell wall in a manner known per se. Suitable procedures for transformation of Aspergillus host cells are described in EP 238 023 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,679,543. Suitable methods for transforming Fusarium species are described by Malardier et al., 1989, Gene 78: 147-156 and WO 96/00787. Yeast may be transformed using the procedures described by Becker and Guarente, In Abelson, J. N. and Simon, M. I., editors, Guide to Yeast Genetics and Molecular Biology, Methods in Enzymology, Volume 194, pp 182-187, Academic Press, Inc., New York; Ito et al., 1983, Journal of Bacteriology 153: 163; and Hinnen et al., 1978, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 75: 1920.
Examples of suitable yeast host cells include strains of Saccharomyces, e.g. S. cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces, Kluyveromyces, Pichia, such as P. pastoris or P. methanolica, Hansenula, such as H. Polymorpha or Yarrowia. Methods for transforming yeast cells with heterologous DNA and producing heterologous polypeptides therefrom are disclosed by Clontech Laboratories, Inc, Palo Alto, Calif., USA (in the product protocol for the Yeastmaker™ Yeast Tranformation System Kit), and by Reeves et al., FEMS Microbiology Letters 99 (1992) 193-198, Manivasakam and Schiestl, Nucleic Acids Research, 1993, Vol. 21, No. 18, pp. 4414-4415 and Ganeva et al., FEMS Microbiology Letters 121 (1994) 159-164.
Examples of suitable insect host cells include a Lepidoptora cell line, such as Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9 or Sf21) or Trichoplusioa ni cells (High Five) (U.S. Pat. No. 5,077,214). Transformation of insect cells and production of heterologous polypeptides therein may be performed as described by Invitrogen.
Examples of suitable mammalian host cells include Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines, (e.g. CHO-K1; ATCC CCL-61), Green Monkey cell lines (COS) (e.g. COS 1 (ATCC CRL-1650), COS 7 (ATCC CRL-1651)); mouse cells (e.g. NS/O), Baby Hamster Kidney (BHK) cell lines (e.g. ATCC CRL-1632 or ATCC CCL-10), and human cells (e.g. HEK 293 (ATCC CRL-1573)), as well as plant cells in tissue culture. Additional suitable cell lines are known in the art and available from public depositories such as the American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Md. Also, the mammalian cell, such as a CHO cell, may be modified to express sialyltransferase, e.g. 1,6-sialyltransferase, e.g. as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,047,335, in order to provide improved glycosylation of the IFNG polypeptide variant.
Methods for introducing exogenous DNA into mammalian host cells include calcium phosphate-mediated transfection, electroporation, DEAE-dextran mediated transfection, liposome-mediated transfection, viral vectors and the transfection method described by Life Technologies Ltd, Paisley, UK using Lipofectamin 2000. These methods are well known in the art and e.g. described by Ausbel et al. (eds.), 1996, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, New York, USA. The cultivation of mammalian cells are conducted according to established methods, e.g. as disclosed in (Animal Cell Biotechnology, Methods and Protocols, Edited by Nigel Jenkins, 1999, Human Press Inc, Totowa, N.J., USA and Harrison M A and Rae I F, General Techniques of Cell Culture, Cambridge University Press 1997).
In order to produce a glycosylated polypeptide a eukaryotic host cell, e.g. of the type mentioned above, is used.
In the production methods of the present invention, the cells are cultivated in a nutrient medium suitable for production of the polypeptide variant using methods known in the art. For example, the cell may be cultivated by shake flask cultivation, small-scale or large-scale fermentation (including continuous, batch, fed-batch, or solid state fermentations) in laboratory or industrial fermenters performed in a suitable medium and under conditions allowing the polypeptide variant to be expressed and/or isolated. The cultivation takes place in a suitable nutrient medium comprising carbon and nitrogen sources and inorganic salts, using procedures known in the art. Suitable media are available from commercial suppliers or may be prepared according to published compositions (e.g., in catalogues of the American Type Culture Collection). If the polypeptide variant is secreted into the nutrient medium, the polypeptide variant can be recovered directly from the medium. If the polypeptide variant is not secreted, it can be recovered from cell lysates.
The resulting polypeptide variant may be recovered by methods known in the art. For example, the polypeptide variant may be recovered from the nutrient medium by conventional procedures including, but not limited to, centrifugation, filtration, extraction, spray drying, evaporation, or precipitation.
The polypeptide variants may be purified by a variety of procedures known in the art including, but not limited to, chromatography (e.g., ion exchange, affinity, hydrophobic, chromatofocusing, and size exclusion), electrophoretic procedures (e.g., preparative isoelectric focusing), differential solubility (e.g., ammonium sulfate precipitation), HPLC, or extraction (see, e.g., Protein Purification, J.-C. Janson and Lars Ryden, editors, VCH Publishers, New York, 1989). Specific methods for purifying polypeptides exhibiting IFNG activity are disclosed in EP 0 110 044 and unexamined Japanese patent application No. 186995/84.
The biological activity of the IFNG polypeptide variant can be assayed by any suitable method known in the art. Such assays include antibody neutralization of antiviral activity, induction of protein kinase, oligoadenylate 2,5-A synthetase or phosphodiesterase activities, as described in EP 0 041 313 B1. Such assays also include immunomodulatory assays (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,753,795), growth inhibition assays, and measurement of binding to cells that express interferon receptors. Specific assays are described in the Materials and Methods section herein.
Pharmaceutical Compositions and Uses Thereof
Furthermore, the present invention relates to improved methods of treating or preventing, in particular, inflammatory diseases, e.g. interstitial lung diseases, such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, but also granulomatous diseases; cancer, in particular ovarian cancer; infections such as pulmonary atypical mycobacterial infections; bone disorders (e.g. a bone metabolism disorder so as malignant osteopetrosis); autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis; as well as other diseases such as multiresistent tuberculosis; cryptococcal meningitis; cystic fibrosis and liver fibrosis, in particular liver fibrosis secondary to hepatitis C, said method comprising administering to a mammal, in particular a human being, in need thereof an effective amount of a polypeptide variant of the invention or a composition of the invention; the key advantages being less frequent and/or less intrusive administration of more efficient therapy, and optionally a lower risk of immune reactions with the therapeutically active compound(s).
The molecule of the invention is preferably administered in a composition including a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. “Pharmaceutically acceptable” means a carrier or excipient that does not cause any untoward effects in patients to whom it is administered. Such pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and excipients are well known in the art (Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th edition, A. R. Gennaro, Ed., Mack Publishing Company [1990]; Pharmaceutical Formulation Development of Peptides and Proteins, S. Frokjaer and L. Hovgaard, Eds., Taylor & Francis [2000]; and Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, 3rd edition, A. Kibbe, Ed., Pharmaceutical Press [2000]).
The molecules of the invention can be used “as is” and/or in a salt form thereof. Suitable salts include, but are not limited to, salts with alkali metals or alkaline earth metals, such as sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium, as well as e.g. zinc salts. These salts or complexes may by present as a crystalline and/or amorphous structure.
The variant of the invention is administered at a dose approximately paralleling that employed in therapy with known commercial preparations of IFNG such as ACTIMMUNE® IFNG or as specified in EP 0 795 332. The exact dose to be administered depends on the circumstances. Normally, the dose should be capable of preventing or lessening the severity or spread of the condition or indication being treated. It will be apparent to those of skill in the art that an effective amount of variant or composition of the invention depends, inter alia, upon the disease, the dose, the administration schedule, whether the polypeptide variant or composition is administered alone or in conjunction with other therapeutic agents, the serum half-life of the compositions, and the general health of the patient.
The present invention also relates to an IFNG polypeptide variant according to the present invention, or a pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention, for use as a medicament.
Furthermore, the invention also relates to the use of i) an IFNG variant according to the present invention, or ii) a pharmaceutical composition of the invention, for the manufacture of a medicament, a pharmaceutical composition or a kit-of-parts for the treatment of diseases selected from the group consisting of inflammatory diseases, such as interstitial lung diseases, in particular idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; cancer, in particular ovarian cancer; infections, such as pulmonary atypical mycobacterial infections; bone disorders (e.g. a bone metabolism disorder so as malignant osteopetrosis); granulomatous diseases; autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis; multiresistent tuberculosis; cryptococcal meningitis; cystic fibrosis and liver fibrosis, in particular liver fibrosis secondary to hepatitis C. Most preferably the disease is an interstitial lung disease, in particular idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Also disclosed are improved means of delivering the molecules or preparations, optionally additionally comprising glucocorticoids.
The preferred dosing is 1-4, more preferably 2-3, micrograms/kg patient weight of the polypeptide component per dose. The preferred dosing is 100-350, more preferably 100-150 micrograms glucocorticoid/kg patient weight per dose.
The invention also relates to a kit of parts suitable for the treatment of interstitial lung diseases comprising a first pharmaceutical composition comprising the active components i) or ii) mentioned above and a second pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one glucocorticoid, each optionally together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/or excipient.
The variant of the invention can be formulated into pharmaceutical compositions by well-known methods. Suitable formulations are described by Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences by E. W. Martin and U.S. Pat. No. 5,183,746.
The pharmaceutical composition may be formulated in a variety of forms, including liquid, gel, lyophilized, powder, compressed solid, or any other suitable form. The preferred form will depend upon the particular indication being treated and will be apparent to one of skill in the art.
The pharmaceutical composition may be administered orally, subcutaneously, intravenously, intracerebrally, intranasally, transdermally, intraperitoneally, intramuscularly, intrapulmonary, vaginally, rectally, intraocularly, or in any other acceptable manner, e.g. using PowderJect or ProLease technology. The formulations can be administered continuously by infusion, although bolus injection is acceptable, using techniques well known in the art, such as pumps or implantation. In some instances the formulations may be directly applied as a solution or spray. The preferred mode of administration will depend upon the particular indication being treated and will be apparent to one of skill in the art.
The pharmaceutical composition of the invention may be administered in conjunction with other therapeutic agents. These agents may be incorporated as part of the same pharmaceutical composition or may be administered separately from the polypeptide variant of the invention, either concurrently or in accordance with any other acceptable treatment schedule. In addition, the polypeptide variant or pharmaceutical composition of the invention may be used as an adjunct to other therapies. In particular, combinations with glucocorticoids as described in EP 0 795 332 are considered.
In a further aspect the invention relates to a method of treating a mammal having circulating antibodies against huIFNG or rhuIFNG, which method comprises administering an IFNG variant which has the bioactivity of IFNG and which does not react with said antibodies. The compound is preferably a variant as described herein and the mammal is preferably a human being. The mammals to be treated may suffer from any of the diseases listed above for which IFNG is a useful treatment. Furthermore, the invention relates to a method of making a pharmaceutical product for use in treatment of mammals having circulating antibodies against huIFNG or rhuIFNG, wherein an IFNG variant which has the bioactivity of IFNG and which does not react with such is formulated into an injectable or otherwise suitable formulation. The term “circulating antibodies” is intended to indicate autoantibodies formed in a mammal in response to having been treated with any of the commercially available IFNG preparations.
Also contemplated is use of a nucleotide sequence encoding an IFNG polypeptide variant of the invention in gene therapy applications. In particular, it may be of interest to use a nucleotide sequence encoding an IFNG polypeptide variant described in the section above entitled “IFNG variants of the invention wherein the non-polypeptide moiety is a sugar moiety”. The glycosylation of the polypeptide variant is thus achieved during the course of the gene therapy, i.e. after expression of the nucleotide sequence in the human body.
Gene therapy applications contemplated include treatment of those diseases in which the polypeptide variant is expected to provide an effective therapy.
Local delivery of IFNG variant using gene therapy may provide the therapeutic agent to the target area while avoiding potential toxicity problems associated with non-specific administration.
Both in vitro and in vivo gene therapy methodologies are contemplated.
Several methods for transferring potentially therapeutic genes to defined cell populations are known. For further reference see, e.g., Mulligan, “The Basic Science Of Gene Therapy”, Science, 260, pp. 926-31 (1993). These methods include:
Direct gene transfer, e.g., as disclosed by Wolff et al., “Direct Gene transfer Into Mouse Muscle In vivo”, Science 247, pp. 1465-68 (1990);
Liposome-mediated DNA transfer, e.g., as disclosed by Caplen et al., “Liposome-mediated CFTR Gene Transfer to the Nasal Epithelium Of Patients With Cystic Fibrosis” Nature Med., 3, pp. 39-46 (1995); Crystal, “The Gene As A Drug”, Nature Med., 1, pp. 15-17 (1995); Gao and Huang, “A Novel Cationic Liposome Reagent For Efficient Transfection of Mammalian Cells”, Biochem. Biophys Res. Comm., 179, pp. 280-85 (1991);
Retrovirus-mediated DNA transfer, e.g., as disclosed by Kay et al., “In vivo Gene Therapy of Hemophilia B: Sustained Partial Correction In Factor IX-Deficient Dogs”, Science, 262, pp. 117-19 (1993); Anderson, “Human Gene Therapy”, Science, 256, pp. 808-13(1992);
DNA Virus-mediated DNA transfer. Such DNA viruses include adenoviruses (preferably Ad-2 or Ad-5 based vectors), herpes viruses (preferably herpes simplex virus based vectors), and parvoviruses (preferably “defective” or non-autonomous parvovirus based vectors, more preferably adeno-associated virus based vectors, most preferably AAV-2 based vectors). See, e.g., Ali et al., “The Use Of DNA Viruses as Vectors for Gene Therapy”, Gene Therapy, 1, pp. 367-84 (1994); U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,797,368, and 5,139,941.
Parenterals
An example of a pharmaceutical composition is a solution designed for parenteral administration. Although in many cases pharmaceutical solution formulations are provided in liquid form, appropriate for immediate use, such parenteral formulations may also be provided in frozen or in lyophilized form. In the former case, the composition must be thawed prior to use. The latter form is often used to enhance the stability of the active compound contained in the composition under a wider variety of storage conditions, as it is recognized by those skilled in the art that lyophilized preparations are generally more stable than their liquid counterparts. Such lyophilized preparations are reconstituted prior to use by the addition of one or more suitable pharmaceutically acceptable diluents such as sterile water for injection or sterile physiological saline solution.
In case of parenterals, they are prepared for storage as lyophilized formulations or aqueous solutions by mixing, as appropriate, the polypeptide variant having the desired degree of purity with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients or stabilizers typically employed in the art (all of which are termed “excipients”), for example buffering agents, stabilizing agents, preservatives, isotonifiers, non-ionic detergents, antioxidants and/or other miscellaneous additives.
Buffering agents help to maintain the pH in the range which approximates physiological conditions. They are typically present at a concentration ranging from about 2 mM to about 50 mM. Suitable buffering agents for use with the present invention include both organic and inorganic acids and salts thereof such as citrate buffers (e.g., monosodium citrate-disodium citrate mixture, citric acid-trisodium citrate mixture, citric acid-monosodium citrate mixture, etc.), succinate buffers (e.g., succinic acid-monosodium succinate mixture, succinic acid-sodium hydroxide mixture, succinic acid-disodium succinate mixture, etc.), tartrate buffers (e.g., tartaric acid-sodium tartrate mixture, tartaric acid-potassium tartrate mixture, tartaric acid-sodium hydroxide mixture, etc.), fumarate buffers (e.g., fumaric acid-monosodium fumarate mixture, fumaric acid-disodium fumarate mixture, monosodium fumarate-disodium fumarate mixture, etc.), gluconate buffers (e.g., gluconic acid-sodium glyconate mixture, gluconic acid-sodium hydroxide mixture, gluconic acid-potassium glyuconate mixture, etc.), oxalate buffer (e.g., oxalic acid-sodium oxalate mixture, oxalic acid-sodium hydroxide mixture, oxalic acid-potassium oxalate mixture, etc.), lactate buffers (e.g., lactic acid-sodium lactate mixture, lactic acid-sodium hydroxide mixture, lactic acid-potassium lactate mixture, etc.) and acetate buffers (e.g., acetic acid-sodium acetate mixture, acetic acid-sodium hydroxide mixture, etc.). Additional possibilities are phosphate buffers, histidine buffers and trimethylamine salts such as Tris.
Preservatives may be added to retard microbial growth, and are typically added in amounts of about 0.2%-1% (w/v). Suitable preservatives for use with the present invention include phenol, benzyl alcohol, meta-cresol, methyl paraben, propyl paraben, octadecyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride, benzalkonium halides (e.g. benzalkonium chloride, bromide or iodide), hexamethonium chloride, alkyl parabens such as methyl or propyl paraben, catechol, resorcinol, cyclohexanol and 3-pentanol.
Isotonicifiers may be added to ensure isotonicity of liquid compositions and include polyhydric sugar alcohols, preferably trihydric or higher sugar alcohols, such as glycerin, erythritol, arabitol, xylitol, sorbitol and mannitol. Polyhydric alcohols can be present in an amount between 0.1% and 25% by weight, typically 1% to 5%, taking into account the relative amounts of the other ingredients.
Stabilizers refer to a broad category of excipients, which can range in function from a bulking agent to an additive which solubilizes the therapeutic agent or helps to prevent denaturation or adherence to the container wall. Typical stabilizers can be polyhydric sugar alcohols (enumerated above); amino acids such as arginine, lysine, glycine, glutamine, asparagine, histidine, alanine, ornithine, L-leucine, 2-phenylalanine, glutamic acid, threonine, etc., organic sugars or sugar alcohols, such as lactose, trehalose, stachyose, mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol, ribitol, myoinisitol, galactitol, glycerol and the like, including cyclitols such as inositol; polyethylene glycol; amino acid polymers; sulfur-containing reducing agents, such as urea, glutathione, thioctic acid, sodium thioglycolate, thioglycerol, α-monothioglycerol and sodium thiosulfate; low molecular weight polypeptides (i.e. <10 residues); proteins such as human serum albumin, bovine serum albumin, gelatin or immunoglobulins; hydrophilic polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone; monosaccharides such as xylose, mannose, fructose and glucose; disaccharides such as lactose, maltose and sucrose; trisaccharides such as raffinose, and polysaccharides such as dextran. Stabilizers are typically present in the range of from 0.1 to 10,000 parts by weight based on the active protein weight.
Non-ionic surfactants or detergents (also known as “wetting agents”) may be present to help solubilize the therapeutic agent as well as to protect the therapeutic polypeptide against agitation-induced aggregation, which also permits the formulation to be exposed to shear surface stress without causing denaturation of the polypeptide. Suitable non-ionic surfactants include polysorbates (20, 80, etc.), polyoxamers (184, 188 etc.), PLURONIC® polyols, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monoethers (TWEEN®-20, TWEEN®-80, etc.).
Additional miscellaneous excipients include bulking agents or fillers (e.g. starch), chelating agents (e.g. EDTA), antioxidants (e.g., ascorbic acid, methionine, vitamin E) and cosolvents.
The active ingredient may also be entrapped in microcapsules prepared, for example, by coascervation techniques or by interfacial polymerization, for example hydroxymethylcellulose, gelatin or poly-(methylmethacylate) microcapsules, in colloidal drug delivery systems (for example liposomes, albumin microspheres, microemulsions, nano-particles and nanocapsules) or in macroemulsions. Such techniques are disclosed in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, supra.
Parenteral formulations to be used for in vivo administration must be sterile. This is readily accomplished, for example, by filtration through sterile filtration membranes.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention said pharmaceutical composition comprises the i) IFNG variant of the invention, ii) a buffering agent, in particular a salt of an organic acid, capable of maintaining the pH between 5.0-6.5, iii) a stabilizer, in particular an organic sugar or sugar alcohol, iv) a non-ionic surfactant, and v) sterile water. More particularly, the buffering agent is selected from the group consisting of acetate, succinate and citrate, the stabilizer is mannitol or sorbitol, the non-ionic surfactant is TWEEN®−20 or TWEEN®−80 polyxythylene sorbitan monoether. Preferably, the pharmaceutical composition does not include any preservatives.
Sustained Release Preparations
Suitable examples of sustained-release preparations include semi-permeable matrices of solid hydrophobic polymers containing the variant, the matrices having a suitable form such as a film or microcapsules. Examples of sustained-release matrices include polyesters, hydrogels (for example, poly(2-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate) or poly(vinylalcohol)), polylactides, copolymers of L-glutamic acid and ethyl-L-glutamate, non-degradable ethylene-vinyl acetate, degradable lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymers such as the ProLease® technology or Lupron Depot® (injectable microspheres composed of lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymer and leuprolide acetate), and poly-D-(−)-3-hydroxybutyric acid. While polymers such as ethylene-vinyl acetate and lactic acid-glycolic acid enable release of molecules for long periods such as up to or over 100 days, certain hydrogels release proteins for shorter time periods. When encapsulated polypeptides remain in the body for a long time, they may denature or aggregate as a result of exposure to moisture at 37° C., resulting in a loss of biological activity and possible changes in immunogenicity. Rational strategies can be devised for stabilization depending on the mechanism involved. For example, if the aggregation mechanism is discovered to be intermolecular S—S bond formation through thio-disulfide interchange, stabilization may be achieved by modifying sulfhydryl residues, lyophilizing from acidic solutions, controlling moisture content, using appropriate additives, and developing specific polymer matrix compositions.
Oral Administration
For oral administration, the pharmaceutical composition may be in solid or liquid form, e.g. in the form of a capsule, tablet, suspension, emulsion or solution. The pharmaceutical composition is preferably made in the form of a dosage unit containing a given amount of the active ingredient. A suitable daily dose for a human or other mammal may vary widely depending on the condition of the patient and other factors, but can be determined by persons skilled in the art using routine methods.
Solid dosage forms for oral administration may include capsules, tablets, suppositories, powders and granules. In such solid dosage forms, the active compound may be admixed with at least one inert diluent such as sucrose, lactose, or starch. Such dosage forms may also comprise, as is normal practice, additional substances, e.g. lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate. In the case of capsules, tablets and pills, the dosage forms may also comprise buffering agents. Tablets and pills can additionally be prepared with enteric coatings.
The variants may be admixed with adjuvants such as lactose, sucrose, starch powder, cellulose esters of alkanoic acids, stearic acid, talc, magnesium stearate, magnesium oxide, sodium and calcium salts of phosphoric and sulphuric acids, acacia, gelatin, sodium alginate, polyvinyl-pyrrolidine, and/or polyvinyl alcohol, and tableted or encapsulated for conventional administration. Alternatively, they may be dissolved in saline, water, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, ethanol, oils (such as corn oil, peanut oil, cottonseed oil or sesame oil), tragacanth gum, and/or various buffers. Other adjuvants and modes of administration are well known in the pharmaceutical art. The carrier or diluent may include time delay material, such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate alone or with a wax, or other materials well known in the art.
The pharmaceutical compositions may be subjected to conventional pharmaceutical operations such as sterilization and/or may contain conventional adjuvants such as preservatives, stabilizers, wetting agents, emulsifiers, buffers, fillers, etc., e.g. as disclosed elsewhere herein.
Liquid dosage forms for oral administration may include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs containing inert diluents commonly used in the art, such as water. Such compositions may also comprise adjuvants such as wetting agents, sweeteners, flavoring agents and perfuming agents.
Topical Administration Formulations suitable for topical administration include liquid or semi-liquid preparations suitable for penetration through the skin (e.g., liniments, lotions, ointments, creams, or pastes) and drops suitable for administration to the eye, ear, or nose.
Pulmonary Delivery
Formulations suitable for use with a nebulizer, either jet or ultrasonic, will typically comprise the polypeptide variant dissolved in water at a concentration of, e.g., about 0.01 to 25 mg of variant per mL of solution, preferably about 0.1 to 10 mg/mL. The formulation may also include a buffer and a simple sugar (e.g., for protein stabilization and regulation of osmotic pressure), and/or human serum albumin ranging in concentration from 0.1 to 10 mg/ml. Examples of buffers that may be used are sodium acetate, citrate and glycine. Preferably, the buffer will have a composition and molarity suitable to adjust the solution to a pH in the range of 3 to 9. Generally, buffer molarities of from 1 mM to 50 mM are suitable for this purpose. Examples of sugars which can be utilized are lactose, maltose, mannitol, sorbitol, trehalose, and xylose, usually in amounts ranging from 1% to 10% by weight of the formulation.
The nebulizer formulation may also contain a surfactant to reduce or prevent surface induced aggregation of the protein caused by atomization of the solution in forming the aerosol. Various conventional surfactants can be employed, such as polyoxyethylene fatty acid esters and alcohols, and polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters. Amounts will generally range between 0.001% and 4% by weight of the formulation. An especially preferred surfactant for purposes of this invention is polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate.
Specific formulations and methods of generating suitable dispersions of liquid particles of the invention are described in WO 94/20069, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,915,378, 5,960,792, 5,957,124, 5,934,272, 5,915,378, 5,855,564, 5,826,570 and 5,522,385 which are hereby incorporated by reference.
Formulations for use with a metered dose inhaler device will generally comprise a finely divided powder. This powder may be produced by lyophilizing and then milling a liquid variant formulation and may also contain a stabilizer such as human serum albumin (HSA). Typically, more than 0.5% (w/w) HSA is added. Additionally, one or more sugars or sugar alcohols may be added to the preparation if necessary. Examples include lactose maltose, mannitol, sorbitol, sorbitose, trehalose, xylitol, and xylose. The amount added to the formulation can range from about 0.01 to 200% (w/w), preferably from approximately 1 to 50%, of the variant present. Such formulations are then lyophilized and milled to the desired particle size.
The properly sized particles are then suspended in a propellant with the aid of a surfactant. The propellant may be any conventional material employed for this purpose, such as a chloro fluorocarbon, a hydrochloro fluorocarbon, a hydrofluorocarbon, or a hydrocarbon, including trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorodifluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethanol, and 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, or combinations thereof. Suitable surfactants include sorbitan trioleate and soya lecithin. Oleic acid may also be useful as a surfactant. This mixture is then loaded into the delivery device. An example of a commercially available metered dose inhaler suitable for use in the present invention is the Ventolin metered dose inhaler, manufactured by Glaxo Inc., Research Triangle Park, N.C.
Formulations for powder inhalers will comprise a finely divided dry powder containing variant and may also include a bulking agent, such as lactose, sorbitol, sucrose, or mannitol in amounts which facilitate dispersal of the powder from the device, e.g., 50% to 90% by weight of the formulation. The particles of the powder shall have aerodynamic properties in the lung corresponding to particles with a density of about 1 g/cm2 having a median diameter less than 10 micrometers, preferably between 0.5 and 5 micrometers, most preferably of between 1.5 and 3.5 micrometers. An example of a powder inhaler suitable for use in accordance with the teachings herein is the Spinhaler powder inhaler, manufactured by Fisons Corp., Bedford, Mass.
The powders for these devices may be generated and/or delivered by methods disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,997,848, 5,993,783, 5,985,248, 5,976,574, 5,922,354, 5,785,049 and 5,654,007.
Mechanical devices designed for pulmonary delivery of therapeutic products, include but are not limited to nebulizers, metered dose inhalers, and powder inhalers, all of which are familiar to those of skill in the art. Specific examples of commercially available devices suitable for the practice of this invention are the Ultravent nebulizer, manufactured by Mallinckrodt, Inc., St. Louis, Mo.; the Acorn II nebulizer, manufactured by Marquest Medical Products, Englewood, Colo.; the Ventolin metered dose inhaler, manufactured by Glaxo Inc., Research Triangle Park, N.C.; the Spinhaler powder inhaler, manufactured by Fisons Corp., Bedford, Mass.; the “standing cloud” device of Inhale Therapeutic Systems, Inc., San Carlos, Calif.; the AIR inhaler manufactured by Alkermes, Cambridge, Mass.; and the AERx pulmonary drug delivery system manufactured by Aradigm Corporation, Hayward, Calif.
The invention is further described in the following examples. The examples should not, in any manner, be understood as limiting the generality of the present specification and claims.
Materials and Methods
Materials
It has previously been published that IFNG interacts with and activates IFNG receptors on HeLa cells. Consequently, transcription is activated at promoters containing an Interferon Stimulated Response Element (ISRE). It is thus possible to screen for agonists of interferon receptors by use of an ISRE coupled luciferase reporter gene (ISRE-luc) placed in HeLa cells.
Primary Assay
HeLa cells are co-transfected with ISRE-Luc and pCDNA 3.1/hygro and foci (cell clones) are created by selection in DMEM media containing Hygromycin B. Cell clones are screened for luciferase activity in the presence or absence of IFNG. Those clones showing the highest ratio of stimulated to unstimulated luciferase activity are used in further assays.
To screen polypeptide variants, 15,000 cells/well are seeded in 96 well culture plates and incubated overnight in DMEM media. The next day the polypeptide variants as well as a known standard are added to the cells in various concentrations. ACTIMMUNE® IFNG was used as “known standard”; A vial of ACTIMMUNE® IFNG was diluted to 300 IU/ml in DMEM, 5% FBS and stored at −80° C. until use.
The plates are incubated for 6 hours at 37 C in a 5% CO2 air atmosphere LucLite substrate (Packard Bioscience, Groningen, The Netherlands) is subsequently added to each well. Plates are sealed and luminescence measured on a TopCount luminometer (Packard) in SPC (single photon counting) mode.
Each individual plate contains wells incubated with IFNG as a stimulated control and other wells containing normal media as an unstimulated control. The ratio between stimulated and unstimulated luciferase activity serves as an internal standard for both IFNG activity and experiment-to-experiment variation. For each IFNG sample, the amount of units were calculated relative to the ACTIMMUNE® IFNG standard and given as AU.
Determination of Increased Degree of Glycosylation
To determine the various degrees of glycosylation of IFNG variant monomers, a SDS-PAGE gel is run under standard conditions and transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane. Western blotting is done according to standard procedures using a biotinylated polyclonal anti-human IFNG antibody (BAF285 from R & D Systems) as primary antibody and Horse Radish Peroxidase-conjugated streptavidin (P0397 from DAKO) as secondary antibody followed by staining with TMB blotting reagent (KEM-EN-TEC, Copenhagen, Denmark). The distribution of IFNG variant monomers having varying degrees of glycosylation is made by visual inspection of the stained membrane.
Determination of AUCsc
The AUCsc is determined by one 200 μl bolus subcutaneous administration of equal amount (on an activity basis) of the IFNG polypeptide variant of the invention in rats.
For these experiments, female Sprag-Dawley rats, weiging between 220-260 grams, are used. The IFNG polypeptide is formulated in sodium succinate (720 mg/l), mannitol 40 g/l), polysorbat 20 (100 mg/l) at pH 6.0.
Before subcutaneous administration, one blood sample is drawn in the tail-vein to ensure that no background IFNG activity can be detected. After administration, blood samples are withdrawn from the tail vein after 10 min, 20 min, 40 min, 60 min, 120 min, 240 min, 480 min, 720 min, 1440 min, 1620 min, 1920 min and 2880 min (sometimes also 3600 5 min). Serum is prepared by letting the blood sample coagulate for 20 min at room temperature followed by centrifugation at 5000 g, 20 min at room temperature. The serum is then isolated and stored at −80° C. until determination of IFNG activity using the “Primary Assay” described above. It should be noted that when the amount of units were determined in serum samples from PK studies in rats, the ACTIMMUNE® IFNG standard was diluted in DMEM, 5% FBS and 5% rat serum.
The amount of units in serum (AU/ml) against time (min) is then plotted and the AUCsc is calculated using GraphPad Prism 3.01.
Similar experiments are performed on huIFNG in its glycosylated form and/or Actimmune® in order to assess the increase in AUCsc of the IFNG polypeptide variant of the invention as compared to huIFNG in its glycosylated form and/or Actimmune®.
Serum Half-Life
The serum half-life is determined by one 200 μl bolus intravenous administration of equal amount (on an activity basis) of the IFNG polypeptide variant of the invention in rats.
For these experiments, female Sprag-Dawley rats, weighing between 220-260 grams, are used. The IFNG polypeptide variant is formulated in sodium succinate (720 mg/l), mannitol 40 g/l), polysorbat 20 (100 mg/l) at pH 6.0.
Before intravenous administration, one blood sample is drawn in the tail-vein to ensure that no background IFNG activity can be detected. After administration in one tail vein, blood samples are withdrawn from the other tail vein after 5 min, 10 min, 20 min, 40 min, 60 min, 120 min, 240 min, 480 min, 720 min, 1440 min, 1620 min, 1920 min and 2880 min. Serum is prepared by letting the blood sample coagulate for 20 min at room temperature followed by centrifugation at 5000 g, 20 min at room temperature. The serum is then isolated and stored at −80° C. until determination of IFNG activity using the “Primary Assay” described above. It should be noted that when the amount of units were determined in serum samples from PK studies in rats, the ACTIMMUNE® IFNG standard was diluted in DMEM, 5% FBS and 5% rat serum.
The amount of units in serum (AU/ml) against time (min) is then plotted and the serum half-life is calculated using WinNonLin Pro 3.3.
Similar experiments are performed on huIFNG in its glycosylated form, and/or ACTIMMUNE® IFNG in order to assess the increase in serum half-life of the IFNG polypeptide variant of the invention as compared to huIFNG in its glycosylated form and/or ACTIMMUNE® IFNG.
Identification of Surface Exposed Amino Acid Residues
Structures
Experimental 3D structures of huIFNG determined by X-ray crystallography have been reported by: Ealick et. al Science 252:698-702 (1991) reporting on the C-alpha trace of an IFNG homodimer. Walter et. al. Nature 376:230-235 (1995) reporting on the structure of an IFNG homodimer in complex with two molecules of a soluble form of the IFNG receptor. The coordinates of this structure have never been made publicly available. Thiel et. al. Structure 8:927-936 (2000) reporting on the structure of an IFNG homodimer in complex with two molecules of a soluble form of the IFNG receptor having a third molecule of the receptor in the structure not making interactions with the IFNG homodimer.
Accessible Surface Area (ASA)
The computer program Access (B. Lee and F. M. Richards, J. Mol. Biol. 55: 379-400 (1971)) version 2 (Copyright (c) 1983 Yale University) was used to compute the accessible surface area (ASA) of the individual atoms in the structure. This method typically uses a probe-size of 1.4 Å and defines the Accessible Surface Area (ASA) as the area formed by the centre of the probe. Prior to this calculation all water molecules, hydrogen atoms and other atoms not directly related to the protein are removed from the coordinate set.
Fractional ASA of Side Chain
The fractional ASA of the side chain atoms is computed by division of the sum of the ASA of the atoms in the side chain with a value representing the ASA of the side chain atoms of that residue type in an extended ALA-x-ALA tripeptide. See Hubbard, Campbell & Thornton (1991) J. Mol. Biol.: 220,507-530. For this example the CA atom is regarded as a part of the side chain of Glycine residues but not for the remaining residues. The following table are used as standard 100% ASA for the side chain:
Residues not detected in the structure are defined as having 100% exposure as they are thought to reside in flexible regions.
Determining Distances Between Atoms:
The distance between atoms was determined using molecular graphics software e.g. InsightII v. 98.0, MSI INC.
Determination of Receptor Binding Site:
The receptor-binding site is defined as comprising of all residues having their accessible surface area changed upon receptor binding. This is determined by at least two ASA calculations; one on the isolated ligand(s) in the ligand(s)/receptor(s) complex and one on the complete ligand(s)/receptor(s) complex.
The X-ray structure used was of an IFNG homo-dimer in complex with two molecules of a soluble form of the IFNG receptor having a third molecule of the IFNG receptor in the structure not making interactions with the IFNG homodimer reported by Thiel et. al. Structure 8:927-936 (2000). The structure consists of the IFNG homodimer wherein the two molecules are labeled A and B. For construction purposes there is an additional methionine placed before the IFNG sequence labeled M0 and the sequence is C-terminally truancuted with ten residues (Q133 being the last residue in the constructed molecules). The M0 is removed from the structure in all the calculations of this example. The structure of the two IFNG monomers has very weak electron density after residue 120 and residues were only modeled until residue T126. Therefore, residues S121-T126 were removed from the structure prior to the calculations in this example. The two receptor fragments labeled C and D make direct interactions with the IFNG homodimer and a third receptor molecule labeled E makes no contact with the IFNG homodimer and are not included in these calculations.
Surface Exposure:
Performing fractional ASA calculations on the homodimer of molecules A and B excluding M0 and S121-T126 in both molecules resulted in the following residues having more than 25% of their side chain exposed to the surface in at least one of the monomers: Q1, D2, P3, K6, E9, N10, K12, K13, Y14, N16, G18, H19, S20, D21, A23, D24, N25, G26, T27, G31, K34, N35, K37, E38, E39, S40, K55, K58, N59, K61, D62, D63, Q64, S65, Q67, K68, E71, T72, K74, E75, N78, V79, K80, N83, S84, N85, K86, K87, D90, E93, K94, N97, S99, T101, D102, L103, N104, H111, Q115, A118 and E119.
The following residues had more than 50% of their side chain exposed to the surface in at least one of the monomers: Q1, D2, P3, K6, E9, N10, K13, N16, G18, H19, S20, D21, A23, D24, N25, G26, T27, G31, K34, K37, E38, E39, K55, K58, N59, D62, Q64, S65, K68, E71, E75, N83, S84, K86, K87, K94, N97, S99, T101, D102, L103, N104, Q115, A118, E119.
Performing fractional ASA calculations on the homodimer of molecules A and B excluding M0 and S121-T126 in both molecules and including the receptor molecules C and D resulted in the following residues had more than 25% of their side chain exposed to the surface in at least one of the monomers: Q1, D2, P3, K6, E9, N0, K13, Y14, N16, G18, H19, D21, N25, G26, G31, K34, N35, K37, E38, E39, S40, K55, K58, N59, K61, D62, D63, Q64, S65, Q67, K68, E71, T72, K74, E75, N78, V79, K80, N83, S84, N85, K86, K87, D90, E93, K94, N97, S99, T101, D102, L103, N104, E119.
The following residues had more than 50% of their side chain exposed to the surface in at least one of the monomers: P3, K6, N1, K13, N16, D21, N25, G26, G31, K34, K37, E38, E39, K55, K58, N59, D62, Q64, S65, K68, E71, E75, N83, S84, K86, K87, K94, N97, S99, T101, D102, L103 and N104.
All of the above positions are targets for modification in accordance with the present invention.
Comparing the two lists, results in K12, S20, A23, D24, T27, H111, Q115 and A118 being removed from the more than 25% side chain ASA list upon receptor binding, and Q1, D2, E9, G18, H19, S20, A23, D24, T27, Q115, A118 and E119 being removed from the more than 50% side chain ASA list upon receptor binding.
Residues not determined in the structure are treated as fully surface exposed, i.e. residues S121, P122, A123, A124, K125, T126, G127, K128, R129, K130, R131, S132, Q133, M134, L135, F136, R137, G138, R139, R140, A141, S142, Q143. These residues also constitute separate targets for introduction of attachment groups in accordance with the present invention (or may be viewed as belonging to the group of surface exposed amino acid residues, e.g. having more than 25% or more than 50% exposed side chains).
Performing ASA calculations as described above results in the following residues of the IFNG molecule having reduced ASA in at least one of the monomers in the complex as compared to the calculation on the isolated dimer: Q1, D2, Y4, V5, E9, K12, G18, H19, S20, D21, V22, A23, D24, N25, G26, T27, L30, K34, K37, K108, H111, E112, I114, Q115, A118, E119.
The DNA sequence, GenBank accession number X13274, encompassing a full-length cDNA encoding mature huIFNG with its native signal peptide, was modified in order to facilitate high expression in CHO cells. Codons of the huIFNG nucleotide sequence were modified by making a bias in the codon usage towards the codons frequently used in homo sapiens. Subsequently, certain nucleotides in the sequence were substituted with others in order to introduce recognition sites for DNA restriction endonucleases. Primers were designed such that the gene could be synthesised.
The primers were assembled to the synthetic gene by one-step PCR using the platinum Pfx-polymerase kit (Life Technologies) and standard three-step PCR cycling parameters. The assembled gene was amplified by PCR using the same conditions and has the sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:42. The synthesised gene was cloned into pcDNA3.1/hygro (InVitrogen) between the BamHI and the XbaI sites, resulting in pIGY−22.
pIGY−22 was transfected into CHO K1 cells by use of LIPOFECTAMINE™ 2000 (Invitrogen Life Technologies) as transfection agent. 24 hours later the culture medium was harvested and assayed for IFNG activity and concentration by Elisa. Using the Primary assay described herein, an activity of 1.4×107 AU/ml was obtained.
Generation of Glycosylation Variants
To introduce mutations in IFNG, oligonucleotides were designed in such a way that PCR-generated changes could be introduced in the expression plasmid (pIGY−22) by classical two-step PCR.
Two vector primers were used together with specific mutation primers: ADJ013: 5′-GATGGCTGGCAACTAGAAG-3′ (antisense downstream vector primer) (SEQ ID NO:43) and ADJ014: 5′-TGTACGGTGGGAGGTCTAT-3′ (SEQ ID NO:44) (sense upstream vector primer)
The S99T variant was generated by classical two-step PCR, using ADJ013 and ADJ014 as vector primers, ADJ093 (5′-GTTCAGGTCTGTCACGGTGTAATTGGTCAG-CTT-3′) (SEQ ID NO:45) and ADJ094 (5′-AAGCTGACCAATTACACCGTGACAGA-CCTGAAC-3′) (SEQ ID NO:46) as mutation primers, and pIGY-22 as template. The 447 bp PCR product was subcloned into pcDNA3.1/Hygro (InVitrogen) using BamHI and XbaI, leading to plasmid pIGY−48.
pIGY−48 was transfected into CHO K1 cells by use of LIPOFECTAMINE™ 2000 (Invitrogen Life Technologies) as transfection agent. 24 hours later the culture medium was harvested and assayed for IFNG activity. Using the Primary assay described herein, the following activity was obtained: 5.1×106 AU/ml.
The E38N+S40T+S99T variant was generated by classical two-step PCR, using ADJ013 and ADJ014 as vector primers, ADJ091 (5′-CATGATCTTCCGATCGGTCTC-GTTCTTCCAATT-3′) (SEQ ID NO:47) and ADJ092 (5′-AATTGGAAGAACGAGACC-GATCGGAAGATCATG-3′) (SEQ ID NO:48) as mutation primers, and pIGY-48 as template. The 447 bp PCR product was subcloned into pcDNA3.1/Hygro (InVitrogen) using BamHI and XbaI, leading to plasmid pIGY−54.
pIGY−54 was transfected into CHO K1 cells by use of LIPOFECTAMINE™ 2000 (Invitrogen Life Technologies) as transfection agent. 24 hours later the culture medium was harvested and assayed for IFNG activity. Using the Primary assay described herein, an activity of 1.3×107 AU/ml was obtained.
Using similar standard techniques as described above, a number of full-length IFNG glycosylation variants were prepared. These variants are compiled in Table 1 below.
Generation of C-Terminally Truncated IFNG Variants
C-terminally truncated INFG variants, containing a stop codon immediately downstream of the codon for Leu135, were generated by one-step PCR using pIGY−22, pIGY−48 and pIGY−54 as templates, followed by subcloning of the PCR products into pcDNA3.1/Hygro (InVitrogen) using BamHI and XbaI. The primers used for construction of these variants were: ADJ014 (see above, upstream) and: 5′-GAGTCTAGATTACAGCAT-CTGGCTTCTCTT-3′ (SEQ ID NO:49) (downstream). The resulting plasmids were termed pIGY−72 (wild-type IFNG truncated after Leu135), pIGY−73 (S99T variant truncated after Leu135) and pIGY−74 (E38N+S40T+S99T truncated after Leu135).
Generation of Cysteine-Containing IFNG Variants
INFG variants containing cysteine residues were generated using Stratagene's QUIKCHANGE™ XL site-directed mutagenesis kit, according to the manufacturer's specifications. Seven IFNG variants, each containing one introduced cysteine, were generated using pIGY−48 as template: N10C+S99T, N16C+S99T, E38C+S99T, N59C+S99T, N83C+S99T, K94C+S99T and S99T+N104C. Similarly, six IFNG variants, each containing one introduced cysteine, were generated using pIGY−54 as template: N10C+E38N+S40T+S99T, N16C+E38N+S40T+S99T, E38N+S40T+N59C+S99T, E38N+S40T+N83C+S99T, E38N+S40T+K94C+S99T and E38N+S40T+S99T+N104C.
All buffers were de-oxidized prior to use. Protein concentrations were estimated by measuring A280.
PEGylation Using the OPSS Coupling Chemistry
7.2 ml of 1.3 mg/ml of the IFNG variant N16C+S99T (full-length) in 5 mM sodium succinate, 4% mannitol, 0.01% TWEEN®−20 polyoxyethylene sorbitan monoether, pH 6.0, was reduced by incubation with 300 μl 0.5 M DTT for 30 minutes at room temperature. The IFNG variant was desalted by running 3 aliquots of 2.5 ml on a NAP25 gel filtration column (Pharmacia) in buffer A (50 mM sodium phosphate, 1 mM EDTA, pH 8.1). Each aliquot eluted in 3.5 ml.
mPEG-OPSS (10 KDa) was dissolved in buffer A to a concentration of 2 mg/ml and added in equal volume to the reduced and desalted IFNG variant and incubated for 60 min with gentle shaking at room temperature.
11 ml of the reaction mixture was concentrated to 1-6 ml using a VIVASPIN™ 20 column (VivaScience) and remaining mPEG was removed by gel filtration using a SEPHACRYL® S−100 column (Pharmacia) equilibrated in buffer A.
The PEGylated IFNG variant was diafiltered into 5 mM sodium succinate, 4% mannitol, pH 6.0 using a VIVASPIN™ 6 column (VivaScience) and TWEEN®−20 polyoxyethylene sorbitan monoether was added to 0.01%. The purified PEGylated IFNG variant had a specific activity of 1.3×106 AU/mg as measured in the Primary Assay described herein (15% of the specific activity of the Corresponding non-PEGylated IFNG variant).
PEGylation Using the MAL Coupling Chemistry
1.6 ml of 1.5 mg/ml of the IFNG variant N59C+S99T (full-length) in 5 mM sodium succinate, 4% mannitol, 0.01% TWEEN®-20 polyoxyethylene sorbitan monoether, pH 6.0 was reduced by incubation with 64 μl 0.5 M DTT for 30 minutes at room temperature. The IFNG variant was desalted on a NAP25 gel filtration column (Pharmacia) in buffer A (50 mM sodium phosphate, 1 mM EDTA, pH 8.1). The INFG variant eluted in 3.5 ml.
mPEG-MAL (5 kDa) was dissolved in buffer A to a concentration of 0.5 mg/ml and added in equal volume to reduced and desalted IFNG variant and incubated for 120 minutes with gentle shaking at room temperature.
Ammonium sulphate was added to a concentration of 0.9 M and the PEGylated IFNG variant was applied onto a 1 ml RESOURCE™ phenyl column (Pharmacia) equilibrated in buffer B (20 mM sodium phosphate, 0.9 M ammonium sulphate, pH 6.6). The column was washed with 5 column volumes of buffer B before elution of the bound PEGylated IFNG variant in a linear gradient from 0-50% buffer C (20 mM sodium phosphate, pH 6.6) over 30 column volumes. The PEGylated IFNG variant eluted around 0.6 M ammonium sulphate.
Fractions containing PEGylated IFNG variant were pooled and diafiltered into 5 mM sodium succinate, 4% mannitol, pH 6.0 using a VIVASPIN™ 6 column (VivaScience) and TWEEN®−20 polyoxyethylene sorbitan monoether was added to 0.01%. The purified PEGylated IFNG variant had a specific activity of 2.4×106 AU/mg as measured in the Primary Assay described herein (15% of the specific activity of the corresponding non-PEGylated IFNG variant).
For transient expression of IFNG, cells were grown to 95% confluency in media (Dulbecco's MEM/Nut.-mix F-12 (Ham) L-glutamine, 15 mM Hepes, pyridoxine-HCl (Life Technologies Cat #31330-038)) containing 1:10 fetal bovine serum (BioWhittaker Cat #02-701F) and 1:100 penicillin and streptomycin (BioWhittaker Cat #17-602E). IFNG-encoding plasmids were transfected into the cells using LIPOFECTAMINE™ 2000 (Invitrogen Life Technologies) according to the manufacturer's specifications. 24 hrs after transfection, culture media were collected and assayed for IFNG activity. Furthermore, in order to quantify the relative number of glycosylation sites utilized, Western blotting was performed using harvested culture medium.
Stable clones expressing IFNG were generated by transfection of CHO K1 cells with IFNG-encoding plasmids followed by incubation of the cells in media containing 0.36 mg/ml hygromycin. Stably transfected cells were isolated and sub-cloned by limited dilution. Clones producing high levels of IFNG were identified by ELISA.
Stable cell lines expressing IFNG or variants were grown in Dulbecco's MEM/Nut.-mix F-12 (Ham) L-glutamine, 15 mM Hepes, pyridoxine-HCl (Life Technologies Cat #31330-038), 1:10 fetal bovine serum (BioWhittaker Cat #02-701F), 1:100 penicillin and streptomycin (BioWhittaker Cat #17-602E) in 1700 cm2 roller bottles (Corning, #431200) until confluence. The media was then changed to 300 ml UltraCHO with L-glutamine (BioWhittaker Cat #12-724Q) with the addition of 1:500 EX-CYTE VLE (Serological Proteins Inc. #81-129) and 1:100 penicillin and streptomycin (BioWhittaker Cat #17-602E). After 48 hours of growth, the media was replaced with fresh UltraCHO with the same additives. After another 48 hours of growth, the media was replaced with Dulbecco's MEM/Nut.-mix F-12 (Ham) L-glutamine, pyridoxine-HCl (Life Technologies Cat #21041-025) with the addition of 1:100 ITS-A (Gibco/BRL #51300-044), 1:500 EX-CYTE VLE (Serological Proteins Inc. #81-129) and 1:100 penicillin and streptomycin (BioWhittaker Cat #17-602E). Subsequently, every 24 h, culture media were harvested and replaced with 300 ml of fresh serum-free media with the same additives. The collected media were filtered through 0.22 μm filters to remove cells.
The filtrate was microfiltrated (0.22 μm) before ultrafiltration to approximately 1/15 volume using a Millipore TFF system. On the same system the concentrate was diafiltrated using 10 mM Tris, pH 7.6. Ammonium sulphate was added to a concentration of 1.7 M and after stirring the precipitate was removed by centrifugation at 8000 rpm for 25 minutes in a Sorvall centrifuge using a GS3 rotor.
The supernatant was applied onto a 25 ml Phenyl High Performance (Pharmacia) column previously equilibrated in 10 mM Tris, 1.7 M ammonium sulphate, pH 7.6. After application the column was washed with 3 column volumes of 10 mM Tris, 1.7 M ammonium sulphate, pH 7.6 and the bound IFNG variant was then eluted in a linear gradient over 10 column volumes to 100% 10 mM Tris, pH 7.6. The flow-through as well as the eluted IFNG variant was fractionated. Fractions enriched in the IFNG variant were pooled and buffer exchanged by diafiltration into 10 mM Tris, pH 9.0, using a VIVAFLOW™ 200 system (VivaScience) with a molecular weight cut-off of 10,000 Da.
The IFNG variant was then applied onto a 18 ml Q-SEPHAROSE® Fast Flow (Pharmacia) column previously equilibrated in 10 mM Tris, pH 9.0. After application the column was washed with 3 column volumes of 10 mM Tris, pH 9.0 before eluting the bound IFNG variant in a gradient from 0-100% 10 mM Tris, 0.5 M NaCl, pH 9.0, over 15 column volumes. The flow-through as well as the eluted IFNG variant was fractionated. Fractions enriched in the IFNG variant were pooled and buffer exchanged into 10 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.0, by diafiltration using a VIVASPIN™ 20 (VivaScience) column with a molecular weight cut-off of 10,000 Da.
Then, the IFNG variant was applied onto an 8 ml CHT ceramic hydroxyapatite column (Biorad) previously equilibrated in 10 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.0. After application the column was washed with 5 column volumes of 10 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.0, before elution of the bound IFNG variant in a gradient from 0-60% 500 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.0, over 30 column volumes. The flow-through as well as the eluted IFNG variant was fractionated. Fractions containing the IFNG variant were pooled and buffer exchanged into 5 mM sodium succinate, 4% mannitol, pH 6.0, using a VIVASPIN™ 20 column (VivaScience) and TWEEN®-20 polyoxyethylene sorbitan monoether was subsequently added to a concentration of 0.01%. The IFNG variant was sterile filtered and stored at −80° C.
Alternatively, the IFNG variants may be purified according to the below purification scheme:
The filtrate is microfiltrated (0.22 μm) before ultrafiltration to approximately 1/15 volume using a Millipore TFF system. On the same system the concentrate is diafitrated using 10 mM Tris, pH 7.6, after which pH is adjusted to 9.0 and precipitate is removed by microfiltration.
The sample is applied onto a Q-SEPHAROSE® Fast Flow (Pharmacia) column previously equilibrated in 10 mM Tris, pH 9.0. After application the column is washed with 3 column volumes of 10 mM Tris, pH 9.0 before eluting the bound IFNG variant in a gradient from 0-100% 10 mM Tris, 0.5 M NaCl, pH 9.0 over 15 column volumes. The flow-through as well as the eluted IFNG variant is fractionated. Fractions enriched in the INFG variant are pooled, and pH is adjusted to 7.6. Ammonium sulphate is added to 1.5 M and after stirring the precipitate is removed by centrifugation.
The IFNG variant is then applied onto a Phenyl SEPHAROSE® High Performance column (Pharmacia) previously equilibrated in 10 mM Tris, 1.5 M ammonium sulphate, pH 7.6. After application the column is washed with 3 column volumes of 10 mM Tris, 1.5 M ammonium sulphate, pH 7.6, and the bound IFNG variant is then eluted in a linear gradient over 10 column volumes to 100% 10 mM Tris, pH 7.6. The flow-through as well as the eluted IFNG variant is fractionated. Fractions enriched in the INFG variant are pooled and ammonium sulphate is adjusted to 1.7 M.
Then, the IFNG variant is applied onto a Butyl SEPHAROSE® column previously equilibrated in 10 mM sodium phosphate, 1.7 M ammonium sulphate, pH 7.6. After application the column is washed with 10 mM sodium phosphate, 1.7 M ammonium sulphate, pH 7.6, before eluting the bound IFNG variant in a step using 10 mM sodium phosphate, pH 6.5. The flow-through as well as the eluted IFNG variant is fractionated.
Fractions enriched in the IFNG variant are then pooled and applied onto a hydroxyapatite column previously equilibrated in 10 mM sodium phosphate, pH 6.5. After application the column is washed with 5 column volumes of 10 mM sodium phosphate, pH 6.5, before eluting the bound IFNG variant in a linear gradient from 0-100% 500 mM sodium phosphate, pH 6.5, over 30 column volumes. The flow-through as well as the eluted IFNG variant is fractionated.
Fractions containing the INFG variant are pooled and buffer exchanged into a buffer containing 5 mM sodium succinate, 4% mannitol, pH 6.0. Tween 20 is subsequently added to a concentration of 0.01%. The IFNG variant is sterile filtered and stored at −80° C.
Using the “primary Assay” described above, the following activity data (after transient transfection) were obtained:
Using the “primary Assay” described above, the following specific activity data (after purification) were obtained:
The activity of a number of the PEGylated variants were measured by comparing the activity of the PEGylation products by samples which have been subjected to the same PEGylation procedure (see Example 5 above), but without actually adding PEG to the reaction medium. The results are compiled in Table 3 below:
1)ODSS coupling chemistry employed. MAL coupling chemistry employed for all other PEGylated variants
It should be emphasized that the activity data shown in Table 1, reflect a combination of specific activity and expression level in CHO-K1 cells. It can therefore be concluded that all variants show a comparable expression level/specific activity to relative to rhuIFNG.
As can be seen in Table 2, all cysteine variants show a decreased specific activity compared to rhuIFNG while variants containing the E38N, S40T and/or S99T mutations retained a specific activity comparable to rhuIFNG. When the cysteine variants were PEGylated with either 5 or 10 kDa a further 2-3 fold drop in specific activity was observed (Table 3). Without being limited to any specific theory, it could be speculated that the decrease in specific activity could be due to decreased receptor binding caused by steric hindrance of the conjugated PEG group.
In order to quantify the relative number of glycosylation sites utilized, western blotting was performed using harvested culture medium (see
As it appears from
Moreover, it is apparent from
These data clearly demonstrate that better utilization of glycosylation sites, independently of whether these sites are naturally occurring or introduced, can be achieved by introducing a threonine residue rather than a serine residue in position +2 relative to the asparagine residue.
The AUC for subcutaneous administration (AUCsc) in rats was determined as described hereinbefore for a number of IFNG variants. The results are compiled in Table 4 and in
1)full-length
2)full-length, 5 kDa mPEG attached to the introduced cysteine residue
3)full-length, 10 kDa mPEG attached to the introduced cysteine residue
Referring to
Evidently, this opens up the possibility of administering lower doses, thereby obtaining fewer side effects, and/or administering the active principle less frequently than today thereby obtaining an improved patient compliance.
This Application is a division of, and claims priority under 35 USC § 120 to, U.S. application Ser. No. 10/116,273 filed Apr. 4, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,038,015, which claims priority under 35 USC § 119 to U.S. Provisional Application 60/356,321 filed Feb. 11, 2002, U.S. Provisional Application 60/289,398 filed May 7, 2001, U.S. Provisional Application 60/282,254 filed Apr. 6, 2001, all now abandoned.
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| 5157004 | Sakaguchi et al. | Oct 1992 | A |
| 5362490 | Kurimoto et al. | Nov 1994 | A |
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| Number | Date | Country |
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| 2096532 | May 1992 | CA |
| 077 670 | Apr 1983 | EP |
| 088 540 | Sep 1983 | EP |
| 089 676 | Sep 1983 | EP |
| 098 110 | Jan 1984 | EP |
| 110 044 | Jun 1984 | EP |
| 146 354 | Jun 1985 | EP |
| 158 198 | Oct 1985 | EP |
| 170 917 | Feb 1986 | EP |
| 219 781 | Apr 1987 | EP |
| 229 108 | Jul 1987 | EP |
| 256 424 | Aug 1987 | EP |
| 236 987 | Sep 1987 | EP |
| 237 019 | Sep 1987 | EP |
| 306 870 | Mar 1989 | EP |
| 121 157 | Jun 1989 | EP |
| 145 174 | Sep 1989 | EP |
| 370 205 | May 1990 | EP |
| 446 582 | Sep 1991 | EP |
| 795 332 | Sep 1997 | EP |
| 593 868 | Apr 1998 | EP |
| 860 442 | Aug 1998 | EP |
| 546 099 | Oct 1999 | EP |
| WO-9208737 | Nov 1991 | WO |
| WO-9222310 | Jun 1992 | WO |
| WO-9903887 | Jul 1998 | WO |
| WO-9967291 | Jun 1999 | WO |
| WO-0123006 | Sep 2000 | WO |
| WO-0136001 | Nov 2000 | WO |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20050249703 A1 | Nov 2005 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60356321 | Jan 2002 | US | |
| 60289398 | May 2001 | US | |
| 60282254 | Apr 2001 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 10116273 | Apr 2002 | US |
| Child | 11158848 | US |
