Patent Application
20240083939
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The present invention relates to methods for producing or purifying polypeptide multimers, polypeptide multimers with an altered protein A-binding ability, and such.
There are some previously reported methods for producing an IgG-type bispecific antibody having a human constant region (IgG-type antibody which has a human constant region and in which one of the arms has a specific binding activity to antigen A and the other has a specific binding activity to antigen B). In general, an IgG-type bispecific antibody is composed of two types of H chains (i.e., H chain against antigen A and H chain against antigen B) and two types of L chains (i.e., L chain against antigen A and L chain against antigen B). When such an IgG-type bispecific antibody is expressed, two types of H chains and two types of L chains are expressed, and there are ten possible combinations for the H2L2 combination. Of these, only one combination has the specificity of interest (one arm has binding activity specific to antigen A and the other has binding activity specific to antigen B). Thus, to obtain a bispecific antibody of interest, it is necessary to purify a single antibody of interest from the ten types of antibodies. This is an extremely inefficient and difficult process.
There are reported methods for solving this problem which use a common L chain so that the L chain against antigen A and the L chain against antigen B have an identical amino acid sequence (Patent Documents 1 and 2). When an IgG-type bispecific antibody having such a common L chain is expressed, two types of H chains and one type of common L chain are expressed, and there are three possible combinations for the H2L2 combination. One of these combinations is a bispecific antibody of interest. These three combinations are: monospecific antibody against antigen A (homomeric H chain antibody against antigen A), bispecific antibody against both antigen A and antigen B (heteromeric antibody with an H chain against antigen A and an H chain against antigen B), and monospecific antibody against antigen B (homomeric H chain antibody against antigen B). Since their ratio is in general 1:2:1, the expression efficiency of the desired bispecific antibody is about 50%. A method for further improving this efficiency has been reported which allows two types of H chains heteromerically associate (Patent Document 3). This can increase the expression efficiency of the desired bispecific antibody up to about 90-95%. Meanwhile, a method has been reported for efficiently removing the two types of homomeric antibodies which are impurities, in which amino acid substitutions are introduced into the variable regions of the two types of H chains to give them different isoelectric points so that the two types of homomeric antibodies and the bispecific antibody of interest (heteromeric antibody) can be purified by ion exchange chromatography (Patent Document 4). A combination of the above-mentioned methods has made it possible to efficiently produce a bispecific antibody (heteromeric antibody) having an IgG-type human constant region.
On the other hand, in the industrial production of IgG-type antibodies, a purification step by protein A chromatography must be used, but ion exchange chromatography is not necessarily used in the purification step. Therefore, the use of ion exchange chromatography for producing a highly pure bispecific antibody leads to an increase of production costs. In addition, since ion exchange chromatography alone may not ensure a robust purification method for pharmaceuticals, it is preferable to perform more than one chromatographic step to remove impurities.
In any case, it is preferable that bispecific antibodies can also be highly purified by a chromatographic step that has a separation mode different from that of ion exchange chromatography. It is desirable that as one of such separation modes, protein A chromatography, which must be used in the industrial production of IgG-type antibodies, could purify bispecific antibodies to high purity.
A previously reported method for purifying a bispecific antibody (heteromeric antibody) using protein A is to use a bispecific antibody having a mouse IgG2a H chain that binds to protein A and a rat IgG2b H chain that does not bind to protein A. It has been reported that this method allows a bispecific antibody of interest to be purified to a purity of 95% by the protein A-based purification step alone (Non-patent Document 1 and Patent Document 5). However, this method also uses ion exchange chromatography to improve the purity of the bispecific antibody. In other words, purification of a highly pure bispecific antibody cannot be achieved by the purification step using protein A chromatography alone. Moreover, catumaxomab, a bispecific antibody produced by the above-described method and having a mouse IgG2a H chain and a rat IgG2b H chain, has a half-life of about 2.1 days in human, which is extremely shorter than that of normal human IgG1 (2 to 3 weeks) (Non-patent Document 2). In addition to having a short half-life, catumaxomab is highly immunogenic because of its mouse and rat constant regions (Non-patent Document 3). Thus, a bispecific antibody obtained by such methods is considered inappropriate as a pharmaceutical.
On the other hand, it has been suggested that from the viewpoint of immunogenicity, a human IgG3 constant region may be used as a protein A-nonbinding constant region (Non-patent Document 1). However, as it is known that the H chains of human IgG1 and human IgG3 hardly associate with each other (Non-patent Document 1), it is impossible to produce a bispecific antibody of interest using a human IgG1 H chain and a human IgG3 H chain by the same method used for the bispecific antibody having a mouse IgG2a H chain and a rat IgG2b H chain. Furthermore, the half-life of human IgG3 in human has been reported to be generally shorter than that of human IgG1, human IgG2, and human IgG4 (Non-patent Documents 4 and 5). Accordingly, like the bispecific antibody using a mouse IgG2a and a rat IgG2b, a bispecific antibody using human IgG3 might also have a short half-life in human. The reason that H chain association rarely occurs between human IgG1 and human IgG3 is suggested to be the hinge sequence of human IgG3 (Non-patent Document 1). Meanwhile, the reason for the short half-life of the human IgG3 constant region has not been fully elucidated yet. Thus, there has been no report so far with regard to bispecific antibodies that use a human IgG3 constant region as a protein A-nonbinding constant region. Moreover, there is also no report regarding methods for efficiently producing or purifying highly pure bispecific antibodies that have a human constant region and show a similarly long half-life as human IgG1.
Patent Document 1: WO98050431
Patent Document 2: WO2006109592
Patent Document 3: WO2006106905
Patent Document 4: WO2007114325
Patent Document 5: WO95033844
Non-patent Document 1: The Journal of Immunology, 1995, 155:219-225
Non-patent Document 2: J Clin Oncol 26: 2008 (May 20 suppl; abstr 14006)
Non-patent Document 3: Clin Cancer Res 2007 13:3899-3905
Non-patent Document 4: Nat Biotechnol. 2007 December; 25(12):1369-72
Non-patent Document 5: J. Clin Invest 1970; 49:673-80
In general, an ordinary IgG-type antibody can be efficiently produced as a highly pure IgG through a protein A-based purification step. However, the production of a highly pure bispecific antibody requires an additional purification step using ion exchange chromatography. The addition of such a purification step by ion exchange chromatography can complicate the production and increase production cost. Thus, it is preferable to produce a highly pure bispecific antibody by a protein A-based purification step alone. An objective of the present invention is to provide methods that use only a protein A-based purification step for efficiently producing or purifying a highly pure IgG-type bispecific antibody having a human antibody heavy chain constant region.
Meanwhile, since the protein A binding site in the Fc domain is identical to the FcRn-binding site in the Fc domain, it is expected to be difficult to adjust the protein A-binding activity while retaining the binding to human FcRn. Retaining the human FcRn-binding ability is very important for the long plasma retention (long half-life) in human which is characteristic of IgG-type antibodies. The present invention provides methods that use only a protein A-based purification step to efficiently produce or purify a highly pure bispecific antibody that maintains a plasma retention time comparable to or longer than that of human IgG1.
The present inventors discovered methods that use only a protein A-based purification step for efficiently purifying or producing a highly pure polypeptide multimer capable of binding to two or more antigens, in particular, a multispecific IgG-type antibody having a human constant region, by altering its protein A-binding ability.
Furthermore, these methods were combined with methods for regulating the association between a first polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity and a second polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity by modifying amino acids that constitute the interface formed upon association of the polypeptides. By this combination, the present invention enables efficient production or purification of a highly pure polypeptide multimer of interest.
The present inventors also discovered that by modifying the amino acid residue at position 435 (EU numbering) in the heavy chain constant region, the protein A-binding ability could be adjusted while keeping its plasma retention comparable to or longer than that of human IgG1. Based on this finding, a highly pure bispecific antibody with plasma retention time comparable to or longer than that of human IgG1 can be produced or purified.
The present invention is based on the findings described above, and provides [1] to [55] below:
The present invention provides methods that use only a protein A-based purification step for efficiently purifying or producing a highly pure polypeptide multimer having binding activity against two or more antigens (multispecific antibody), by altering its protein A-binding ability. The methods of the present invention enable efficient purification or production of a highly pure polypeptide multimer of interest without impairing the effects of other amino acid modifications of interest. In particular, by combining these methods with a method for regulating the association between two protein domains, polypeptide multimers of interest can be more efficiently produced or purified to higher purity.
The methods of the present invention for producing or purifying multispecific antibodies are characterized in that amino acid residues in their antibody heavy chain constant region and/or antibody heavy chain variable region are modified. The amino acid modifications of the present invention are introduced into these regions to modify their protein A-binding ability. In addition, other effects of amino acid modification of interest, for example, comparable or longer plasma retention time than that of human IgG1 can also be obtained. The methods of the present invention enable efficient preparation of highly pure multispecific antibodies having such amino acid modification effects.
In general, the production of highly pure IgG-type multispecific antibodies requires a purification step using ion exchange chromatography. However, the addition of this purification step complicates the production and increases production cost. On the other hand, purification that uses only ion exchange chromatography may not be robust enough as a purification method for pharmaceuticals. Thus, it is a task to develop a method for producing an IgG-type bispecific antibody using only a protein A-based purification step, or develop a robust production method using a protein A-based purification step and an ion exchange chromatography step.
The present invention provides methods for producing a polypeptide multimer that comprises a first polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity and a second polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity or no antigen-binding activity. The methods of the present invention for producing a polypeptide multimer comprise the steps of:
The methods of the present invention for producing a polypeptide multimer may also be expressed as methods for producing a polypeptide multimer with an altered protein A-binding ability.
In the present invention, “a polypeptide having a first antigen-binding activity” may be referred to as “a first polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity”. “A polypeptide having a second antigen-binding activity or no antigen-binding activity” may be referred to as “a second polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity or no antigen-binding activity”. The same applies to “a polypeptide having a third antigen-binding activity” and “a polypeptide having a fourth antigen-binding activity” described below.
In the present invention, the term “comprise” means both “comprise” and “consist of”.
The present invention also provides methods for purifying a polypeptide multimer that comprises a first polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity and a second polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity or no antigen-binding activity. The methods of the present invention for purifying a polypeptide multimer comprise the steps of:
A polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity in which one or more amino acid residues have been modified can be obtained by:
preparing a DNA that encodes a polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity or no antigen-binding activity,
modifying one or more nucleotides in the DNA;
introducing the resulting DNA into cells known to those skilled in the art;
culturing the cells to express the DNA; and
collecting the expression product.
Thus, the methods of the present invention for producing a polypeptide multimer can also be expressed as methods comprising the steps of:
The methods of the present invention for purifying a polypeptide multimer may also be expressed as methods comprising the step of:
In the present invention, a polypeptide multimer refers to a heteromeric multimer containing first and second polypeptides. It is preferable that the first and second polypeptides each have an activity of binding to a different antigen. The first and second polypeptides each having a different antigen-binding activity are not particularly limited as long as one of the polypeptides has an antigen-binding domain (amino acid sequence) different from that of the other polypeptide. For example, as shown in
The multimers include dimers, trimers, and tetramers, but are not limited thereto.
In present invention, a first polypeptide and/or a second polypeptide can form a multimer with one or two third polypeptides.
Thus, the present invention provides methods for producing a polypeptide multimer comprising a first polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity, a second polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity or no antigen-binding activity, and one or two third polypeptides having an antigen-binding activity, which comprise the steps of:
The above-described methods may also be expressed as methods comprising the steps of:
Furthermore, in the present invention, the first and second polypeptides can form a multimer with third and fourth polypeptides.
Thus, the present invention provides methods for producing a polypeptide multimer comprising a first polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity, a second polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity, a third polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity, and a fourth polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity, which comprise the steps of:
The above-described methods can also be expressed as methods comprising the steps of:
The present invention provides methods for purifying a polypeptide multimer that comprises a first polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity, a second polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity or no antigen-binding activity, and one or two third polypeptides having an antigen-binding activity, which comprise the steps of:
The above-described methods can also be expressed as methods comprising the steps of:
The present invention also provides methods for purifying a polypeptide multimer that comprises a first polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity, a second polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity, a third polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity, and a fourth polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity, which comprise the steps of:
The above-described methods can also be expressed as methods comprising the steps of:
In a polypeptide multimer of the present invention containing a first polypeptide, a second polypeptide, and one or two third polypeptides, the first and second polypeptides can each form a multimer (dimer) with the third polypeptide. Furthermore, the resulting two dimers can form a multimer with each other. The two third polypeptides may have completely the same amino acid sequence (may have a binding activity to the same antigen). Alternatively, the third polypeptides may have the same amino acid sequence and two or more activities (for example, may have binding activities to two or more different antigens). When only one third polypeptide is present, the third polypeptide can form a polypeptide multimer via dimerization with either the first polypeptide or the second polypeptide.
In a polypeptide multimer of the present invention, the first and second polypeptides preferably have binding activity to different antigens. Meanwhile, the third polypeptide may have binding activity to the same antigen as that of either or both of the first and second polypeptides. Alternatively, the third polypeptide may have binding activity to an antigen different from those of the first and second polypeptides.
Alternatively, a polypeptide multimer of the present invention may contain a first polypeptide, second polypeptide, third polypeptide, and fourth polypeptide. In such a polypeptide multimer, the first polypeptide and second polypeptide can form a multimer (dimer) with the third polypeptide and fourth polypeptide, respectively. For example, through formation of disulfide bonds in between, the first polypeptide and third polypeptide can form a dimer, and the second polypeptide and fourth polypeptide can form a dimer.
In a polypeptide multimer of the present invention, the first and second polypeptides preferably have binding activity to different antigens. Meanwhile, the third polypeptide may have binding activity to the same antigen as that of either or both of the first and second polypeptides. Alternatively, the third polypeptide may have binding activity to an antigen different from those of the first and second polypeptides. Furthermore, the fourth polypeptide may have binding activity to the same antigen as that of either or both of the first and second polypeptides. Alternatively, the fourth polypeptide may have binding activity to an antigen different from those of the first and second polypeptides.
Specifically, for example, when the first and second polypeptides contain the amino acid sequence of an antibody heavy chain against antigen A and the amino acid sequence of an antibody heavy chain against antigen B, respectively, the third and fourth polypeptides may contain the amino acid sequence of an antibody light chain against antigen A and the amino acid sequence of an antibody light chain against antigen B, respectively. When a polypeptide multimer of the present invention has third and fourth polypeptides that contain two different antibody light chain amino acid sequences, a highly pure polypeptide multimer of interest can be efficiently produced or purified by making the pI values of the third and fourth polypeptide different using the methods described below, or by differentiating their protein L-binding ability, in addition to differentiating the protein A-binding ability between the first and second polypeptides.
Alternatively, for example, when the first polypeptide has the amino acid sequence of an antibody heavy chain against antigen A, the second polypeptide has the amino acid sequence of an antibody light chain variable region against antigen B and the amino acid sequence of an antibody heavy chain constant region, the third polypeptide has the amino acid sequence of an antibody light chain against antigen A, and the fourth polypeptide has the amino acid sequence of an antibody heavy chain variable region against antigen B and the amino acid sequence of an antibody light chain constant region, a highly pure polypeptide multimer of interest having the first, second, third, and fourth polypeptides can also be efficiently produced or purified by using the present invention. In this case, as described in Example 12 below, introduction of amino acid mutations to alter the pI value of a polypeptide or introduction of amino acid mutations to promote the association of polypeptides of interest (WO2006/106905) enables more efficient purification or production of a polypeptide multimer of interest having the first, second, third, and fourth polypeptides to higher purity. Amino acid mutations to be introduced to promote the association of polypeptides may be those used in the methods described in Protein Eng. 1996 July, 9(7):617-21; Protein Eng Des Sel. 2010 April, 23(4):195-202; J Biol Chem. 2010 Jun. 18, 285(25):19637-46; WO2009080254; and such, in which two polypeptides having a heavy chain constant region are heteromerically associated by modifying the CH3 domain of heavy chain constant region; and those used in the methods described in WO2009080251, WO2009080252, WO2009080253, and such, by which the association of a particular pair of heavy chain and light chain is promoted.
In the present invention, “polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity” refers to a peptide or protein of five or more amino acids in length having a domain (region) capable of binding to a protein or peptide such as an antigen or ligand, e.g., an antibody heavy chain or light chain variable region, receptor, receptor-Fc domain fusion peptide, scaffold, or a fragment thereof. Specifically, a polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity can contain the amino acid sequence of an antibody variable region, receptor, receptor-Fc domain fusion peptide, scaffold, or a fragment thereof.
Scaffold may be any polypeptide as long as it is a conformationally stable polypeptide capable of binding to at least one antigen. Such polypeptides include, but are not limited to, for example, antibody variable region fragments, fibronectin, protein A domains, LDL receptor A domains, lipocalins, and molecules mentioned in Nygren et al. (Current Opinion in Structural Biology, 7:463-469 (1997); Journal of Immunol. Methods, 290:3-28 (2004)), Binz et al. (Nature Biotech 23:1257-1266 (2005)), and Hosse et al. (Protein Science 15:14-27 (2006)).
Methods for obtaining antibody variable regions, receptors, receptor-Fc domain fusion peptides, scaffold, and fragments thereof are known to those skilled in the art.
Such polypeptides having an antigen-binding activity may be derived from a living organism or designed artificially. The polypeptides may be derived from natural proteins, synthetic proteins, recombinant proteins, and such. Furthermore, the polypeptides may be peptides or protein fragments of 10 or more amino acids in length which have a domain (region) capable of binding to a protein or peptide such as an antigen or ligand, as long as they have ability to bind to an antigen. The polypeptides may have more than one domain capable of binding to an antigen (including ligand).
A polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity may also be referred to as a polypeptide having an antigen-binding protein domain(s).
In the present invention, “polypeptide having no antigen-binding activity” refers to a peptide or protein of five or more amino acids in length, such as an antibody fragment having no antigen-binding activity, Fc domain, scaffold, or a fragment thereof. Specifically, a polypeptide having no antigen-binding activity may contain the amino acid sequence of an antibody constant region, Fc domain, scaffold, or fragment thereof, but the amino acid sequence is not limited to the above examples. A polypeptide having no antigen-binding activity can be combined with a polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity to produce a polypeptide multimer that monovalently binds to an antigen.
In the present invention, the first polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity and the second polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity or no antigen-binding activity may contain the amino acid sequence of an antibody heavy chain constant region or the amino acid sequence of an antibody Fc domain. The amino acid sequence of an antibody Fc domain or an antibody heavy chain constant region includes, but is not limited to, those of human IgG-type constant regions and Fc domains. IgG-type constant regions or Fc domains may be of natural IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4 isotype, or may be variants thereof.
Meanwhile, in the present invention, the third polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity and the fourth polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity may contain the amino acid sequence of an antibody light chain constant region. The amino acid sequence of an antibody light chain constant region includes, but is not limited to, those of human kappa- and human lambda-type constant regions, and variants thereof.
Furthermore, in the present invention, polypeptides having an antigen-binding activity may contain the amino acid sequence of an antibody variable region (for example, the amino acid sequences of CDR1, CDR2, CDR3, FR1, FR2, FR3, and FR4).
Moreover, in the present invention, the polypeptides having an antigen-binding activity may contain the amino acid sequence of an antibody heavy chain or an antibody light chain. More specifically, the first polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity and the second polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity or no antigen-binding activity may contain the amino acid sequence of an antibody heavy chain. Meanwhile, the third polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity and the fourth polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity may contain the amino acid sequence of an antibody light chain.
When a polypeptide multimer of interest is a tetramer that is formed by multimerization between a dimer formed by the first and third polypeptides and a dimer formed by the second and fourth polypeptides, for example, a polypeptide in which the first and second polypeptides having an antigen-binding activity contain the amino acid sequence of an antibody heavy chain, and a polypeptide in which the third and fourth polypeptides having an antigen-binding activity contain the amino acid sequence of an antibody light chain, can be used for the polypeptide multimer of the present invention. Alternatively, a polypeptide in which the first polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity contains the amino acid sequence of an antibody heavy chain, a polypeptide in which the second polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity contains the amino acid sequence of an antibody light chain variable region and the amino acid sequence of an antibody heavy chain constant region, a polypeptide in which the third polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity contains the amino acid sequence of an antibody light chain, and a polypeptide in which the fourth polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity contains the amino acid sequence of an antibody heavy chain variable region, can also be used.
Specifically, a polypeptide multimer of the present invention can be a multispecific antibody.
In the present invention, a “multispecific antibody” refers to an antibody capable of specifically binding to at least two different antigens.
In the present invention, “different antigens” refers not only to different antigen molecules per se, but also to different antigen determinants present in the same antigen molecules. Accordingly, for example, different antigen determinants present within a single molecule are included in the “different antigens” of the present invention. In the present invention, antibodies that recognize various different antigen determinants in a single molecule are regarded as “antibodies capable of specifically binding to different antigens”.
In the present invention, multispecific antibodies include, but are not limited to, bispecific antibodies capable of specifically binding to two types of antigens. Preferred bispecific antibodies of the present invention include H2L2-type IgG antibodies (composed of two types of H chains and two types of L chains) having a human IgG constant region. More specifically, such antibodies include, but are not limited to, for example, IgG-type chimeric antibodies, humanized antibodies, and human antibodies.
Moreover, a polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity may be, for example, a molecule in which at least two of a heavy chain variable region, light chain variable region, heavy chain constant region, and light chain constant region, are linked together as a single chain. Alternatively, the polypeptide may be an antibody in which at least two of a heavy chain variable region, light chain variable region, Fc domain (constant region without CH1 domain), and light chain constant region, are linked together as a single chain.
In the present invention, the phrase “there is a larger difference of protein A-binding ability between polypeptides having an antigen-binding activity” means that the protein A-binding ability is not the same (is different) between two or more polypeptides as a result of amino acid modifications on the surface of polypeptides having an antigen-binding activity. More specifically, this phrase means that, for example, the protein A-binding ability of the first polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity is different from that of the second polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity. The difference of protein A-binding ability can be examined, for example, by using protein A affinity chromatography.
The strength of protein A-binding ability of a polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity is correlated with the pH of solvent used for elution. The greater the protein A-binding ability of the polypeptide is, the lower the pH of the solvent used for elution becomes. Thus, the phrase “there is a larger difference of protein A-binding ability between polypeptides having an antigen-binding activity” can also be expressed as “when two or more polypeptides having an antigen-binding activity are eluted using protein A affinity chromatography, each polypeptide is eluted at a different solvent pH”. The difference in the pH of the elution solvent is 0.1 or more, preferably 0.5 or more, and still more preferably 1.0 or more, but is not limited thereto.
Furthermore, in the present invention, it is preferable to alter the protein A-binding ability without lowering other activities (for example, plasma retention) of the polypeptides having an antigen-binding activity.
A polypeptide multimer of interest that comprises the first polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity and the second polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity or no antigen-binding activity can be produced or purified using protein A affinity chromatography based on the difference of protein A-binding ability between the first polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity and the second polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity or no antigen-binding activity. Specifically, for example, when the polypeptide multimer of the present invention is a bispecific antibody that has a common L chain (i.e., same amino acid sequence in the third and fourth polypeptides), the polypeptide multimer can be produced or purified by the method described below. First, host cells are introduced with the following: a nucleic acid that encodes the first polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity (more specifically, the first antibody heavy chain) whose amino acid at position 435 (EU numbering) in the amino acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain constant region is arginine (R); a nucleic acid that encodes the second polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity (more specifically, the second antibody heavy chain) whose amino acid at position 435 (EU numbering) in the amino acid sequence of the antibody heavy chain constant region is histidine (H); and a nucleic acid that encodes the third polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity (common L chain). The cells are cultured to express the DNAs transiently. Then, the resulting expression products are loaded onto a protein A column. After washing, elution is performed first with a high pH elution solution and then with a low pH elution solution. A homomeric antibody comprising two units of the first antibody heavy chain and two units of the common L chain does not have any protein A-binding site in its heavy chain constant region. Meanwhile, a bispecific antibody comprising the first antibody heavy chain, the second antibody heavy chain, and two units of the common L chain has a single protein A-binding site in its heavy chain constant region. A homomeric antibody comprising two units of the second antibody heavy chain and two units of the common L chain has two protein A-binding sites in its heavy chain constant region. As described above, the protein A-binding ability of a polypeptide correlates with the solvent pH for eluting the polypeptide in protein A affinity chromatography. The greater the protein A-binding ability is, the lower the solvent pH for elution becomes. Thus, when elution is carried out first with a high pH elution solution and then with a low pH elution solution, the antibodies are eluted in the following order:
The purity of the polypeptide multimers obtained by the production or purification methods of the present invention is at least 95% or higher (for example, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or higher).
Modifications of amino acid residues to create a difference in the protein A-binding ability between the first polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity and the second polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity or no antigen-binding activity include, but are not limited to:
In the present invention, it is preferred that amino acids on the surface of a polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity or no antigen-binding activity are modified. Furthermore, it is also preferred to consider reducing the influence of the modification on other activities of the polypeptide.
Accordingly, in the present invention, it is preferred to modify, for example, the amino acid residues at the following positions (EU numbering) in the antibody Fc domain or heavy chain constant region:
TLMISR at positions 250-255, VLHQDWLNGK at positions 308-317, and EALHNHY at positions 430-436;
preferably, TLMIS at positions 250-254, LHQD at positions 309-312, LN at positions 314 and 315, E at position 430, and LHNHY at positions 432-436;
more preferably, LMIS at positions 251-254, LHQ at positions 309-311, L at position 314, and LHNH at positions 432-435; and in particular, MIS at positions 252-254, L at position 309, Q at position 311, and NHY at positions 434-436.
As for amino acid modifications of the antibody heavy chain variable region, preferred mutation sites include FR1, CDR2, and FR3. More preferred mutation sites include, for example, positions H15-H23, H56-H59, H63-H72, and H79-H83 (EU numbering).
Of the above amino acid modifications, modifications that do not reduce the binding to FcRn or the plasma retention in human FcRn transgenic mice are more preferred.
More specifically, modifications that increase the protein A-binding ability of a polypeptide include, but are not limited to, substitution of histidine (His) for the amino acid residue at position 435 (EU numbering) in the amino acid sequence of an antibody Fc domain or an antibody heavy chain constant region.
Meanwhile, modifications that reduce the protein A-binding ability of a polypeptide include, but are not limited to, substitution of arginine for the amino acid residue at position 435 (EU numbering) in the amino acid sequence of an antibody Fc domain or an antibody heavy chain constant region.
As for the antibody heavy chain variable region, the heavy chain variable region of the VH3 subclass has protein A-binding activity. Thus, to increase the protein A-binding ability, the amino acid sequences at the above modification sites are preferably identical to those of the heavy chain variable region of the VH3 subclass. To reduce the protein A-binding ability, the amino acid sequences are preferably identical to those of the heavy chain variable region of another subclass.
As described below, modification of amino acid residues can be achieved by altering one or more nucleotides in a DNA encoding a polypeptide, and expressing the DNA in host cells. Those skilled in the art can readily determine the number, site, and type of altered nucleotides depending on the type of amino acid residues after modification.
Herein, modification (alteration) refers to substitution, deletion, addition, or insertion, or combinations thereof.
The polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity may comprise other modifications in addition to the above modifications of amino acid residues. Such additional modifications can be selected from, for example, substitutions, deletions, and modifications of amino acids, and combinations thereof. Specifically, all polypeptides whose amino acid sequences comprise a modification described below are included in the present invention:
These amino acid modifications are described below.
The amino acid modifications of the present invention can be combined with the amino acid modifications described in WO2006106905. There is no limitation on the modification sites as long as the amino acids form the interface between two polypeptides having an antigen-binding activity. Specifically, for example, when a heavy chain constant region is modified, such modifications include modifications that make the amino acids of at least one of the combinations of positions 356 and 439, positions 357 and 370, and positions 399 and 409 (EU numbering) in the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain constant region of the first polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity have the same electric charge; and the amino acids of at least one of the combinations of positions 356 and 439, positions 357 and 370, and positions 399 and 409 (EU numbering) in the heavy chain constant region of the second polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity or no antigen-binding activity have electric charge opposite to that of the first polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity. More specifically, such modifications include, for example, introduction of a mutation that substitutes Glu at position 356 (EU numbering) with Lys in the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain constant region of either one of the first polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity and the second polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity, and a mutation that substitutes Lys at position 439 (EU numbering) with Glu in the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain constant region of the other polypeptide. When these modifications are combined with the modifications of the present invention, the polypeptide of interest can be obtained with a higher purity by protein A-based purification alone.
Alternatively, the polypeptide multimer of interest that comprises the first, second, third, and fourth polypeptides having an antigen-binding activity can be efficiently produced or purified to a higher purity, when modification is performed to make the amino acids at position 39 (Kabat numbering) in the heavy chain variable region and/or at position 213 (EU numbering) in the heavy chain constant region of the first polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity have an electric charge opposite to that of the amino acid at position 39 (Kabat numbering) in the heavy chain variable region and/or the amino acid at position 213 (EU numbering) in the heavy chain constant region of the second polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity or no antigen-binding activity, and the amino acid at position 38 (Kabat numbering) and/or the amino acid at position 123 (EU numbering) in the light chain variable region of the third polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity have an electric charge opposite to that of the amino acid at position 38 (Kabat numbering) and/or the amino acid at position 123 (EU numbering) in the light chain variable region of the fourth polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity.
Amino acid Modification for Stabilizing the Disulfide Bonds Between the First Polypeptide Having an Antigen-Binding Activity and the Second Polypeptide Having an Antigen-Binding Activity or no Antigen-Binding Activity
As described in published documents (Mol. Immunol. 1993, 30, 105-108; and Mol. Immunol. 2001, 38, 1-8), the heterogeneity of IgG4 is eliminated and its stable structure can be maintained by substituting Pro for Ser at position 228 (EU numbering) in the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain constant region of IgG4.
In order to regulate plasma retention, it is possible to combine the amino acid modifications of the present invention with amino acid modifications that alter the antibody pI value. Modifications to constant regions include, for example, amino acid modifications at positions 250 and 428 (EU numbering) and such described in published documents (J. Immunol. 2006, 176 (1):346-356; and Nat. Biotechnol. 1997 15 (7):637-640). Modifications to variable regions include the amino acid modifications described in WO2007/114319 and WO2009/041643. Amino acids to be modified are preferably exposed on the surface of a polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity. The modifications include, for example, amino acid substitution at position 196 (EU numbering) in the amino acid sequence of a heavy chain constant region. In the case of the heavy chain constant region of IgG4, the plasma retention can be enhanced, for example, by substituting glutamine for lysine at position 196 thereby reducing the pI value.
Furthermore, the plasma retention can be regulated by altering the FcRn-binding ability. Amino acid modifications that alter the FcRn-binding ability include, for example, the amino acid substitutions in the antibody heavy chain constant region described in published documents (The Journal of Biological Chemistry vol. 276, No. 9 6591-6604, 2001; Molecular Cell, Vol. 7, 867-877, 2001; Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2009, 20 (6):685-91). Such amino acid substitutions include, for example, substitutions at positions 233, 238, 253, 254, 255, 256, 258, 265, 272, 276, 280, 285, 288, 290, 292, 293, 295, 296, 297, 298, 301, 303, 305, 307, 309, 311, 312, 315, 317, 329, 331, 338, 360, 362, 376, 378, 380, 382, 415, 424, 433, 434, 435, and 436 (EU numbering).
When the heavy chain constant region of IgG4 is used, the stable four-chain structure (H2L2 structure) is preferably maintained by suppressing the conversion of IgG4 into the half-molecule form under acidic conditions. Thus, arginine at amino acid position 409 (EU numbering system) which plays an important role in the maintenance of the four-chain structure (Immunology 2002, 105, 9-19) is preferably substituted with lysine of the IgG1 type that maintains a stable four-chain structure even under acidic conditions. Furthermore, to improve the acidic stability of IgG2, methionine at amino acid position 397 (EU numbering system) can be substituted with valine. These modifications can be used in combination with the amino acid modifications of the present invention.
The amino acid modifications of the present invention may be combined with the methods described in WO2009041613. Specifically, for example, the modification in which the two amino acids at the C-terminus of the IgG1 heavy chain constant region (i.e., glycine and lysine at positions 446 and 447 [EU numbering], respectively) are deleted can be combined with the amino acid modifications described in the Examples herein.
The amino acid modifications of the present invention may be combined with amino acid modifications for suppressing deamidation reaction. Deamidation reaction has been reported to occur more frequently at a site where asparagine (N) and glycine (G) are adjacent to each other (-NG-) (Geiger et al., J. Bio. Chem. (1987) 262:785-794). When a polypeptide multimer (multispecific antibody) of the present invention has a site where asparagine and glycine are adjacent to each other, deamidation reaction can be suppressed by modifying the amino acid sequence. Specifically, for example, either or both of asparagine and glycine are substituted with other amino acids. More specifically, for example, asparagine is substituted with aspartic acid.
The amino acid modifications of the present invention may be combined with amino acid modifications for introducing a difference in isoelectric point. Specific methods are described, for example, in WO2007/114325. In addition to the modifications of the present invention, the amino acid sequences of the first polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity and the second polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity or no antigen-binding activity are modified so that there is a larger difference in isoelectric point between these polypeptides. This enables efficient production or purification of the polypeptide of interest to a higher purity. Furthermore, a larger difference in isoelectric point can be produced between the third polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity and the fourth polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity. This allows the polypeptide multimer of interest comprising the first, second, third, and fourth polypeptides to be efficiently produced or purified to a higher purity. Specifically, when the first and second polypeptides each comprises an amino acid sequence of an antibody heavy chain, the modification sites include, for example, positions 1, 3, 5, 8, 10, 12, 13, 15, 16, 19, 23, 25, 26, 39, 42, 43, 44, 46, 68, 71, 72, 73, 75, 76, 81, 82b, 83, 85, 86, 105, 108, 110, and 112 (Kabat numbering). When the third and fourth polypeptides each comprises an amino acid sequence of an antibody light chain, the modification sites include, for example, positions 1, 3, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 16, 17, 18, 20, 22, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 45, 46, 49, 57, 60, 63, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 74, 76, 77, 79, 80, 81, 85, 100, 103, 105, 106, 107, and 108 (Kabat numbering). A larger difference in isoelectric point can be produced by modifying at least one of the amino acid residues at the above positions in one polypeptide to have an electric charge, and modifying at least one of the amino acid residues at the above positions in the other polypeptide to have no charge or opposite electric charge to the above.
The amino acid modifications of the present invention may be combined with amino acid modifications that alter (increase or reduce) the Fcγ receptor-binding ability. Modifications for altering the Fcγ receptor-binding ability include, but are not limited to, the modifications described in Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2009, 20(6):685-91. Specifically, the Fcγ receptor-binding ability can be altered, for example, by combining the modifications of the present invention with a modification that substitutes leucine at positions 234 and 235 and asparagine at position 272 (EU numbering) of an IgG1 heavy chain constant region with other amino acids. The amino acids after substitution include, but are not limited to, alanine.
Preparation of DNAs that encode polypeptides having an antigen-binding activity, modification of one or more nucleotides, DNA expression, and recovery of expression products are described below
In the present invention, a DNA that encodes a polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity or a polypeptide having no antigen-binding activity may be the whole or a portion of a known sequence (naturally-occurring or artificial sequence), or combinations thereof. Such DNAs can be obtained by methods known to those skilled in the art. The DNAs can be isolated, for example, from antibody libraries, or by cloning antibody-encoding genes from hybridomas producing monoclonal antibodies.
With regard to antibody libraries, many are already well known, and those skilled in the art can appropriately obtain antibody libraries since methods for producing antibody libraries are known. For example, regarding antibody phage libraries, one can refer to the literature such as Clackson et al., Nature 1991, 352: 624-8; Marks et al., J. Mol. Biol. 1991, 222: 581-97; Waterhouses et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 1993, 21: 2265-6; Griffiths et al., EMBO J. 1994, 13: 3245-60; Vaughan et al., Nature Biotechnology 1996, 14: 309-14; or Japanese Patent Kohyo Publication No. (JP-A) H20-504970 (unexamined Japanese national phase publication corresponding to a non-Japanese international publication). In addition, known methods such as methods that use eukaryotic cells as libraries (WO95/15393) and ribosome display methods may be used. Furthermore, techniques to obtain human antibodies by panning using human antibody libraries are also known. For example, variable regions of human antibodies can be expressed on the surface of phages as single chain antibodies (scFvs) using phage display methods, and phages that bind to antigens can be selected. Genetic analysis of the selected phages can determine the DNA sequences encoding the variable regions of human antibodies that bind to the antigens. Once the DNA sequences of scFvs that bind to the antigens is revealed, suitable expression vectors can be produced based on these sequences to obtain human antibodies. These methods are already well known, and one can refer to WO92/01047, WO92/20791, WO93/06213, WO93/11236, WO93/19172, WO95/01438, and WO95/15388.
As for methods for obtaining genes encoding antibodies from hybridomas, basically, known techniques may be used. Specifically, desired antigens or cells expressing the desired antigens are used as sensitizing antigens for immunization according to conventional immunization methods. The immune cells thus obtained are fused with known parent cells by ordinary cell fusion methods, and monoclonal antibody producing cells (hybridomas) are screened by ordinary screening methods. cDNAs of antibody variable regions (V regions) can be obtained by reverse transcription of mRNAs of the obtained hybridomas using reverse transcriptase. Antibody-encoding genes can be obtained by linking them with DNAs encoding the desired antibody constant regions (C regions).
More specifically, without limitations, the following methods are examples.
Sensitizing antigens for obtaining the antibody genes encoding the antibody heavy and light chains include both complete antigens with immunogenicity and incomplete antigens composed of haptens and such that do not show antigenicity. For example, full length proteins and partial peptides of proteins of interest can be used. In addition, it is known that substances composed of polysaccharides, nucleic acids, lipids, and such may become antigens. Thus, there are no particular limitations on antigens in the present invention. Antigens can be prepared by methods known to those skilled in the art, and they can be prepared, for example, by the following methods using baculoviruses (for example, WO98/46777). Hybridomas can be produced, for example, the following methods of Milstein et al. (G. Kohler and C. Milstein, Methods Enzymol. 1981, 73: 3-46), and such. When the immunogenicity of an antigen is low, it can be linked to a macromolecule that has immunogenicity, such as albumin, and then used for immunization. Furthermore, by linking antigens with other molecules if necessary, they can be converted into soluble antigens. When transmembrane molecules such as receptors are used as antigens, portions of the extracellular regions of the receptors can be used as a fragment, or cells expressing transmembrane molecules on their cell surface may be used as immunogens.
Antibody-producing cells can be obtained by immunizing animals using suitable sensitizing antigens described above. Alternatively, antibody-producing cells can be prepared by in vitro immunization of lymphocytes that can produce antibodies. Various mammals can be used as the animals for immunization, where rodents, lagomorphas and primates are generally used. Examples of such animals include mice, rats, and hamsters for rodents, rabbits for lagomorphas, and monkeys including the cynomolgus monkey, rhesus monkey, hamadryas, and chimpanzees for primates. In addition, transgenic animals carrying human antibody gene repertoires are also known, and human antibodies can be obtained by using these animals (see WO96/34096; Mendez et al., Nat. Genet. 1997, 15: 146-56). Instead of using such transgenic animals, for example, desired human antibodies having binding activity against antigens can be obtained by in vitro sensitization of human lymphocytes with desired antigens or cells expressing the desired antigens, and then fusing the sensitized lymphocytes with human myeloma cells such as U266 (see Japanese Patent Application Kokoku Publication No. (JP-B) H1-59878 (examined, approved Japanese patent application published for opposition)). Furthermore, desired human antibodies can be obtained by immunizing transgenic animals carrying a complete repertoire of human antibody genes, with desired antigens (see WO93/12227, WO92/03918, WO94/02602, WO96/34096, and WO96/33735).
Animal immunization can be carried out by appropriately diluting and suspending a sensitizing antigen in Phosphate-Buffered Saline (PBS), physiological saline, or such, and forming an emulsion by mixing an adjuvant if necessary, followed by an intraperitoneal or subcutaneous injection into animals. After that, the sensitizing antigen mixed with Freund's incomplete adjuvant is preferably administered several times every four to 21 days. Antibody production can be confirmed by measuring the target antibody titer in animal sera using conventional methods.
Antibody-producing cells obtained from lymphocytes or animals immunized with a desired antigen can be fused with myeloma cells to generate hybridomas using conventional fusing agents (for example, polyethylene glycol) (Goding, Monoclonal Antibodies: Principles and Practice, Academic Press, 1986, 59-103). When required, hybridoma cells can be cultured and grown, and the binding specificity of the antibody produced from these hybridomas can be measured using known analysis methods, such as immunoprecipitation, radioimmunoassay (RIA), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Thereafter, hybridomas that produce antibodies of interest whose specificity, affinity, or activity has been determined can be subcloned by methods such as limiting dilution.
Next, genes encoding the selected antibodies can be cloned from hybridomas or antibody-producing cells (sensitized lymphocytes, and such) using probes that may specifically bind to the antibodies (for example, oligonucleotides complementary to sequences encoding the antibody constant regions). Cloning from mRNA using RT-PCR is also possible. Immunoglobulins are classified into five different classes, IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. These classes are further divided into several subclasses (isotypes) (for example, IgG-1, IgG-2, IgG-3, and IgG-4; IgA-1 and IgA-2; and such). Heavy chains and light chains used in the present invention to produce antibodies are not particularly limited and may derive from antibodies belonging to any of these classes or subclasses; however, IgG is particularly preferred.
Herein, it is possible to modify heavy-chain-encoding genes and light-chain-encoding genes using genetic engineering techniques. Genetically modified antibodies, such as chimeric antibodies, humanized antibodies that have been artificially modified for the purpose of decreasing heterologous antigenicity and such against humans, can be appropriately produced if necessary for antibodies such as mouse antibodies, rat antibodies, rabbit antibodies, hamster antibodies, sheep antibodies, and camel antibodies. Chimeric antibodies are antibodies composed of a nonhuman mammal antibody heavy chain and light chain variable regions, such as mouse antibody, and the heavy chain and light chain constant regions of human antibody. They can be obtained by ligating the DNA encoding a variable region of a mouse antibody to the DNA encoding a constant region of a human antibody, incorporating them into an expression vector, and introducing the vector into a host for production of the antibody. A humanized antibody, which is also called a reshaped human antibody, can be synthesized by PCR from a number of oligonucleotides produced so that they have overlapping portions at the ends of DNA sequences designed to link the complementary determining regions (CDRs) of an antibody of a nonhuman mammal such as a mouse. The obtained DNA can be ligated to a DNA encoding a human antibody constant region. The ligated DNA can be incorporated into an expression vector, and the vector can be introduced into a host to produce the antibody (see EP239400 and WO96/02576). Human antibody FRs that are ligated via the CDR are selected when the CDR forms a favorable antigen-binding site. If necessary, amino acids in the framework region of an antibody variable region may be substituted such that the CDR of the reshaped human antibody forms an appropriate antigen-binding site (K. Sato et al., Cancer Res. 1993, 53: 851-856). The monoclonal antibodies of the present invention include such humanized antibodies and chimeric antibodies.
When the antibodies of the present invention are chimeric antibodies or humanized antibodies, the constant regions of these antibodies are preferably derived from human antibodies. For example, Cγ1, Cγ2, Cγ3, and Cγ4 can be used for the heavy chain, while Cκ and Cλ can be used for the light chain. Furthermore, the human antibody constant region may be modified as necessary to improve antibody or its production stability. A chimeric antibody of the present invention preferably comprises a variable region of an antibody derived from a nonhuman mammal and a constant region of a human antibody. Meanwhile, a humanized antibody of the present invention preferably comprises CDRs of an antibody derived from a nonhuman mammal, and FRs and C regions of a human antibody. The constant regions derived from human antibodies comprise specific amino acid sequences, which vary depending on the isotype such as IgG (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4), IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE. The constant regions used to prepare the humanized antibodies of the present invention may be constant regions of antibodies of any isotype. A constant region of human IgG is preferably used, but the constant regions are not limited thereto. Meanwhile, there is no particular limitation on the human antibody-derived FRs which are used to prepare humanized antibodies, and they may be derived from an antibody of any isotype.
The variable and constant regions of chimeric or humanized antibodies of the present invention may be modified by deletion, substitution, insertion, and/or addition, as long as the antibodies exhibit the same binding specificity as the original antibodies.
Chimeric and humanized antibodies that use human-derived sequences are expected to be useful when administered to humans for therapeutic purposes or such, since their antigenicity in the human body has been attenuated.
In the present invention, amino acids may be modified to alter the biological properties of an antibody.
Minibodies (low-molecular-weight antibodies) are useful as the antibodies because of their in vivo kinetic properties and low-cost production using E. coli, plant cells, or such.
Antibody fragments are one type of minibody. Minibodies include antibodies that comprise an antibody fragment as their partial structure. The minibodies of the present invention are not particularly limited by their structure or production method, as long as they have antigen-binding ability. Some minibodies have an activity greater than that of a whole antibody (Orita et al., Blood (2005) 105: 562-566). Herein, “antibody fragments” are not particularly limited as long as they are a portion of a whole antibody (for example, whole IgG). However, the antibody fragments preferably comprise a heavy chain variable region (VH) or a light chain variable region (VL). Preferred antibody fragments include, for example, Fab, F (ab′)2, Fab′, and Fv. The amino acid sequence of a heavy chain variable region (VH) or light chain variable region (VL) in an antibody fragment may be modified by substitution, deletion, addition, and/or insertion. Furthermore, some portions of a heavy chain variable region (VH) or light chain variable region (VL) may be deleted, as long as the fragments retain their antigen-binding ability. For example, of the above antibody fragments, “Fv” is a minimal antibody fragment that comprises the complete antigen recognition and binding sites. “Fv” is a dimer (VH-VL dimer) in which one heavy chain variable region (VH) and one light chain variable region (VL) are linked tightly by non-covalent bonding. The three complementarity determining regions (CDRs) of each variable region form an antigen-binding site on the surface of the VH-VL dimer. Six CDRs confer an antigen-binding site to the antibody. However, even one variable region (or half of an Fv comprising only three antigen-specific CDRs) has the ability to recognize and bind to an antigen, although its affinity is lower than that of the complete binding site. Thus, such molecules which are smaller than Fv are also included in the antibody fragments of the present invention. Furthermore, the variable regions of an antibody fragment may be chimerized or humanized.
It is preferable that the minibodies comprise both a heavy chain variable region (VH) and a light chain variable region (VL). The minibodies include, for example, antibody fragments such as Fab, Fab′, F(ab′)2, and Fv, and scFv (single-chain Fv) which can be prepared using antibody fragments (Huston et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1988) 85: 5879-83; Plickthun “The Pharmacology of Monoclonal Antibodies” Vol. 113, Resenburg and Moore (eds.), Springer Verlag, New York, pp. 269-315, (1994)); diabodies (Holliger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1993) 90:6444-8; EP 404097; WO93/11161; Johnson et al., Method in Enzymology (1991) 203: 88-98; Holliger et al., Protein Engineering (1996) 9:299-305; Perisic et al., Structure (1994) 2:1217-26; John et al., Protein Engineering (1999) 12(7):597-604; Atwell et al., Mol. Immunol. (1996) 33:1301-12); sc(Fv)2 (Hudson et al., J Immunol. Methods (1999) 231:177-89; Orita et al., Blood (2005) 105:562-566); triabodies (Journal of Immunological Methods (1999) 231: 177-89); and tandem diabodies (Cancer Research (2000) 60:4336-41).
An antibody fragment can be prepared by treating an antibody with an enzyme, for example, a protease such as papain and pepsin (see Morimoto et al., J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods (1992) 24:107-17; Brennan et al., Science (1985) 229:81). Alternatively, an antibody fragment can also be produced by genetic recombination based on its amino acid sequence.
A minibody comprising a structure that results from modification of an antibody fragment can be constructed using an antibody fragment obtained by enzyme treatment or genetic recombination. Alternatively, after constructing a gene that encodes a whole minibody and introducing it into an expression vector, the minibody may be expressed in appropriate host cells (see, for example, Co et al., J. Immunol. (1994) 152:2968-76; Better and Horwitz, Methods Enzymol. (1989) 178:476-96; Pluckthun and Skerra, Methods Enzymol. (1989) 178: 497-515; Lamoyi, Methods Enzymol. (1986) 121:652-63; Rousseaux et al., Methods Enzymol. (1986) 121:663-9; Bird and Walker, Trends Biotechnol. (1991) 9:132-7).
The above scFv is a single-chain polypeptide comprising two variable regions linked together via a linker or such, as necessary. The two variable regions contained in an scFv are typically one VH and one VL, but an scFv may have two VH or two VL. In general, scFv polypeptides comprise a linker between the VH and VL domains, thereby forming a paired portion of VH and VL required for antigen binding. A peptide linker of ten or more amino acids is typically used as the linker between VH and VL for forming an intramolecularly paired portion between VH and VL. However, the linkers of the scFv of the present invention are not limited to such peptide linkers, as long as they do not inhibit scFv formation. To review scFv, see Pluckthun “The Pharmacology of Monoclonal Antibody”, Vol. 113 (Rosenburg and Moore ed., Springer Verlag, NY, pp. 269-315 (1994)).
Meanwhile, “diabodies (Db)” refers to divalent antibody fragments constructed by gene fusion (P. Holliger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 6444-6448 (1993); EP 404,097; WO93/11161; etc.). Diabodies are dimers comprising two polypeptide chains, in which each polypeptide chain comprises within the same chain a light chain variable region (VL) and a heavy chain variable region (VH) linked via a linker short enough to prevent interaction of these two domains, for example, a linker of about five residues. VL and VH encoded on the same polypeptide chain will form a dimer because the linker between VL and VH is too short to form a single-chain V region fragment. Therefore, diabodies have two antigen-binding sites. In this case, when VL and VH directed against two different epitopes (a and b) are expressed simultaneously as combinations of VLa-VHb and VLb-VHa connected with a linker of about five residues, they are secreted as bispecific Db.
Diabodies comprise two molecules of scFv and thus have four variable regions. As a result, diabodies have two antigen binding sites. Unlike situations in which scFv does not form dimers, in diabody formation, the length of the linker between the VH and VL in each scFv molecule is generally about five amino acids when the linker is a peptide linker. However, the linker of scFv that forms a diabody is not limited to such a peptide linker, as long as it does not inhibit scFv expression and diabody formation.
Furthermore, it is preferable that minibodies and antibody fragments of the present invention additionally comprise an amino acid sequence of an antibody heavy chain constant region and/or an amino acid sequence of a light chain constant region.
Herein, “alteration of nucleotides” means that gene manipulation or mutagenesis is performed to insert, delete, or substitute at least one nucleotide in a DNA so that the polypeptide encoded by the DNA has amino acid residues of interest. Specifically, this means that the codon encoding the original amino acid residue is substituted with a codon encoding the amino acid residue of interest. Such nucleotide alterations can be introduced using methods such as site-directed mutagenesis (see, for example, Kunkel (1985) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82: 488), PCR mutagenesis, and cassette mutagenesis. In general, mutant antibodies whose biological properties have been improved show an amino acid sequence homology and/or similarity of 70% or higher, more preferably 80% or higher, and even more preferably 90% or higher (for example, 95% or higher, 97%, 98%, 99%, etc.), when compared to the amino acid sequence of the original antibody variable region. Herein, the sequence homology and/or similarity is defined as the ratio of amino acid residues that are homologous (the same residue) or similar (amino acid residues classified into the same group based on the general properties of amino acid side chains) to the original amino acid residues, after maximizing the value of the sequence homology by performing sequence alignment and gap introduction as necessary. In general, naturally-occurring amino acid residues are classified into the following groups based on the characteristics of their side chains: (1) hydrophobic: alanine, isoleucine, valine, methionine, and leucine; (2) neutral hydrophilic: asparagine, glutamine, cysteine, threonine, and serine; (3) acidic: aspartic acid and glutamic acid; (4) basic: arginine, histidine, and lysine; (5) residues that have an influence on the chain conformation: glycine and proline; and (6) aromatic: tyrosine, tryptophan, and phenylalanine. The number of modified amino acids is, for example, ten, nine, eight, seven, six, five, four, three, two, or one, but is not limited thereto.
In general, a total of six complementarity determining regions (CDRs; hypervariable regions) present in the heavy chain and light chain variable regions interact to form the antigen binding site(s) of an antibody. It is known that one of these variable regions has the ability to recognize and bind to the antigen, even though the affinity will be lower than when all binding sites are included. Thus, polypeptides of the present invention having an antigen-binding activity may encode fragment portions containing the respective antigen binding sites of antibody heavy chain and light chain as long as they maintain the desired antigen-binding activity.
The methods of the present invention allow efficient preparation of, for example, desired polypeptide multimers that actually have the activity described above.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, appropriate amino acid residues to be “modified” can be selected from, for example, the amino acid sequences of antibody heavy chain and light chain variable regions and the amino acid sequences of antibody light chain and light chain variable region.
DNAs encoding the modified polypeptides are cloned (inserted) into an appropriate vector and then introduced into host cells. There is no particular limitation on the vectors as long as they stably carry the inserted nucleic acids. For example, when using E. coli as the host, the vectors include cloning vectors. Preferred cloning vectors include pBluescript vectors (Stratagene). It is possible to use various commercially available vectors. Expression vectors are particularly useful as vectors for producing the polypeptide multimers or polypeptides of the present invention. There is no particular limitation on the expression vectors as long as they express polypeptides in vitro, in E. coli, culture cells, or organisms. Preferred vectors include, for example, pBEST vectors (Promega) for in vitro expression; pET vectors (Invitrogen) for expression in E. coli; the pME18S-FL3 vector (GenBank Accession No. AB009864) for expression in culture cells; and the pME18S vector (Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:466-472 (1988)) for expression in organisms. DNAs can be inserted into vectors by conventional methods such as ligase reaction using restriction enzyme sites (Current protocols in Molecular Biology edit. Ausubel et al. (1987) Publish. John Wiley & Sons. Section 11.4-11.11).
There is no particular limitation on the above host cells, and various host cells can be used depending on the purpose. Cells for expressing polypeptides include, for example, bacterial cells (e.g., Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, E. coli, Streptomyces, and Bacillus subtilis), fungal cells (e.g., yeast and Aspergillus), insect cells (e.g., Drosophila S2 and Spodoptera SF9), animal cells (e.g., CHO, COS, HeLa, C127, 3T3, BHK, HEK293, Bowes melanoma cell), and plant cells. Vectors can be introduced into host cells using known methods such as the calcium phosphate precipitation method, electroporation method (Current protocols in Molecular Biology edit. Ausubel et al. (1987) Publish. John Wiley & Sons. Section 9.1-9.9), lipofection method, and microinjection method.
In order to secrete host cell-expressed polypeptides into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum, periplasmic space, or extracellular environment, appropriate secretion signals can be incorporated into the polypeptides of interest. These signals may be intrinsic or foreign to the polypeptides of interest.
Expression vectors for the first, second, third, and fourth polypeptides can be constructed by inserting DNAs encoding the polypeptides individually into separate vectors. Alternatively, some of the DNAs encoding the first, second, third, and fourth polypeptides (for example, a DNA encoding the first polypeptide and a DNA encoding the second polypeptide) may be inserted into a single vector to construct expression vectors. When an expression vector is constructed by inserting multiple DNAs into a single vector, there is no limitation on the combination of polypeptide-encoding DNAs to be inserted.
When polypeptides are secreted to a culture medium, the expression products are recovered by collecting the medium. When polypeptides are produced in cells, the cells are first lysed and then the polypeptides are collected.
The polypeptides can be collected and purified from a culture of recombinant cells by known methods including ammonium sulfate or ethanol precipitation, acid extraction, anion or cation exchange chromatography, phosphocellulose chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, affinity chromatography, hydroxylapatite chromatography, and lectin chromatography.
Protein A affinity chromatography is preferably used in the present invention.
Protein A columns include, but are not limited to, Hyper D (PALL), POROS (Applied Biosystems), Sepharose F.F. (GE), and ProSep (Millipore). Alternatively, protein A affinity chromatography can be performed using a resin bound by a ligand that mimics the IgG-binding ability of protein A. Also when such a protein A mimic is used, polypeptide multimers of interest can be isolated and purified by creating a difference in the binding ability as a result of the amino acid modifications of the present invention. Such protein A mimics include, but are not limited to, for example, mabS elect SuRE (GE Healthcare).
Furthermore, the present invention provides polypeptide multimers obtained by the production or purification methods of the present invention.
The present invention also provides polypeptide multimers comprising the first polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity and the second polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity or no antigen-binding activity, wherein the protein A-binding ability is different between the first and second polypeptides.
Such polypeptide multimers can be obtained by the methods described herein. The structures and properties of the polypeptide multimers are as described above, and summarized below.
As compared to before modification of amino acids, the protein A-binding ability of the polypeptide multimers of the present invention has been altered. More specifically, the protein A-binding ability has been altered in either or both of the first polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity and the second polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity or no antigen-binding activity. In a polypeptide multimer of the present invention, the protein A-binding ability of the first polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity is different from that of the second polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity or no antigen-binding activity. Accordingly, the solvent pH for protein A elution is different for the first polypeptide and the second polypeptide in affinity chromatography.
Furthermore, the first polypeptide and/or the second polypeptide can form a multimer with one or two third polypeptides.
Thus, the present invention relates to polypeptide multimers that comprise the first polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity, the second polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity or no antigen-binding activity, and one or two third polypeptides having an antigen-binding activity, wherein the protein A-binding ability is different for the first and second polypeptides. Such polypeptide multimers can also be obtained by the methods described herein.
The polypeptide multimers may additionally comprise a fourth polypeptide. Either one of the first polypeptide and the second polypeptide can form a multimer with the third polypeptide, while the other can form another multimer with the fourth polypeptide.
Thus, the present invention relates to polypeptide multimers that comprise the first polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity, the second polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity or no antigen-binding activity, the third polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity, and the fourth polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity, wherein the protein A-binding ability is different for the first and second polypeptides. Such polypeptide multimers can also be obtained by the methods described herein.
The above first polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity and second polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity or no antigen-binding activity may comprise an amino acid sequence of an antibody heavy chain constant region or an amino acid sequence of an antibody Fc domain. The amino acid sequence of an antibody heavy chain constant region or an antibody Fc domain includes, but is not limited to, an amino acid sequence of a human IgG-derived constant region.
Meanwhile, the above third polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity and fourth polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity may comprise an amino acid sequence of an antibody light chain constant region.
Furthermore, the polypeptides having an antigen-binding activity may comprise an amino acid sequence of an antibody variable region (for example, amino acid sequences of CDR1, CDR2, CDR3, FR1, FR2, FR3, and FR4).
The above first polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity and second polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity or no antigen-binding activity may comprise an amino acid sequence of an antibody heavy chain, or an amino acid sequence comprising an antibody light chain variable region and an antibody heavy chain constant region. The above third polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity and fourth polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity may comprise an amino acid sequence of an antibody light chain, or an amino acid sequence comprising an antibody heavy chain variable region and an antibody light chain constant region.
A polypeptide multimer of the present invention can be a multispecific antibody. Multispecific antibodies of the present invention include, but are not limited to, bispecific antibodies capable of specifically binding to two types of antigens.
In a polypeptide multimer of the present invention, one or more amino acid residues have been modified so that there is a (larger) difference of protein A-binding ability between the first polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity and the second polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity or no antigen-binding activity. As described above, the modification sites include, but are not limited to, for example, the following amino acid residues: TLMISR at positions 250-255, VLHQDWLNGK at positions 308-317, EALHNHY at positions 430-436, preferably TLMIS at positions 250-254, LHQD at positions 309-312, LN at positions 314-315, E at position 430, LHNHY at positions 432-436, more preferably LMIS at positions 251-254, LHQ at positions 309-311, L at position 314, LHNH at positions 432-435, and particularly LMIS at positions 252-254, L at position 309, Q at position 311, and NHY at positions 434-436 (EU numbering) in an antibody Fc domain or a heavy chain constant region. Meanwhile, as for amino acid modifications of an antibody heavy chain variable region, preferred modification sites include FR1, CDR2, and FR3.
More specifically, the polypeptide multimers of the present invention include, but are not limited to, polypeptide multimers in which the amino acid residue at position 435 (EU numbering) in the amino acid sequence of an antibody Fc domain or antibody heavy chain constant region is histidine or arginine in either one of the first polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity and the second polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity or no antigen-binding activity, while the other polypeptide has a different amino acid residue at position 435 (EU numbering) in the amino acid sequence of an antibody Fc domain or antibody heavy chain constant region.
Furthermore, the polypeptide multimers of the present invention include, but are not limited to, polypeptide multimers in which the amino acid residue at position 435 (EU numbering) in the amino acid sequence of an antibody heavy chain constant region is histidine in either one of the first polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity and the second polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity or no antigen-binding activity, while the amino acid residue at position 435 (EU numbering) in the amino acid sequence of an antibody heavy chain constant region is arginine in the other polypeptide.
Furthermore, the polypeptide multimers of the present invention comprising the first and second polypeptides include, but are not limited to the examples below.
The above first and second polypeptides may additionally comprise an antibody heavy chain variable region. The polypeptide multimers of (1) to (6) above may also comprise the third polypeptide and/or the fourth polypeptide.
Furthermore, the present invention provides polypeptide variants that comprise a polypeptide comprising a mutation in the amino acid residue at either position 435 or 436 (EU numbering). Such polypeptide variants include, but are not limited to, polypeptide variants comprising a polypeptide described in the Examples.
Furthermore, the present invention provides nucleic acids encoding a polypeptide (polypeptide having an antigen-binding activity) that constitutes a polypeptide multimer of the present invention. The present invention also provides vectors carrying such nucleic acids.
The present invention also provides host cells comprising the above nucleic acids or vectors. There is no particular limitation on the host cells, and they include, for example, E. coli and various plant and animal cells. The host cells may be used, for example, as a production system for producing and expressing the polypeptide multimers or polypeptides of the present invention. There are in vitro and in vivo production systems for producing the polypeptide multimers or polypeptides. In vitro production systems include those using eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells.
Eukaryotic cells that can be used as host cells include, for example, animal cells, plant cells, and fungal cells. Animal cells include: mammalian cells, for example, CHO (J. Exp. Med. (1995) 108, 945), COS, HEK293, 3T3, myeloma, BHK (baby hamster kidney), HeLa, and Vero; amphibian cells such as Xenopus laevis oocytes (Valle, et al., Nature (1981) 291: 338-340); and insect cells such as Sf9, Sf21, and Tn5. For expressing the polypeptide multimers or polypeptides of the present invention, CHO-DG44, CHO-DX11B, COS7 cells, HEK293 cells, and BHK cells can be suitably used. Of the animal cells, CHO cells are particularly preferable for large-scale expression. Vectors can be introduced into a host cell by, for example, calcium phosphate methods, DEAE-dextran methods, methods using cationic liposome DOTAP (Boehringer-Mannheim), electroporation methods, or lipofection methods.
It is known that plant cells such as Nicotiana tabacum-derived cells and Lemna minor cells are protein production systems, and these cells can be used to produce polypeptide multimers or polypeptides of the present invention by methods that culture calluses from these cells. Protein expression systems that use fungal cells including yeast cells, for example, cells of the genus Saccharomyces (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces pombe, etc.), and cells of filamentous fungi, for example, the genus Aspergillus (Aspergillus niger, etc.) are known, and these cells can be used as a host to produce polypeptide multimers or polypeptides of the present invention.
When prokaryotic cells are used, production systems that use bacterial cells are available. Production systems that use bacterial cells including Bacillus subtilis as well as E. coli described above are known, and they can be used to produce polypeptide multimers or polypeptides of the present invention.
When a polypeptide multimer or polypeptide is produced using a host cell of the present invention, a polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide multimer or polypeptide of the present invention may be expressed by culturing the host cell transformed with an expression vector comprising the polynucleotide. Culturing can be performed according to known methods. For example, when animal cells are used as a host, DMEM, MEM, RPMI 1640, or IMDM may be used as the culture medium. The culture medium may be used with serum supplement solutions such as FBS or fetal calf serum (FCS). Alternatively, cells can be cultured in serum-free cultures. The preferred pH is about 6 to 8 during the course of culturing. Incubation is carried out typically at about 30 to 40° C. for about 15 to 200 hours. Medium is exchanged, aerated, or agitated, as necessary.
On the other hand, systems for producing polypeptides in vivo include, for example, those using animals and those using plants. A polynucleotide of interest is introduced into an animal or plant to produce the polypeptide in the body of the animal or the plant, and then the polypeptide is collected. The “host” of the present invention includes such animals and plants.
When animals are used, production systems that use mammals or insects are available. Mammals such as goat, pig, sheep, mouse, and cattle may be used (Vicki Glaser, SPECTRUM Biotechnology Applications (1993)). When mammals are used, transgenic animals may be used.
For example, a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide multimer or polypeptide of the present invention may be prepared as a fusion gene with a gene encoding a polypeptide specifically produced in milk, such as goat β-casein. Next, polynucleotide fragments containing this fusion gene are injected into goat embryos, which are then introduced back into female goats. The antibody of interest can be obtained from milk produced by the transgenic goats, which are born from the goats that received the embryos, or by their offspring. Appropriate hormones may be administered to the transgenic goats to increase the volume of milk containing the antibody produced by the transgenic goats (Ebert et al., Bio/Technology (1994) 12: 699-702).
Insects such as silkworms may be used for producing polypeptide multimers or polypeptides of the present invention. When silkworms are used, baculoviruses carrying a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide multimer or polypeptide of interest can be used to infect silkworms, so that the polypeptide multimer or polypeptide of interest can be obtained from the body fluids of these silkworms (Susumu et al., Nature (1985) 315:592-594).
Plants used for producing polypeptide multimers or polypeptides of the present invention include, for example, tobacco. When tobacco is used, a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide multimer or polypeptide of interest is inserted into a plant expression vector, for example, pMON 530, and then the vector is introduced into a bacterium such as Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The bacteria are then used to infect tobacco such as Nicotiana tabacum, and the desired polypeptide multimer or polypeptide can be obtained from the leaves of the tobacco (Ma et al., Eur. J. Immunol. (1994) 24: 131-138). Alternatively, the same bacteria can be used to infect Lemna minor, and after cloning, the desired polypeptide multimer or polypeptide can be obtained from the cells of Lemna minor (Cox K. M. et al., Nat. Biotechnol. 2006 December; 24(12):1591-1597).
The polypeptide multimer or polypeptide thus obtained may be isolated from the inside or outside (such as the medium and milk) of host cells, and purified as a substantially pure and homogenous polypeptide multimer or polypeptide. Methods used for separating and purifying a polypeptide multimer or polypeptide are not limited, and methods used in standard polypeptide purification may be applied. Antibodies may be isolated and purified by selecting an appropriate combination of, for example, chromatographic columns, filtration, ultrafiltration, salting-out, solvent precipitation, solvent extraction, distillation, immunoprecipitation, SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, dialysis, recrystallization, and such.
Chromatographies include, for example, affinity chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, hydrophobic chromatography, gel filtration, reverse-phase chromatography, and adsorption chromatography (Strategies for Protein Purification and Characterization: A Laboratory Course Manual. Ed Daniel R. Marshak et al., (1996) Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press). These chromatographies can be carried out using liquid phase chromatography such as HPLC and FPLC. Examples of columns for affinity chromatography include protein A columns and protein G columns. Examples of the columns that use protein A include, but are not limited to, Hyper D, POROS, and Sepharose F. F. (Pharmacia).
As necessary, modifications can be added and peptides can be deleted from a polypeptide multimer or polypeptide arbitrarily by treatment with an appropriate protein modification enzyme before or after purification of the polypeptide multimer or polypeptide. Such protein modification enzymes include, for example, trypsin, chymotrypsin, lysyl endopeptidase, protein kinase, and glucosidase.
Another preferred embodiment of the present invention includes a method for producing a polypeptide multimer or polypeptide of the present invention, which comprises the steps of culturing the host cells of the present invention as described above and collecting the polypeptide from the cell culture.
Furthermore, the present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions (agents) comprising a polypeptide multimer or polypeptide of the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In the present invention, “pharmaceutical compositions” generally refers to agents for treating or preventing, or testing and diagnosing diseases.
The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can be formulated by methods known to those skilled in the art. For example, such pharmaceutical compositions can be used parenterally in the form of injections, which are sterile solutions or suspensions prepared with water or another pharmaceutically acceptable liquid. For example, such compositions may be formulated by appropriately combining with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or medium, specifically, sterile water, physiological saline, vegetable oil, emulsifier, suspension, surfactant, stabilizer, flavoring agent, excipient, vehicle, preservative, binder, or such, and mixed in a unit dose form that meets the generally accepted requirements for preparation of pharmaceuticals. In such preparations, the amount of active ingredient is adjusted such that a suitable amount within a specified range is obtained.
Sterile compositions for injection can be formulated using vehicles such as distilled water for injection, according to standard protocols for formulation.
Aqueous solutions for injection include, for example, physiological saline and isotonic solutions containing glucose or other adjuvants (for example, D-sorbitol, D-mannose, D-mannitol, and sodium chloride). Appropriate solubilizers, for example, alcohols (ethanol and such), polyalcohols (propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and such), non-ionic surfactants (polysorbate 80™, HCO-50, and such) may be used in combination.
Oils include sesame and soybean oils. Benzyl benzoate and/or benzyl alcohol can be used as solubilizers in combination. Buffers (for example, phosphate buffer and sodium acetate buffer), soothing agents (for example, procaine hydrochloride), stabilizers (for example, benzyl alcohol and phenol), and/or antioxidants can also be combined. Prepared injections are generally filled into appropriate ampules.
The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention are preferably administered parenterally. For example, the compositions may be in the form of injections, transnasal agents, transpulmonary agents, or transdermal agents. For example, such compositions can be administered systemically or locally by intravenous injection, intramuscular injection, intraperitoneal injection, subcutaneous injection, or such.
The administration methods can be appropriately selected in consideration of a patient's age and symptoms. The dosage of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a polypeptide multimer or polypeptide or a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide multimer or polypeptide may be set, for example, within the range of 0.0001 to 1000 mg/kg weight for each administration. Alternatively, the dosage may be, for example, from 0.001 to 100,000 mg per patient. However, in the present invention, the dosage is not necessarily limited to the ranges described above. Although the dosage and administration method vary depending on a patient's weight, age, symptoms, and such, those skilled in the art can select appropriate dosage and administration methods in consideration of these factors.
The multispecific antibodies of the present invention can be formulated by combining them with other pharmaceutical components as necessary.
All prior art references cited herein are incorporated by reference into this specification.
Hereinbelow, the present invention will be specifically described with reference to the Examples, but it is not to be construed as being limited thereto.
The antibody H chain variable regions used were:
Q153 (the H chain variable region of an anti-human F.IX antibody, SEQ ID NO: 1), Q407 (the H chain variable region of an anti-human F.IX antibody, SEQ ID NO: 2), J142 (the H chain variable region of an anti-human F.X antibody, SEQ ID NO: 3), J300 (the H chain variable region of an anti-human F.X antibody, SEQ ID NO: 4), and MRA-VH (the H chain variable region of an anti-human interleukin-6 receptor antibody, SEQ ID NO: 5).
The antibody L chain variable regions used were:
L180-k (an L chain common to an anti-human F.IX antibody and an anti-human F.X antibody, SEQ ID NO: 6), L210-k (an L chain common to an anti-human F.IX antibody/anti-human F.X antibody, SEQ ID NO: 7), and MRA-k (the L chain of an anti-human interleukin-6 receptor antibody, SEQ ID NO: 8).
The antibody H chain constant regions used were:
G4d (SEQ ID NO: 9), which was constructed from IgG4 by introducing a substitution mutation of Pro for Ser at position 228 (EU numbering) and deleting the C-terminal Gly and Lys; z72 (SEQ ID NO: 10), which was constructed from G4d by introducing the following mutations: a substitution mutation of Arg for His at position 435 (EU numbering); a substitution mutation of Phe for Tyr at position 436 (EU numbering); and a substitution mutation of Pro for Leu at position 445 (EU numbering); z7 (SEQ ID NO: 11), which was constructed from G4d by introducing a substitution mutation of Lys for Glu at position 356 (EU numbering); z73 (SEQ ID NO: 12), which was constructed from z72 by introducing a substitution mutation of Glu for Lys at position 439 (EU numbering); z106 (SEQ ID NO: 13), which was constructed from z7 by introducing the following mutations: a substitution mutation of Gln for Lys at position 196 (EU numbering); a substitution mutation of Tyr for Phe at position 296 (EU numbering); and a substitution mutation of Lys for Arg at position 409 (EU numbering); z107 (SEQ ID NO: 14), which was constructed from z73 by introducing the following mutations: a substitution mutation of Gln for Lys at position 196 (EU numbering); a substitution mutation of Tyr for Phe at position 296 (EU numbering); a substitution mutation of Lys for Arg at position 409 (EU numbering); and a substitution mutation of Tyr for Phe at position 436 (EU numbering); and G1d (SEQ ID NO: 15), which was constructed by deleting the C-terminal Gly and Lys from IgG1. Substitution mutations of Lys for Glu at position 356 (EU numbering) and Glu for Lys at position 439 (EU numbering) were introduced for efficient formation of heteromeric molecules from the respective H chains in the production of heteromeric antibodies ((WO 2006/106905) PROCESS FOR PRODUCTION OF POLYPEPTIDE BY REGULATION OF ASSEMBLY).
The anti-human F.IX antibody H chain genes Q153-G4d and Q153-z7 were constructed by linking respectively G4d and z7 downstream of Q153. The anti-human F.IX antibody H chain gene Q407-z106 was constructed by linking z106 downstream of Q407. The anti-human F.X antibody H chain genes J142-G4d, J142-z72, and J142-z73 were constructed by linking respectively G4d, z72, and z73 downstream of J142. The anti-human F.X antibody H chain gene J300-z107 was constructed by linking z107 downstream of J300. The anti-human interleukin-6 receptor antibody H chain genes MRA-G1d, MRA-z106, and MRA-z107 were constructed by linking respectively G1d, z106, and z107 downstream of MRA-VH.
The respective antibody genes (Q153-G4d, Q153-z7, Q407-z106, J142-G4d, J142-z72, J142-z73, J300-z106, MRA-G1d, MRA-z106, MRA-z107, L180-k, L210-k, and MRA-k) were inserted into animal cell expression vectors.
The following antibodies were expressed transiently in FreeStyle293 cells (Invitrogen) by transfection using the constructed expression vectors. As shown below, antibodies were named using the combinations of transfected antibody genes.
Q153-G4d/J142-G4d/L180-k and Q153-G4d/J142-z72/L180-k were expressed transiently, and the medium of the resulting FreeStyle293 cell culture (hereinafter abbreviated as CM) was used as a sample for assessing the elution conditions for protein A affinity chromatography. The CM samples were filtered through a filter with a pore size of 0.22 μm, and loaded onto an rProtein A Sepharose Fast Flow column (GE Healthcare) equilibrated with D-PBS. The column was subjected to washes 1 and 2 and elutions 1 to 5 in a stepwise manner as shown in Table 1. The volume of CM to be loaded onto the column was adjusted to 20 mg antibody/ml resin. Fractions eluted under each condition were collected, and the respective eluted fractions were analyzed by cation exchange chromatography to identify their components. To prepare controls, each CM was loaded onto rProtein G Sepharose Fast Flow resin (GE Healthcare). Samples purified by batchwise elution were used as controls. Since protein G binds to the Fab domain of an antibody, all antibody species (a bispecific antibody of interest in which two types of H chains are associated in a heteromeric manner (heteromeric antibody) and as an impurity monospecific homomeric antibodies in which single-type H chains are homomerically associated) in CM can be purified by using protein G, regardless of their protein A-binding affinity.
CM in which Q153-G4d/J142-G4d/L180-k or Q153-G4d/J142-z72/L180-k had been expressed was eluted from a protein A column (elution 1 to 5), and the respective eluted fractions were analyzed by cation exchange chromatography. As for Q153-G4d/J142-G4d/L180-k, the analysis revealed that as the elution condition was altered from 1 to 5, i.e., as the pH of the elution buffer was reduced, the antibody composition of the eluted fractions changed gradually in the order from the homomeric antibody J142-G4d/L180-k to the heteromeric antibody Q153-G4d/J142-G4d/L180-k, and then to the homomeric antibody Q153-G4d/L180-k. The order of elution is understood to be in accordance with the binding ability for protein A. This implies that the homomeric antibody Q153-G4d/L180-k, which remained bound until exposed to low pH, has a greater binding ability for protein A than the homomeric species J142-G4d/L180-k (a homomeric antibody against FX) eluted at a high pH. It is known that the variable region J142 is a sequence incapable of binding to protein A. Specifically, the homomeric species J142-G4d/L180-k (a homomeric antibody against FX) has two protein A-binding sites; the heteromeric antibody Q153-G4d/J142-G4d/L180-k has three; and the homomeric antibody Q153-G4d/L180-k (homomeric antibody against FX) has four protein A-binding sites. Thus, it was revealed that more protein A-binding sites resulted in stronger protein A binding, and thus a lower pH was required for elution.
Meanwhile, as for Q153-G4d/J142-z72/L180-k, it was revealed that as the elution condition was altered from 1 to 5, the antibody composition in the eluted fraction changed from the heteromeric antibody Q153-G4d/J142-z72/L180-k to the homomeric antibody Q153-G4d/L180-k. The homomeric antibody J142-z72/L180-k (a homomeric antibody against FX) was almost undetectable in any eluted fractions. This suggests that J142-z72/L180-k has no protein A-binding ability. It is thought that the lack of protein A-binding ability of J142-z72 might be due to the introduced substitution mutation of Arg for His at position 435 (EU numbering). The homomeric antibody J142-z72/L180-k (a homomeric antibody against FX) has no protein A-binding site, while the heteromeric antibody Q153-G4d/J142-z72/L180-k has two protein A-binding sites and the homomeric antibody Q153-G4d/L180-k (a homomeric antibody against FIX) has four. The homomeric antibody J142-z72/L180-k (a homomeric antibody against FX) passes through the column because it does not bind to protein A. This is the reason why J142-z72/L180-k was undetectable in any eluted fractions. Furthermore, in both cases of Q153-G4d/J142-G4d/L180-k and Q153-G4d/J142-z72/L180-k, it was suggested that the heteromeric antibody and homomeric antibody Q153-G4d/L180-k (a homomeric antibody against FIX) were separable from each other at pH 3.6 or a lower pH.
CM samples containing the following antibodies were used:
The result of cation exchange chromatography analysis for each eluted fraction is shown in Table 3 below. The values represent the area of elution peak expressed in percentage. Except for the Q153-G4d/J142-G4d/L180-k antibody, homomeric antibodies against FX were almost undetectable in any fractions eluted. Thus, it was revealed that not only the homomeric antibody J142-z72 (a homomeric antibody against FX) described in Example 2 but also the homomeric antibodies J142-z73 and J300-z107 (a homomeric antibody against FX) were incapable of binding to protein A. It is thought that the lack of protein A-binding ability in the homomeric antibody against FX was due to the substitution mutation of Arg for His at position 435 (EU numbering), which was introduced into the H chain constant region of the antibody against FX. The heteromeric antibody, which is a bispecific antibody of interest, was detected mostly in the fraction of elution 1. Meanwhile, the majority of homomeric antibodies against FIX were eluted by elution 2, although they were also detected at a very low level in the fraction of elution 1. As compared to Q153-G4d/J142-z72/L180-k, in the cases of Q153-z7/J142-z73/L180-k and Q407-z106/J300-z107/L210-k, the proportion of the heteromeric antibody (bispecific antibody of interest) was considerably increased in the fraction eluted at pH 3.6. Thus, it was demonstrated that when the substitution mutations of Lys for Glu at position 356 (EU numbering) and of Glu for Lys at position 439 (EU numbering) for efficient formation of heteromeric molecules from the respective H chains were introduced in combination with the substitution mutation of Arg for His at position 435 (EU numbering), the heteromeric antibody (bispecific antibody of interest) could be purified to a purity of 98% or higher through the protein A-based purification step alone.
As described above, the present inventors revealed that based on differences in the number of protein A-binding sites between the heteromeric antibody and homomeric antibodies, the heteromeric antibody could be isolated and purified to high purity through the protein A chromatography step alone.
As described in Example 3 above, the present inventors demonstrated that by using z106 (SEQ ID NO: 13) and z107 (SEQ ID NO: 14) for the respective H chain constant regions of the bispecific antibody, the heteromeric antibody (bispecific antibody of interest) could be purified to a purity of 98% or higher through the protein A step alone. Meanwhile, the loss of protein A-binding affinity probably results in loss of human FcRn-binding activity because protein A and human FcRn recognize the same site in an IgG antibody (J Immunol. 2000, 164(10):5313-8). Actually, there is a reported method for purifying a bispecific antibody to a purity of 95% using protein A. The method uses a rat IgG2b H chain which does not bind to protein A. Catumaxomab (a bispecific antibody) purified by this method has a half-life of about 2.1 days in human. Its half-life is significantly shorter than the half-life of a normal human IgG1 which is 2 to 3 weeks (Non-patent Document 2). In this context, antibodies that have z106 (SEQ ID NO: 13) and z107 (SEQ ID NO: 14) described in Example 3 as constant regions were assessed for their pharmacokinetics.
In a pharmacokinetic experiment for calculating the half-life in human, the pharmacokinetics in human FcRn transgenic mice (B6.mFcRn−/−.hFcRn Tg line 276 +/+mice, Jackson Laboratories) was assessed by the following procedure. MRA-G1d/MRA-k (hereinafter abbreviated as MRA-IgG1) having the IgG1 constant region and MRA-z106/MRA-z107/MRA-k (hereinafter abbreviated as MRA-z106/z107) that has z106/z107 as constant region was each intravenously administered once at a dose of 1 mg/kg to mice, and blood was collected at appropriate time points. The collected blood was immediately centrifuged at 15,000 rpm and 4° C. for 15 minutes to obtain blood plasma. The separated plasma was stored in a freezer at −20° C. or below until use. The plasma concentration was determined by ELISA.
MRA-IgG1 and MRA-z106/z107k were assessed for their plasma retention in human FcRn transgenic mice. As shown in
The antibody H chain variable regions used were:
Q499 (the H chain variable region of an anti-human F.IX antibody, SEQ ID NO: 16).
J339 (the H chain variable region of an anti-human F.X antibody, SEQ ID NO: 17).
The antibody L chain used was:
The antibody H chain constant regions used were:
The anti-human F.IX antibody H chain genes Q499-z118 and Q499-z121 were constructed by linking respectively z118 and z121 downstream of Q499. The anti-human F.X antibody H chain gene J339-z119 was constructed by linking z119 downstream of J339.
Each of the antibody genes (Q499-z118, Q499-z121, J339-z119, and L377-k) was inserted into an animal cell expression vector.
The following antibodies were expressed transiently in FreeStyle293 cells (Invitrogen) by transfection using the constructed expression vectors. As shown below, antibodies were named using the combinations of transfected antibody genes.
The above two antibodies are only different at the amino acid of position 435 in the EU numbering system in the H chain of the anti-human F.IX antibody. z118 has His at position 435 and it has protein A-binding affinity. Meanwhile, z121 has Arg at position 435, and it is predicted to have no protein A-binding activity based on the finding described in Example 2. Q499 is predicted to bind to protein A based on its sequence. Thus, as for Q499-z118/J339-z119/L377-k, the homomeric species J339-z119/L377-k (a homomeric antibody against FX) has two protein A-binding sites; the heteromeric antibody Q499-z118/J339-z119/L377-k has three; and the homomeric antibody Q499-z118/L377-k (homomeric antibody against FIX) has four protein A-binding sites. Meanwhile, as for Q499-z121/J339-z119/L377-k introduced with a modification that leads to loss of protein A-binding affinity, the homomeric species J339-z119/L377-k has two protein A-binding sites; the heteromeric antibody Q499-z121/J339-z119/L377-k has two; and the homomeric antibody Q499-z121 /L377-k has two. Specifically, even if a modification that leads to loss of protein A-binding affinity (for example, a modification that substitutes Arg for the amino acid at position 435, EU numbering) was introduced into only the H chain which binds to protein A through its variable region, it would not produce the effect that allows for efficient isolation/purification of the heteromeric antibody to high purity by the protein A-based purification step alone. However, the modification that leads to the loss of protein A-binding ability can produce the effect when MabSelct SuRe (GE Healthcare) is used. MabSelect SuRe is a modified protein A incapable of binding to Q499 and a chromatographic carrier for use in the purification of antibodies. The carrier was developed to meet industrial requirements. The ligand is a recombinant protein A that has been modified by genetic engineering to be resistant to alkaline conditions. The great pH stability enables efficient and low-cost NaOH wash.
Furthermore, the carrier is characteristic in that it does not bind to the heavy chain variable region of the VH3 subclass, such as Q499. With respect to Q499-z118/J339-z119/L377-k, the homomeric species J339-z119/L377-k has two MabSelect SuRe-binding sites; the heteromeric antibody Q499-z118/J339-z119/L377-k has two; and the homomeric antibody Q499-z118 /L377-k has two. Meanwhile, as for Q499-z121/J339-z119/L377-k, the homomeric species J339-z119/L377-k has two MabSelect SuRe-binding sites; the heteromeric antibody Q499-z121/J339-z119/L377-k has a single site; and the homomeric antibody Q499-z121 /L377-k does not have any MabSelect SuRe-binding site. Specifically, it is understood that by combining a modified protein A incapable of binding to the antibody variable region, such as MabSelect SuRe, with a modification that leads to loss of protein A-binding affinity, the heteromeric antibody can be efficiently isolated and purified to high purity by the protein A-based purification step alone regardless of the protein A-binding activity of the heavy chain variable region.
CM in which Q499-z118/J339-z119/L377-k or Q499-z121/J339-z119/L377-k had been expressed was subjected to chromatography using modified protein A. The CM samples were filtered through a filter with a pore size of 0.22 μm, and loaded onto a Mab Select SuRe column (GE Healthcare) equilibrated with D-PBS. The column was subjected to washes 1 and 2 and elution as shown in Table 7. Recombinant protein A consists of five domains (A to E) which have IgG-binding activity. In Mab Select SuRe, domain B has been modified by genetic engineering to have a tetrameric structure. Mab Select SuRe lacks affinity for the antibody variable region, and is advantageous in that it allows for antibody elution even under milder conditions as compared to conventional recombinant protein A. In addition, the resin has improved alkaline resistance and enables for cleaning in place using 0.1 to 0.5 M NaOH, and is thus more suitable for production. In the experiment described in this Example as shown in Table 7, 50 mM acetic acid (the pH was not adjusted and the measured pH was around 3.0) was used for the elution instead of the stepwise elution at pH3.6 and pH 2.7 described in Example 3. The respective eluted fractions were collected and analyzed by cation exchange chromatography to identify their components. To prepare controls, each CM was loaded onto rProtein G Sepharose Fast Flow resin (GE Healthcare) in the same manner as described in Example 2. Samples purified by batchwise elution were used as controls.
Next, the fractions eluted from protein A were subjected to ion exchange chromatography. An SP Sepharose High Performance column (GE Healthcare) was equilibrated with an equilibration buffer (20 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 6.0). Then, the fractions eluted from protein A were neutralized with 1.5 M Tris-HCl, (pH7.4), and diluted three times with equilibration buffer, and loaded. Antibodies bound to the column were eluted with 25 column volumes (CV) of an NaCl concentration gradient of 50 to 350 mM. The eluted fractions containing the heteromeric antibody were purified by gel filtration chromatography using superdex200. The resulting monomer fractions were collected, and used in the assessment of pharmacokinetics in human FcRn transgenic mice described in Example 7.
The result of cation exchange chromatography analysis of each eluted fraction is shown in Tables 8 and 9. As shown in Table 8, with respect to Q499-z118/J339-z119/L377-k, the component ratio of each eluted fraction is not much different from that of the control. The reason is probably that all three species J339-z119/L377-k (a homomeric antibody against F.X), Q499-z118/L377-k (a homomeric antibody against F.IX), and Q499-z118/J339-z119/L377-k (a heteromeric antibody) had two binding sites for the modified protein, and thus there was no difference in terms of the association/dissociation during the protein A-based purification step.
Meanwhile, in the case of Q499-z121/J339-z119/L377-k, the ratio of Q499-z121/L377-k (a homomeric antibody against F.IX) in the eluted fraction was significantly reduced as compared to the control as shown in Table 9. In contrast, the ratios of J339-z119/L377-k (a homomeric antibody against F.X) and Q499-z121/J339-z119/L377-k (a heteromeric antibody) in the eluted fraction were relatively increased as compared to the control along with a decrease of Q499-z121/L377-k. It was believed that this is because J339-z119/L377-k (a homomeric antibody against F.X) has two binding sites for the modified protein A and Q499-z121/J339-z119/L377-k (a heteromeric antibody) has one. However, Q499-z121/L377-k (a homomeric antibody against F.IX) has no binding site, and accordingly the majority of Q499-z121/L377-k passed through the column without binding to the modified protein A.
As described above, the present invention also demonstrates that with respect to antibodies whose variable regions have protein A-binding activity, when the modified protein A is combined with a modification that leads to loss of protein A-binding affinity, one of the homomeric antibodies can be significantly decreased, and as a result the purity of the heteromeric antibody is increased by the protein A-based purification step alone.
It is likely to be difficult to adjust the protein A-binding activity without loss of the human FcRn binding, because protein A and human FcRn recognize the same site in an antibody IgG (J Immunol. 2000 164 (10):5313-8) as shown in
In a pharmacokinetic experiment to predict the half-life in human, the pharmacokinetics in human FcRn transgenic mice (B6.mFcRn−/−.hFcRn Tg line 276 +/+mice, Jackson Laboratories) was assessed by the following procedure. Q499-z118/J339-z119/L377-k and Q499-z121/J339-z119/L377-k were each intravenously administered once at a dose of 5 mg/kg to mice, and blood was collected at appropriate time points. The collected blood was immediately centrifuged at 15,000 rpm and 4° C. for 15 minutes to obtain blood plasma. The separated plasma was stored in a freezer at −20° C. or below until use. The blood concentration was determined by ELISA.
As shown in
The inventors designed an anti-GPC3 IgG antibody molecule in which an anti-CD3 scFv antibody is linked to one of the two H chains (
Thus, using the same method described in Example 3, a substitution mutation of Arg for His at position 435 (EU numbering) was introduced into one of the H chains. Furthermore, the above mutation was combined with the mutations (a substitution of Lys for Asp at position 356, EU numbering, is introduced into one H chain and a substitution of Glu for Lys at position 439, EU numbering, is introduced into the other H chain) described in WO 2006/106905 (PROCESS FOR PRODUCTION OF POLYPEPTIDE BY REGULATION OF ASSEMBLY) as a modification to enhance the heteromeric association of the two H chains. The present inventors tested whether it was possible with the combined mutations to purify the molecule of interest by protein A chromatography alone.
The gene encoding GPC3 (anti-human Glypican-3 antibody H chain variable region, SEQ ID NO: 22) as an antibody H chain variable region was constructed by a method known to those skilled in the art. Furthermore, the gene encoding GC33-k0 (anti-human Glypican-3 antibody L chain, SEQ ID NO: 23) as an antibody L chain was constructed by a method known to those skilled in the art. In addition, the genes described below were constructed as an antibody H chain constant region by a method known to those skilled in the art.
Each of the antibody genes (H chains: NTA1L, NTA1R, NTA2L, and NTA2R; L chain: GC33-k0) was inserted into an animal cell expression vector. Using a method known to those skilled in the art, the antibodies listed below were expressed transiently in FreeStyle293 cells (Invitrogen) by transfecting the cells with the constructed expression vectors. As shown below, antibodies were named using the combinations of transfected antibody genes (first H chain/second H chain/L chain).
Culture supernatants of FreeStyle293 cells (CM) containing the following antibodies were used as a sample.
The result of size exclusion chromatography of each eluted fraction is shown in
An ordinary anti-GPC3 IgG antibody binds divalently via the two H chains to glypican-3 (GPC3), a cancer-specific antigen. In the experiment described in this Example, the inventors designed and assessed an anti-GPC3 IgG antibody molecule (
Thus, using the same method as described in Example 3, a substitution mutation of Arg for His at position 435 (EU numbering) was introduced into one of the H chains. Furthermore, the above mutation was combined with the mutations (a substitution of Lys for Asp at position 356, EU numbering, is introduced into one H chain and a substitution of Glu for Lys at position 439, EU numbering, is introduced into the other H chain) described in WO 2006/106905 (PROCESS FOR PRODUCTION OF POLYPEPTIDE BY REGULATION OF ASSEMBLY) as a modification to enhance the heteromeric association of the two H chains. The present inventors assessed whether it was possible with the combined mutations to purify the molecule of interest by protein A chromatography alone.
The antibody H chain variable region used was:
GPC3 (the H chain variable region of an anti-human Glypican-3 antibody, SEQ ID NO: 22).
The antibody L chain used was:
GC33-k0 (the L chain of an anti-human Glypican-3 antibody, SEQ ID NO: 23).
The antibody H chain constant regions used were:
CM containing the following antibody was used as a sample:
The result of size exclusion chromatography analysis of each eluted fraction is shown in
As for NTA4L-cont/NTA4R-cont/GC33-k0, the homomeric antibody that divalently binds to GPC3 (homomeric antibody NTA4L-cont) and the homomeric molecule that has no GPC3-binding domain (homomeric antibody NTA4R-cont) were eluted, while the heteromeric antibody of interest, NTA4L-cont/NTA4R-cont, accounted for only 46.5%.
In the case of NTA4L-G3/NTA4R-cont/GC33-k0, the homomeric antibody that divalently binds to GPC3 (homomeric antibody NTA4L-G3) was almost undetectable, while the homomeric molecule having no GPC3-binding domain (homomeric antibody NTA4R-cont) was abundant. The heteromeric antibody of interest, NTA4L-G3/NTA4R-cont, accounted for 66.7%. In the case of NTA4L/NTA4R/GC33-k0, the homomeric antibody that divalently binds to GPC3 (homomeric antibody NTA4L) was almost undetectable, and the proportion of the homomeric molecule having no GPC3-binding domain (NTA4R) was considerably reduced, resulting in a significant increase of up to 93.0% in the proportion of the heteromeric antibody of interest, NTA4L/NTA4R. Thus, the present invention demonstrated that when the substitution mutations of Lys for Asp at position 356 (EU numbering) and of Glu for Lys at position 439 (EU numbering) for efficient formation of heteromeric molecules from the respective H chains were introduced in combination with the substitution mutation of Arg for His at position 435 (EU numbering), the heteromeric antibody (a bispecific antibody of interest) could be efficiently purified to a purity of 93% or higher through the protein A-based purification step alone.
As described in Example 9, the present inventors demonstrated that in the case of an antibody having the variable region only at one arm, the heteromeric antibody could be efficiently purified through the protein A-based purification step alone by combining the substitution mutation of Arg for His at position 435 (EU numbering) with the mutations (a substitution of Lys for Asp at position 356, EU numbering, is introduced into one H chain and a substitution of Glu for Lys at position 439, EU numbering, is introduced into the other H chain) described in WO 2006/106905 (PROCESS FOR PRODUCTION OF POLYPEPTIDE BY REGULATION OF ASSEMBLY). However, the heteromeric antibody is not purified to a sufficiently high purity with elution 1 (elution buffer: 2 mM HCl, pH 2.7) alone. An additional purification step is needed.
Then, in this Example, the present inventors assessed whether the heteromeric antibody can be isolated and purified to high purity by protein A column chromatography using elution with a pH gradient. This was based on the assumption that more protein A-binding sites lead to stronger binding of the heteromeric antibody to protein A, and as a result lower pH is required for elution. Purification can be achieved more efficiently at a lower cost when the purity of the heteromeric antibody can be increased to almost 100% by using such pH gradient elution. CM samples containing the following antibodies were used:
NTA4L-cont/NTA4R-cont/GC33-k0, NTA4L-G3/NTA4R-cont/GC33-k0, and NTA4L/NTA4R/GC33-k0 were purified by protein A column chromatography under the pH gradient elution condition. The resulting chromatograms are shown in
The result of size exclusion chromatography analysis of each peak is shown in Table 15. NTA4L-cont/NTA4R-cont/GC33-k0 gave three components eluted in this order: a homomeric antibody that divalently binds to GPC3 (homomeric antibody NTA4L-cont), a heteromeric antibody that monovalently binds to GPC3 (heteromeric antibody NTA4L-cont/NTA4R-conc), and a homomeric molecule having no GPC3-binding domain (homomeric antibody NTA4R-cont). It is thought that the reason why these components were not separated by pH gradient elution is that they have the same number (two) of protein A-binding sites. Meanwhile, it was revealed that in elution 1 of NTA4L-G3/NTA4R-cont/GC33-k0, the levels of homomeric antibody that divalently binds to GPC3 (homomeric antibody NTA4L-G3) and homomeric molecule having no GPC3-binding domain (homomeric antibody NTA4R-cont) were below the detection limit, while the heteromeric antibody that monovalently binds to GPC3 (NTA4L-G3/NTA4R-conc heteromeric antibody) accounted for 99.6%. In elution 2, the homomeric molecule having no GPC3-binding domain (homomeric antibody NTA4R-cont) was found to account for 98.8%. The homomeric antibody NTA4L-G3 passes through the protein A column because it cannot bind to protein A due to the substitution mutation of Arg for His at position 435 (EU numbering). Meanwhile, the heteromeric antibody NTA4L-G3/NTA4R-conc has a single protein A-binding site, while the homomeric antibody NTA4R-cont has two. More protein A-binding sites means stronger protein A binding, and as a result lower pH was required for elution. This is thought to be the reason why homomeric antibody NTA4R-cont was eluted at a lower pH than heteromeric antibody NTA4L-G3/NTA4R-conc. Almost the same result was obtained for NTA4L/NTA4R/GC33-k0. The result of size exclusion chromatography analysis shows that the component ratio was comparable to that of NTA4L-G3/NTA4R-cont/GC33-k0. There was a difference between the protein A chromatograms, and the peak area ratio of elution 2 to elution 1 was smaller in NTA4L/NTA4R/GC33-k0. The expression ratio of the homomeric antibody NTA4R-cont, which is the major component of elution 2, was reduced due to the mutations introduced for efficient generation of the heteromeric antibody NTA4L-G3/NTA4R-conc. The amino acid mutations described above improved the purification yield of the heteromeric antibody and the robustness of purification by protein A column chromatography with pH gradient elution.
As described above, the present inventors demonstrated that the heteromeric antibody could be efficiently isolated and purified to high purity through the purification step using protein A column chromatography alone with pH gradient elution.
Conventional Fc receptor-Fc fusion proteins such as Etemercept and Abatacept are homodimers that can divalently bind to ligands. In the experiment described in this Example, the inventors designed and assessed an Fc receptor-Fc fusion protein that monovalently binds to IgA as a ligand (
Thus, using the same method described in Example 6, a substitution mutation of Arg for His at position 435 (EU numbering) was introduced into one of the two H chains. Furthermore, the above mutation was combined with the mutations (a substitution of Lys for Asp at position 356, EU numbering, is introduced into one H chain and a substitution of Glu for Lys at position 439, EU numbering is introduced into the other H chain) described in WO 2006/106905 (PROCESS FOR PRODUCTION OF POLYPEPTIDE BY REGULATION OF ASSEMBLY) as a modification to enhance the heteromeric association of the two types of H chains. The present inventors assessed whether it was possible with the combined mutations to purify the molecule of interest by protein A chromatography alone.
The Fc receptor used was FcalphaR (human IgA1 receptor, SEQ ID NO: 31).
The fusion H chain constant regions used were:
The following antibodies were expressed transiently in FreeStyle293 cells (Invitrogen) by transfection using the constructed expression vectors. As shown below, antibodies were named using the combinations of transfected antibody genes.
CM samples containing the following antibody were used:
The result of size exclusion chromatography analysis of each eluted fraction is shown in
The bispecific antibody against human F.IX and human F.X, which was designed as described in Example 1, consists of a common L chain and two types of H chains that each recognizes a different antigen. Obtaining a bispecific antibody with such a common L chain is not easy, because it is difficult for a common L chain sequence to recognize two different types of antigens. As described above, obtaining such a common L chain is extremely difficult. Thus, one may suspect that a more preferred option is a bispecific antibody consisting of two types of H chains and two types of L chains that recognize two types of antigens. If two types of H chains and two types of L chains are expressed, they form ten types of H2L2 IgG molecules in random combinations. It is very difficult to purify the bispecific antibody of interest from the ten types of antibodies.
In the experiment described in this Example, the present inventors prepared and assessed bispecific antibodies consisting of two types of H chains and two types of L chains against human IL-6 receptor and human glypican-3 (GPC3). To efficiently prepare bispecific antibodies consisting of two types of H chains and two types of L chains, it is necessary to enhance the association of H chains and L chains against the same antigen as well as the heteromeric association of two types of H chains. In addition, it is essential that the bispecific antibody with the right combination can be purified from the obtained expression products.
To enhance the association between H chains and L chains against the same antigen, the variable region (VH) of H chain (GC33-VH-CH1-hinge-CH2-CH3) and the variable region (VL) of L chain (GC33-VL-CL) of GC33 (an anti-GPC3 antibody) were swapped with each other to produce H chain GC33-VL-CH1-hinge-CH2-CH3 and L chain (GC33-VH-CL) (the VH domain and VL domain were exchanged with each other). GC33-VL-CH1-hinge-CH2-CH3 is associated with GC33-VH-CL; however, its association with the L chain (MRA-VL-CL) of the anti-IL-6 receptor antibody is inhibited due to the instability of VL/VL interaction. Likewise, the H chain (MRA-VH-CH1-hinge-CH2-CH3) of the anti-IL-6 receptor antibody is associated with MRA-VL-CL; however, its association with the L chain (GC33-VH-CL) of the anti-GPC3 antibody is inhibited due to the instability of VH/VH interaction. As described above, it is possible to enhance the association between H chains and L chains against the same antigen. However, the VH/VH interaction and VL/VL interaction also occur although they are less stable than the VH/VL interaction (for VH/VH, see: FEBS Lett. 2003 Nov. 20, 554(3):323-9; J Mol Biol. 2003 Oct. 17, 333(2):355-65; for VL/VL, see: J Struct Biol. 2002 June, 138(3):171-86; Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1985 July, 82(14):4592-6), and thus although infrequently, unfavorable self association of H chains and L chains also occurs. Hence, although the percentage of the bispecific antibody of interest is increased by simply swapping the VH domain and VL domain with each other, the expressed products still contain about ten types of combinations.
In general, it is extremely difficult to purify the bispecific antibody of interest from the ten types. However, it is possible to improve the separation of the ten types of components in ion exchange chromatography by introducing a modification so that the ten types of components each have a different isoelectric point. In this context, MRA-VH, which is the H chain variable region of an anti-IL-6 receptor antibody, was modified to lower the isoelectric point, and this yielded H54-VH with a lower isoelectric point. In the same manner, MRA-VL, which is the L chain variable region of an anti-IL-6 receptor antibody, was modified to lower the isoelectric point, and this yielded L28-VL with a lower isoelectric point. Furthermore, GC33-VH, which is the H chain variable region of an anti-GPC3 antibody, was modified to increase the isoelectric point. This yielded Hu22-VH with an increased isoelectric point.
The combination of the H and L chains of interest was improved by swapping the VH and VL between the H chains and L chains of an anti-GPC3 antibody. However, although infrequently, the unfavorable H chain/L chain association occurs because it is impossible to completely suppress the H54-VH/Hu22-VH interaction and L28-VL/GC33-VL interaction. An ordinary antibody sequence has glutamine at position 39 in VH. In VH/VH interaction, glutamines are believed to form hydrogen bonds at the VH/VH interface. Then, lysine was substituted for the glutamine at position 39 (Kabat numbering) to impair the H54-VH/Hu22-VH interaction. The VH/VH interaction was thus expected to be significantly impaired due to the electrostatic repulsion between two lysines at the VH/VH interface. Next, H54-VH-Q39K and Hu22-VH-Q39K were constructed by substituting lysine for the glutamine at position 39 (Kabat numbering) in the sequences of H54-VH and Hu22-VH. Likewise, an ordinary antibody sequence has glutamine at position 38 in VL. In the VL/VL interaction, glutamines are expected to form hydrogen bonds at the VL/VL interface. Then, glutamic acid was substituted for the glutamine at position 38 (Kabat numbering) to impair the L28-VL/GC33-VL interaction. The VL/VL interaction was thus expected to be significantly impaired due to the electrostatic repulsion between two glutamic acids at the VL/VL interface. Next, L28-VL-Q38E and GC33-VL-Q38E were constructed by substituting glutamic acid for the glutamine at position 39 (Kabat numbering) in the sequences of L28-VL and GC33-VL.
To further improve the efficiency of expression/purification of the bispecific antibody of interest, a substitution mutation of Arg for His at position 435 (EU numbering) was introduced into one H chain using the same method described in Example 3. Furthermore, the above mutation was combined with the mutations (a substitution of Lys for Asp at position 356, EU numbering, is introduced into one H chain and a substitution of Glu for Lys at position 439, EU numbering, is introduced into the other H chain) described in WO 2006/106905 (PROCESS FOR PRODUCTION OF POLYPEPTIDE BY REGULATION OF ASSEMBLY) as a modification to enhance the heteromeric association of the two types of H chains. The combined mutations enable purification of the molecule resulting from heteromeric association of the two types of H chains by protein A chromatography alone.
Specifically, the antibody H chain variable regions used were:
Gene no6-Ml-H was constructed by linking IgG1-LALA-N297A-s3-CH downstream of H54-VH-Q39K. Gene no6-Ml-L was constructed by linking IgG1-CL downstream of L28-VL-Q38E. Gene no6-Gh-H was constructed by linking IgG1-LALA-N297A-G3s3-CHr downstream of GC33-VL-Q38E. Gene no6-Ghh-L was constructed by linking IgG1-CLr downstream of Hu22-VH-Q39K.
Respective genes (no1-Mh-H, no1-Mh-L, no1-Gh-H, no1-Gh-L, no2-Gh-H, no2-Gh-L, no3-Ml-H, no3-Ml-L, no3-Ghh-L, no5-Ml-H, no5-Gh-H, no6-Ml-H, no6-Ml-L, no6-Gh-H, and no6-Ghh-L) were inserted into animal cell expression vectors.
The following combinations of expression vectors were introduced into FreeStyle293-F cells to transiently express each designed molecule.
Culture supernatants filtered through a filter with a pore size of 0.22 μm were loaded onto rProtein A Sepharose Fast Flow resin (GE Healthcare) equilibrated with the medium. The resin was eluted in a batchwise manner to purify the molecules. Since protein G binds to the Fab domain of an antibody, all antibody species in CM can be purified with protein G regardless of the affinity for protein A.
The designed antibodies (no1, no2, no3, no5, and no6) were assessed for their expression by cation exchange chromatography (IEC) using a ProPac WCX-10 column (Dionex), an analytical column. Cation exchange chromatography was performed at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min with an adequate gradient using mobile phase A (20 mM MES-NaOH, pH 6.1) and mobile phase B (20 mM MES-NaOH, 250 mM NaCl, pH 6.1). The result of IEC assessment of each antibody is shown in
Then, the present inventors assessed whether the bispecific antibody of interest could be purified from no6 CM to high purity using a purification column. CM samples were filtered through a filter with a pore size of 0.22 μm and loaded onto a HiTrap protein A HP column (GE Healthcare) equilibrated with D-PBS. The column was sequentially subjected to washes 1 and 2 and elution with a pH gradient using elution A and B as shown in Table 18. The pH gradient during elution was achieved with the following linear gradient: elution A/elution B =(100:0)−>(35:65) for 40 minutes.
The result of pH gradient elution of No6 is shown in
The first elution fraction was loaded onto a HiTrap SP Sepharose HP column (GE Healthcare) equilibrated with 20 mM sodium acetate buffer (pH 5.5). After washing with the same buffer, the column was eluted with a NaCl concentration gradient of 0 to 500 mM. The resulting main peak was analyzed by cation exchange chromatography in the same manner as described above. The result is shown in
The present invention provides efficient methods based on alteration of the protein A-binding ability, for producing or purifying to a high purity polypeptide multimers (multispecific antibodies) having the activity of binding to two or more types of antigens through the protein A-based purification step alone. By using the methods of the present invention, polypeptide multimers of interest can be efficiently produced or purified to high purity without loss of other effects produced by amino acid mutations of interest. In particular, when the methods are combined with a method for controlling the association between two types of protein domains, polypeptide multimers of interest can be more efficiently produced or purified to a higher purity.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2009-294391 | Dec 2009 | JP | national |
This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 18/193,697, filed on Mar. 31, 2023, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 17/821,494, filed on Aug. 23, 2022, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 17/574, 614, filed on Jan. 13, 2022, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 17/336,538, filed on Jun. 2, 2021, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 17/076,938, filed on Oct. 22, 2020, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/815,089, filed on Mar. 11, 2020, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/448,088, filed on Jun. 21, 2019, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/155,673, filed on Oct. 9, 2018, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/875,847, filed on Jan. 19, 2018, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/617,008, filed on Jun. 8, 2017, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/518,861, having a 371(c) date of Oct. 4, 2012, which is the National Stage of International Application No. PCT/JP2010/073361, filed on Dec. 24, 2010, which claims the benefit of Japanese Application No. 2009-294391, filed on Dec. 25, 2009. The contents of the foregoing applications are incorporated by reference in their entireties in this application.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 18193697 | Mar 2023 | US |
| Child | 18505180 | US | |
| Parent | 17821494 | Aug 2022 | US |
| Child | 18193697 | US | |
| Parent | 17574614 | Jan 2022 | US |
| Child | 17821494 | US | |
| Parent | 17336538 | Jun 2021 | US |
| Child | 17574614 | US | |
| Parent | 17076938 | Oct 2020 | US |
| Child | 17336538 | US | |
| Parent | 16815089 | Mar 2020 | US |
| Child | 17076938 | US | |
| Parent | 16448088 | Jun 2019 | US |
| Child | 16815089 | US | |
| Parent | 16155673 | Oct 2018 | US |
| Child | 16448088 | US | |
| Parent | 15875847 | Jan 2018 | US |
| Child | 16155673 | US | |
| Parent | 15617008 | Jun 2017 | US |
| Child | 15875847 | US | |
| Parent | 13518861 | Oct 2012 | US |
| Child | 15617008 | US |
