Patent Application
20060208260
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to a light-emitting device for illumination, and more particularly to a method for manufacturing a powdered fluorescent material for improving the luminous efficacy of powdered fluorescent material provided in said device, powdered fluorescent material with improved luminous efficacy, a light-emitting device with improved luminous efficacy, and an illumination apparatus provided with said light-emitting device.
Priority is claimed on Japanese Patent Application No. 2005-079662, filed Mar. 18, 2005, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference.
2. Description of Related Art
Conventionally, a light-emitting diode (hereinafter, referred to as “LED”) element emitting light in the short-wavelength range such as blue light, and a white LED lamp, which uses fluorescent element that emits fluorescent light such as yellow light on the long wavelength side and which is excited after absorbing all or a part of the light emitted by the LED, are generally well known. Conventional techniques related to white LED lamps and fluorescent (phosphor) materials used therefor have been disclosed in various documents.
One such example is a white LED lamp including a compound semiconductor blue LED element and a cerium-activated yttrium-aluminum-garnet (hereafter referred to as YAG) fluorescent material that absorbs blue light and emits yellow, complementary color to blue, fluorescence, which is described in Japanese Patent No. 2927279 and the like.
The configuration of the conventional LED lamp is described with reference to
A conventional white LED lamp 101 comprises two lead wires 102 and 103. A recess is formed in the lead wire 102, and a blue LED element 104 is placed in this recess. The lower electrode provided on the underside of this blue LED element 104 is coupled to the bottom surface of the recess of the lead wire 102. The upper electrode provided on the upper surface of the blue LED element 104 is electrically connected to the other lead wire 103 through the bonding wire 105. The blue LED element 104 is covered by a resin layer 106 dispersed with a fluorescent material, which includes powdered fluorescent materials 107a, 107b, and 107c (hereinafter, collectively referred to as “fluorescent material 107”) having different particle sizes in a transparent resin 106A, is filled in the recess. The tips of the lead wires 102 and 103 including the recess, the blue LED element 104, and the fluorescent material dispersed resin layer 106 are sealed by a transparent molding resin 108, while the lower ends of the lead wires 102 and 103 protrude from the molding resin 108 and are exposed. The transparent molding resin 108 has an approximately cylindrical shape on the whole, and its front end is molded to a curved surface in the form of a lens. Such a white LED lamp 101 is called “bullet-shaped” LED because of its shape. This powdered fluorescent material 107 is dispersed in the fluorescent material-dispersed resin layer 106 in the conventional white LED lamp 101. In this case, the particle size of powdered fluorescent material 107 should be optimized.
If the particle size of powdered fluorescent material is large, generally, its luminous efficiency is excellent. That is, layers with lower luminous efficiency (low efficiency layer) exist on the surface, the luminous efficiency of which is lower than in the inner part of the fluorescent material, and when the particle size is small, the frequency of passage of electron beams through the low efficiency layer increases at high voltages. As a result, the luminous efficiency cannot be ensured (for instance, refer to “Phosphor Handbook,” Japanese Edition, edited by Phosphor Research Society, 1987, pp. 172-173).
On the other hand, particles with large size have poor coating properties.
Accordingly, after considering the luminous efficiency and the coating properties as mentioned above, particles with a size of about 3 μm are used for aluminate based fluorescent material in fluorescent lamp and Y2O3; Eu3+, while particles with a size of about 8 μm are used in calcium halophosphate. Particles with sizes of about 5 to 7 μm are used in fluorescent materials for cathode ray tubes. Studies on the particle size are being performed even for fluorescent materials for white LED lamps. A particle size 20 μm or less and a d50 value less than 5 μm are recommended for luminescent pigments (fluorescent materials). Furthermore, a d50 value of 1 μm to 2 μm is considered to be the most desirable (for instance, refer to Japanese Patent No. 3364229).
The d50 value mentioned above is the average size of particles that account for 50% of the number or the mass of all particles.
White LED lamp is a type of mercury-free lamp considering the environment, and has a long service life; therefore, bulb replacement is not necessary. As a result, illumination apparatus can be made maintenance free. In view of these advantages, the white LED lamp is anticipated to form the core of light sources of the next-generation illumination apparatus.
Presently, a large number of white LED illumination apparatus with high luminous efficacy and adequate emission intensity are commercially available, but further enhanced emission intensity and improved luminous efficacy are urgently required with the aim of expanding applications and conserving energy further.
For this reason, not only are studies for improving the characteristics of blue LED element necessary, but also studies for enhancing the light extraction efficiency by improving the wavelength conversion efficiency of the fluorescent material and by improving the mounting design are indispensable.
In the past, fluorescent material was dispersed in transparent resin, which was used as the coating to cover the blue LED element. That is, from the light emitted from the blue LED element, those components not absorbed in the fluorescent material were extracted outside the LED lamp after passing through the resin layer in which fluorescent material was dispersed. Moreover, the yellow light converted from the blue light by the fluorescent material particles was also extracted outside the LED lamp after passing through the fluorescent material-dispersed resin layer which was positioned more on the outside than the fluorescent materials.
According to Japanese Unexamined Patent Application, First Publication No. 2002-299692 and according to K. YAMADA, Y. IMAI and K. ISHII, “Optical Simulation of Light Source Devices Composed of Blue LEDs and YAG Fluorescent material,” J. Light & Vis. Env., Vol. 27, No. 2 (2003), pp. 70-74, when the percentage of the fluorescent material in the fluorescent material-dispersed resin increases above a specific value, its transmittance becomes inadequate. If the transmittance of the fluorescent material-dispersed resin layer in the LED lamp is inadequate, the light extraction efficiency deteriorates.
To resolve the problem mentioned above, unexamined patent application publication No. 2002-299692 and K. YAMADA, Y. IMAI and K. ISHII, “Optical Simulation of Light Source Devices Composed of Blue LEDs and YAG Fluorescent material,” J. Light & Vis. Env., Vol. 27, No. 2 (2003), pp. 70-74, propose a reflective-type structure. However, the reflective-type structure is more complex than the conventional structure of white LED lamp, and a large quantity of the fluorescent material becomes necessary, which is also an issue.
In the light of the circumstances mentioned above, the present invention has as its objects to provide powdered fluorescent material, method for manufacturing the same, and a light emitting device capable of enhancing the visible light transmittance of the fluorescent material-dispersed resin for improving the luminous efficacy of white LED lamp with the same simple and inexpensive structure of the conventional white LED lamp.
To realize the objects mentioned above, the present invention provides powdered fluorescent material excited by visible light, which emits visible light, and which includes particles of powdered fluorescent material with particle sizes of 20 μm or less at a content of below 2% by mass.
The powdered fluorescent material of the present invention may have a median particle size not less than 30 μm and not more than 80 μm.
A 90% particle size of powdered fluorescent material of the present invention is preferably 100 μm or less.
A 10% particle size of powdered fluorescent material of the present invention may be 30 μm or greater, and a median particle size may be not less than 40 μm and not more than 70 μm.
The powdered fluorescent material of the present invention may be excited by blue light and may emit visible light in a range between bluish green light and red light.
The powdered fluorescent material of the present invention may be an oxynitride fluorescent material or a nitride fluorescent material.
The powdered fluorescent material of the present invention may be a europium-activated SiAlON.
Additionally, the above-mentioned SiAlON may be a calcium α-SiAlON.
The present invention also provides a method for manufacturing a powdered fluorescent material, comprising the steps of: sintering a raw material powder of the fluorescent material and chemically processing the sintered powder in an acid solution after sintering.
In the method for manufacturing the powdered fluorescent material mentioned above, said acid solution may be an acid mixture solution including hydrofluoric acid, sulfuric acid, and water.
The present invention also provides a method for manufacturing a powdered fluorescent material, comprising: a granulation step wherein a wet-mixed raw material powder is placed in a sieve, subjected to vibration or shock to obtain an aggregate of said raw material powder; and a sintering step wherein a raw material powder of the fluorescent material after said granulation is sintered.
In the method for manufacturing the powdered fluorescent material mentioned above, said sieve may have a nominal mesh size of 40 μm to 200 μm.
The present invention provides a method for manufacturing a powdered fluorescent material, comprising the steps of: sintering a raw material powder of the fluorescent material; dispersing the powder in a liquid after said sintering, and stirring or subjecting to vibration; and removing said liquid wherein the fine powder is dispersed after said stirring or after being subjected to said vibration while said powder is being suspended and has not settled down to obtain only settled down coarse particles.
In the method for manufacturing said powdered fluorescent material, after stirring is complete or after vibration has been applied, the liquid containing the fine particles suspended therein may be removed within 2 minutes.
In the method for manufacturing a powdered fluorescent material of the present invention, said powdered fluorescent material may be a nitride fluorescent material or an oxynitride fluorescent material activated by rare-earth elements.
In the method for manufacturing a powdered fluorescent material of the present invention, at least one of said rare-earth elements may be europium.
In the method for manufacturing a powdered fluorescent material of the present invention, said fluorescent material may be a calcium α-SiAlON.
Additionally, the present invention provides a light-emitting device comprising a semiconductor light-emitting element emitting visible light, and said powdered fluorescent material according to the present invention disposed so as to emit fluorescent light activated by visible light emitted from said semiconductor light-emitting element.
In the light-emitting device of the present invention, said semiconductor light-emitting element may be a blue LED element, and said powdered fluorescent material may be a europium-activated calcium α-SiAlON.
A fluorescent material-dispersed resin layer formed by dispersing said powdered fluorescent material in a transparent resin to surround said semiconductor light-emitting element may also be disposed.
The present invention also provides an illumination apparatus having the light-emitting device of the present invention mentioned above as a light source.
By setting the content of particles with particle sizes of 20 μm or less to below 2% by mass in the powdered fluorescent material of the present invention, and by dispersing the particles in a transparent material such as a transparent resin, the Mie scattering can be suppressed; the visible light transmittance of the fluorescent material-dispersed resin can be enhanced when providing it in a light-emitting device such as white LED lamp, and the light extraction efficiency of light-emitting devices, such as white LED lamps, can be improved.
According to the method for manufacturing a powdered fluorescent material of the present invention, when manufacturing the powdered fluorescent material after sintering a raw material powder of the fluorescent material; the fine particles, such as particles with particle sizes of 20 μm or less are dissolved by performing the step in which the powder after sintering is chemically treated in an acid solution. The glassy substance on the surface of the powdered fluorescent material dissolves and the particles dissociate. It becomes difficult for fine particles to adhere to the powdered fluorescent material of the desired particle size and to remain, and by washing the powdered fluorescent material after the chemical treatment, only the fine particles can be easily removed by washing. This enables a powdered fluorescent material with a low content of fine particles to be manufactured at good efficiency.
The light-emitting device of the present invention comprises a semiconductor light-emitting element and a fluorescent material-dispersed resin layer having a powdered fluorescent material having particle sizes of 20 μm or less dispersed therein at the content below 2% by mass and covering the semiconductor light-emitting element, which suppresses the occurrence of Mie scattering in fluorescent material-dispersed resin layer. Since the visible light transmittance of the fluorescent material-dispersed resin layer can be enhanced, a light-emitting device with excellent light extraction efficiency can be provided.
Considerations for a powdered fluorescent material and a light-emitting device of the present invention are as below.
Consideration 1
The phenomenon of light not passing through a transparent film dispersed densely with fine particles is known to be a problem of Anderson localization of light (for instance, see Toshiaki Iwai, Takashi Okamoto, and Toshimitsu Asakura, “New Developments of Laser Light—Scattering Phenomena,” OYO BUTURI, Vol. 63, No. 1, pp. 14-22).
When light is incident on a transparent solution (sample) dispersed with particles having the same diameter or smaller diameter than that of the incident light, and if the solution is dilute, the incident light is scattered only once in the particles and then emitted outside the sample. If the concentration of the particles in the sample increases, the incident light will be scattered repeatedly by a large number of particles. That is, the mean free path of light becomes shorter. With the increase in the particle concentration in the sample, the straight-ahead transmitted light reduces because of the forward scatter, the scattered light components account for a major share of the energy of exited light, and its intensity distribution will be distributed uniformly over a wide area of space. At this time, coherent scattering light peak can be observed in the backward multiple scattered light called “Enhanced Backscattering” in the direction opposite to the incident. In recent years, research on this backscattering peak has been carried out extensively. Requirements for occurrence of the Anderson localization of light include high refractive index of scatterer, scattering at high density, and the size about the same as that of the light wavelength.
Consideration 2
A series of papers by Naganuma et al. can be considered for research related to transmittance of particle-dispersed transparent materials. In such research, the effects of particle size and the volume fraction of particles on the light transmittance of particle-dispersed optical composite materials were studied from the viewpoint that transmittance improves by suppressing scatter, and guidelines for particle forms for improving the optical transmittance have been disclosed.
According to T. NAGANUMA and Y. KAGAWA, “EFFECT OF PARTICLE SIZE ON LIGHT TRANSMITTANCE OF GLASS PARTICLE DISPERSED EPOXY MATRIX OPTICAL COMPOSITES,” Acta Mater. Vol. 47, No. 17, pp. 4321-4327 (1999), the transmittance of a composite material improves in the composite material having glass particles dispersed in epoxy resin with the increase in the mean particle size dp. The dp of the samples used in experiments in the relevant papers are 26 μm, 42 μm, 59 μm, and 85 μm. The standardized transmittance can be represented by the equation Tc(λ)/Tm(λ)=b1exp[−b2<Sa>{ΔNc(λ)}]. In the above equation, Tc(λ) is the transmittance of the composite material (composite), Tm(λ) is the transmittance of the epoxy resin (matrix), and b1, and b2 are constants. <Sa> is the total surface area of the normalized particles, and is defined as follows: <Sa>=S/vc=Spfpρp. Here, S is the total surface area, Vc is the volume of the composite material, Sp is the specific surface area of the particles per unit mass (determined from the BET method), fp is the volume fraction of the particles, and ρp is the density of the particles. ΔNc(λ) is a parameter in which the effects of the difference in the refractive indices of the particles and epoxy resin are introduced. The paper concludes that the transmittance of composite materials can be improved by reducing the total area of the normalized particles, i.e., the area of the interface between particles and the matrix.
The results of studies on the transmittance of composite materials when the volume fraction of particles fp was varied from 0.0001 to 0.4 have been reported in Tamaki Naganuma and Yutaka Kagawa, “Effect of total particle surface area on the light transmittance of glass particle-dispersed epoxy matrix optical composites,” J. Mater. Res., Vol. 17, No. 12 (2002). The dp of the two samples used in the experiment in the paper was 26 μm and 85 μm, and these are results of studies in the geometric optical region. In the range of particle volume fractions of fp<0.01, the transmittance only decreases very slightly when the particle volume fraction increases. However, in the range of fp>0.01, the transmittance decreases abruptly with the increase in the volume fraction ratio of particles. Moreover, the transmittance also reduces significantly due to the reduction in particle size. Said paper has clarified that the effects of a particle volume fraction and a particle size on the transmittance of light can be composition of the powdered fluorescent material interpreted by introducing the relative total surface area <S>, which represents the sum of the surface areas of all particles included in unit volume of composite material. As a result, to increase the transmittance of light in composite materials in the geometric optical region where the particle size is adequately larger than the wavelength of incident light, it is preferable to make <S> as small as possible. That is, the report states the guideline for particle form that it is preferable to select particles having a larger size with a shape close to the spherical shape. Note that the <S> mentioned here is the same as <Sa> mentioned earlier.
Furthermore, “particles as close to the spherical shape as possible should be selected using a particle size in the order of several tens of microns or greater, which are adequately greater than the wavelength of incident light” has been recommended as the general guideline for particle form in the thesis by Naganuma entitled “Development of glass particle-dispersed epoxy optical composite materials” (Tamaki Naganuma, University of Tokyo thesis submitted in March 2002).
Consideration 3
Japanese Patent No. 3364229 only mentions that “luminescent pigment powder particularly with d50 value of 5 μm or less has a noticeable agglomeration action” as the characteristic of a fluorescent material when its particle size is small, and does not mention anything in particular about the disadvantages other than the agglomeration action. Furthermore, no other known documents exist that give the lower limits of particle size. However, the inventors of the present invention, after grinding the powdered fluorescent material to finer powder in a planetary ball mill, used said powder in the manufacture of white LED lamp, and measured its brightness. It was found that when the fluorescent material particle size was very small and in the range of sub-micron level to about 1 μm, and when these particles were used, the intensity of light emitted from the white LED lamp decreased noticeably. Specifically, the brightness measured in front of the bullet-shaped white LED lamp reduced to as much as one-fifth of the original brightness.
One of the causes may be that the condition of the surface of powdered fluorescent material deteriorated because of ball mill grinding. The drop in excitation efficiency may also be one cause, but since the particle size of the fluorescent material is about the same as that of the wavelength of visible light, Mie scattering might be considered a cause. Mie scattering refers to the phenomenon of change in direction of advance of light without change in its wavelength or energy when light passes through a medium that includes particles (scatterer) of approximately the same size as the wavelength.
The particle scattering parameter χ that represents the characteristics of particle scattering of light may be given by the equation χ=πD/μ) when the particle size is D, and the wavelength of light is taken as λ. When the particle scattering parameter χ mentioned above is a single-digit number, then the Mie scattering characteristics are indicated (refer to International Patent Publication WO 02/006859, for example), and if the wavelength of visible light is between 400 to 700 nm, then the range of particle sizes D at which the particle scattering parameter lies between 1 to 9 is 0.13 to 2.0 μm.
The equation stating Mie scattering has been derived by electromagnetically resolving the mutual interaction between light as electromagnetic wave, and the particles, and it can be used for general powder dispersion systems (refer to “Phosphor Handbook,” Japanese Edition, edited by Phosphor Research Society, 1987, pp. 172-173, p. 395).
When Mie scattering occurs, the excitation light does not penetrate the fluorescent material particles, and is reflected from the surface of the particles. In such cases, the fluorescent material cannot adequately demonstrate its function as a wavelength-converting material, and the excitation light, the wavelength of which has not been converted, scatters in various directions. The scattering due to a fluorescent material is described in Japanese Patent No. 3364229 as follows: “the inorganic light-emitting substance YAG: Ce has a special advantage that it is an insoluble color pigment having a refractive index of about 1.84. As a result, dispersion and scattering effects occur in addition to the wavelength conversion, and the mixing of blue diode beam and yellow converted beam improves.” Thus, the point that the scattering effect is an advantage has only been reported.
However, if the complex scattering occurs, the blue light emitted from the blue LED element, which should pass through the fluorescent material-dispersed resin layer and the yellow light emitted from the fluorescent material take a very complex path up to the white LED lamp outside. In this path, the emission intensity decreases because of absorption by various kinds of materials (non-emission absorption of the fluorescent material itself can be considered), which could probably lead finally to a drop in the light extraction efficiency.
Conclusions
From Considerations 1 to 3 mentioned above, a white LED lamp, which is a device used for visible wavelength light passing through a fluorescent material-dispersed resin layer in which the powdered fluorescent material is densely dispersed in a transparent resin, has to satisfy the two requirements below.
Requirement 1: The process for applying the fluorescent material-dispersed resin is performed easily without any problems;
Requirement 2: Fluorescent material performs wavelength conversion of excitation light at the appropriate proportion according to optical design. Within the scope of these two requirements, the reduction in scattering as far as possible by powdered fluorescent material particles can improve the transmittance of visible wavelength light of the fluorescent material-dispersed resin layer. It can be concluded that this will enhance the light extraction efficiency of white LED lamp, and lead to improvement.
To enhance the luminous efficacy of white LED lamp with the equivalent simple and inexpensive construction as the conventional white LED lamp, and to improve the visible light transmittance of the fluorescent material-dispersed resin layer, it is important to selectively remove small particles with a particle size of about 2 to 3 μm or less from the powdered fluorescent material, and to inhibit the occurrence of Mie scattering as far as possible.
Secondly, it is preferable that the particle size of powdered fluorescent material be as large as possible in the geometric optical region in which the particle size is adequately larger than the wavelength of incident light. More specifically, it is important that the particle size be of the order of several tens of microns or greater, and to select a particle size at the upper limit of the size that satisfies the Requirement 1 mentioned above.
Thirdly, the particle surface area per unit volume is preferably small. Thus, it is important to select particles of a shape close to the spherical shape. With regard to the third point, the particle surface area per unit surface area can be made small even by making the particle volume fraction adequately small; but if Requirement 2 mentioned above is to be satisfied and if the dimensions of the device are to be made small, it becomes difficult to make the particle volume fraction adequately small.
To realize the target of enhancing the luminous efficacy of white LED lamp while retaining a simple and inexpensive structure equivalent to the conventional white LED lamp, the powdered fluorescent material of the present invention is characterized by a powdered fluorescent material that is activated by visible light and emits visible light, in which the content of particles with particle sizes of 20 μm or less is below 2% by mass. If the content of particles with particle sizes of 20 μm or less is made below 2% by mass, the occurrence of Mie scattering can be suppressed, the visible light transmittance of the fluorescent material-dispersed resin layer can be enhanced, and the light extraction efficiency of the white LED lamp can be improved. If the content of particles with particle sizes of 20 μm or less becomes greater than 2% by mass, Mie scattering occurs, visible light transmittance of the fluorescent material-dispersed resin layer decreases, and the light extraction efficiency of the white LED lamp decreases.
The powdered fluorescent material of the present invention preferably has a median particle size of not less than 30 μm and not more than 80 μm . In the present specification, the median size refers to the central value of the particle size distribution of the powder. When the median particle size becomes smaller than 30 μm , the content of particles with particle sizes of 20 μm or less increases, the visible light transmittance of the fluorescent material-dispersed resin layer due to Mie scattering decreases, which may lead to a reduction in the light extraction efficiency of the white LED lamp. On the other hand, if the median particle size exceeds 80 μm , the particle size becomes excessively large, and this may cause hindrance to the placement process for applying the fluorescent material-dispersed resin layer.
In the preferred embodiment of powdered fluorescent material of the present invention, a 90% particle size of the powdered fluorescent material is preferably 100 μm or less. In the present specification, the 90% particle size refers to the size of the particles at which the cumulative weight becomes 90% (d90). If the 90% particle size exceeds 100 μm , the particle size becomes excessively large, and this may cause hindrance to the placement process for applying the fluorescent material-dispersed resin layer.
Additionally, for this a powdered fluorescent material, a 10% particle size is preferably 30 μm or more, and the median particle size is preferably not less than 40 μm and not more than 70 μm . In the present specification, the 10% particle size refers to the diameter of the particles at which the cumulative weight becomes 10% (d10). If the 10% particle size is less than 30 μm and the median particle size is less than 40 μm , the content of the fine particles increases, which may lead to a decrease in the visible light transmittance of the fluorescent material-dispersed resin layer, and a decrease in the light extraction efficiency of the white LED lamp. On the other hand, if the median size exceeds 70 μm , this may makes the placement process for applying the fluorescent material-dispersed resin layer difficult.
The powdered fluorescent material of the present invention is excited by the visible light and emits visible light, and if it satisfies the particle size conditions mentioned above, it is satisfactory and there are no limitations on its composition.
In the preferred embodiment of the powdered fluorescent material of the present invention, said powdered fluorescent material is preferably excited by blue light, and preferably emit visible light in the range between bluish green light and red light. Particularly, a yellow fluorescent material that is excited by blue light and that emits light in the yellow color range is preferred. A light-emitting device that emits white light can be configured by combining blue excitation light and yellow fluorescent material.
The powdered fluorescent material of the present invention is preferably an oxynitride fluorescent material or a nitride fluorescent material. Additionally, the powdered fluorescent material of the present invention, is preferably a SiAlON activated by europium (particularly Eu2+), furthermore, the SiAlON is preferably calcium α-SiAlON. The calcium α-SiAlON activated by this divalent europium, is generally expressed by the general formula: CapSi12-(m+n)Alm+nOnN16-n: Eu2+q
By setting the content of particles with particle sizes of 20 μm or less to below 2% by mass in the powdered fluorescent material of the present invention, and by dispersing the particles in a transparent material, such as a transparent resin, the Mie scattering can be suppressed; the visible light transmittance of the fluorescent material-dispersed resin layer can be enhanced when providing it in a light-emitting device such as white LED lamp, and the light extraction efficiency of a light-emitting device such as white LED lamp can be improved.
The present invention also provides a method for manufacturing a powdered fluorescent material, comprising the steps of: chemically processing in an acid solution the raw material powder of the fluorescent material after sintering it when manufacturing the powdered fluorescent material, as the preferred method for manufacturing a powdered fluorescent material according to the present invention mentioned above.
The method for manufacturing a powdered fluorescent material of the present invention is widely applicable to powdered fluorescent materials manufactured after sintering a raw material powder of a fluorescent material, but particularly, a nitride or oxynitride fluorescent material activated by rare-earth elements is preferred, among others, and calcium α-SiAlON activated by divalent europium expressed by the general formula CapSi12-(m+n)Alm+nOnN16-n:Eu2+q is preferred. The method for manufacturing a powdered fluorescent material including calcium α-SiAlON activated by divalent europium is described below as the first embodiment of the method for manufacturing the present invention.
The raw material powder of the fluorescent material used in the present embodiment is preferably a compound powder, such as silicon nitride (Si3N4), aluminum nitride (AlN), calcium carbonate (CaCO3), europium oxide (Eu2O3), for example, which can be used appropriately in combination with compounds that include various elements that constitute the calcium α-SiAlON activated by divalent europium. These raw material powders are to be weighed and mixed homogeneously so that the composition of powdered fluorescent material to be manufactured is obtained. These raw material powders are preferably wet mixed using a ball mill or the like after addition of ethanol or the like.
The wet-mixed raw material powder is preferably dried adequately using an evaporator or the like, sieved using a sieve of a nominal mesh size of 40 μm to 200 μm, subjected to vibration or impact, and is subjected to the granulating process to obtain agglomerate of said raw material powder passed through the sieve mesh before it is sintered. A powdered fluorescent material with approximately the same size as the agglomerate can be obtained after sintering by performing this granulation. The sieve used in the granulation is preferably a sieve with a nominal mesh size of about two times the median particle size of powdered fluorescent material to be manufactured. The agglomerate of the raw material powder from the granulation process is stored gently in a container for sintering.
Next, the container in which the agglomerated of the granulated raw material powder is stored is inserted in a sintering furnace, and said powder is sintered in a pressurized nitrogen atmosphere between 1600 and 1900° C., preferably between 1700 and 1800° C., for a period of 10 to 100 hours, preferably for a period of 20 to 48 hours. By sintering, the elements in the mixture of raw material powder react under the pressurized nitrogen atmosphere, and fluorescent material is formed from calcium α-SiAlON activated by divalent europium.
After sintering, the container is removed from the sintering furnace, the sintered substance obtained is broken down, if necessary, then placed in an acid solution and stirred. The powder after sintering is chemically treated in an acid solution, the glassy substance on the surface of the powdered fluorescent material is dissolved, and at the same time, fine particles are dissolved and removed. An acid mixture solution including hydrofluoric acid, sulfuric acid, and water, for instance, may be preferably used as the acid solution in the chemical treatment. The mixed acid solution can dissolve the fine particles and the glassy substance on the surface of the powdered fluorescent material.
The acid concentration in the acid solution and the treatment time of this chemical treatment process are preferably set such that the fine particles and the glassy substance on the surface of the powdered fluorescent material are dissolved, while powdered fluorescent material of a larger particle size is not dissolved. For instance, an acid solution prepared by mixing 5 ml of hydrofluoric acid of 46.0 to 48.0% concentration, 5 ml of sulfuric acid of concentration greater than 95%, and 390 ml of pure water maybe used, and the powder after sintering may be placed in this solution and chemically treated while stirring it for about 30 minutes.
After the acid treatment, the stirrer is stopped and the stirred solution allowed to stand still for about 30 minutes. Powdered fluorescent material of the desired particle size is allowed to settle, and the acid solution is sucked and removed such that the settled particles are not sucked away, such as with a dropping pipette before the fine particles have settled down. When the solution no longer exists, pure water is again added, and this water washing is performed several times.
Furthermore, the washed powdered fluorescent material is dispersed in pure water, washed while applying ultrasonic waves, and allowed to stand for about 30 seconds. The powdered fluorescent material of the desired size settles down, and the water is sucked and removed such that the settled down fluorescent material is not sucked away, such as with a dropping pipette before the fine particles have settled down.
The washed powdered fluorescent material is separated from water by filtering or by centrifugal separation, and it is dried.
By performing the processes mentioned above, a powdered fluorescent material made of calcium α-SiAlON and activated by divalent europium in which the content of particles with particle sizes of 20 μm or less is a below 2% by mass can be obtained.
According to this method for manufacturing a powdered fluorescent material, when manufacturing the powdered fluorescent material after sintering a raw material powder of the fluorescent material; the fine particles, such as particles with particle sizes of 20 μm or less are dissolved by performing the step in which the powder after sintering is chemically treated in an acid solution. The glassy substance on the surface of the powdered fluorescent material dissolves and the particles dissociate. It becomes difficult for fine particles to adhere to the powdered fluorescent material of the desired particle size and to remain. By washing the powdered fluorescent material after the chemical treatment, only the fine particles can be easily removed by washing. This enables a powdered fluorescent material with a low content of fine particles to be manufactured with good efficiency.
Additionally, the present invention provides a light-emitting device comprising a semiconductor light-emitting element emitting visible light, and said powdered fluorescent material according to the present invention disposed so as to emit fluorescent light activated by visible light emitted from said semiconductor light-emitting element.
The embodiment of the light-emitting device of the present invention is described below with reference to the drawings. In the present embodiment, a white LED lamp comprising blue LED element used as a semiconductor light-emitting element, and powdered fluorescent material of various particle sizes formed by calcium europium-activated α-SiAlON mentioned above and used as powdered fluorescent material, is illustrated.
The white LED lamp 1 comprises the two lead wires 2 and 3. A recess is formed in one lead wire 2, and the blue LED element 4 is placed in this recess. The lower electrode provided on the underside of this blue LED element 4 is coupled to the bottom surface of the recess of the lead wire 2. The upper electrode provided on the upper surface of the blue LED element 4 is electrically connected to the other lead wire 3 through the bonding wire 5. The blue LED element 4 is covered by the fluorescent material-dispersed resin layer 6 filled in the recess. This fluorescent material-dispersed resin layer 6 comprises the transparent resin 6A in which the powdered fluorescent material 7 of various particle sizes mentioned above is uniformly dispersed. The tips of the lead wires 2 and 3 including the recess, the blue LED element 4, and the fluorescent material dispersed resin layer 6, are sealed by transparent molding resin 8, while the lower ends of the lead wires 2 and 3 protrude from the molding resin 8 and are exposed. The molding resin 8 has an approximately cylindrical shape on the whole, and its front end is molded to a bullet shape with a curved surface in the form of a lens.
The blue LED element 4 preferably emits blue light, but there are no limitations in particular on the material and construction of each of its layers. For instance, an element with a structure comprising a light-emitting layer of indium gallium nitride (InGaN) semiconductor formed on a silicon carbide (SiC) substrate, and electrodes provided on its upper surface and lower surface can be used.
When voltage is applied between the two lead wires 2 and 3 of this white LED lamp 1 and blue light is made to be emitted from blue LED element 4, a part of this blue light is absorbed by the powdered fluorescent material 7 in the fluorescent material-dispersed resin layer 6, the powdered fluorescent material 7 is excited and yellow light is emitted. Mixed light of the remainder of the blue light and the yellow light emitted from powdered fluorescent material 7 pass through the fluorescent material-dispersed resin layer 6 and the molding resin 8, and are emitted outside the lamp. Since this blue light and yellow light have a complementary relationship, white light of high brightness is emitted from the lamp. The chromaticity of the mixed light can be adjusted by the quantity of powdered fluorescent material 7. More specifically, the quantity of the fluorescent material-dispersed resin layer 6 to be applied in which the powdered fluorescent material 7 is uniformly dispersed, is adjusted such that the chromaticity coordinate of said mixed light coincides with the black body radiation locus.
The present embodiment comprises a fluorescent material-dispersed resin layer 6 in which the powdered fluorescent material 7 having particles with particle sizes of 20 μm or less at a content of below 2% by mass is dispersed. This suppresses the Mie scattering in the fluorescent material-dispersed resin layer 6, and enhances the visible light transmittance of the fluorescent material-dispersed resin layer 6. As a result, the present embodiment can provide a white LED lamp 1 with excellent light extraction efficiency.
The white LED lamp 1 of the present embodiment may be manufactured, for instance, using the processes described below.
The white LED lamp 1 shown in
The chip-type white LED element 51 of the present embodiment comprises the multiple electrode patterns 59 and 60 made of a conductive material and formed on the support substrate 61. The lead wires 52 and 53 are connected electrically to the electrode patterns 59 and 60, respectively, and the blue LED element 54 is die bonded on one electrode pattern 59. This electrode pattern 59 and the lower electrode of the blue LED element 54 are electrically connected. The upper electrode of the blue LED element 54 and the other electrode pattern 60 are electrically connected through the die bonding wire 55 made of a thin electric wire. Furthermore, the blue LED element 54 is covered by the fluorescent material-dispersed resin layer 56.
The support substrate 61 comprises the wall surface member 62 with a bowl-shaped hole made of a material with high reflectivity of visible light rays, such as alumina ceramics, and arranged in such a manner as to accommodate blue LED element 54 and fluorescent material-dispersed resin layer 56 in said hole. Transparent sealing resin 58 is filled in the hole of wall surface member 62 to seal the blue LED element 54 and the fluorescent material-dispersed resin layer 56 in the hole.
The electrode patterns 59 and 60 on the support substrate 61 may be formed, for instance, by the sputtering method, in which the desired pattern of thin conductive metallic film, such as a copper film, is formed on the support substrate 61. The thickness of the electrode patterns 59 and 60 is of the order of a few microns, and practically no level difference exists between these patterns and the support substrate 61.
This fluorescent material-dispersed resin layer 56 comprises the transparent resin 56A in which the powdered fluorescent material 57 of various particle sizes mentioned above, is uniformly dispersed.
When voltage is applied between the two lead wires 52 and 53 of this white LED lamp 51 and blue light is made to be emitted from blue LED element 54, a part of this blue light is absorbed by the powdered fluorescent material 57 in the fluorescent material-dispersed resin layer 56, the powdered fluorescent material 57 is excited and yellow light is emitted. Mixed light of the remainder of the blue light and the yellow light emitted from the powdered fluorescent material 57 pass through the fluorescent material-dispersed resin layer 56 and the sealing resin 58, and are emitted outside the lamp. Since this blue light and yellow light have a complementary relationship, white light of high brightness is emitted from the lamp. The chromaticity of the mixed light can be adjusted by the quantity of powdered fluorescent material 57. More specifically, the quantity of the fluorescent material-dispersed resin layer 56 to be applied in which the powdered fluorescent material 57 is uniformly dispersed can be adjusted such that the chromaticity coordinate of said mixed light coincides with the black body radiation locus.
The present embodiment comprises a fluorescent material-dispersed resin layer 56 in which the powdered fluorescent material 57 having particles with particle sizes of 20 μm or less at a content of below 2% by mass is dispersed. This suppresses the Mie scattering in fluorescent material-dispersed resin layer 56, and enhances the visible light transmittance of the fluorescent material-dispersed resin layer 56. As a result, the present embodiment can provide a white LED lamp 51 with excellent light extraction efficiency. Furthermore, when placing the chip-type white LED lamp 51 of the present embodiment on the substrate as an illumination device, it has the advantage that it can be mounted on the surface, unlike the bullet-shaped white LED lamp which needs a hole to be made in the substrate.
The white LED lamp 51 of the present embodiment may be manufactured, for instance, using the processes described below.
The step of (3) above can be performed before or after any of the processes from (4) to (6).
The step of (2) above can be performed at the same time with the step of (3).
The white LED lamp 51 shown in
The present invention also provides an illumination apparatus with the light-emitting device according to the present invention, such as the white LED lamp shown in
A commercially available YAG-based fluorescent material that can be expressed by the general formula: (Y,Gd)3Al5O12:Ce and which is commonly known as a fluorescent material for a white LED lamp, was provided. The activation peak wavelength and the light-emitting peak wavelength of this fluorescent material were 468 nm and 563 nm, respectively, and this powder had already been sized into a particle size of less than or equal to 10 μm. The median particle size (median size: the central value of the particle size distribution) of the fluorescent material measured using a laser diffraction/dispersion type particle distribution measuring apparatus was 7.13 μm. Such particles were taken as Sample M. Sample M was dispersed in guaranteed reagent ethanol, and making use of the difference in precipitation speed, the particles were separated into particles of larger size (Sample L) and into particles of smaller size (Sample S).
Next, with reference to
To validate the above, the same bullet-shaped white LED lamps shown in
Three samples (Sample 2A, Sample 2B, and Sample 2C) of an α-SiAlON yellow fluorescent material were prepared by the procedure described below. Each of these samples was used in white LED lamps manufactured for tests and evaluated.
Calcium α-SiAlON activated by divalent europium is generally expressed by the general formula: CapSi12-(m+n)Alm+nOnN16-n: Eu2+q For this experiment the following values were taken: p=0.875, q=0.0833, and m and n were determined according to p and q as follows: m=1.9999, n=0.99995. Accordingly, the composition was Ca0.875Si9.00015Al2.99985O0.99995N15.00005:Eu2+0.0833.
Silicon nitride (Si3N4), aluminum nitride (AlN), calcium carbonate (CaCO3), and europium oxide (Eu2O3) were used as the starting materials. According to the composition design mentioned above, 32.570 g of silicon nitride, 9.515 g of aluminum nitride, 6.780 g of calcium carbonate, and 1.135 g of europium oxide were weighed out on an electronic balance so that each batch weighed 50 g, and the composition was mixed for 2 hours in a wet planetary ball mill. The composition was dried in a rotary evaporator, and in the dried condition, it was broken down adequately using a mortar. The powder was granulated to an appropriate particle size using a sieve for experiments made of stainless steel mesh of nominal size 125 μm compliant with JIS Z 8801, and gently stored in a container with lid made of boron nitride. Next, the container with the powder was inserted in a sintering furnace, and it was sintered under a gas pressure of 5 atms in a nitrogen atmosphere at 1700° C. The sintering time was set to 24 hours. After sintering, when the powder was removed from the apparatus, the sintered substance that had hardened to lumps in the container, was broken down to powder by applying a slight pressure in the mortar.
From this powder, particles with a particle size of 45 μm or less were separated using a sieve with stainless steel mesh of nominal size 45 μm made for experiments and compliant with JIS Z8801, and these particles were taken as Sample 2B.
The remaining powder with particle sizes of 45 μm or greater were sized into powder of particles with particle sizes of 63 μm or less using a stainless steel sieve of nominal mesh size 63 μm made for experiments, and this powder was taken as Sample 2C.
The remainder of the powder with particle sizes of 63 μm or more was wet ground in a planetary ball mill. The container used was a silicon nitride container, the grinding medium was silicon nitride balls, and the solvent used was ethanol. The powder was ground at 150 rpm for 1 hour, passed through a stainless steel sieve with a nominal mesh size of 45 μm for experiments with ethanol, and wet classified. Particles that did not pass through the sieve were wet ground in a planetary ball mill for one hour, and then passed through the same sieve. The particles that passed through the sieve were taken in a beaker, allowed to stand until dry, and the powder was collected. Because of concern that the increase in defects due to ball mill grinding would cause the emission intensity to decrease, the dried powder was again heat treated in the gas pressurized sintering furnace with the aim of recovering the optical characteristics. The heat treatment conditions at this stage were 1600° C., nitrogen atmosphere of 5 atms, and a heating time of 4 hours. The obtained powder was taken as Sample 2A.
The particle distributions of all the samples, 2A, 2B, and 2C, were measured using the laser diffraction/dispersion type particle distribution measuring apparatus (CILAS 1064 manufactured by Cilas). The median particle size, 10% particle size, and 90% particle size of Sample 2A were 16.11 μm, 4.41 μm, and 27.33 μm respectively. Generally, samples classified by sieve with stainless steel mesh of nominal size 45 μm for experiments have median particle size of 20 to 25 μm, therefore, Sample 2A was finer than Sample 2B.
Using each of the samples 2A, 2B, and 2C, bullet-shaped white LED lamps similar to that in
Two samples (Sample FY10-45 and Sample FY10-63) of α-SiAlON yellow powdered fluorescent material were prepared using the procedure described below, and the samples were chemically treated.
The calcium α-SiAlON activated by this divalent europium, is generally expressed by the general formula: CapSi12-(m+n)Alm+nOnN16-n: Eu2+q For this experiment t following values were taken: p=0.88, q=0.05, and m and n were determined according to p and q as follows: m=1.91, n=0.955. Accordingly, the composition was Ca0.88Si9.135Al2.865O0.955N15.045: Eu2+0.05.
Silicon nitride (Si3N4), aluminum nitride (AlN), calcium carbonate (CaCO3), and europium oxide (Eu2O3) were used as the starting materials. According to the composition design mentioned above, 33.295 g of silicon nitride, 9.150 g of aluminum nitride, 6.865 g of calcium carbonate, and 0.685 g of europium oxide were weighed out on an electronic balance so that each batch weighed 50 g, and the composition was mixed for 2hours in a wet planetary ball mill. The composition was dried in a rotary evaporator, and in the dried condition, it was broken down adequately using a mortar. The powder was granulated to an appropriate particle size using a sieve for experiments made of stainless steel mesh of nominal size 125 μm compliant with JIS Z 8801, and gently stored in a container with lid made of boron nitride. Next, the container with the powder was inserted in a sintering furnace, and it was sintered under a gas pressure of 5 atms in a nitrogen atmosphere at 1800° C. The sintering time was set to 24 hours. After sintering, when the powder was removed from the apparatus, the sintered substance that had hardened to lumps in the container was broken down to powder by applying a slight pressure in the mortar.
From this powder, particles with a particle size of 45 μm or less were separated using a sieve with stainless steel mesh of nominal size 45 μm made for experiments and compliant with JIS Z8801, and these particles were taken as Sample FY10-45. The remaining powder of particle size greater than 45 μm were sized into powder of particles with particle sizes of 63 μm or less using a stainless steel sieve of nominal mesh size 63 μm made for experiments, and this powder was taken as Sample FY10-63.
Next, 5 g each of Sample FY10-45 and Sample FY10-63 were taken and these samples were chemically treated to remove the glass phase on the surface and at the interface. More specifically, the dissolution process was performed using an acid solution prepared from hydrofluoric acid, sulfuric acid, and water. Five milliliters of hydrofluoric acid (HF), 5 ml of sulfuric acid (H2SO4), and 390 ml of pure water were mixed in a fluororesin beaker, and stirred for 5 minutes in a fluororesin magnetic-type stirrer. The hydrofluoric acid used as a guaranteed reagent made by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. had a concentration of 46.0 to 48.0%, while the sulfuric acid was Wako Grade 1 made by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. with a concentration of 95.0% or higher. Five grams of Sample FY10-45 was placed in this acid solution, and the mix was stirred for 30 minutes using a stirrer. After stirring, the solution was allowed to stand still for 30 seconds, the acid solution was removed using a dropping pipette taking care not to suck the settled down powdered fluorescent material, and when the solution was fully removed, pure water was again added and the powder was washed in this manner five times. Water was again added to the beaker, and ultrasonic waves were applied in the ultrasonic tank for 15 minutes. The transparent water became white and turbid. The solution was allowed to stand still for 30 seconds, the water was removed using a dropping pipette taking care not to suck the settled down powdered fluorescent material, and when the solution was fully removed, pure water was again added and the powder was washed in this manner five times. Finally, the powder was extracted using a filter paper, dried and taken as a sample after chemical treatment of Sample FY10-45.
The same chemical treatment was performed for Sample FY10-63, and it was selected as a sample after chemical treatment of Sample FY10-63.
From
From
From the results of these particle distribution measurements, it can be observed that fine particles of size same as the wavelength of light that can cause Mie scattering are not substantially included in both samples after the chemical treatment. It was also observed that particles of a median size of about 54 μm were brighter by about 2% than particles of a median size of about 37 μm when these particles were used in a white LED lamp.
The contribution of chemical treatment to removal of fine particles was large. Firstly, fine particles dissolve in acid together with the dissolution of glass phase. Not all acid solutions may be satisfactory; the particular acid solution used in the present invention is preferable because both glass phase and SiAlON are dissolved. Secondly, since the acid solution or water is removed without waiting for a relatively long time while the fine particles are being suspended when removing the white turbid water after applying ultrasonic waves or removing the acid solution using the dropping pipette, the fine particles are likely to be removed together with the solution or water. Large particles settled down in a short time, therefore only fine particles can be removed. More specifically, the removal is preferably done in a few ten seconds to a few minutes after stirring or after applying the ultrasonic waves. If allowed to remain still for several ten minutes so that the supernatant liquid becomes transparent, then the result is that fine particles also settle down and remain in the powdered fluorescent material.
In the previous Experiment 3, Sample FY10 with particles of size greater than 63 μm that remained after separating and classifying Sample FY10-45 and Sample FY10-63, was further classified by passing it through a sieve with nominal mesh size of 125 μm, and the powder that passed through the sieve was taken as Sample FY10-125.
Using this Sample FY10-125, an attempt was made to manufacture bullet-shaped white LED lamp similar to the one shown in
A known conventional method of synthesizing α-SiAlON powdered fluorescent material is to grind sintered pellets by mechanical means using the hot press method to powder (for instance, see Japanese Patent Application, First Publication No. 2002-363554 and R.-J. Xie, M. Mitomo, K. Uheda, F.-F. Xu, and Y Akimune, “Preparation and Luminescence Spectra of Calcium- and Rare-Earth (R=Eu, Tb, and Pr)-Co-doped α-SiAlON Ceramics,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc., Vol. 85 [5], pp. 1229-1234 (2002)).
SiAlON pellets made of ceramic with a very high Mohs hardness value of 9 are ground in this method. Thus, the powder obtained has irregular shape with sharp corners, and it is difficult to say that the shape is approximately spherical. Furthermore, when the particles are dispersed in a transparent resin such as epoxy resin and cured by heating, residual stress occurs in the resin after curing because of the shrinkage rate when the resin cures or because of the difference coefficient of linear expansion of the resin and the particles. If these particles have sharp corners, stress concentration further occurs, and the change in refractive index of resin becomes larger. This kind of localized change in the refractive index of resin may lead to dispersion of light and is not preferred.
Several methods for manufacturing an α-SiAlON fluorescent material in powder form have been disclosed in recent years. The gas pressurized sintering method is one such method, for instance the method described in R.-J. Xie, N. Hirosaki, M. Mitomo, Y. Yamamoto, T. Suehiro, K. Sakuma, “Optical Properties of Eu2+ in α-SiAlON,” J. Phys. Chem. B, Vol. 108, pp. 12027-12031 (2004). This reference reports how crystalline particles of 0.5 to 1.8 μm in collective form were obtained, and also gives scanning electron microscope (SEM) photos and results of measurement of particle distributions. The SEM photos show secondary particles formed by agglomeration of several primary particles, but it is difficult to say that the shape of the secondary particle is spherical. Moreover, the particles are distributed from the sub-micron range to 20 μm; the center of the particle distribution is in the range of 1 to 2 μm , and the particle size is too small and inadequate. To obtain particles of the order of several tens of microns, additional measures are necessary.
Another one is a technique disclosed in Japanese Patent Application, First Publication Nos. 2004-238505 and 2004-238506, which is characterized by the adjustment of oxygen content of nitrosilane compounds and/or amorphous silicon nitride powder, which are the starting materials, and the addition of α-SiAlON powder into the raw material powder prepared beforehand. However, even in the technique disclosed, the median particle size of the powder obtained is less than or equal to 8 μm ; thus the particle size is too small and inadequate.
In view of this background, the inventors of the present invention, performed studies to obtain α-SiAlON fluorescent material particles of “close to spherical shape” with their own desired “particle method for particles of size greater than several tens of microns.”
The results of the studies showed that when raw material powder is granulated to a constant particle size and sintered under gas pressure, the shape of the granulated particles is practically retained during sintering, and the studies proposed a process to granulate raw material powder to the order of several tens of microns with good efficiency. More specifically, as mentioned in the explanations of Experiment 3 above, the raw material powder was mixed using the wet-type ball mill for 2 hours, and after drying the raw material powder in a rotary evaporator, and in the dried condition, it was broken down adequately using a mortar. The powder was granulated to an appropriate particle size using a sieve for experiments made of stainless steel mesh of nominal size 125 μm compliant with JIS Z 8801, and gently stored in a container with lid made of boron nitride. The powder in the container was placed in a gas-pressurized sintering furnace and sintered under gas pressure. The granulation process using sieve is important here. If the powder is placed in the sieve and external force the sieve is applied, agglomerate of particles of size smaller than the nominal mesh size not only pass through the sieve, but also large-sized agglomerate breaks down into smaller particles when it strikes the mesh, the size becomes smaller and as a result, they are able to pass through the sieve. The final result is that powder that has passed through the sieve (granulated), shows a distribution of particle size that is centered about half the nominal mesh size. This means, for instance, that if the powder is granulated with a sieve of nominal mesh size is 125 μm, a distribution centered in the range of 60 to 70 μm can be obtained. Additionally, if granulated with a nominal mesh size of sieve of 63 μm, then a distribution centered around 20 to 40 μm can be obtained. The α-SiAlON fluorescent material obtained by after granulating the powder this way and sintering it, generally has the same particle size distribution. In the granulation process using the sieve, means such as manually shaking the sieve, striking it, or applying external vibrations using various devices are effective means. The method of applying ultrasonic waves on the sieve is also preferred. When the external force applied on the sieve is appropriate, the efficiency of the granulation process increases.
The powdered fluorescent material of the present invention was prepared referring to the results of the experiments described above. This Example 1 is the powdered fluorescent material obtained after the chemical treatment of Sample FY10-63 prepared in Experiment 3 mentioned above.
An α-SiAlON yellow fluorescent material was selected as the powdered fluorescent material.
The calcium α-SiAlON activated by this divalent europium, is generally expressed by the general formula: CapSi12-(m+n)Alm+nOnN16-n:Eu2+q . For this Example 1, the following values were taken: p=0.88, q=0.05, and m and n were determined according to p and q as follows: m=1.91, n=0.955. Accordingly, the composition was Ca0.88Si9.135Al2.865O0.955N15.045: Eu2+0.05.
Silicon nitride (Si3N4), aluminum nitride (AlN), calcium carbonate (CaCO3), and europium oxide (Eu2O3) were used as the starting materials. According to the composition design mentioned above, 33.295 g of silicon nitride, 9.150 g of aluminum nitride, 6.865 g of calcium carbonate, and 0.685 g of europium oxide were weighed out on an electronic balance so that each batch weighed 50 g, and the composition was mixed for 2 hours in a wet planetary ball mill. The composition was dried in a rotary evaporator, and in the dried condition, it was broken down adequately using a mortar. The powder was granulated to an appropriate particle size using a sieve for experiments made of stainless steel mesh of nominal size 125 μm compliant with JIS Z 8801, and gently stored in a container with lid made of boron nitride. Next, the container with the powder was inserted in a sintering furnace, and it was sintered under a gas pressure of 5 atms in a nitrogen atmosphere at 1800° C. The sintering time was set to 24 hours. After sintering, when the powder was removed from the apparatus, the sintered substance that had hardened to lumps in the container was broken down to powder by applying a slight pressure in the mortar.
From this powder, particles with a particle size of 45 μm or less were removed using a sieve for experiments made of stainless steel mesh of nominal size 45 μm compliant with JIS Z 8801. The remaining powder with particle sizes of 45 μm or greater were sized into powder of particles with particle sizes of 63 μm or less using a stainless steel sieve of nominal mesh size 63 μm made for experiments, and this powder was taken as Sample FY10-63.
Next, Sample FY10-63 was chemically treated, and the glass phase on the surface and at the interface was removed. More specifically, the dissolution process was performed using an acid solution prepared from hydrofluoric acid, sulfuric acid, and water. Five milliliters of hydrofluoric acid (HF), 5 ml of sulfuric acid (H2SO4), and 390 ml of pure water were mixed in a fluororesin beaker, and stirred for 5 minutes in a fluororesin magnetic-type stirrer. The hydrofluoric acid used as a guaranteed reagent made by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. had a concentration of 46.0 to 48.0%, while the sulfuric acid was Wako Grade 1 made by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. with a concentration of 95.0% or higher. Five grams of Sample FY10-63 was placed in this acid solution, and the mix was stirred for 30 minutes using a stirrer. After stirring, the solution was allowed to stand still for 30 seconds, the acid solution was removed using a dropping pipette taking care not to suck the settled down powdered fluorescent material, and when the solution was fully removed, pure water was again added and the powder was washed in this manner five times. Water was again added to the beaker, and ultrasonic waves were applied in the ultrasonic tank for 15 minutes. The transparent water became white and turbid. The solution was allowed to stand still for 30 seconds, the water was removed using a dropping pipette taking care not to suck the settled down powdered fluorescent material, and when the solution was fully removed, pure water was again added and the powder was washed in this manner five times. Finally, the powder was extracted using a filter paper, dried and taken as the sample after the chemical treatment of Sample FY10-63.
The particle distribution of the powdered fluorescent material of Example 1, that is, the sample obtained after the chemical treatment of Sample FY10-63, was measured using the laser diffraction/dispersion type particle distribution measuring apparatus (CILAS 1064 manufactured by Cilas).
The excitation spectrum and emission spectrum of the powdered fluorescent material of Example 1 were measured using the fluorescence spectrophotometer (fluorescence spectrophotometer F-4500 manufactured by Hitachi, Ltd.). The spectra were corrected using Rhodamine B method and standard light source during the measurement with the fluorescence spectrophotometer. The emission spectrum was measured using an excitation wavelength of 450 nm. The excitation spectrum was measured using an emission-monitoring wavelength of 585 nm. The results are shown in
From
A white LED lamp provided with the powdered fluorescent material made in Example 1 was manufactured.
A chip type white LED lamp 51 comprises electrode patterns 59 and 60 provided on a support substrate 61, lead wires 52 and 53 connected to said electrode patterns, a blue LED element 54 mounted on the electrode pattern 59, a bonding wire 55 that electrically connects the upper electrode on the blue LED element 54 and the electrode pattern 60, a fluorescent material-dispersed resin layer 56 applied and cured to cover the blue LED element 54 formed by epoxy resin in which the powdered fluorescent material 57 made in Example 1 is dispersed, a wall surface member 62 with a bowl-shaped hole joined on a support substrate 61, and a transparent sealing resin 58 for sealing said bowl-shaped hole.
A square alumina ceramic plate was used as the support substrate 61. The electrode patterns 59 and 60 of with thickness in the order of a few microns made of copper were formed on by sputtering the support substrate 61. Practically no level difference exists between the electrode patterns 59, 60, and the support substrate 61. Parts of each of the electrode patterns 59 and 60 were connected to each of the lead wires 52 and 53 by a high melting point solder. The end of the electrode pattern 59 was extended to the center of the support substrate 61, and the blue LED element 54 was mounted and fixed at this central part. The lower electrode of the white LED element 54 was electrically connected to one of the electrode patterns 59 with conductive paste not shown in the figure. The upper electrode was also electrically connected to the other electrode pattern 60 by the bonding wire 55 made of a thin metallic wire.
The support substrate 61 comprises a wall surface member 62 with a bowl-shaped recess made of a material with high reflectivity of visible light rays, such as alumina ceramics, and arranged in such a manner as to accommodate the blue LED element 54 and the fluorescent material-dispersed resin layer 56 in said recess. The transparent sealing resin 58 is filled and cured in the hole of the wall surface member 62 for sealing the blue LED element 54 and the fluorescent material-dispersed resin layer 56 in the hole. The powdered fluorescent material 57 made in Example 1 was dispersed in a transparent resin 56A, and this fluorescent material-dispersed resin layer 56 covered the blue LED element 54. The powdered fluorescent material 57 is excited by the blue light emitted by the blue LED element 54 and it emits yellow light. The blue light emitted by the blue LED element 54 and the yellow light emitted by the powdered fluorescent material 57 have a complementary relationship. The quantity of powdered fluorescent material 57 applied is adjusted such that the chromaticity coordinate of the mixed color coincides with the black body radiation locus. In practice, the quantity of the fluorescent material-dispersed resin layer 56 dispersed with the powdered fluorescent material 57 is adjusted. In this manner, this LED lamp is a white LED lamp in which the chromaticity coincides with the black body radiation locus.
The optical characteristics of the white LED lamp of the Example 3 are similar to those of the lamp in Example 2. The chip-type white LED lamp of this example has an advantage in that it can be mounted on the surface, as opposed to bullet-shaped white LED lamp which needs a hole to be made in the substrate.
While preferred embodiments of the invention have been described and illustrated above, it should be understood that these are exemplary of the invention and are not to be considered as limiting. Additions, omissions, substitutions, and other modifications can be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention. Accordingly, the invention is not to be considered as being limited by the foregoing description, and is only limited by the scope of the appended claims.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| P2005-079662 | Mar 2005 | JP | national |
