Patent Grant
11160926
Any and all priority claims identified in the Application Data Sheet, or any correction thereto, are hereby incorporated by reference under 37 CFR 1.57. This application claims the benefit of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/792,038, filed on Oct. 24, 2017, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,653,835, issued on May 19, 2020. The aforementioned application is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, and is hereby expressly made a part of this specification.
The present disclosure generally relates to sensors and, more particularly, to analyte sensors such as continuous analyte sensors.
Diabetes mellitus is a disorder in which the pancreas cannot create sufficient insulin (Type I or insulin dependent) and/or in which insulin is not effective (Type 2 or non-insulin dependent). In the diabetic state, the victim suffers from high blood sugar, which can cause an array of physiological derangements associated with the deterioration of small blood vessels, for example, kidney failure, skin ulcers, or bleeding into the vitreous of the eye. A hypoglycemic reaction (low blood sugar) can be induced by an inadvertent overdose of insulin, or after a normal dose of insulin or glucose-lowering agent accompanied by extraordinary exercise or insufficient food intake.
Conventionally, a person with diabetes carries a self-monitoring blood glucose (SMBG) monitor, which typically requires uncomfortable finger pricking methods. Due to the lack of comfort and convenience, a person with diabetes normally only measures his or her glucose levels two to four times per day. Unfortunately, such time intervals are spread so far apart that the person with diabetes likely finds out too late of a hyperglycemic or hypoglycemic condition, sometimes incurring dangerous side effects. Glucose levels may be alternatively monitored continuously by a sensor system including an on-skin sensor assembly. The sensor system may have a wireless transmitter which transmits measurement data to a receiver which can process and display information based on the measurements.
This Background is provided to introduce a brief context for the Summary and Detailed Description that follow. This Background is not intended to be an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter nor be viewed as limiting the claimed subject matter to implementations that solve any or all of the disadvantages or problems presented above.
There are various steps in the manufacturing process of an analyte sensor such as a continuous analyte sensor for which temporary mechanical and electrical connections between the sensor and manufacturing equipment such as testing and/or calibration equipment are used. These connections are facilitated by accurate placement and alignment of the sensor to mechanical and electrical interfaces of the testing and/or calibration equipment. A device such as an “interconnect”, “interposer” or “sensor carrier” can be attached to an elongated body of the sensor, as described hereinafter, to assist with handling, and both temporary and permanent, electrical and mechanical connections. A sensor carrier (also referred to as a “sensor interposer”) may also include features for tracking, data storage, and sealing sensor electrodes, from each other and from the environment. Without limiting the scope of the present embodiments as expressed by the claims that follow, their more prominent features now will be discussed briefly. After considering this discussion, and particularly after reading the section entitled “Detailed Description,” one will understand how the features of the present embodiments provide the advantages described herein.
In accordance with a first aspect, a method of manufacturing a sensor is provided. The method includes providing an analyte sensor having an elongated body, a first electrode, a second electrode coaxially located within the first electrode, and at least two electrical contacts longitudinally aligned and spaced along a longitudinal axis of the sensor. The method includes attaching a sensor carrier to the analyte sensor, the sensor carrier including an intermediate body, a first conductive portion disposed on the intermediate body, the first conductive portion in electrical communication with the first electrode, a second conductive portion disposed on the intermediate body, the second conductive portion in electrical communication with the second electrode. The first and second conductive portions form a connection portion configured to establish electrical connection between the sensor and a separate device.
In a generally applicable embodiment (i.e. independently combinable with any of the aspects or embodiments identified herein) of the first aspect, the method further includes coupling an outer layer to the intermediate body. The outer layer includes an identifier. The outer layer, the sensor, and the intermediate body can form a laminated configuration. The identifier can be a QR code sheet. The identifier can include any of an optical identifier, a radio-frequency identifier, or a memory-encoded identifier. The identifier can identify the analyte sensor, calibration data for the analyte sensor, or a history of the analyte sensor.
In a generally applicable embodiment (i.e. independently combinable with any of the aspects or embodiments identified herein) of the first aspect, the method further includes coating the sensor with a membrane after attaching the sensor to the sensor carrier.
In a generally applicable embodiment (i.e. independently combinable with any of the aspects or embodiments identified herein) of the first aspect, the first conductive portion and the second conductive portion are traces. The traces can extend from a distal position of the sensor carrier and terminate at a proximal end of the sensor carrier. The traces can form exposed contact surfaces in the connection portion. The first and second conductive portions can be embedded into the intermediate body.
In a generally applicable embodiment (i.e. independently combinable with any of the aspects or embodiments identified herein) of the first aspect, the first conductive portion and the second conductive portion are solder welds. The solder welds can attach the sensor to the sensor carrier.
In a generally applicable embodiment (i.e. independently combinable with any of the aspects or embodiments identified herein) of the first aspect, the first conductive portion and the second conductive portion are conductive tapes. The conductive tapes can attach the sensor to the sensor carrier.
In a generally applicable embodiment (i.e. independently combinable with any of the aspects or embodiments identified herein) of the first aspect, the connection portion is configured to mechanically mate with the separate device.
In a generally applicable embodiment (i.e. independently combinable with any of the aspects or embodiments identified herein) of the first aspect, the separate device is an electronics unit configured to measure analyte data.
In a generally applicable embodiment (i.e. independently combinable with any of the aspects or embodiments identified herein) of the first aspect, the separate device is a component of a manufacturing station. The method can further include performing at least one of a potentiostat measurement, a dipping process, a curing process, a calibration process, or a sensitivity measurement while the electrical connection is established between the sensor and the manufacturing station. The method can further include de-establishing electrical connection between the sensor and the calibration station. The method can further include establishing electrical connection between the sensor and at least one testing station via the connection portion of the sensor carrier.
In a generally applicable embodiment (i.e. independently combinable with any of the aspects or embodiments identified herein) of the first aspect, the intermediate body further includes a datum structure that controls a position and spatial orientation of the analyte sensor relative to a substrate of the intermediate body. The datum structure can include a flexible portion of the substrate that is folded over at least a portion of the analyte sensor.
In a generally applicable embodiment (i.e. independently combinable with any of the aspects or embodiments identified herein) of the first aspect, the first conductive portion and/or the second conductive portion comprise at least one of a coil spring, a leaf spring, or a conductive elastomer.
In accordance with a second aspect, an apparatus is provided that includes an analyte sensor having an elongated body, a first electrode in electrical communication with a first conductive contact, a second electrode in electrical communication with a second conductive contact. The sensor carrier can be attached to the analyte sensor. The sensor carrier can include an intermediate body, a first conductive portion disposed on the intermediate body, the first conductive portion in electrical communication with the first conductive contact, and a second conductive portion disposed on the intermediate body, the second conductive portion in electrical communication with the second conductive contact. The first and second conductive portions can form a connection portion configured to establish electrical communication between the first and second conductive contacts and a separate device.
In a generally applicable embodiment (i.e. independently combinable with any of the aspects or embodiments identified herein) of the second aspect, the apparatus further includes an identifier coupled to the intermediate body. The identifier, the sensor, and the intermediate body can form a laminated configuration. The identifier can be a QR code sheet. The identifier can be any of an optical identifier, a radio-frequency identifier, or a memory-encoded identifier. The identifier can be configured to identify any of the analyte sensor, calibration data for the analyte sensor, and a history of the analyte sensor.
In a generally applicable embodiment (i.e. independently combinable with any of the aspects or embodiments identified herein) of the second aspect, the first conductive portion and the second conductive portion are traces. The traces can form exposed contact surfaces in the connection portion. The first and second conductive portions can be at least partially embedded into the intermediate body.
In a generally applicable embodiment (i.e. independently combinable with any of the aspects or embodiments identified herein) of the second aspect, the first conductive portion and the second conductive portion include at least one of a solder weld, a conductive tape, a coil spring, a leaf spring, or a conductive elastomer.
In a generally applicable embodiment (i.e. independently combinable with any of the aspects or embodiments identified herein) of the second aspect, the connection portion is configured to mechanically mate with the separate device.
In a generally applicable embodiment (i.e. independently combinable with any of the aspects or embodiments identified herein) of the second aspect, the separate device is an electronics unit configured to measure analyte data.
In a generally applicable embodiment (i.e. independently combinable with any of the aspects or embodiments identified herein) of the second aspect, the separate device is a component of a manufacturing station. At least one of a potentiostat measurement, a dipping process, a curing process, a calibration process, or a sensitivity measurement can be configured to be performed while the electrical connection is established between the sensor and the manufacturing station. The manufacturing station can comprise a calibration station configured to de-establish electrical connection between the sensor and the calibration station and establish electrical connection between the sensor and at least one testing station via the connection portion of the sensor carrier.
In a generally applicable embodiment (i.e. independently combinable with any of the aspects or embodiments identified herein) of the second aspect, the intermediate body further comprises a datum structure configured to control a position and spatial orientation of the analyte sensor relative to a substrate of the intermediate body.
In a generally applicable embodiment (i.e. independently combinable with any of the aspects or embodiments identified herein) of the second aspect, the first electrode may be positioned coaxially within the second electrode, and the first electrical contact and the second electrical contact may be longitudinally aligned and spaced along a longitudinal axis of the sensor.
In a generally applicable embodiment (i.e. independently combinable with any of the aspects or embodiments identified herein) of the second aspect, the first electrode and the second electrode may be affixed to a flexible planar substrate. In addition, the first electrical contact and the second electrical contact may be affixed to the flexible planar substrate.
In a generally applicable embodiment (i.e. independently combinable with any of the aspects or embodiments identified herein) of the second aspect, the first conductive contact and the second conductive contact are affixed to the intermediate body with conductive adhesive.
In a generally applicable embodiment (i.e. independently combinable with any of the aspects or embodiments identified herein) of the second aspect, the first conductive contact and the second conductive contact are affixed to the intermediate body with anisotropic conductive film.
In accordance with a third aspect, an array of pre-connected analyte sensors is provided. The array includes a substrate, a first plurality of electrical contacts disposed on the substrate, a second plurality of electrical contacts disposed on the substrate, and a plurality of analyte sensors disposed on the substrate. Each of the plurality of analyte sensors includes a first sensor electrical contact coupled to a corresponding one of the first plurality of electrical contacts on the substrate, and a second sensor electrical contact coupled to a corresponding one of the second plurality of electrical contacts on the substrate. The array may comprise one or more strips.
In a generally applicable embodiment (i.e. independently combinable with any of the aspects or embodiments identified herein) of the third aspect, the first plurality of electrical contacts are aligned along the substrate. The first plurality of electrical contacts can be formed from an exposed contact surface.
In a generally applicable embodiment (i.e. independently combinable with any of the aspects or embodiments identified herein) of the third aspect, the second plurality of electrical contacts are aligned along the substrate. The second plurality of electrical contacts can be formed from an exposed contact surface.
In a generally applicable embodiment (i.e. independently combinable with any of the aspects or embodiments identified herein) of the third aspect, the first and second plurality of electrical contacts are configured to connect with a separate device. The separate device can be a component of a manufacturing station.
In a generally applicable embodiment (i.e. independently combinable with any of the aspects or embodiments identified herein) of the third aspect, the substrate includes at least one singulation feature configured to facilitate singulation of the substrate into a plurality of sensor carriers, wherein each of the plurality of sensor carriers is attached to a corresponding one of the analyte sensors.
In a generally applicable embodiment (i.e. independently combinable with any of the aspects or embodiments identified herein) of the third aspect, the strip further includes a plurality of identifiers disposed on the substrate.
In a generally applicable embodiment (i.e. independently combinable with any of the aspects or embodiments identified herein) of the third aspect, the substrate includes an elongated dimension, wherein the plurality of analyte sensors extend beyond an edge of the substrate in a direction orthogonal to the elongated dimension. The strip can further include a feed-guide strip that runs along an opposing edge of the substrate in the elongated dimension. The substrate can further include a flexible substrate configured to be rolled onto a reel. The feed-guide strip can be removable from the substrate.
In a generally applicable embodiment (i.e. independently combinable with any of the aspects or embodiments identified herein) of the third aspect, the substrate comprises a molded thermoplastic having a plurality of datum features that control a position and orientation of the plurality of analyte sensors, and wherein the a first plurality of electrical contacts and the second plurality of electrical contacts each comprise embedded conductive traces in the molded thermoplastic.
In a generally applicable embodiment (i.e. independently combinable with any of the aspects or embodiments identified herein) of the third aspect, the strip further includes a first datum structure coupled to the strip, the first datum structure configured to position the plurality of analyte sensors. The first datum structure includes at least one singulation feature configured to facilitate singulation of the first datum structure into a plurality of second datum structures, wherein each of the plurality of second datum structures is coupled to a corresponding one of a plurality of sensor carriers formed by the substrate.
In a generally applicable embodiment (i.e. independently combinable with any of the aspects or embodiments identified herein) of the third aspect, the strip further includes a carrier having processing circuitry configured to perform at least potentiostat measurements for the plurality of analyte sensors. The strip can further include communications circuitry operable by the processing circuitry to send and receive data associated with each of the analyte sensors together with an identifier for that analyte sensor.
In accordance with a fourth aspect, a method is provided. The method includes providing a pre-connected analyte sensor, the pre-connected analyte sensor comprising an intermediate body, an analyte sensor permanently attached to the intermediate body, and an identifier coupled to the intermediate body. The method includes communicatively coupling the analyte sensor to a processing circuitry of a manufacturing station by coupling the intermediate body to a corresponding feature of the manufacturing station. The method includes operating the processing circuitry of the manufacturing station to communicate with the pre-connected analyte sensor.
In a generally applicable embodiment (i.e. independently combinable with any of the aspects or embodiments identified herein) of the fourth aspect, operating the processing circuitry includes obtaining a signal from the analyte sensor via the connection portion. Operating the processing circuitry can include operating an optical, infrared, or radio-frequency reader of the manufacturing station to obtain the identifier.
In a generally applicable embodiment (i.e. independently combinable with any of the aspects or embodiments identified herein) of the fourth aspect, the method further includes storing, with the processing circuitry of the manufacturing station and in connection with the identifier, sensor data corresponding to the signal. The identifier can identify any of the analyte sensor, calibration data for the analyte sensor, and a history of the analyte sensor.
In a generally applicable embodiment (i.e. independently combinable with any of the aspects or embodiments identified herein) of the fourth aspect, the signal includes a glucose sensitivity signal.
In a generally applicable embodiment (i.e. independently combinable with any of the aspects or embodiments identified herein) of the fourth aspect, the method further includes removing the pre-connected analyte sensor from the manufacturing station and communicatively coupling the analyte sensor to processing circuitry of a wearable device by mechanically coupling an anchoring feature of the intermediate body to a corresponding feature of a wearable device. The method can further include obtaining in vivo measurement data from the analyte sensor with the processing circuitry of the wearable device.
In a generally applicable embodiment (i.e. independently combinable with any of the aspects or embodiments identified herein) of the fourth aspect, the analyte sensor is permanently attached to the intermediate body with conductive adhesive.
In a generally applicable embodiment (i.e. independently combinable with any of the aspects or embodiments identified herein) of the fourth aspect, the analyte sensor is permanently attached to the intermediate body with anisotropic conductive film.
In accordance with a fifth aspect, a wearable device is provided. The wearable device comprises a housing and electronic circuitry configured to process analyte sensor signals. The electronic circuitry is enclosed within the housing. An analyte sensor has a distal portion positioned outside the housing. An intermediate body has an electrical connection to both a proximal portion of the analyte sensor and the electronics, wherein the electrical connection between the intermediate body and the proximal portion of the analyte sensor is external to the housing.
In generally applicable embodiments (i.e. independently combinable with any of the aspects or embodiments identified herein) of the fifth aspect the intermediate body may be positioned adjacent to an exterior surface of the housing. The device may include electrical contacts coupled to both the electronics and the intermediate body. The intermediate body may be electrically connected to the electrical contacts with conductive epoxy. The intermediate body is electrically connected to the electrical contacts with anisotropic conductive film. The intermediate body may be sealed. The electrical contacts may extend through the housing. The intermediate body may be positioned in a recess on the exterior surface of the housing. The electrical contacts may extend through the housing in the recess to electrically couple the intermediate body to the electronic circuitry enclosed within the housing. The intermediate body may be covered with a polymer in the recess.
In generally applicable embodiments (i.e. independently combinable with any of the aspects or embodiments identified herein) of the fifth aspect the analyte sensor is formed as an elongated body with a distal portion configured for percutaneous implantation in a subject and a proximal portion configured for electrically connecting to the intermediate body. The distal portion of the analyte sensor may extend away from an opening through the housing. The electronic circuitry may comprise a potentiostat and/or a wireless transmitter.
In accordance with a sixth aspect, a method of making a pre-connected analyte sensor is provided. The method comprises mechanically and electrically connecting a proximal portion of an elongated conductor to a conductive portion of an intermediate body, and after the connecting, coating a distal portion of the elongated conductor with a polymer membrane to form an analyte sensor having a working electrode region configured to support electrochemical reactions for analyte detection in the distal portion of the elongated conductor.
In generally applicable embodiments (i.e. independently combinable with any of the aspects or embodiments identified herein) of the sixth aspect, the method additionally comprises testing the analyte sensor, wherein the testing comprises electrically coupling the intermediate body to a testing station. The method may additionally comprise calibrating the analyte sensor, wherein the calibrating comprises electrically coupling the intermediate body to a testing station. The coating may comprise dip coating.
In generally applicable embodiments (i.e. independently combinable with any of the aspects or embodiments identified herein) of the sixth aspect, the intermediate body may be part of an array formed by a plurality of coupled intermediate bodies, wherein the method further comprises mechanically and electrically connecting a proximal portion of each of a plurality of elongated electrodes to a conductive portion of each intermediate body of the array. The coating may be performed in parallel on each distal portion of each of the plurality of elongated electrodes connected to the intermediate bodies of the array. The method may comprise singulating one or more of the intermediate bodies of the array after the coating.
In generally applicable embodiments (i.e. independently combinable with any of the aspects or embodiments identified herein) of the sixth aspect, mechanically and electrically connecting comprises applying conductive paste to the elongated conductor and the conductive portion of the intermediate body. In some embodiments, mechanically and electrically connecting comprises compressing anisotropic conductive film between the proximal portion of the elongated conductor and the conductive portion of the intermediate body. The connecting may be performed at a location remote from the coating. In some embodiments, the coating, testing, and calibrating are all performed at a location remote from the connecting.
In accordance with a seventh aspect, a method of making an on-skin wearable percutaneous analyte sensor comprises assembling electronic circuitry into an internal volume of a housing, wherein the electronic circuitry is configured for (1) detecting signals generated from an electrochemical reaction under the skin of a subject at a working electrode of an analyte sensor, and (2) wirelessly transmitting data derived from the detected signals outside of the housing for processing and/or display by a separate device. After assembling the electronic circuitry into the internal volume of the housing, attaching a proximal portion of the analyte sensor to an external electrical interface coupled to the electronic circuitry such that the electronic circuitry becomes connected to the analyte sensor to receive signals therefrom without opening the housing.
In generally applicable embodiments (i.e. independently combinable with any of the aspects or embodiments identified herein) of the seventh aspect, the method comprises sealing the interface after attaching the proximal portion of the analyte sensor. The method may comprise testing the electronic circuitry for functionality prior to the attaching. The method may comprise testing the analyte sensor for functionality prior to the attaching. The assembling may be performed at a location remote from the attaching.
In generally applicable embodiments (i.e. independently combinable with any of the aspects or embodiments identified herein) of the seventh aspect, the method may comprise coupling an intermediate body to the proximal portion of the analyte sensor, and the attaching may comprise attaching the intermediate body to the external electrical interface. The method may then comprise performing at least one manufacturing or testing procedure on the working electrode using the intermediate body prior to the attaching. The performing may comprise coating the working electrode of the analyte sensor. The coupling may be performed at a first location, the assembling may be performed at a second location, and the performing may be performed at a third location, wherein the first, second, and third locations are remote from one another. The attaching and/or the coupling may be performed with anisotropic conductive film The method may further comprise attaching an inserter to the housing for implanting the working electrode into a subject.
It is understood that various configurations of the subject technology will become readily apparent to those skilled in the art from the disclosure, wherein various configurations of the subject technology are shown and described by way of illustration. As will be realized, the subject technology is capable of other and different configurations and its several details are capable of modification in various other respects, all without departing from the scope of the subject technology. Accordingly, the summary, drawings and detailed description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature and not as restrictive.
The present embodiments now will be discussed in detail with an emphasis on highlighting the advantageous features. These embodiments are for illustrative purposes only and are not to scale, instead emphasizing the principles of the disclosure. These drawings include the following figures, in which like numerals indicate like parts:
Like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout. Elements are not to scale unless otherwise noted.
The following description and examples illustrate some exemplary implementations, embodiments, and arrangements of the disclosed invention in detail. Those of skill in the art will recognize that there are numerous variations and modifications of this invention that are encompassed by its scope. Accordingly, the description of a certain example embodiment should not be deemed to limit the scope of the present invention.
Definitions
In order to facilitate an understanding of the various embodiments described herein, a number of terms are defined below.
The term “analyte” as used herein is a broad term and is to be given its ordinary and customary meaning to a person of ordinary skill in the art (and is not to be limited to a special or customized meaning), and furthermore refers without limitation to a substance or chemical constituent in a biological fluid (for example, blood, interstitial fluid, cerebral spinal fluid, lymph fluid or urine) that can be analyzed. Analytes can include naturally occurring substances, artificial substances, metabolites, and/or reaction products. In some embodiments, the analyte for measurement by the sensor heads, devices, and methods is analyte. However, other analytes are contemplated as well, including but not limited to acarboxyprothrombin; acylcarnitine; adenine phosphoribosyl transferase; adenosine deaminase; albumin; alpha-fetoprotein; amino acid profiles (arginine (Krebs cycle), histidine/urocanic acid, homocysteine, phenylalanine/tyrosine, tryptophan); andrenostenedione; antipyrine; arabinitol enantiomers; arginase; benzoylecgonine (cocaine); biotinidase; biopterin; c-reactive protein; carnitine; carnosinase; CD4; ceruloplasmin; chenodeoxycholic acid; chloroquine; cholesterol; cholinesterase; conjugated 1-ß hydroxy-cholic acid; cortisol; creatine kinase; creatine kinase MM isoenzyme; cyclosporin A; D-penicillamine; de-ethylchloroquine; dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate; DNA (acetylator polymorphism, alcohol dehydrogenase, alpha 1-antitrypsin, cystic fibrosis, Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy, analyte-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, hemoglobin A, hemoglobin S, hemoglobin C, hemoglobin D, hemoglobin E, hemoglobin F, D-Punjab, beta-thalassemia, hepatitis B virus, HCMV, HIV-1, HTLV-1, Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, MCAD, RNA, PKU, Plasmodium vivax, sexual differentiation, 21-deoxycortisol); desbutylhalofantrine; dihydropteridine reductase; diptheria/tetanus antitoxin; erythrocyte arginase; erythrocyte protoporphyrin; esterase D; fatty acids/acylglycines; free ß-human chorionic gonadotropin; free erythrocyte porphyrin; free thyroxine (FT4); free tri-iodothyronine (FT3); fumarylacetoacetase; galactose/gal-1-phosphate; galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase; gentamicin; analyte-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; glutathione; glutathione perioxidase; glycocholic acid; glycosylated hemoglobin; halofantrine; hemoglobin variants; hexosaminidase A; human erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase I; 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone; hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase; immunoreactive trypsin; lactate; lead; lipoproteins ((a), B/A-1, ß); lysozyme; mefloquine; netilmicin; phenobarbitone; phenytoin; phytanic/pristanic acid; progesterone; prolactin; prolidase; purine nucleoside phosphorylase; quinine; reverse tri-iodothyronine (rT3); selenium; serum pancreatic lipase; sissomicin; somatomedin C; specific antibodies (adenovirus, anti-nuclear antibody, anti-zeta antibody, arbovirus, Aujeszky's disease virus, dengue virus, Dracunculus medinensis, Echinococcus granulosus, Entamoeba histolytica, enterovirus, Giardia duodenalisa, Helicobacter pylori, hepatitis B virus, herpes virus, HIV-1, IgE (atopic disease), influenza virus, Leishmania donovani, Leptospira, measles/mumps/rubella, Mycobacterium leprae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Myoglobin, Onchocerca volvulus, parainfluenza virus, Plasmodium falciparum, poliovirus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respiratory syncytial virus, Rickettsia (scrub typhus), Schistosoma mansoni, Toxoplasma gondii, Trepenoma pallidium, Trypanosoma cruzi/rangeli, vesicular stomatis virus, Wuchereria bancrofti, yellow fever virus); specific antigens (hepatitis B virus, HIV-1); succinylacetone; sulfadoxine; theophylline; thyrotropin (TSH); thyroxine (T4); thyroxine-binding globulin; trace elements; transferrin; UDP-galactose-4-epimerase; urea; uroporphyrinogen I synthase; vitamin A; white blood cells; and zinc protoporphyrin. Salts, sugar, protein, fat, vitamins, and hormones naturally occurring in blood or interstitial fluids can also constitute analytes in certain embodiments. The analyte can be naturally present in the biological fluid, for example, a metabolic product, a hormone, an antigen, an antibody, and the like. Alternatively, the analyte can be introduced into the body, for example, a contrast agent for imaging, a radioisotope, a chemical agent, a fluorocarbon-based synthetic blood, or a drug or pharmaceutical composition, including but not limited to insulin; ethanol; cannabis (marijuana, tetrahydrocannabinol, hashish); inhalants (nitrous oxide, amyl nitrite, butyl nitrite, chlorohydrocarbons, hydrocarbons); cocaine (crack cocaine); stimulants (amphetamines, methamphetamines, Ritalin, Cylert, Preludin, Didrex, PreState, Voranil, Sandrex, Plegine); depressants (barbituates, methaqualone, tranquilizers such as Valium, Librium, Miltown, Serax, Equanil, Tranxene); hallucinogens (phencyclidine, lysergic acid, mescaline, peyote, psilocybin); narcotics (heroin, codeine, morphine, opium, meperidine, Percocet, Percodan, Tussionex, Fentanyl, Darvon, Talwin, Lomotil); designer drugs (analogs of fentanyl, meperidine, amphetamines, methamphetamines, and phencyclidine, for example, Ecstasy); anabolic steroids; and nicotine. The metabolic products of drugs and pharmaceutical compositions are also contemplated analytes. Analytes such as neurochemicals and other chemicals generated within the body can also be analyzed, such as, for example, ascorbic acid, uric acid, dopamine, noradrenaline, 3-methoxytyramine (3MT), 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), Homovanillic acid (HVA), 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5HT), and 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid (FHIAA).
The terms “microprocessor” and “processor” as used herein are broad terms and are to be given their ordinary and customary meaning to a person of ordinary skill in the art (and are not to be limited to a special or customized meaning), and furthermore refer without limitation to a computer system, state machine, and the like that performs arithmetic and logic operations using logic circuitry that responds to and processes the basic instructions that drive a computer.
The term “calibration” as used herein is a broad term and is to be given its ordinary and customary meaning to a person of ordinary skill in the art (and is not to be limited to a special or customized meaning), and furthermore refers without limitation to the process of determining the relationship between the sensor data and the corresponding reference data, which can be used to convert sensor data into meaningful values substantially equivalent to the reference data, with or without utilizing reference data in real time. In some embodiments, namely, in analyte sensors, calibration can be updated or recalibrated (at the factory, in real time and/or retrospectively) over time as changes in the relationship between the sensor data and reference data occur, for example, due to changes in sensitivity, baseline, transport, metabolism, and the like.
The terms “calibrated data” and “calibrated data stream” as used herein are broad terms and are to be given their ordinary and customary meaning to a person of ordinary skill in the art (and are not to be limited to a special or customized meaning), and furthermore refer without limitation to data that has been transformed from its raw state to another state using a function, for example a conversion function, including by use of a sensitivity, to provide a meaningful value to a user.
The term “algorithm” as used herein is a broad term and is to be given its ordinary and customary meaning to a person of ordinary skill in the art (and is not to be limited to a special or customized meaning), and furthermore refers without limitation to a computational process (for example, programs) involved in transforming information from one state to another, for example, by using computer processing.
The term “sensor” as used herein is a broad term and is to be given its ordinary and customary meaning to a person of ordinary skill in the art (and is not to be limited to a special or customized meaning), and furthermore refers without limitation to the component or region of a device by which an analyte can be quantified. A “lot” of sensors generally refers to a group of sensors that are manufactured on or around the same day and using the same processes and tools/materials. Additionally, sensors that measure temperature, pressure etc. may be referred to as a “sensor”.
The terms “glucose sensor” and “member for determining the amount of glucose in a biological sample” as used herein are broad terms and are to be given their ordinary and customary meaning to a person of ordinary skill in the art (and are not to be limited to a special or customized meaning), and furthermore refer without limitation to any mechanism (e.g., enzymatic or non-enzymatic) by which glucose can be quantified. For example, some embodiments utilize a membrane that contains glucose oxidase that catalyzes the conversion of oxygen and glucose to hydrogen peroxide and gluconate, as illustrated by the following chemical reaction:
Glucose+O2→Gluconate+H2O2
Because for each glucose molecule metabolized, there is a proportional change in the co-reactant O2 and the product H2O2, one can use an electrode to monitor the current change in either the co-reactant or the product to determine glucose concentration.
The terms “operably connected” and “operably linked” as used herein are broad terms and are to be given their ordinary and customary meaning to a person of ordinary skill in the art (and are not to be limited to a special or customized meaning), and furthermore refer without limitation to one or more components being linked to another component(s) in a manner that allows transmission of signals between the components. For example, one or more electrodes can be used to detect the amount of glucose in a sample and convert that information into a signal, e.g., an electrical or electromagnetic signal; the signal can then be transmitted to an electronic circuit. In this case, the electrode is “operably linked” to the electronic circuitry. These terms are broad enough to include wireless connectivity.
The term “determining” encompasses a wide variety of actions. For example, “determining” may include calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up (e.g., looking up in a table, a database or another data structure), ascertaining and the like. Also, “determining” may include receiving (e.g., receiving information), accessing (e.g., accessing data in a memory) and the like. Also, “determining” may include resolving, selecting, choosing, calculating, deriving, establishing and/or the like. Determining may also include ascertaining that a parameter matches a predetermined criterion, including that a threshold has been met, passed, exceeded, and so on.
The term “substantially” as used herein is a broad term and is to be given its ordinary and customary meaning to a person of ordinary skill in the art (and is not to be limited to a special or customized meaning), and furthermore refers without limitation to being largely but not necessarily wholly that which is specified.
The term “host” as used herein is a broad term and is to be given its ordinary and customary meaning to a person of ordinary skill in the art (and is not to be limited to a special or customized meaning), and furthermore refers without limitation to mammals, particularly humans.
The term “continuous analyte (or glucose) sensor” as used herein is a broad term and is to be given its ordinary and customary meaning to a person of ordinary skill in the art (and is not to be limited to a special or customized meaning), and furthermore refers without limitation to a device that continuously or continually measures a concentration of an analyte, for example, at time intervals ranging from fractions of a second up to, for example, 1, 2, or 5 minutes, or longer. In one exemplary embodiment, the continuous analyte sensor is a glucose sensor such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,001,067, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
The term “sensing membrane” as used herein is a broad term and is to be given its ordinary and customary meaning to a person of ordinary skill in the art (and is not to be limited to a special or customized meaning), and furthermore refers without limitation to a permeable or semi-permeable membrane that can be comprised of two or more domains and is typically constructed of materials of a few microns thickness or more, which are permeable to oxygen and may or may not be permeable to glucose. In one example, the sensing membrane comprises an immobilized glucose oxidase enzyme, which enables an electrochemical reaction to occur to measure a concentration of glucose.
The term “sensor data,” as used herein is a broad term and is to be given its ordinary and customary meaning to a person of ordinary skill in the art (and are not to be limited to a special or customized meaning), and furthermore refers without limitation to any data associated with a sensor, such as a continuous analyte sensor. Sensor data includes a raw data stream, or simply data stream, of analog or digital signals directly related to a measured analyte from an analyte sensor (or other signal received from another sensor), as well as calibrated and/or filtered raw data. In one example, the sensor data comprises digital data in “counts” converted by an A/D converter from an analog signal (e.g., voltage or amps) and includes one or more data points representative of a glucose concentration. Thus, the terms “sensor data point” and “data point” refer generally to a digital representation of sensor data at a particular time. The terms broadly encompass a plurality of time spaced data points from a sensor, such as from a substantially continuous glucose sensor, which comprises individual measurements taken at time intervals ranging from fractions of a second up to, e.g., 1, 2, or 5 minutes or longer. In another example, the sensor data includes an integrated digital value representative of one or more data points averaged over a time period. Sensor data may include calibrated data, smoothed data, filtered data, transformed data, and/or any other data associated with a sensor.
The term “sensor electronics,” as used herein, is a broad term, and is to be given its ordinary and customary meaning to a person of ordinary skill in the art (and is not to be limited to a special or customized meaning), and refers without limitation to the components (for example, hardware and/or software) of a device configured to process data. As described in further detail hereinafter (see, e.g.,
The terms “sensitivity” or “sensor sensitivity,” as used herein, are broad terms, and are to be given their ordinary and customary meaning to a person of ordinary skill in the art (and is not to be limited to a special or customized meaning), and refer without limitation to an amount of signal produced by a certain concentration of a measured analyte, or a measured species (e.g., H2O2) associated with the measured analyte (e.g., glucose). For example, in one embodiment, a sensor has a sensitivity from about 1 to about 300 picoAmps of current for every 1 mg/dL of glucose analyte.
The term “sample,” as used herein, is a broad term, and is to be given its ordinary and customary meaning to a person of ordinary skill in the art (and it is not to be limited to a special or customized meaning), and refers without limitation to a sample of a host body, for example, body fluids, including, blood, serum, plasma, interstitial fluid, cerebral spinal fluid, lymph fluid, ocular fluid, saliva, oral fluid, urine, excretions, or exudates.
The term “distal to,” as used herein, is a broad term, and is to be given its ordinary and customary meaning to a person of ordinary skill in the art (and is not to be limited to a special or customized meaning), and refers without limitation to the spatial relationship between various elements in comparison to a particular point of reference. In general, the term indicates an element is located relatively far from the reference point than another element.
The term “proximal to,” as used herein, is a broad term, and is to be given its ordinary and customary meaning to a person of ordinary skill in the art (and is not to be limited to a special or customized meaning), and refers without limitation to the spatial relationship between various elements in comparison to a particular point of reference. In general, the term indicates an element is located relatively near to the reference point than another element.
The terms “electrical connection” and “electrical contact,” as used herein, are broad terms, and are to be given their ordinary and customary meaning to a person of ordinary skill in the art (and are not to be limited to a special or customized meaning), and refer without limitation to any connection between two electrical conductors known to those in the art. In one embodiment, electrodes are in electrical connection with (e.g., electrically connected to) the electronic circuitry of a device. In another embodiment, two materials, such as but not limited to two metals, can be in electrical contact with each other, such that an electrical current can pass from one of the two materials to the other material and/or an electrical potential can be applied.
The term “elongated conductive body,” as used herein, is a broad term, and is to be given its ordinary and customary meaning to a person of ordinary skill in the art (and is not to be limited to a special or customized meaning), and refers without limitation to an elongated body formed at least in part of a conductive material and includes any number of coatings that may be formed thereon. By way of example, an “elongated conductive body” may mean a bare elongated conductive core (e.g., a metal wire), an elongated conductive core coated with one, two, three, four, five, or more layers of material, each of which may or may not be conductive, or an elongated non-conductive core with conductive coatings, traces, and/or electrodes thereon and coated with one, two, three, four, five, or more layers of material, each of which may or may not be conductive.
The term “ex vivo portion,” as used herein, is a broad term, and is to be given its ordinary and customary meaning to a person of ordinary skill in the art (and is not to be limited to a special or customized meaning), and refers without limitation to a portion of a device (for example, a sensor) adapted to remain and/or exist outside of a living body of a host.
The term “in vivo portion,” as used herein, is a broad term, and is to be given its ordinary and customary meaning to a person of ordinary skill in the art (and is not to be limited to a special or customized meaning), and refers without limitation to a portion of a device (for example, a sensor) adapted for insertion into and/or existence within a living body of a host.
The term “potentiostat,” as used herein, is a broad term, and is to be given its ordinary and customary meaning to a person of ordinary skill in the art (and is not to be limited to a special or customized meaning), and refers without limitation to an electronic instrument that controls the electrical potential between the working and reference electrodes at one or more preset values.
The term “processor module,” as used herein, is a broad term, and is to be given its ordinary and customary meaning to a person of ordinary skill in the art (and are not to be limited to a special or customized meaning), and refers without limitation to a computer system, state machine, processor, components thereof, and the like designed to perform arithmetic or logic operations using logic circuitry that responds to and processes the basic instructions that drive a computer.
The term “sensor session,” as used herein, is a broad term and is to be given its ordinary and customary meaning to a person of ordinary skill in the art (and is not to be limited to a special or customized meaning), and refers without limitation to a period of time a sensor is in use, such as but not limited to a period of time starting at the time the sensor is implanted (e.g., by the host) to removal of the sensor (e.g., removal of the sensor from the host's body and/or removal of (e.g., disconnection from) system electronics).
The terms “substantial” and “substantially,” as used herein, are broad terms, and are to be given their ordinary and customary meaning to a person of ordinary skill in the art (and are not to be limited to a special or customized meaning), and refer without limitation to a sufficient amount that provides a desired function.
“Coaxial two conductor wire based sensor”: A round wire sensor consisting of a conductive center core, an insulating middle layer and a conductive outer layer with the conductive layers exposed at one end for electrical contact.
“Pre-connected sensor”: A sensor that has a “sensor interconnect/interposer/sensor carrier” attached to it. Therefore this “Pre-connected sensor” consists of two parts that are joined: the sensor itself, and the interconnect/interposer/sensor carrier. The term “pre-connected sensor” unit refers to the unit that is formed by the permanent union of these two distinct parts.
Other definitions will be provided within the description below, and in some cases from the context of the term's usage.
As employed herein, the following abbreviations apply: Eq and Eqs (equivalents); mEq (milliequivalents); M (molar); mM (millimolar) μM (micromolar); N (Normal); mol (moles); mmol (millimoles); μmol (micromoles); nmol (nanomoles); g (grams); mg (milligrams); μg (micrograms); Kg (kilograms); L (liters); mL (milliliters); dL (deciliters); μL (microliters); cm (centimeters); mm (millimeters); μm (micrometers); nm (nanometers); h and hr (hours); min. (minutes); s and sec. (seconds); ° C. (degrees Centigrade) ° F. (degrees Fahrenheit), Pa (Pascals), kPa (kiloPascals), MPa (megaPascals), GPa (gigaPascals), Psi (pounds per square inch), kPsi (kilopounds per square inch).
Overview/General Description of System
In vivo analyte sensing technology may rely on in vivo sensors. In vivo sensors may include an elongated conductive body having one or more electrodes such as a working electrode and a reference electrode.
For example, a platinum metal-clad, tantalum wire is sometimes used as a core bare sensing element with one or more reference or counter electrodes for an analyte sensor. This sensing element is coated in membranes to yield the final sensor.
Described herein are pre-connected sensors that include an analyte sensor attached to a sensor carrier (also referred to herein as a “sensor interposer”). The analyte sensor may include a working electrode and a reference electrode at a distal end of an elongated conductive body. The sensor carrier may include a substrate, one or more electrical contacts coupled to one or more electrical contacts of the sensor, and circuitry such as one or more additional or external electrical contacts for coupling the one or more electrical contacts that are coupled to the sensor contact(s) to external equipment such as a membrane dip coating station, a testing station, a calibration station, or sensor electronics of a wearable device. In some embodiments, the substrate can be referred to as an intermediate body.
The following description and examples described the present embodiments with reference to the drawings. In the drawings, reference numbers label elements of the present embodiments. These reference numbers are reproduced below in connection with the discussion of the corresponding drawing features.
Sensor System
In some example implementations, the system 100 may include a cloud-based analyte processor 490 configured to analyze analyte data (and/or other patient-related data) provided via network 409 (e.g., via wired, wireless, or a combination thereof) from sensor system 101 and other devices, such as display devices 114, 116, 118, and/or 120 and the like, associated with the host (also referred to as a patient) and generate reports providing high-level information, such as statistics, regarding the measured analyte over a certain time frame. A full discussion of using a cloud-based analyte processing system may be found in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/788,375, entitled “Cloud-Based Processing of Analyte Data” and filed on Mar. 7, 2013, published as U.S. Patent Application Publication 2013/0325352, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. In some implementations, one or more steps of the factory calibration algorithm can be performed in the cloud.
In some example implementations, the sensor electronics 112 may include electronic circuitry associated with measuring and processing data generated by the analyte sensor 138. This generated analyte sensor data may also include algorithms, which can be used to process and calibrate the analyte sensor data, although these algorithms may be provided in other ways as well. The sensor electronics 112 may include hardware, firmware, software, or a combination thereof, to provide measurement of levels of the analyte via an analyte sensor, such as a glucose sensor. An example implementation of the sensor electronics 112 is described further below with respect to
In one implementation, the factory calibration algorithms described herein may be performed by the sensor electronics.
The sensor electronics 112 may, as noted, couple (e.g., wirelessly and the like) with one or more devices, such as display devices 114, 116, 118, and/or 120. The display devices 114, 116, 118, and/or 120 may be configured for presenting information (and/or alarming), such as sensor information transmitted by the sensor electronics 112 for display at the display devices 114, 116, 118, and/or 120.
In one implementation, the factory calibration algorithms described herein may be performed at least in part by the display devices.
In some example implementations, the relatively small, key fob-like display device 114 may comprise a wrist watch, a belt, a necklace, a pendent, a piece of jewelry, an adhesive patch, a pager, a key fob, a plastic card (e.g., credit card), an identification (ID) card, and/or the like. This small display device 114 may include a relatively small display (e.g., smaller than the large display device 116) and may be configured to display certain types of displayable sensor information, such as a numerical value, and an arrow, or a color code.
In some example implementations, the relatively large, hand-held display device 116 may comprise a hand-held receiver device, a palm-top computer, and/or the like. This large display device may include a relatively larger display (e.g., larger than the small display device 114) and may be configured to display information, such as a graphical representation of the sensor data including current and historic sensor data output by sensor system 100.
In some example implementations, the analyte sensor 138 may comprise a glucose sensor configured to measure glucose in the blood or interstitial fluid using one or more measurement techniques, such as enzymatic, chemical, physical, electrochemical, spectrophotometric, polarimetric, calorimetric, iontophoretic, radiometric, immunochemical, and the like. In implementations in which the analyte sensor 138 includes a glucose sensor, the glucose sensor may comprise any device capable of measuring the concentration of glucose and may use a variety of techniques to measure glucose including invasive, minimally invasive, and non-invasive sensing techniques (e.g., fluorescence monitoring), to provide data, such as a data stream, indicative of the concentration of glucose in a host. The data stream may be sensor data (raw and/or filtered), which may be converted into a calibrated data stream used to provide a value of glucose to a host, such as a user, a patient, or a caretaker (e.g., a parent, a relative, a guardian, a teacher, a doctor, a nurse, or any other individual that has an interest in the wellbeing of the host). Moreover, the analyte sensor 138 may be implanted as at least one of the following types of analyte sensors: an implantable glucose sensor, a transcutaneous glucose sensor, implanted in a host vessel or extracorporeally, a subcutaneous sensor, a refillable subcutaneous sensor, an intravascular sensor.
Although the disclosure herein refers to some implementations that include an analyte sensor 138 comprising a glucose sensor, the analyte sensor 138 may comprise other types of analyte sensors as well. Moreover, although some implementations refer to the glucose sensor as an implantable glucose sensor, other types of devices capable of detecting a concentration of glucose and providing an output signal representative of glucose concentration may be used as well. Furthermore, although the description herein refers to glucose as the analyte being measured, processed, and the like, other analytes may be used as well including, for example, ketone bodies (e.g., acetone, acetoacetic acid and beta hydroxybutyric acid, lactate, etc.), glucagon, acetyl-CoA, triglycerides, fatty acids, intermediaries in the citric acid cycle, choline, insulin, cortisol, testosterone, and the like.
In some manufacturing systems, sensors 138 are manually sorted, placed and held in fixtures. These fixtures are manually moved from station to station during manufacturing for various process steps including interfacing electrical measurement equipment for testing and calibration operations. However, manual handling of sensors can be inefficient, can cause delays due to non-ideal mechanical and electrical connections, and can risk damage to the sensor and/or testing and calibration equipment and can induce sensor variability that can lead to inaccurate verification data being collected in manufacturing. In addition, the process of packaging sensor 138 with the sensor electronics 112 into a wearable device involves further manual manipulation of the sensor that can damage the sensor 138.
Various systems, devices, and methods described herein help to reduce or eliminate manual interaction with a sensor. For example, a pre-connected sensor may be provided that includes a sensor interconnect or sensor carrier electrically coupled to sensor electrodes and having mechanical and electrical features configured to accurately interface with wearable electronics, automation equipment and/or robustly connect to measurement equipment.
Identification and other data associated with each sensor may be stored on the sensor carrier for logging and tracking of each sensor during manufacturing, testing, calibration, and in vivo operations. Following testing and calibration operations, the sensor carrier may be used to connect the sensor to sensor electronics of a wearable device, such as an on-skin sensor assembly, in an arrangement that is sealed and electrically robust.
In some embodiments, a processor module 214 is configured to achieve a substantial portion, if not all, of the data processing, including data processing pertaining to factory calibration. Processor module 214 may be integral to sensor electronics 112 and/or may be located remotely, such as in one or more of devices 114, 116, 118, and/or 120 and/or cloud 490. For example, in some embodiments, processor module 214 may be located at least partially within a cloud-based analyte processor 490 or elsewhere in network 409.
In some example implementations, the processor module 214 may be configured to calibrate the sensor data, and the data storage memory 220 may store the calibrated sensor data points as transformed sensor data. Moreover, the processor module 214 may be configured, in some example implementations, to wirelessly receive calibration information from a display device, such as devices 114, 116, 118, and/or 120, to enable calibration of the sensor data from sensor 138. Furthermore, the processor module 214 may be configured to perform additional algorithmic processing on the sensor data (e.g., calibrated and/or filtered data and/or other sensor information), and the data storage memory 220 may be configured to store the transformed sensor data and/or sensor diagnostic information associated with the algorithms. The processor module 214 may further be configured to store and use calibration information determined from a factory calibration, as described below.
In some example implementations, the sensor electronics 112 may comprise an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) 205 coupled to a user interface 222. The ASIC 205 may further include a potentiostat 210, a telemetry module 232 for transmitting data from the sensor electronics 112 to one or more devices, such as devices 114, 116, 118, and/or 120, and/or other components for signal processing and data storage (e.g., processor module 214 and data storage memory 220). Although
In the example depicted in
In some example implementations, the potentiostat 210 may include a resistor that translates a current value from the sensor 138 into a voltage value, while in some example implementations, a current-to-frequency converter (not shown) may also be configured to integrate continuously a measured current value from the sensor 138 using, for example, a charge-counting device. In some example implementations, an analog-to-digital converter (not shown) may digitize the analog signal from the sensor 138 into so-called “counts” to allow processing by the processor module 214. The resulting counts may be directly related to the current measured by the potentiostat 210, which may be directly related to an analyte level, such as a glucose level, in the host.
The telemetry module 232 may be operably connected to processor module 214 and may provide the hardware, firmware, and/or software that enable wireless communication between the sensor electronics 112 and one or more other devices, such as display devices, processors, network access devices, and the like. A variety of wireless radio technologies that can be implemented in the telemetry module 232 include Bluetooth, Bluetooth Low-Energy, ANT, ANT+, ZigBee, IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.16, cellular radio access technologies, radio frequency (RF), infrared (IR), paging network communication, magnetic induction, satellite data communication, spread spectrum communication, frequency hopping communication, near field communications, and/or the like. In some example implementations, the telemetry module 232 comprises a Bluetooth chip, although Bluetooth technology may also be implemented in a combination of the telemetry module 232 and the processor module 214.
The processor module 214 may control the processing performed by the sensor electronics 112. For example, the processor module 214 may be configured to process data (e.g., counts), from the sensor, filter the data, calibrate the data, perform fail-safe checking, and/or the like.
Potentiostat 210 may measure the analyte (e.g., glucose and/or the like) at discrete time intervals or continuously, for example, using a current-to-voltage or current-to-frequency converter.
The processor module 214 may further include a data generator (not shown) configured to generate data packages for transmission to devices, such as the display devices 114, 116, 118, and/or 120. Furthermore, the processor module 214 may generate data packets for transmission to these outside sources via telemetry module 232. In some example implementations, the data packages may include an identifier code for the sensor and/or sensor electronics 112, raw data, filtered data, calibrated data, rate of change information, trend information, error detection or correction, and/or the like.
The processor module 214 may also include a program memory 216 and other memory 218. The processor module 214 may be coupled to a communications interface, such as a communication port 238, and a source of power, such as a battery 234. Moreover, the battery 234 may be further coupled to a battery charger and/or regulator 236 to provide power to sensor electronics 112 and/or charge the battery 234.
The program memory 216 may be implemented as a semi-static memory for storing data, such as an identifier for a coupled sensor 138 (e.g., a sensor identifier (ID)) and for storing code (also referred to as program code) to configure the ASIC 205 to perform one or more of the operations/functions described herein. For example, the program code may configure processor module 214 to process data streams or counts, filter, perform the calibration methods described below, perform fail-safe checking, and the like.
The memory 218 may also be used to store information. For example, the processor module 214 including memory 218 may be used as the system's cache memory, where temporary storage is provided for recent sensor data received from the sensor. In some example implementations, the memory may comprise memory storage components, such as read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory (RAM), dynamic-RAM, static-RAM, non-static RAM, electrically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM), rewritable ROMs, flash memory, and the like.
The data storage memory 220 may be coupled to the processor module 214 and may be configured to store a variety of sensor information. In some example implementations, the data storage memory 220 stores one or more days of analyte sensor data. The stored sensor information may include one or more of the following: a time stamp, raw sensor data (one or more raw analyte concentration values), calibrated data, filtered data, transformed sensor data, and/or any other displayable sensor information, calibration information (e.g., reference BG values and/or prior calibration information such as from factory calibration), sensor diagnostic information, and the like.
The user interface 222 may include a variety of interfaces, such as one or more buttons 224, a liquid crystal display (LCD) 226, a vibrator 228, an audio transducer (e.g., speaker) 230, a backlight (not shown), and/or the like. The components that comprise the user interface 222 may provide controls to interact with the user (e.g., the host).
The battery 234 may be operatively connected to the processor module 214 (and possibly other components of the sensor electronics 112) and provide the necessary power for the sensor electronics 112. In other implementations, the receiver can be transcutaneously powered via an inductive coupling, for example.
A battery charger and/or regulator 236 may be configured to receive energy from an internal and/or external charger. In some example implementations, the battery 234 (or batteries) is configured to be charged via an inductive and/or wireless charging pad, although any other charging and/or power mechanism may be used as well.
One or more communication ports 238, also referred to as external connector(s), may be provided to allow communication with other devices, for example a PC communication (com) port can be provided to enable communication with systems that are separate from, or integral with, the sensor electronics 112. The communication port, for example, may comprise a serial (e.g., universal serial bus or “USB”) communication port, and allow for communicating with another computer system (e.g., PC, personal digital assistant or “PDA,” server, or the like). In some example implementations, factory information may be sent to the algorithm from the sensor or from a cloud data source.
The one or more communication ports 238 may further include an input port 237 in which calibration data may be received, and an output port 239 which may be employed to transmit calibrated data, or data to be calibrated, to a receiver or mobile device.
In some analyte sensor systems, an on-skin portion of the sensor electronics may be simplified to minimize complexity and/or size of on-skin electronics, for example, providing only raw, calibrated, and/or filtered data to a display device configured to run calibration and other algorithms required for displaying the sensor data. However, the sensor electronics 112 (e.g., via processor module 214) may be implemented to execute prospective algorithms used to generate transformed sensor data and/or displayable sensor information, including, for example, algorithms that: evaluate a clinical acceptability of reference and/or sensor data, evaluate calibration data for best calibration based on inclusion criteria, evaluate a quality of the calibration, compare estimated analyte values with time corresponding measured analyte values, analyze a variation of estimated analyte values, evaluate a stability of the sensor and/or sensor data, detect signal artifacts (noise), replace signal artifacts, determine a rate of change and/or trend of the sensor data, perform dynamic and intelligent analyte value estimation, perform diagnostics on the sensor and/or sensor data, set modes of operation, evaluate the data for aberrancies, and/or the like.
The wearable sensor assembly 600 can include sensor electronics 112 operable to measure and/or analyze glucose indicators sensed by glucose sensor 138. Sensor electronics 112 within sensor assembly 600 can transmit information (e.g., measurements, analyte data, and glucose data) to a remotely located device (e.g., 114, 116, 118, 120 shown in
In the implementation of
A layer 104 surrounds a least a portion of the wire core 139. The layer 104 may be formed of an insulating material, such as polyimide, polyurethane, parylene, or any other known insulating materials. For example, in one embodiment the layer 104 is disposed on the wire core 139 and configured such that the electrode 211a is exposed via window 106.
In some embodiments, the sensor 138 further comprises a layer 141 surrounding the insulating layer 104 like a sleeve that comprises a conductive material. At a distal, in vivo portion of the sensor 138, the sleeve layer 141 forms an electrode 212a. At a proximal, ex vivo portion of the sensor 138, the sleeve layer 141 forms a contact 212b. The electrode 212a and the contact 212b are in electrical communication over the length of the sleeve layer 141 as it extends along the elongated body portion of the sensor 138. This sleeve layer 141 may be formed of a silver-containing material that is applied onto the insulating layer 104. The silver-containing material may include any of a variety of materials and be in various forms, such as, Ag/AgCl-polymer pastes, paints, polymer-based conducting mixture, and/or inks that are commercially available, for example. This layer 141 can be processed using a pasting/dipping/coating step, for example, using a die-metered dip coating process. In one exemplary embodiment, an Ag/AgCl polymer paste is applied to an elongated body by dip-coating the body (e.g., using a meniscus coating technique) and then drawing the body through a die to meter the coating to a precise thickness. In some embodiments, multiple coating steps are used to build up the coating to a predetermined thickness.
The sensor 138 shown in
Although the above description is applicable specifically to a coaxial wire type structure, the embodiments herein are also applicable to other physical configurations of electrodes. For example, the two electrodes 211a and 212a could be affixed to a distal in vivo portion of an elongated flexible strip of a planar substrate such as a thin, flat, polymer flex circuit. The two contacts 211b and 212b could be affixed to the proximal ex vivo portion of this flexible planar substrate. Electrodes 211a, 212a could be electrically connected to their respective contacts 211b, 212b a circuit traces on the planar substrate. In this case, the electrodes 211a and 212a and the contacts 211b and 212b may be adjacent to one another on a flat surface rather than being coaxial as shown in
Also shown in
The contacts 324 and 334 are typically conductive pads/traces on a circuit board. There is always some level of parasitic leakage current ip over the surface of this board during the test. If possible, this leakage current should not form part of the measurement of current due to analyte. To reduce the effect this leakage current has on the measured current, an optional additional pad/trace 336 may be provided between the biased contact 324 and the return contact 334 that is connected directly to the battery output. This optional additional pad/trace may be referred to as a “guard trace.” Because they are held at the same potential, there will be essentially no leakage current from the biased contact 324 and the guard trace 336. Furthermore, leakage current from the guard trace 336 to the return contact 334 does not pass through the amplifier output resistor 328, and therefore is not included in the measurement. Additional aspects and implementations of a guard trace may be found in paragraphs [0128] and [0129] of U.S. Patent Publication 2017/0281092, which are incorporated herein by reference.
During manufacturing, various coating, testing, calibration, and assembly operations are performed on the sensor 138. However, it can be difficult to transport individual sensors and electrically interface the sensors with multiple testing and calibration equipment installations. These processes also subject the sensors to damage from handling. To help address these issues, the sensor 138 may be provided as a part of a pre-connected sensor that includes a sensor carrier as described in greater detail below.
As shown in
As described in further detail hereinafter, substrate 404 may be configured to couple with sensor electronics 112 in wearable device 600. In some embodiments, substrate 404 may be sized and shaped to mechanically interface with housing 128 and electrically interface with sensor electronics 112 inside housing 128. Further, substrate 404 may be sized and shaped to mechanically interface with manufacturing equipment, assembly equipment, testing stations and/or one or more calibration stations. As described in further detail hereinafter, sensor carrier 402 may be attached and/or electrically coupled to sensor 138. Sensor 138 may be permanently coupled to a component of sensor carrier 402 (e.g. substrate 404) by using, for example, adhesive (e.g. UV cure, moisture cure, multi part activated, heat cure, hot melt, etc.), including conductive adhesive (e.g. carbon filled, carbon nanotube filled, silver filled, conductive additive, etc.), conductive ink, spring contacts, clips, wrapped flexible circuitry, a conductive polymer (e.g. conductive elastomer, conductive plastic, carbon filled PLA, conductive graphene PLA), conductive foam, conductive fabric, a barrel connector, a molded interconnect device structure, sewing, wire wrapping, wire bonding, wire threading, spot welding, swaging, crimping, stapling, clipping, soldering or brazing, plastic welding, or overmolding. In some embodiments, sensor 138 may be permanently coupled to substrate 404 by rivets, magnets, anisotropic conductive films, metallic foils, or other suitable structures or materials for mechanically and electrically attaching sensor carrier 402 to sensor 138 before or during assembly, manufacturing, testing and/or calibration operations. In some embodiments, sensor carrier 402 may be 3-D printed around sensor 138 to form pre-connected sensor 400. Additionally, sensor carrier 402 may include datum features 430 (sometimes referred to as datum structures) such as a recess, an opening, a surface or a protrusion for aligning, positioning, and orienting sensor 138 relative to sensor carrier 402. Sensor carrier 402 may also include, or may itself form, one or more anchoring features for securing and aligning the analyte sensor during manufacturing (e.g., relative to a manufacturing station). Additionally, sensor carrier 402 may include an identifier 450 configured to identify the sensor. In some embodiments, identifier 450 is formed on substrate 404. Identifier 450 will be explained further below.
In the example of
As shown in
Guide fixture 420, which is an optional component, is an exemplary embodiment of an interface with a work station, such as a testing station, a calibration station, an assembly station, a coating station, manufacturing stations, or as part of the wearable assembly. The guide fixture 420 includes datum features (or datum structures) 430, such as a recess, an opening, a surface or a protrusion for aligning, positioning, and orienting sensor 138 relative to sensor carrier 402. Datum features 430 may be used in manufacturing and for assembly into a wearable electronic component. In some embodiments, datum features 430 are raised protrusions configured to align with corresponding datum features 432 of substrate 404. Corresponding datum features 432 of substrate 404 may feature cutouts, slots, holes, or recesses. The corresponding datum features 432 in the sensor carrier may be placement features that can interface with datum features 430 in a work station, such as a testing station, a calibration station, an assembly station, a coating station, or other manufacturing stations. Guide fixture 420 may be configured to ensure proper placement of the sensor carrier 402 to align the exposed external contacts 410 and 412 for connecting to a work station, such as a testing station, a calibration station, an assembly station, a coating station, or other manufacturing stations. In other embodiments, datum features 430 may consist of female features to engage with male corresponding datum features 432.
It is one aspect of some embodiments that the sensor 138 is coupled to the sensor carrier 402 before the membrane 108 described above is applied. With the sensor 138 attached to the sensor carrier, and potentially with multiple carrier mounted sensors attached together as shown in
Another benefit of the pre-connected sensor construction is that it is easier to separate different kinds of manufacturing and testing among different facilities that are better equipped to handle them. For example, fabricating the electrodes may require various kinds of metal forming/extrusion machines, whereas membrane application, testing, and calibration requires a wet chemistry lab and sensitive electronic test equipment. Accordingly, the sensor electrodes may be formed and mounted on the carrier in one facility in one location, and then shipped to a different remote facility that is equipped for membrane application, testing, and calibration. Remote in this context means not in the same production facility in the same building. It can even be advantageous for different commercial entities to perform the different tasks that specialize in the appropriate manufacturing and testing technologies.
Manufacturing station 5091 may comprise a testing station as described herein, a calibration station as described herein, or another manufacturing station. Manufacturing station 5091 may include processing circuitry 5092 and/or mechanical components 5094 operable to perform testing operations, calibration operations, and/or other manufacturing operations such as sensor straightening operations, membrane application operations, curing operations, calibration-check operations, glucose sensitivity operations (e.g., sensitivity slope, baseline, and/or noise calibration operations), and/or visual inspection operations.
The pre-connected analyte sensor 400 may be connected to one or more testing stations 5002 having processing circuitry 5012 configured to perform testing operations with sensor 138 to verify the operational integrity of sensor 138. Testing operations may include verifying electrical properties of a sensor 138, verifying communication between a working electrode and contact 408, verifying communication between a reference electrode or additional electrodes and contact 406, and/or other electronic verification operations for sensor 138. Processing circuitry 5012 may be communicatively coupled with sensor 138 for testing operations by inserting substrate 404 into a receptacle 5006 (e.g., a recess in a housing of testing station 5002) until contact 410 is coupled to contact 5010 of testing station 5002 and contact 412 is coupled to contact 5008 of testing station 5002.
System 5000 may include one or more calibration stations 5004 having processing circuitry 5020 configured to perform calibration operations with sensor 138 to obtain calibration data for in vivo operation of sensor 138. Calibration data obtained by calibration equipment 5004 may be provided to on-skin sensor assembly 600 to be used during operation of sensor 138 in vivo. Processing circuitry 5020 may be communicatively coupled with sensor 138 for calibration operations by inserting substrate 404 into a receptacle 5014 (e.g., a recess in a housing of calibration station 5004) until contact 410 is coupled to contact 5018 of testing station 5002 and contact 412 is coupled to contact 5016 of testing station 5002.
In the examples of
Sensor carrier 402 may also include an identifier 450 (see, e.g.,
Testing station 5002 may include a reader 5011 (e.g., an optical sensor, an RF sensor, or an electrical interface such as an integrated circuit interface) that reads identifier 450 to obtain a unique identifier of sensor 138. Testing data obtained by testing station 5002 may be stored and/or transmitted along with the identifier of sensor 138.
Calibration station 5004 may include a reader 5011 (e.g., an optical sensor, an RF sensor, or an electrical interface) that reads identifier 450 to obtain a unique identifier of sensor 138. Calibration data obtained by calibration station 5004 may be stored and/or transmitted along with the identifier of sensor 138. In some implementations, calibration data obtained by calibration station 5004 may be added to identifier 450 by calibration station 5004 (e.g., by programming the calibration data into the identifier). In some implementations, calibration data obtained by calibration station 5004 may be transmitted to a remote system or device along with identifier 450 by calibration station.
As shown in
Although one calibration station and one testing station are shown in
Wearable assembly 600 may also include a reader (e.g., an optical sensor, an RF sensor, or an electrical interface) positioned near the contacts 5022 that reads identifier 450 to obtain a unique identifier of sensor 138. Sensor electronics may obtain calibration data for in vivo operation of sensor 138 based on the read identifier 450. The calibration data may be stored in, and obtained, from identifier 450 itself, or identifier 450 may be used to obtain the calibration data for the installed sensor 138 from a remote system such as a cloud-based system.
At least three, at least four, and/or less than ten protrusions 308 can be configured to contact a perimeter of a spring 306. Protrusions 308 can be separated by gaps. The gaps enable protrusions 308 to flex outward as spring 306 is inserted between protrusions 308. A downward force for coupling electronics unit 500 to base 128 can push spring 306 against sensor 138 to electrically couple spring 306 to the sensor 138. Sensor 138 can run between at least two of protrusions 308. Testing station 5002 and/or calibration station 5004 may also have a mating connector structure that, when substrate 404 is inserted into recess 5006 or 5014, compresses springs 306 to couple springs 306 electrically between sensor 138 and processing circuitry 5012 or 5020.
Sensor 138 may include a distal portion 138a configured for subcutaneous sensing and a proximal portion 138b mechanically coupled to sensor carrier 402 having an electrical interconnect (e.g., springs 306) mechanically coupled to the substrate 404 and electrically coupled to proximal portion 138b. Springs 306 can be conical springs, helical springs, or any other type of spring mentioned herein or suitable for electrical connections.
Substrate 404 may have a base portion 312 that includes at least two proximal protrusions 308 located around a perimeter of spring 306. Proximal protrusions 308 are configured to help orient spring 306. A segment of glucose sensor 138 is located between the proximal protrusions 308 (distally to the spring 306).
Base portion 312 may be configured to be mechanically coupled to the housing 128, to manufacturing equipment 5091, testing equipment 5002, and/or calibration equipment 5004. For example, base portion 312 includes anchoring features such as arms 202. Anchoring features may include arms 202 and/or may include features such as one or more notches, recesses, protrusions, or other features in base 312, arms 202, and/or substrate 404 that mechanically interface with corresponding features of, for example, a receptacle such as one of receptacles 5006 of 5014 of
Referring now to
As used herein, cantilever springs are a type of leaf spring. As used herein, a leaf spring can be made of a number of strips of curved metal that are held together one above the other. As used herein in many embodiments, leaf springs only include one strip (e.g., one layer) of curved metal (rather than multiple layers of curved metal). For example, leaf spring 306d in
As shown in
As shown in the cross-sectional, perspective view of
Leaf spring 306d is oriented such that coupling sensor carrier 402 to testing station 5002, calibration station 5004, and/or electronics unit 500 presses leaf spring 306d against a first electrical contact of the testing station 5002, calibration station 5004, and/or electronics unit 500 and a second electrical contact of the glucose sensor 138 to electrically couple the glucose sensor 138 to the testing station 5002, calibration station 5004, and/or electronics unit 500. The proximal height of seal 192 may be greater than a proximal height of leaf spring 306d such that the testing station 5002, calibration station 5004, and/or electronics unit 500 contacts the seal 192 prior to contacting the leaf spring 306d. Springs 306 and/or leaf springs 306d may cooperate with underlying features on substrate 404 (e.g., features 308) and/or channel 322d, as shown, to form datum features that secure and align sensor 138 with respect to sensor carrier 402 (e.g., for manufacturing, calibration, testing, and/or in vivo operations).
Once the substrate 404 is placed over the pins 712, 714, the proximal portion of the sensor 138 can be secured to the floor 704 with a pressure sensitive adhesive 772 to retain the proximal portion of the sensor on or near the housing prior to extending downward at the inserter opening 524. This allows for accurate sensor insertion position and controls the bias force into the insertion needle. A variety of methods and/or structural features may be used to perform this retention function such as a protrusion or shelf in the floor 704, an overmolded part, a snap-fit additional plastic piece installed over the sensor, or any sort of glue or adhesive placed before or after the pre-connected sensor is placed in the recess 726. As is also shown in
In
In the examples of
It is one benefit of the analyte sensor connection techniques described above that the fabrication of the pre-connected sensor 400 may be separated from the fabrication of the electronics enclosed within the housing. As described above with reference to the pre-connected sensor structure and the subsequent coating, testing and calibrating processes, the housing with the internally contained electronics can be manufactured in a separate facility from the one that attaches the pre-connected sensor 400 to the sensor electrical interface. This is made possible by providing an analyte sensor electronics interface that is accessible from outside the housing. The housing need not be opened to attach the sensor.
In some advantageous methods, the electrodes for the pre-connected sensor are fabricated and mounted on the substrate in a first location and are shipped to a second location for coating testing and calibrating. The housing with internal electronics is manufactured in a third location. The housing with the electronics is shipped from the third location to the second location, where the completed analyte sensor is attached to the external electrical interface. The three locations can all be remote from each other. This minimizes handling of the sensitive membrane coated sensor, but still allows separate manufacturing of the other components of the complete device.
Conductive adhesive 1500 may be, for example, a conductive liquid dispensed glue. The conductive liquid dispensed glue may be a one or two-part adhesive that cures (e.g., at room temperate or an elevated curing temperate). The conductive liquid dispensed glue may be a snap-cure adhesive. A two-part conductive liquid dispensed glue may include a base adhesive (e.g., epoxy, polyurethane, etc.) and a conductive filler (e.g., silver, carbon, nickel, etc.). Conductive adhesive 1500 may include, for example, an adhesive resin with one or more embedded conductive materials such as silver, copper or graphite. Conductive adhesive 1500 may be a heat curable conductive adhesive.
Conductive tape 2000 may be configured for use as a multi-zoned tape with one or more conductive tapes 2000 and non-conductive tape sections. The combination of conductive and non-conductive regions can be used to electrically isolate connection regions. Using a multi-zoned tape may simplify the assembly of multiple connection regions in a single assembly step. The pitch of the conductive regions on the tape may be matched to the targeted connection area of the sensor wire 138. In other embodiments the pitch of the conductive region of the tape is significantly less than the spacing of the targeted connection area of the sensor wire 138. A shorter pitch may allow for more variability in tape placement while ensuring isolated connection between the sensor 138 and the substrate 404. Conductive tape 2000 may be formed from a polymer substrate with a conductive adhesive (e.g. carbon-impregnated adhesive, metal-impregnated adhesive). As another example, conductive tape 2000 may be a metallic substrate with conductive and non-conductive adhesive. Some examples of non-conductive substrates are polyimide, composite, polymers, etc. Some examples of conductive substrates are metals (e.g. Foils, plating, cladding, etc), conductive polymers, and conductive elastomers. Examples of non-conductive adhesive are epoxy, cyanoacrylate, acrylic, rubber, urethane, hot melt, etc. Examples of conductive adhesives are carbon filled adhesive, nano particle filled adhesive, metal filled adhesive (e.g. silver), conductive inks, etc.
In some implementations, in order to provide a sensor 138 with additional surface area for clipping or soldering of contacts to substrate 404, the proximal end of sensor 138 may be rolled or otherwise flattened as shown in
In one example, connectors such as contacts 1000F and 1002F (and/or other forms of contacts 1000 and 1002 described herein) may be laser soldered to corresponding contacts on substrate 404. In implementations in which sensor 138 is laser soldered to substrate 404, a trace surface of substrate 404 may be preheated by laser illumination at a soldering location. The surface heat emission may reflow a pre-deposited solder material on either side of sensor 139. A guide such as a borosilicate glass “angle” may be placed over the sensor and per-deposited solder to retain the solder, driving molten solder towards the sensor. A resulting “cradle” bond may then securely anchor the sensor to the trace on substrate 404 which may help increase or maximize a trace-to-solder-sensor contact wire bonding area. Use of a guide such as a borosilicate glass angle may also protect printed circuit board assembly electronics that may be included on and/or in the substrate from solder debris during the hot portion of the soldering process.
In another example, connectors such as contacts 1000F and 1002F (and/or other forms of contacts 1000 and 1002 described herein) may be soldered to corresponding contacts on substrate 404 without a laser. In these example, solder wire may be pre-fed onto a tip of a soldering iron to build up a blob of molten solder on the tip. The iron may then be moved down so the blob touches the sensor and conductive trace on the substrate. A coating on the sensor such as the Ag/AgCl coating described herein may be provided with a low thermal mass such that the sensor coating heats up quickly without freezing the solder. Once the coating is heated, the solder wets to the coating. The trace would also have minimal thermal mass so it will heat up quickly without freezing the solder. A solder mask may be provided around the trace that prevents the solder flowing off the edge of the trace.
In some implementations, substrate 404 may be formed, at least in part, by a flexible circuit (e.g., a polyimide substrate having conductive traces or other suitable flex circuit) that folds over and/or around at least a portion of sensor 138 to conductive traces of the flex circuit.
Although
To create suitable electrical connections as shown in
Molded thermoplastic substrate 404 may be an injection-molded substrate having features that facilitate various aspects of testing, calibration, and wearable device installation for sensor 138. For example, molded thermoplastic substrate 404 may include datum features or other locating features or positioning features such as a recess 3700 having a shape that is complementary to the shape of the proximal end of sensor 138. For example, recess 3700 may include three or more stepped regions that correspond to the steps between the different layers of the coaxial analyte sensor such as shown in
Molded thermoplastic substrate 404 may also include other shaped features such as finger holds 3720 on opposing sides the substrate that facilitate grasping, holding, and transporting of sensor 138. Molded thermoplastic substrate 404 may also include other shaped features such as anchoring features corresponding to the shape of connectors for manufacturing equipment 5091, testing equipment 5004, and calibration equipment 5004 such as grasping connector features 5093/5095 of manufacturing equipment 5091 and/or recess connectors 5006 and 5014 of testing equipment 5002 and calibration equipment 5004. Anchoring features formed on molded thermoplastic substrate 404 and/or by molded thermoplastic substrate 404 itself may include one or more protrusions such as posts, snap-fit features, arms such as arms 202 (see, e.g.,
Although substrate 404 is shown in
As shown in
Sensors 138 may each have a pair of sensor electrical contacts (e.g., contacts 1000 and 1002) coupled to a corresponding pair of electrical contacts formed from strips 4001 and 4002 on the substrate. Openings in substrate 4000 and/or vias that extend through substrate 4000 may provide exposed portions of strips 4001 and 4002 that form a plurality of pairs of electrical contacts for coupling each sensor 138 to testing station 5002, calibration station 5004, and/or electronics unit 500 (e.g., an electronics unit of a wearable device). Each of the plurality of pairs of electrical contacts is coupled to an associated pair of portions of strips 4001 and 4002 via the substrate.
As shown in
In the implementation of
Now referring to
Following testing and/or calibration operations, flexible portion 4802 may be folded around, folded over, wrapped around, wrapped over, or manipulated to envelope portion 4804 for installation into on-skin sensor assembly 600. In the example of
Portions 5304 of clips 5300 may also form contacts 410 and 412 for coupling to external equipment such as a manufacturing station (e.g., a testing station, a calibration station, an assembly station, a coating station, or other manufacturing stations). However, this is merely illustrative. In other implementations, one or more electrode breakouts that are conductively coupled to clips 5300 may be provided to form, for example, one or more of contacts 410 and 412 on substrate 404. Such breakouts may be formed on a surface of substrate 404 that is opposed to the surface to which sensor 138 is attached, on the same surface as sensor 138, or on an edge or sidewall of substrate 404 and coupled to clips 5300 by conductive vias or other conductive layers, structures, or interconnects within or on substrate 404.
Clips 5300 also form datum features for positioning and aligning sensor 138 relative to substrate 404. Substrate 404 may be sized and shaped (or may include structural features) that form anchoring features for substrate 404 relative to manufacturing stations and/or a housing of a wearable device. In this way, sensor carrier 402 may be used to easily position and align sensor 138 for both manufacturing and assembly operations (e.g., using the datum features to align the sensor relative to substrate 404 and the anchoring features to align the substrate relative to the manufacturing or wearable equipment).
The conductive components of the sensor carrier 402 in the various embodiments described herein are electrically isolated from each other and the environment when installed in on-skin sensor assembly 600. For example, contacts 406, 408, 410, and 412 may be electrically isolated from each other and the environment, using a non-conductive adhesive such as a one or two-part epoxy, using a polyurethane, using a low pressure overmolding such as a moldable polyamide or a moldable polyolefin, using an injection overmolded thermoplastic or thermoset, using a non-elastomer such as welded clamshell plastic, adhesively bonded clamshell, single or 2-sided cavity potted with sealant, e.g., epoxy, urethane, silicone, etc., or using a factory pre-compressed elastomer such as a constrained two-part cavity that holds an elastomer in a compressed state. The two-part cavity may hold the elastomer in the compressed state by a snap fit, a bonding such as an ultrasonic weld, a laser weld, a solvent bond, or a heat stake, or a mechanical fastener such as a screw, rivet, clip, or other fastener.
Illustrative operations that may be performed for manufacturing and using a pre-connected analyte sensor are shown in
At block 5400, an analyte sensor such as analyte sensor 138 may be provided. As described herein the analyte sensor may have an elongated body (e.g., an elongated conductive body with an elongated conductive core), and a working electrode on the elongated body (e.g., at a distal end of the elongated body). The analyte sensor may also include one or more electrical contacts at a proximal end or elsewhere along the elongated body and coupled, respectively, to the working electrode and/or the reference electrode.
At block 5402, a sensor carrier such as one of the implementations of sensor carrier 402 described herein may be attached, for example, to the proximal end of the elongated body. Attaching the sensor carrier includes coupling one or more contacts (e.g., on a substrate) of the sensor carrier to one or more corresponding electrical contacts on the elongated body.
At block 5403, a work station such as a manufacturing station is provided. As described herein, a manufacturing station can be configured to perform one or more dip coating processes to form the membrane 108 described above on the working electrode.
At block 5404, the analyte sensor may be coupled to at least one testing station (e.g., testing station 5002) by coupling the sensor carrier to circuitry of the at least one test station. Coupling the sensor carrier to the circuitry of the at least one test station may include mechanically coupling one or more anchoring features such as a substrate of the sensor carrier to a mating interface of the test station such that one or more external contacts on the substrate are coupled to one or more corresponding contacts at the test station. An identifier for the sensor on the sensor carrier may be read by the testing station. Test data obtained by the test station may be stored and/or transmitted, in association with the identifier, by the test station.
At block 5406, the analyte sensor may be coupled to at least one calibration station (e.g., calibration station 5004) by coupling the sensor carrier to circuitry of the at least one calibration station. Coupling the sensor carrier to the circuitry of the at least one calibration station may include mechanically coupling the one or more anchoring features such as the substrate of the sensor carrier to a mating interface of the calibration station such that one or more external contacts on the substrate is coupled to one or more corresponding contacts at the calibration station. An identifier for the sensor on the sensor carrier may be read by the calibration station. Calibration data obtained by the calibration station may be stored and/or transmitted, in association with the identifier, by the calibration station. Calibration data may be stored on the sensor carrier or transmitted for later use by an on-skin sensor assembly 600 during in vivo use of sensor 138.
Sensor carrier 402 may be coupled to one or more additional manufacturing stations as desired. The additional manufacturing stations may include potentiostat measurement stations, sensor straightening stations, membrane dipping stations, curing stations, analyte sensitivity measurement stations, and/or inspection stations.
At block 5408, the sensor carrier may be coupled to sensor electronics (e.g., sensor electronics 112 of electronics unit 500) of a wearable device such as on-skin sensor assembly 600. Coupling the sensor carrier to the sensor electronics may include coupling the one or more external contacts on the sensor carrier to corresponding contacts of the sensor electronics. In some embodiments, coupling the sensor carrier to the sensor electronics may include securing the sensor carrier between a base such as base 128 and electronics unit 500 as described herein. A reader in the on-skin sensor assembly 600 may obtain an identifier of the sensor from the sensor carrier. Calibration data for the sensor may be obtained based on the identifier.
At block 5410, in vivo signals from the working electrode (e.g., and a reference electrode) may be obtained and processed with the sensor electronics. The in vivo signals from the working electrode (e.g., and a reference electrode) may be received by the sensor electronics from the sensor through the circuitry of the sensor carrier.
The methods disclosed herein comprise one or more steps or actions for achieving the described methods. The method steps and/or actions may be interchanged with one another without departing from the scope of the claims. In other words, unless a specific order of steps or actions is specified, the order and/or use of specific steps and/or actions may be modified without departing from the scope of the claims. For example, the operations described above in connection with blocks 5404 and 5406 may be reversed and/or may be performed in parallel.
In some scenarios, it may be desirable to couple sensor 138 to one or more contacts on a substrate in a preferred position and orientation.
As shown, elastomeric tube 5500 may be formed with a “D”, “O”, oval, pyramidal, or hemispherical shaped cross-section having an elongated cutout 5503 in the bottom portion of the elastomeric tube 5500 within which sensor 138 is disposed. In this way, sidewalls of the elongated cutout of elastomeric tube 5500 can align sensor 138 relative to substrate 5530.
Bottom portions 5502 on either side of cutout 5503 may be attached to substrate 5530. The bottom portions 5502 may be attached to substrate using adhesive 5504 such as a pressure-sensitive adhesive. The elongated opening 5501 and cutout 5503 in the elastomeric tube 5500 provides sufficient space that, in order to assemble the apparatus, tube 5500 can be placed over sensor 138 while sensor 138 is in place on substrate 5530.
Sensor 138 may be loosely held within opening 5501 of tube 5500 during initial placement of the tube over the sensor, and then be fixed to the substrate 5530 by the tube when the tube is compressed (e.g., by an upper housing of a wearable device). In this way, sensor 138 may be communicatively coupled and mechanically fixed to a substrate without soldering or other bonding operations.
During manufacturing operations and/or during in-vivo use of sensor 138, sensor 138 may be held in place on substrate 404 by external compression of tube 5500.
As noted above in connection with, for example,
Each interface 5804 may be configured to receive a sensor carrier 402 in any of the implementations described herein. For example, each interface 5804 may include one or more features that interface with one or more corresponding anchoring features of a sensor carrier as described herein in accordance with various implementations. Carrier 5800 may include circuitry 5806 (e.g., one or more processors and/or memory) configured to communicate with sensors 138 and/or external computing equipment. Circuitry 5806 may include communications circuitry such as one or more antennas for transmitting and/or receiving data from external equipment. Housing 5802 may include one or more structures 5810 (e.g., clips, clasps, protrusions, recesses, notches, posts, or the like) for mechanically coupling carrier 5800 to manufacturing equipment. One or more conductive contacts 5808 may be provided on housing 5802 that communicatively couple manufacturing equipment to sensors 138 through the carrier.
As shown, each interface 5804 may be associated with a particular identification number (represented, as an example, in
During manufacturing, one or more pre-connected sensors may be loaded carrier 5800. Carrier 5800 may secure the pre-connected sensors therein and perform potentiostat measurements for each sensor (e.g., using circuitry 5806). Sensors 138 may be secured to interfaces 5804 by individual mounting features or carrier 5800 may be provided with a locking mechanism such as a slidable bar 5812. Slidable bar 5812 may be slidable (e.g., by a handle 5814) between an open position as shown, in which sensor carriers can be inserted into and removed from interfaces 5804, to a closed position in which bar 5812 blocks removal of the sensor carriers from the interfaces.
In some scenarios, an initial measurement test may be performed by carrier 5800 to test the potentiostat connection through the sensor interconnect electrodes and the sensor surfaces. Manufacturing operations that may be performed for sensors 138 coupled to carrier 5800 may include physical manipulation of the sensor such as straightening of the sensors. Carrier 5800 may facilitate more efficient manufacturing by allowing multiple sensors to be straightened in a single operation using automated straightening equipment.
Carrier 5800 may facilitate potentiostat and/or other measurements at various stages of manufacturing for sensors 138. Potentiostat measurements may be performed before, during, and/or after straightening operations and information regarding sensor damage or any other mechanical stress that might be introduced by the straightening may be saved and/or transmitted along with associated sensor ID's.
Manufacturing operations that may be performed for sensors 138 coupled to carrier 5800 may also include a membrane process in which dipping operations are performed to form a membrane such as membrane 508 for each sensor. Straightened sensors 138 mounted in carrier 5800 may be concurrently dipped. Potentiostat measurements may be performed before, during, and/or after membrane operations and information associated with the electrochemistry of the sensors and dipping process may be gathered, processed, stored, and/or transmitted by carrier 5800.
Manufacturing operations that may be performed for sensors 138 coupled to carrier 5800 may also include a curing process. Performing curing for groups of sensors 138 mounted in carrier 5800 may allow the curing process to take less space, which can reduce the footprint of the manufacturing area used by curing equipment. Potentiostat measurements may be performed before, during, and/or after curing operations and information associated with the electrochemistry of the sensors and curing process may be gathered, processed, stored, and/or transmitted by carrier 5800.
Manufacturing operations that may be performed for sensors 138 coupled to carrier 5800 may also include calibration operations. Because carrier 5800 can perform connection testing early in the manufacturing process, improved analyte/electrochemical calibration can be performed by carrier 5800 itself and/or in cooperation with external manufacturing equipment. Calibration data may be gathered, processed, stored, and/or transmitted by carrier 5800.
Gathering calibration and/or testing data with carrier 5800 can save time in connecting and disconnecting additional external equipment. Gathering calibration and/or testing data with carrier 5800, particularly when data is gathered and stored automatically in connection with sensor ID's, can also reduce calibration/testing errors because the data is gathered by the same equipment throughout various processes.
Manufacturing operations that may be performed for sensors 138 coupled to carrier 5800 may also include analyte concentration measurements. For example, carrier 5800 may be moved by manufacturing equipment (e.g., a robotic arm) to expose the sensors 138 mounted in the carrier through various analyte baths (e.g., glucose baths). Carrier 5800 may gather electrical potential measurements during the various bath exposures. Information associated with the electrical potential measurements during the various bath exposures may be gathered, processed, stored, and/or transmitted by carrier 5800.
Manufacturing operations that may be performed for sensors 138 coupled to carrier 5800 may also include analyte sensitivity measurements. Sensitivity measurements that may be performed by carrier 5800 may include baseline measurements that indicate the signal from each sensor without analyte exposure, slope measurements that indicate the signal change for a given amount of an analyte, and/or noise measurements. These sensitivity measurements may be stored, and/or transmitted by carrier 5800.
Manufacturing operations that may be performed for sensors 138 coupled to carrier 5800 may also include visual inspection operations (e.g., by a technician). Providing a group of pre-connected sensors, mounted in carrier 5800, that have already been through all of the testing/calibration/manufacturing operations described above may allow a more efficient and/or more automated visual inspection and rejection (e.g., because the exact physical location of each sensor within carrier 5800 is known). Sensors 138 that have exhibited unusual electrochemistry or mechanical stress during manufacturing operations can be flagged by carrier 5800 (e.g., using a display, a visual indicator, or transmission of flag information to an external device) for retesting or rejection.
The connections between the elements shown in some figures illustrate exemplary communication paths. Additional communication paths, either direct or via an intermediary, may be included to further facilitate the exchange of information between the elements. The communication paths may be bi-directional communication paths allowing the elements to exchange information.
Various operations of methods described above may be performed by any suitable means capable of performing the operations, such as various hardware and/or software component(s), circuits, and/or module(s). Generally, any operations illustrated in the figures may be performed by corresponding functional means capable of performing the operations.
The various illustrative logical blocks, modules and circuits described in connection with the present disclosure (such as the blocks of
In one or more aspects, various functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media includes both computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media can comprise various types of RAM, ROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to carry or store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer. Also, any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, WiFi, Bluetooth®, RFID, NFC, and microwave are included in the definition of medium. Disk and disc, as used herein, includes compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk and Blu-ray® disc where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Thus, in some aspects a computer readable medium may comprise non-transitory computer readable medium (e.g., tangible media). In addition, in some aspects a computer readable medium may comprise transitory computer readable medium (e.g., a signal). Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media.
Certain aspects may comprise a computer program product for performing the operations presented herein. For example, such a computer program product may comprise a computer readable medium having instructions stored (and/or encoded) thereon, the instructions being executable by one or more processors to perform the operations described herein. For certain aspects, the computer program product may include packaging material.
Software or instructions may also be transmitted over a transmission medium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of transmission medium.
Further, it should be appreciated that modules and/or other appropriate means for performing the methods and techniques described herein can be downloaded and/or otherwise obtained by a user terminal and/or base station as applicable. For example, such a device can be coupled to a server to facilitate the transfer of means for performing the methods described herein. Alternatively, various methods described herein can be provided via storage means (e.g., RAM, ROM, a physical storage medium such as a compact disc (CD) or floppy disk, etc.), such that a user terminal and/or base station can obtain the various methods upon coupling or providing the storage means to the device. Moreover, any other suitable technique for providing the methods and techniques described herein to a device can be utilized.
It is to be understood that the claims are not limited to the precise configuration and components illustrated above. Various modifications, changes and variations may be made in the arrangement, operation and details of the methods and apparatus described above without departing from the scope of the claims.
Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) are to be given their ordinary and customary meaning to a person of ordinary skill in the art, and are not to be limited to a special or customized meaning unless expressly so defined herein. It should be noted that the use of particular terminology when describing certain features or aspects of the disclosure should not be taken to imply that the terminology is being re-defined herein to be restricted to include any specific characteristics of the features or aspects of the disclosure with which that terminology is associated. Terms and phrases used in this application, and variations thereof, especially in the appended claims, unless otherwise expressly stated, should be construed as open ended as opposed to limiting. As examples of the foregoing, the term ‘including’ should be read to mean ‘including, without limitation,’ ‘including but not limited to,’ or the like; the term ‘comprising’ as used herein is synonymous with ‘including,’ ‘containing,’ or ‘characterized by,’ and is inclusive or open-ended and does not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method steps; the term ‘having’ should be interpreted as ‘having at least;’ the term ‘includes’ should be interpreted as ‘includes but is not limited to;’ the term ‘example’ is used to provide exemplary instances of the item in discussion, not an exhaustive or limiting list thereof; adjectives such as ‘known’, ‘normal’, ‘standard’, and terms of similar meaning should not be construed as limiting the item described to a given time period or to an item available as of a given time, but instead should be read to encompass known, normal, or standard technologies that may be available or known now or at any time in the future; and use of terms like ‘preferably,’ ‘preferred,’ ‘desired,’ or ‘desirable,’ and words of similar meaning should not be understood as implying that certain features are critical, essential, or even important to the structure or function of the invention, but instead as merely intended to highlight alternative or additional features that may or may not be utilized in a particular embodiment of the invention. Likewise, a group of items linked with the conjunction ‘and’ should not be read as requiring that each and every one of those items be present in the grouping, but rather should be read as ‘and/or’ unless expressly stated otherwise. Similarly, a group of items linked with the conjunction ‘or’ should not be read as requiring mutual exclusivity among that group, but rather should be read as ‘and/or’ unless expressly stated otherwise.
Where a range of values is provided, it is understood that the upper and lower limit and each intervening value between the upper and lower limit of the range is encompassed within the embodiments.
With respect to the use of substantially any plural and/or singular terms herein, those having skill in the art can translate from the plural to the singular and/or from the singular to the plural as is appropriate to the context and/or application. The various singular/plural permutations may be expressly set forth herein for sake of clarity. The indefinite article “a” or “an” does not exclude a plurality. A single processor or other unit may fulfill the functions of several items recited in the claims. The mere fact that certain measures are recited in mutually different dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of these measures cannot be used to advantage. Any reference signs in the claims should not be construed as limiting the scope.
It will be further understood by those within the art that if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is intended, such an intent will be explicitly recited in the claim, and in the absence of such recitation no such intent is present. For example, as an aid to understanding, the following appended claims may contain usage of the introductory phrases “at least one” and “one or more” to introduce claim recitations. However, the use of such phrases should not be construed to imply that the introduction of a claim recitation by the indefinite articles “a” or “an” limits any particular claim containing such introduced claim recitation to embodiments containing only one such recitation, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases “one or more” or “at least one” and indefinite articles such as “a” or “an” (e.g., “a” and/or “an” should typically be interpreted to mean “at least one” or “one or more”); the same holds true for the use of definite articles used to introduce claim recitations. In addition, even if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is explicitly recited, those skilled in the art will recognize that such recitation should typically be interpreted to mean at least the recited number (e.g., the bare recitation of “two recitations,” without other modifiers, typically means at least two recitations, or two or more recitations). Furthermore, in those instances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, and C, etc.” is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention, e.g., as including any combination of the listed items, including single members (e.g., “a system having at least one of A, B, and C” would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). In those instances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, or C, etc.” is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., “a system having at least one of A, B, or C” would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that virtually any disjunctive word and/or phrase presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in the description, claims, or drawings, should be understood to contemplate the possibilities of including one of the terms, either of the terms, or both terms. For example, the phrase “A or B” will be understood to include the possibilities of “A” or “B” or “A and B.”
All numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, reaction conditions, and so forth used in the specification are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term ‘about.’ Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth herein are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of any claims in any application claiming priority to the present application, each numerical parameter should be construed in light of the number of significant digits and ordinary rounding approaches.
All references cited herein are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. To the extent publications and patents or patent applications incorporated by reference contradict the disclosure contained in the specification, the specification is intended to supersede and/or take precedence over any such contradictory material.
Headings are included herein for reference and to aid in locating various sections. These headings are not intended to limit the scope of the concepts described with respect thereto. Such concepts may have applicability throughout the entire specification.
Furthermore, although the foregoing has been described in some detail by way of illustrations and examples for purposes of clarity and understanding, it is apparent to those skilled in the art that certain changes and modifications may be practiced. Therefore, the description and examples should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention to the specific embodiments and examples described herein, but rather to also cover all modification and alternatives coming with the true scope and spirit of the invention.
Various system and methods described may be fully implemented and/or controlled in any number of computing devices. Typically, instructions are laid out on computer readable media, generally non-transitory, and these instructions are sufficient to allow a processor in the computing device to implement the method of the invention. The computer readable medium may be a hard drive or solid state storage having instructions that, when run, are loaded into random access memory. Inputs to the application, e.g., from the plurality of users or from any one user, may be by any number of appropriate computer input devices. For example, users may employ a keyboard, mouse, touchscreen, joystick, trackpad, other pointing device, or any other such computer input device to input data relevant to the calculations. Data may also be input by way of an inserted memory chip, hard drive, flash drives, flash memory, optical media, magnetic media, or any other type of file-storing medium. The outputs may be delivered to a user by way of a video graphics card or integrated graphics chipset coupled to a display that maybe seen by a user. Alternatively, a printer may be employed to output hard copies of the results. Given this teaching, any number of other tangible outputs will also be understood to be contemplated by the invention. For example, outputs may be stored on a memory chip, hard drive, flash drives, flash memory, optical media, magnetic media, or any other type of output. It should also be noted that the invention may be implemented on any number of different types of computing devices, e.g., personal computers, laptop computers, notebook computers, net book computers, handheld computers, personal digital assistants, mobile phones, smart phones, tablet computers, and also on devices specifically designed for these purpose. In one implementation, a user of a smart phone or wi-fi-connected device downloads a copy of the application to their device from a server using a wireless Internet connection. An appropriate authentication procedure and secure transaction process may provide for payment to be made to the seller. The application may download over the mobile connection, or over the WiFi or other wireless network connection. The application may then be run by the user. Such a networked system may provide a suitable computing environment for an implementation in which a plurality of users provide separate inputs to the system and method. In the below system where factory calibration schemes are contemplated, the plural inputs may allow plural users to input relevant data at the same time.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 52641 | Gates | Feb 1866 | A |
| 62334 | Holmes | Feb 1867 | A |
| 65604 | Reynolds | Jun 1867 | A |
| 1954643 | Neuhaus | Apr 1934 | A |
| 2719797 | Rosenblatt et al. | Oct 1955 | A |
| 3210578 | Sherer | Oct 1965 | A |
| 3219533 | Mullins | Nov 1965 | A |
| 3381371 | Russell | May 1968 | A |
| 3506032 | Eveleigh et al. | Apr 1970 | A |
| 3556950 | Dahms et al. | Jan 1971 | A |
| 3610226 | Albisser | Oct 1971 | A |
| 3775182 | Patton et al. | Nov 1973 | A |
| 3780727 | King | Dec 1973 | A |
| 3826244 | Salcman et al. | Jul 1974 | A |
| 3837339 | Aisenberg et al. | Sep 1974 | A |
| 3838682 | Clark et al. | Oct 1974 | A |
| 3874850 | Sorensen et al. | Apr 1975 | A |
| 3898984 | Mandel et al. | Aug 1975 | A |
| 3910256 | Clark et al. | Oct 1975 | A |
| 3929971 | Roy | Dec 1975 | A |
| 3933593 | Sternberg | Jan 1976 | A |
| 3943918 | Lewis | Mar 1976 | A |
| 3957613 | Macur | May 1976 | A |
| 3964974 | Banauch et al. | Jun 1976 | A |
| 3979274 | Newman | Sep 1976 | A |
| 4008717 | Kowarski | Feb 1977 | A |
| 4016866 | Lawton | Apr 1977 | A |
| 4024312 | Korpman | May 1977 | A |
| 4040908 | Clark, Jr. | Aug 1977 | A |
| 4052754 | Homsy | Oct 1977 | A |
| 4055175 | Clemens et al. | Oct 1977 | A |
| 4073713 | Newman | Feb 1978 | A |
| 4076656 | White et al. | Feb 1978 | A |
| 4109505 | Clark et al. | Aug 1978 | A |
| 4119406 | Clemens | Oct 1978 | A |
| 4136250 | Mueller et al. | Jan 1979 | A |
| 4151845 | Clemens | May 1979 | A |
| 4172770 | Semersky et al. | Oct 1979 | A |
| 4176659 | Rolfe | Dec 1979 | A |
| 4197840 | Beck et al. | Apr 1980 | A |
| 4197852 | Schindler et al. | Apr 1980 | A |
| 4206755 | Klein | Jun 1980 | A |
| 4215703 | Willson | Aug 1980 | A |
| 4240438 | Updike et al. | Dec 1980 | A |
| 4240889 | Yoda et al. | Dec 1980 | A |
| 4245634 | Albisser et al. | Jan 1981 | A |
| 4253469 | Aslan | Mar 1981 | A |
| 4255500 | Hooke | Mar 1981 | A |
| 4259540 | Sabia | Mar 1981 | A |
| 4265249 | Schindler et al. | May 1981 | A |
| 4319578 | Enger | Mar 1982 | A |
| 4327725 | Cortese et al. | May 1982 | A |
| 4366040 | Marsoner et al. | Dec 1982 | A |
| 4369785 | Rehkopf et al. | Jan 1983 | A |
| 4374013 | Enfors | Feb 1983 | A |
| 4388166 | Suzuki et al. | Jun 1983 | A |
| 4403984 | Ash et al. | Sep 1983 | A |
| 4415666 | D'Orazio et al. | Nov 1983 | A |
| 4431004 | Bessman et al. | Feb 1984 | A |
| 4432366 | Margules | Feb 1984 | A |
| 4436094 | Cerami | Mar 1984 | A |
| 4442841 | Uehara et al. | Apr 1984 | A |
| 4454295 | Wittmann et al. | Jun 1984 | A |
| 4457339 | Juan et al. | Jul 1984 | A |
| 4477314 | Richter et al. | Oct 1984 | A |
| 4478222 | Koning et al. | Oct 1984 | A |
| 4486290 | Cahalan et al. | Dec 1984 | A |
| 4492575 | Mabille | Jan 1985 | A |
| 4494950 | Fischell | Jan 1985 | A |
| 4506680 | Stokes | Mar 1985 | A |
| 4519973 | Cahalan et al. | May 1985 | A |
| RE31916 | Oswin et al. | Jun 1985 | E |
| 4526569 | Bernardi | Jul 1985 | A |
| 4534825 | Koning et al. | Aug 1985 | A |
| 4535786 | Kater | Aug 1985 | A |
| 4538616 | Rogoff | Sep 1985 | A |
| 4545382 | Higgins et al. | Oct 1985 | A |
| 4554927 | Fussell | Nov 1985 | A |
| 4565665 | Fogt | Jan 1986 | A |
| 4565666 | Cahalan et al. | Jan 1986 | A |
| 4568444 | Nakamura et al. | Feb 1986 | A |
| 4571292 | Liu et al. | Feb 1986 | A |
| 4573968 | Parker | Mar 1986 | A |
| 4577642 | Stokes | Mar 1986 | A |
| 4583976 | Ferguson | Apr 1986 | A |
| 4592824 | Smith et al. | Jun 1986 | A |
| 4600495 | Fogt | Jul 1986 | A |
| 4614514 | Carr et al. | Sep 1986 | A |
| 4619793 | Lee | Oct 1986 | A |
| 4625730 | Fountain et al. | Dec 1986 | A |
| 4626104 | Pointon et al. | Dec 1986 | A |
| 4632968 | Yokota et al. | Dec 1986 | A |
| RE32361 | Duggan | Feb 1987 | E |
| 4655880 | Liu | Apr 1987 | A |
| 4663824 | Kenmochi | May 1987 | A |
| 4671288 | Gough | Jun 1987 | A |
| 4672970 | Uchida et al. | Jun 1987 | A |
| 4680268 | Clark, Jr. | Jul 1987 | A |
| 4685463 | Williams | Aug 1987 | A |
| 4685903 | Cable et al. | Aug 1987 | A |
| 4694861 | Goodale et al. | Sep 1987 | A |
| 4702732 | Powers et al. | Oct 1987 | A |
| 4703756 | Gough et al. | Nov 1987 | A |
| 4705503 | Dorman et al. | Nov 1987 | A |
| 4711245 | Higgins et al. | Dec 1987 | A |
| 4711251 | Stokes | Dec 1987 | A |
| 4721677 | Clark, Jr. | Jan 1988 | A |
| 4726381 | Jones | Feb 1988 | A |
| 4731726 | Allen, III | Mar 1988 | A |
| 4736748 | Nakamura et al. | Apr 1988 | A |
| 4747822 | Peabody | May 1988 | A |
| 4750496 | Reinhart et al. | Jun 1988 | A |
| 4753652 | Langer et al. | Jun 1988 | A |
| 4755168 | Romanelli et al. | Jul 1988 | A |
| 4757022 | Shults et al. | Jul 1988 | A |
| 4759828 | Young et al. | Jul 1988 | A |
| 4763648 | Wyatt | Aug 1988 | A |
| 4763658 | Jones | Aug 1988 | A |
| 4777953 | Ash et al. | Oct 1988 | A |
| 4781798 | Gough | Nov 1988 | A |
| 4784157 | Halls et al. | Nov 1988 | A |
| 4786394 | Enzer et al. | Nov 1988 | A |
| 4787398 | Garcia et al. | Nov 1988 | A |
| 4789467 | Lindsay et al. | Dec 1988 | A |
| 4791932 | Margules | Dec 1988 | A |
| 4803243 | Fujimoto et al. | Feb 1989 | A |
| 4805624 | Yao et al. | Feb 1989 | A |
| 4805625 | Wyler | Feb 1989 | A |
| 4807632 | Liess et al. | Feb 1989 | A |
| 4808089 | Buchholtz et al. | Feb 1989 | A |
| 4808292 | Kessler et al. | Feb 1989 | A |
| 4809704 | Sogawa et al. | Mar 1989 | A |
| 4810243 | Howson | Mar 1989 | A |
| 4810470 | Burkhardt et al. | Mar 1989 | A |
| 4815471 | Stobie | Mar 1989 | A |
| 4820281 | Lawler, Jr. | Apr 1989 | A |
| 4822336 | DiTraglia | Apr 1989 | A |
| 4823808 | Clegg et al. | Apr 1989 | A |
| 4828544 | Lane et al. | May 1989 | A |
| 4830013 | Maxwell | May 1989 | A |
| 4831070 | McInally et al. | May 1989 | A |
| 4832005 | Takamiya et al. | May 1989 | A |
| 4832034 | Pizziconi et al. | May 1989 | A |
| 4834101 | Collison et al. | May 1989 | A |
| 4838281 | Rogers et al. | Jun 1989 | A |
| 4841974 | Gumbrecht et al. | Jun 1989 | A |
| 4849458 | Reed et al. | Jul 1989 | A |
| 4852573 | Kennedy | Aug 1989 | A |
| 4854322 | Ash et al. | Aug 1989 | A |
| 4858615 | Meinema | Aug 1989 | A |
| 4867741 | Portnoy | Sep 1989 | A |
| 4871440 | Nagata et al. | Oct 1989 | A |
| 4874363 | Abell | Oct 1989 | A |
| 4883057 | Broderick | Nov 1989 | A |
| 4883467 | Franetzki et al. | Nov 1989 | A |
| 4889528 | Nadai et al. | Dec 1989 | A |
| 4889744 | Quaid | Dec 1989 | A |
| 4890620 | Gough | Jan 1990 | A |
| 4890621 | Hakky | Jan 1990 | A |
| 4900305 | Smith et al. | Feb 1990 | A |
| 4902294 | Gosserez | Feb 1990 | A |
| 4907857 | Giuliani et al. | Mar 1990 | A |
| 4908208 | Lee et al. | Mar 1990 | A |
| 4909786 | Gijselhart et al. | Mar 1990 | A |
| 4919114 | Miyazaki | Apr 1990 | A |
| 4919141 | Zier et al. | Apr 1990 | A |
| 4919649 | Timothy et al. | Apr 1990 | A |
| 4921477 | Davis | May 1990 | A |
| 4921480 | Sealfon | May 1990 | A |
| 4925444 | Orkin et al. | May 1990 | A |
| 4927407 | Dorman | May 1990 | A |
| 4927516 | Yamaguchi et al. | May 1990 | A |
| 4928694 | Maxwell | May 1990 | A |
| 4934369 | Maxwell | Jun 1990 | A |
| 4934375 | Cole et al. | Jun 1990 | A |
| 4944299 | Silvian | Jul 1990 | A |
| 4946439 | Eggers | Aug 1990 | A |
| 4950246 | Muller | Aug 1990 | A |
| 4951657 | Pfister et al. | Aug 1990 | A |
| 4951669 | Maxwell et al. | Aug 1990 | A |
| 4953552 | DeMarzo | Sep 1990 | A |
| 4957483 | Gonser et al. | Sep 1990 | A |
| 4963595 | Ward et al. | Oct 1990 | A |
| 4966579 | Polaschegg | Oct 1990 | A |
| 4967940 | Blette et al. | Nov 1990 | A |
| 4970145 | Bennetto et al. | Nov 1990 | A |
| 4973320 | Brenner et al. | Nov 1990 | A |
| 4974592 | Branco | Dec 1990 | A |
| 4974929 | Curry | Dec 1990 | A |
| 4975636 | Desautels | Dec 1990 | A |
| 4976687 | Martin | Dec 1990 | A |
| 4979509 | Hakky | Dec 1990 | A |
| 4984929 | Rock et al. | Jan 1991 | A |
| 4986671 | Sun et al. | Jan 1991 | A |
| 4988341 | Columbus | Jan 1991 | A |
| 4989607 | Keusch et al. | Feb 1991 | A |
| 4992794 | Brouwers | Feb 1991 | A |
| 4994026 | Fecondini | Feb 1991 | A |
| 4994167 | Shults et al. | Feb 1991 | A |
| 4997627 | Bergkuist et al. | Mar 1991 | A |
| 5002055 | Merki et al. | Mar 1991 | A |
| 5002572 | Picha | Mar 1991 | A |
| 5006050 | Cooke et al. | Apr 1991 | A |
| 5006111 | Inokuchi et al. | Apr 1991 | A |
| 5007929 | Quaid | Apr 1991 | A |
| 5009251 | Pike et al. | Apr 1991 | A |
| 5019974 | Beckers | May 1991 | A |
| 5026348 | Venegas | Jun 1991 | A |
| 5030199 | Barwick et al. | Jul 1991 | A |
| 5030333 | Clark, Jr. | Jul 1991 | A |
| 5034112 | Murase et al. | Jul 1991 | A |
| 5035711 | Aoki et al. | Jul 1991 | A |
| 5041092 | Barwick | Aug 1991 | A |
| 5045057 | Van Driessche et al. | Sep 1991 | A |
| 5046496 | Betts et al. | Sep 1991 | A |
| 5048525 | Maxwell | Sep 1991 | A |
| 5050612 | Matsumura | Sep 1991 | A |
| 5055171 | Peck | Oct 1991 | A |
| 5055198 | Shettigar | Oct 1991 | A |
| 5059654 | Hou et al. | Oct 1991 | A |
| 5067491 | Taylor, II et al. | Nov 1991 | A |
| 5068536 | Rosenthal | Nov 1991 | A |
| 5070169 | Robertson et al. | Dec 1991 | A |
| 5077476 | Rosenthal | Dec 1991 | A |
| 5088981 | Howson et al. | Feb 1992 | A |
| 5089421 | Dieffenbach | Feb 1992 | A |
| 5096669 | Lauks et al. | Mar 1992 | A |
| 5097834 | Skrabal | Mar 1992 | A |
| 5098377 | Borsanyi et al. | Mar 1992 | A |
| 5101814 | Palti | Apr 1992 | A |
| 5108819 | Heller et al. | Apr 1992 | A |
| 5109850 | Blanco et al. | May 1992 | A |
| 5112301 | Fenton, Jr. et al. | May 1992 | A |
| 5116313 | McGregor | May 1992 | A |
| 5127405 | Alcala et al. | Jul 1992 | A |
| 5137028 | Nishimura | Aug 1992 | A |
| 5140985 | Schroeder et al. | Aug 1992 | A |
| 5145565 | Kater et al. | Sep 1992 | A |
| 5152746 | Atkinson et al. | Oct 1992 | A |
| 5160418 | Mullen | Nov 1992 | A |
| 5161532 | Joseph | Nov 1992 | A |
| 5165406 | Wong | Nov 1992 | A |
| 5165407 | Wilson et al. | Nov 1992 | A |
| 5174291 | Schoonen et al. | Dec 1992 | A |
| 5176632 | Bernardi | Jan 1993 | A |
| 5176658 | Ranford | Jan 1993 | A |
| 5178142 | Harjunmaa et al. | Jan 1993 | A |
| 5182004 | Kohno | Jan 1993 | A |
| 5188591 | Dorsey, III | Feb 1993 | A |
| 5190041 | Palti | Mar 1993 | A |
| 5195963 | Yafuso et al. | Mar 1993 | A |
| 5196025 | Ranalletta et al. | Mar 1993 | A |
| 5198771 | Fidler et al. | Mar 1993 | A |
| 5208147 | Kagenow et al. | May 1993 | A |
| 5208313 | Krishnan | May 1993 | A |
| 5220917 | Cammilli et al. | Jun 1993 | A |
| 5220920 | Gharib | Jun 1993 | A |
| 5224929 | Remiszewski | Jul 1993 | A |
| 5225063 | Gumbrecht et al. | Jul 1993 | A |
| 5232434 | Inagaki et al. | Aug 1993 | A |
| 5235003 | Ward et al. | Aug 1993 | A |
| 5243982 | Mostl et al. | Sep 1993 | A |
| 5243983 | Tarr et al. | Sep 1993 | A |
| 5249576 | Goldberger | Oct 1993 | A |
| 5251126 | Kahn et al. | Oct 1993 | A |
| 5254102 | Ogawa | Oct 1993 | A |
| 5262305 | Heller et al. | Nov 1993 | A |
| 5265594 | Olsson et al. | Nov 1993 | A |
| 5266179 | Nankai et al. | Nov 1993 | A |
| 5269891 | Colin | Dec 1993 | A |
| 5271736 | Picha | Dec 1993 | A |
| 5271815 | Wong | Dec 1993 | A |
| 5279294 | Anderson et al. | Jan 1994 | A |
| 5281319 | Kaneko et al. | Jan 1994 | A |
| 5282848 | Schmitt | Feb 1994 | A |
| 5284140 | Allen et al. | Feb 1994 | A |
| 5284570 | Savage et al. | Feb 1994 | A |
| 5285513 | Kaufman et al. | Feb 1994 | A |
| 5287753 | Routh et al. | Feb 1994 | A |
| 5298022 | Bernardi | Mar 1994 | A |
| 5299571 | Mastrototaro | Apr 1994 | A |
| 5302093 | Owens et al. | Apr 1994 | A |
| 5304468 | Phillips et al. | Apr 1994 | A |
| 5307263 | Brown | Apr 1994 | A |
| 5310469 | Cunningham et al. | May 1994 | A |
| 5311908 | Barone et al. | May 1994 | A |
| 5312361 | Zadini et al. | May 1994 | A |
| 5314441 | Cusack et al. | May 1994 | A |
| 5314471 | Brauker et al. | May 1994 | A |
| 5316008 | Suga et al. | May 1994 | A |
| 5316452 | Bogen et al. | May 1994 | A |
| 5318511 | Riquier et al. | Jun 1994 | A |
| 5318583 | Rabenau et al. | Jun 1994 | A |
| 5322063 | Allen et al. | Jun 1994 | A |
| 5324322 | Grill, Jr. et al. | Jun 1994 | A |
| 5326356 | Della Valle et al. | Jul 1994 | A |
| 5326449 | Cunningham | Jul 1994 | A |
| 5330521 | Cohen | Jul 1994 | A |
| 5330634 | Wong et al. | Jul 1994 | A |
| 5331555 | Hashimoto et al. | Jul 1994 | A |
| 5335658 | Bedingham | Aug 1994 | A |
| 5337747 | Neftel | Aug 1994 | A |
| 5342409 | Mullett | Aug 1994 | A |
| 5342789 | Chick et al. | Aug 1994 | A |
| 5343869 | Pross et al. | Sep 1994 | A |
| 5344454 | Clarke et al. | Sep 1994 | A |
| 5345932 | Yafuso et al. | Sep 1994 | A |
| 5348788 | White | Sep 1994 | A |
| 5352348 | Young et al. | Oct 1994 | A |
| 5352351 | White et al. | Oct 1994 | A |
| 5354272 | Swendson et al. | Oct 1994 | A |
| 5354449 | Band et al. | Oct 1994 | A |
| 5356375 | Higley | Oct 1994 | A |
| 5356378 | Doan | Oct 1994 | A |
| 5356786 | Heller et al. | Oct 1994 | A |
| 5360405 | Yoon | Nov 1994 | A |
| 5368028 | Palti | Nov 1994 | A |
| 5368224 | Richardson et al. | Nov 1994 | A |
| 5368562 | Blomquist et al. | Nov 1994 | A |
| 5372133 | Hogen Esch | Dec 1994 | A |
| 5372135 | Mendelson et al. | Dec 1994 | A |
| 5372709 | Hood | Dec 1994 | A |
| 5376070 | Purvis et al. | Dec 1994 | A |
| 5378229 | Layer et al. | Jan 1995 | A |
| 5380268 | Wheeler | Jan 1995 | A |
| 5380491 | Carver, Jr. et al. | Jan 1995 | A |
| 5380536 | Hubbell et al. | Jan 1995 | A |
| 5380665 | Cusack et al. | Jan 1995 | A |
| 5384028 | Ito | Jan 1995 | A |
| 5390671 | Lord et al. | Feb 1995 | A |
| 5391250 | Cheney, II et al. | Feb 1995 | A |
| 5397848 | Yang et al. | Mar 1995 | A |
| 5405510 | Betts et al. | Apr 1995 | A |
| 5411052 | Murray | May 1995 | A |
| 5411647 | Johnson et al. | May 1995 | A |
| 5411866 | Luong et al. | May 1995 | A |
| 5417206 | Kaneyoshi | May 1995 | A |
| 5421328 | Bedingham | Jun 1995 | A |
| 5421923 | Clarke et al. | Jun 1995 | A |
| 5423738 | Robinson et al. | Jun 1995 | A |
| 5423749 | Merte et al. | Jun 1995 | A |
| 5428123 | Ward et al. | Jun 1995 | A |
| 5429485 | Dodge | Jul 1995 | A |
| 5429602 | Hauser | Jul 1995 | A |
| 5429735 | Johnson et al. | Jul 1995 | A |
| 5431160 | Wilkins | Jul 1995 | A |
| 5431174 | Knute | Jul 1995 | A |
| 5431921 | Thombre | Jul 1995 | A |
| 5434412 | Sodickson et al. | Jul 1995 | A |
| 5437635 | Fields et al. | Aug 1995 | A |
| 5438984 | Schoendorfer | Aug 1995 | A |
| 5443508 | Giampapa | Aug 1995 | A |
| 5445610 | Evert | Aug 1995 | A |
| 5448992 | Kupershmidt | Sep 1995 | A |
| 5451260 | Versteeg et al. | Sep 1995 | A |
| 5453278 | Chan et al. | Sep 1995 | A |
| 5458631 | Xavier | Oct 1995 | A |
| 5462051 | Oka et al. | Oct 1995 | A |
| 5462064 | D'Angelo et al. | Oct 1995 | A |
| 5466356 | Schneider et al. | Nov 1995 | A |
| 5469846 | Khan | Nov 1995 | A |
| 5474552 | Palti | Dec 1995 | A |
| 5476776 | Wilkins | Dec 1995 | A |
| 5482008 | Stafford et al. | Jan 1996 | A |
| 5482446 | Williamson et al. | Jan 1996 | A |
| 5482473 | Lord et al. | Jan 1996 | A |
| 5484404 | Schulman et al. | Jan 1996 | A |
| 5491474 | Suni et al. | Feb 1996 | A |
| 5494562 | Maley et al. | Feb 1996 | A |
| 5496453 | Uenoyama et al. | Mar 1996 | A |
| 5497772 | Schulman | Mar 1996 | A |
| 5502396 | Desarzens et al. | Mar 1996 | A |
| 5505828 | Wong et al. | Apr 1996 | A |
| 5507288 | Bocker et al. | Apr 1996 | A |
| 5508203 | Fuller et al. | Apr 1996 | A |
| 5509888 | Miller | Apr 1996 | A |
| 5512046 | Pusinelli et al. | Apr 1996 | A |
| 5512055 | Domb et al. | Apr 1996 | A |
| 5512248 | Van | Apr 1996 | A |
| 5513636 | Palti | May 1996 | A |
| 5514253 | Davis et al. | May 1996 | A |
| 5515851 | Goldstein | May 1996 | A |
| 5518601 | Foos et al. | May 1996 | A |
| 5527288 | Gross et al. | Jun 1996 | A |
| 5527334 | Kanner et al. | Jun 1996 | A |
| 5531679 | Schulman et al. | Jul 1996 | A |
| 5531878 | Vadgama et al. | Jul 1996 | A |
| 5538511 | Van Antwerp | Jul 1996 | A |
| 5540828 | Yacynych | Jul 1996 | A |
| 5545220 | Andrews et al. | Aug 1996 | A |
| 5545223 | Neuenfeldt et al. | Aug 1996 | A |
| 5549547 | Cohen et al. | Aug 1996 | A |
| 5549548 | Larsson | Aug 1996 | A |
| 5549569 | Lynn et al. | Aug 1996 | A |
| 5549651 | Lynn | Aug 1996 | A |
| 5551850 | Williamson et al. | Sep 1996 | A |
| 5553616 | Ham et al. | Sep 1996 | A |
| 5554339 | Cozzette et al. | Sep 1996 | A |
| 5561615 | Kuo et al. | Oct 1996 | A |
| 5562614 | O'Donnell | Oct 1996 | A |
| 5562615 | Nassif | Oct 1996 | A |
| 5564439 | Picha | Oct 1996 | A |
| 5568806 | Cheney, II et al. | Oct 1996 | A |
| 5569186 | Lord et al. | Oct 1996 | A |
| 5569188 | Mackool | Oct 1996 | A |
| 5569219 | Hakki et al. | Oct 1996 | A |
| 5569462 | Martinson et al. | Oct 1996 | A |
| 5575293 | Miller et al. | Nov 1996 | A |
| 5575930 | Tietje-Girault et al. | Nov 1996 | A |
| 5577499 | Teves | Nov 1996 | A |
| 5582184 | Erickson et al. | Dec 1996 | A |
| 5582593 | Hultman | Dec 1996 | A |
| 5584813 | Livingston et al. | Dec 1996 | A |
| 5584876 | Bruchman et al. | Dec 1996 | A |
| 5586553 | Halili et al. | Dec 1996 | A |
| 5589133 | Suzuki | Dec 1996 | A |
| 5590651 | Shaffer et al. | Jan 1997 | A |
| 5593440 | Brauker et al. | Jan 1997 | A |
| 5609572 | Lang | Mar 1997 | A |
| 5611900 | Worden et al. | Mar 1997 | A |
| 5624409 | Seale | Apr 1997 | A |
| 5624537 | Turner et al. | Apr 1997 | A |
| 5626563 | Dodge et al. | May 1997 | A |
| 5628619 | Wilson | May 1997 | A |
| 5628890 | Carter et al. | May 1997 | A |
| 5637083 | Bertrand et al. | Jun 1997 | A |
| 5640470 | Iyer et al. | Jun 1997 | A |
| 5643195 | Drevet et al. | Jul 1997 | A |
| 5651767 | Schulman et al. | Jul 1997 | A |
| 5653756 | Clarke et al. | Aug 1997 | A |
| 5653863 | Genshaw et al. | Aug 1997 | A |
| 5658250 | Blomquist et al. | Aug 1997 | A |
| 5660163 | Schulman | Aug 1997 | A |
| 5660565 | Williams | Aug 1997 | A |
| 5665061 | Antwiler | Sep 1997 | A |
| 5665065 | Colman et al. | Sep 1997 | A |
| 5667504 | Baumann et al. | Sep 1997 | A |
| 5673694 | Rivers | Oct 1997 | A |
| 5674289 | Fournier et al. | Oct 1997 | A |
| 5676651 | Larson, Jr. et al. | Oct 1997 | A |
| 5676820 | Wang et al. | Oct 1997 | A |
| 5681572 | Seare, Jr. | Oct 1997 | A |
| 5682884 | Hill et al. | Nov 1997 | A |
| 5683562 | Schaffar et al. | Nov 1997 | A |
| 5686829 | Girault | Nov 1997 | A |
| 5688239 | Walker | Nov 1997 | A |
| 5688244 | Lang | Nov 1997 | A |
| 5695623 | Michel et al. | Dec 1997 | A |
| 5696314 | McCaffrey et al. | Dec 1997 | A |
| 5697366 | Kimball et al. | Dec 1997 | A |
| 5697899 | Hillman et al. | Dec 1997 | A |
| 5704354 | Preidel et al. | Jan 1998 | A |
| 5706807 | Picha | Jan 1998 | A |
| 5711861 | Ward et al. | Jan 1998 | A |
| 5713888 | Neuenfeldt et al. | Feb 1998 | A |
| 5730654 | Brown | Mar 1998 | A |
| 5733259 | Valcke et al. | Mar 1998 | A |
| 5733336 | Neuenfeldt et al. | Mar 1998 | A |
| 5743262 | Lepper, Jr. et al. | Apr 1998 | A |
| 5749832 | Vadgama et al. | May 1998 | A |
| 5749907 | Mann | May 1998 | A |
| 5755692 | Manicom | May 1998 | A |
| 5756632 | Ward et al. | May 1998 | A |
| 5758643 | Wong et al. | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5763760 | Gumbrecht et al. | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5771890 | Tamada | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5773286 | Dionne et al. | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5776324 | Usala | Jul 1998 | A |
| 5779665 | Mastrototaro et al. | Jul 1998 | A |
| 5781455 | Hyodo | Jul 1998 | A |
| 5782880 | Lahtinen et al. | Jul 1998 | A |
| 5782912 | Brauker et al. | Jul 1998 | A |
| 5787900 | Butler et al. | Aug 1998 | A |
| 5791344 | Schulman et al. | Aug 1998 | A |
| 5791880 | Wilson | Aug 1998 | A |
| 5795453 | Gilmartin | Aug 1998 | A |
| 5795774 | Matsumoto et al. | Aug 1998 | A |
| 5798065 | Picha | Aug 1998 | A |
| 5800383 | Chandler et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5800420 | Gross et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5800529 | Brauker et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5806517 | Gerhardt et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5807274 | Henning et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5807312 | Dzwonkiewicz | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5807375 | Gross et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5807406 | Brauker et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5810770 | Chin et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5811487 | Schui, Jr. et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5814599 | Mitragotri et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5820589 | Torgerson et al. | Oct 1998 | A |
| 5820622 | Gross et al. | Oct 1998 | A |
| 5822715 | Worthington et al. | Oct 1998 | A |
| 5836887 | Oka et al. | Nov 1998 | A |
| 5836989 | Shelton | Nov 1998 | A |
| 5837454 | Cozzette et al. | Nov 1998 | A |
| 5837728 | Purcell | Nov 1998 | A |
| 5840026 | Uber, III et al. | Nov 1998 | A |
| 5840148 | Campbell et al. | Nov 1998 | A |
| 5848991 | Gross et al. | Dec 1998 | A |
| 5851197 | Marano et al. | Dec 1998 | A |
| 5851229 | Lentz et al. | Dec 1998 | A |
| 5858365 | Faller | Jan 1999 | A |
| 5858747 | Schinstine et al. | Jan 1999 | A |
| 5861019 | Sun et al. | Jan 1999 | A |
| 5863400 | Drummond et al. | Jan 1999 | A |
| 5871514 | Wiklund et al. | Feb 1999 | A |
| 5873862 | Lopez | Feb 1999 | A |
| 5879713 | Roth et al. | Mar 1999 | A |
| 5882494 | Van Antwerp | Mar 1999 | A |
| 5895235 | Droz | Apr 1999 | A |
| 5897525 | Dey et al. | Apr 1999 | A |
| 5897578 | Wiklund et al. | Apr 1999 | A |
| 5899855 | Brown | May 1999 | A |
| 5904666 | DeDecker et al. | May 1999 | A |
| 5904708 | Goedeke | May 1999 | A |
| 5911219 | Aylsworth et al. | Jun 1999 | A |
| 5913998 | Butler et al. | Jun 1999 | A |
| 5914026 | Blubaugh, Jr. | Jun 1999 | A |
| 5917346 | Gord | Jun 1999 | A |
| 5919215 | Wiklund et al. | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5919216 | Houben et al. | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5921951 | Morris | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5925021 | Castellano et al. | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5928155 | Eggers et al. | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5928182 | Kraus et al. | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5928189 | Phillips et al. | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5928195 | Malamud et al. | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5931814 | Alex et al. | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5932175 | Knute et al. | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5933136 | Brown | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5935785 | Reber et al. | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5938636 | Kramer et al. | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5944661 | Swette et al. | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5947911 | Wong et al. | Sep 1999 | A |
| 5954643 | VanAntwerp et al. | Sep 1999 | A |
| 5954954 | Houck et al. | Sep 1999 | A |
| 5957854 | Besson et al. | Sep 1999 | A |
| 5957903 | Mirzaee et al. | Sep 1999 | A |
| 5961451 | Reber et al. | Oct 1999 | A |
| 5963132 | Yoakum | Oct 1999 | A |
| 5964745 | Lyles et al. | Oct 1999 | A |
| 5964993 | Blubaugh, Jr. et al. | Oct 1999 | A |
| 5965125 | Mineau-Hanschke | Oct 1999 | A |
| 5965380 | Heller et al. | Oct 1999 | A |
| 5971922 | Arita et al. | Oct 1999 | A |
| 5972369 | Roorda et al. | Oct 1999 | A |
| 5976085 | Kimball et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5984940 | Davis et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5987352 | Klein et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5995208 | Sarge et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5995860 | Sun et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5997501 | Gross et al. | Dec 1999 | A |
| 5999848 | Gord et al. | Dec 1999 | A |
| 6001067 | Shults et al. | Dec 1999 | A |
| 6001471 | Bries et al. | Dec 1999 | A |
| 6002954 | Van Antwerp et al. | Dec 1999 | A |
| 6007845 | Domb et al. | Dec 1999 | A |
| 6011984 | Van Antwerp et al. | Jan 2000 | A |
| 6014577 | Henning et al. | Jan 2000 | A |
| 6016448 | Busacker et al. | Jan 2000 | A |
| 6017435 | Hassard et al. | Jan 2000 | A |
| 6023629 | Tamada | Feb 2000 | A |
| 6024720 | Chandler et al. | Feb 2000 | A |
| 6027445 | Von Bahr | Feb 2000 | A |
| 6027479 | Alei et al. | Feb 2000 | A |
| 6032059 | Henning et al. | Feb 2000 | A |
| 6032667 | Heinonen | Mar 2000 | A |
| 6036924 | Simons et al. | Mar 2000 | A |
| 6043328 | Domschke et al. | Mar 2000 | A |
| 6045671 | Wu et al. | Apr 2000 | A |
| 6048691 | Maracas | Apr 2000 | A |
| 6049727 | Crothall | Apr 2000 | A |
| 6059946 | Yukawa et al. | May 2000 | A |
| 6063637 | Arnold et al. | May 2000 | A |
| 6066088 | Davis | May 2000 | A |
| 6066448 | Wohlstadter et al. | May 2000 | A |
| 6071391 | Gotoh et al. | Jun 2000 | A |
| 6077299 | Adelberg et al. | Jun 2000 | A |
| 6080583 | Von Bahr | Jun 2000 | A |
| 6081735 | Diab et al. | Jun 2000 | A |
| 6081736 | Colvin et al. | Jun 2000 | A |
| 6083523 | Dionne et al. | Jul 2000 | A |
| 6083710 | Heller et al. | Jul 2000 | A |
| 6088608 | Schulman et al. | Jul 2000 | A |
| 6090087 | Tsukada et al. | Jul 2000 | A |
| 6091975 | Daddona et al. | Jul 2000 | A |
| 6093172 | Funderburk et al. | Jul 2000 | A |
| 6099511 | Devos et al. | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6103033 | Say et al. | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6103533 | Hassard et al. | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6107083 | Collins et al. | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6115634 | Donders et al. | Sep 2000 | A |
| 6117290 | Say et al. | Sep 2000 | A |
| 6120676 | Heller et al. | Sep 2000 | A |
| 6121009 | Heller et al. | Sep 2000 | A |
| 6122536 | Sun et al. | Sep 2000 | A |
| 6123827 | Wong et al. | Sep 2000 | A |
| 6127154 | Mosbach et al. | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6128519 | Say | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6129891 | Rolander et al. | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6134461 | Say et al. | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6135978 | Houben et al. | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6142939 | Eppstein et al. | Nov 2000 | A |
| 6144869 | Berner et al. | Nov 2000 | A |
| 6159186 | Wickham et al. | Dec 2000 | A |
| 6162201 | Cohen et al. | Dec 2000 | A |
| 6162611 | Heller et al. | Dec 2000 | A |
| 6163720 | Gyory et al. | Dec 2000 | A |
| 6164921 | Moubayed et al. | Dec 2000 | A |
| 6165154 | Gray et al. | Dec 2000 | A |
| 6167614 | Tuttle et al. | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6168568 | Gavriely | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6169155 | Alvarez et al. | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6171276 | Lippe et al. | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6175752 | Say et al. | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6180416 | Kurnik et al. | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6183437 | Walker | Feb 2001 | B1 |
| 6186982 | Gross et al. | Feb 2001 | B1 |
| 6187062 | Oweis et al. | Feb 2001 | B1 |
| 6189536 | Martinez et al. | Feb 2001 | B1 |
| 6191860 | Klinger et al. | Feb 2001 | B1 |
| 6192891 | Gravel et al. | Feb 2001 | B1 |
| 6201980 | Darrow et al. | Mar 2001 | B1 |
| 6201993 | Kruse et al. | Mar 2001 | B1 |
| 6206856 | Mahurkar | Mar 2001 | B1 |
| 6208894 | Schulman | Mar 2001 | B1 |
| 6212416 | Ward et al. | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6212424 | Robinson | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6213739 | Phallen et al. | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6214185 | Offenbacher et al. | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6219574 | Cormier et al. | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6223080 | Thompson | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6223083 | Rosar | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6230059 | Duffin | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6231879 | Li et al. | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6232783 | Merrill | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6233080 | Brenner et al. | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6234964 | Iliff | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6241863 | Monbouquette | Jun 2001 | B1 |
| 6248067 | Causey, III et al. | Jun 2001 | B1 |
| 6248077 | Elson et al. | Jun 2001 | B1 |
| 6248093 | Moberg | Jun 2001 | B1 |
| 6254586 | Mann et al. | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6256522 | Schultz | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6259937 | Schulman | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6263222 | Diab et al. | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6264825 | Blackburn et al. | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6270478 | Mernoee | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| 6271332 | Lohmann et al. | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| 6272364 | Kurnik | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| 6272382 | Faltys et al. | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| 6272480 | Tresp et al. | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| 6274285 | Gries et al. | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| 6275717 | Gross et al. | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| 6280408 | Sipin | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| 6281015 | Mooney et al. | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| 6284478 | Heller et al. | Sep 2001 | B1 |
| 6293925 | Safabash et al. | Sep 2001 | B1 |
| 6298254 | Tamada | Oct 2001 | B2 |
| 6299578 | Kurnik et al. | Oct 2001 | B1 |
| 6299583 | Eggers et al. | Oct 2001 | B1 |
| 6300002 | Webb et al. | Oct 2001 | B1 |
| 6302855 | Lav et al. | Oct 2001 | B1 |
| 6309351 | Kurnik et al. | Oct 2001 | B1 |
| 6309384 | Harrington et al. | Oct 2001 | B1 |
| 6309884 | Cooper et al. | Oct 2001 | B1 |
| 6312388 | Marcovecchio et al. | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6315738 | Nishikawa et al. | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6325978 | Labuda et al. | Dec 2001 | B1 |
| 6326160 | Dunn et al. | Dec 2001 | B1 |
| 6329161 | Heller et al. | Dec 2001 | B1 |
| 6329929 | Weijand et al. | Dec 2001 | B1 |
| 6330464 | Colvin, Jr. et al. | Dec 2001 | B1 |
| 6343225 | Clark, Jr. | Jan 2002 | B1 |
| 6356776 | Berner et al. | Mar 2002 | B1 |
| 6358225 | Butterfield | Mar 2002 | B1 |
| 6365670 | Fry | Apr 2002 | B1 |
| 6366794 | Moussy et al. | Apr 2002 | B1 |
| 6368141 | VanAntwerp et al. | Apr 2002 | B1 |
| 6368274 | Van Antwerp et al. | Apr 2002 | B1 |
| 6370941 | Nakamura et al. | Apr 2002 | B2 |
| 6372244 | Antanavich et al. | Apr 2002 | B1 |
| 6379301 | Worthington et al. | Apr 2002 | B1 |
| 6379317 | Kintzig et al. | Apr 2002 | B1 |
| 6383478 | Prokop et al. | May 2002 | B1 |
| 6387709 | Mason et al. | May 2002 | B1 |
| 6391019 | Ito | May 2002 | B1 |
| 6400974 | Lesho | Jun 2002 | B1 |
| 6402703 | Kensey et al. | Jun 2002 | B1 |
| 6403944 | Mackenzie et al. | Jun 2002 | B1 |
| 6406066 | Uegane | Jun 2002 | B1 |
| 6407195 | Sherman et al. | Jun 2002 | B2 |
| 6409674 | Brockway et al. | Jun 2002 | B1 |
| 6413393 | Van Antwerp et al. | Jul 2002 | B1 |
| 6416651 | Millar | Jul 2002 | B1 |
| 6424847 | Mastrototaro et al. | Jul 2002 | B1 |
| 6430437 | Marro | Aug 2002 | B1 |
| 6438397 | Bosquet | Aug 2002 | B1 |
| 6447448 | Ishikawa et al. | Sep 2002 | B1 |
| 6447542 | Weadock | Sep 2002 | B1 |
| 6459917 | Gowda et al. | Oct 2002 | B1 |
| 6461496 | Feldman et al. | Oct 2002 | B1 |
| 6464849 | Say et al. | Oct 2002 | B1 |
| 6466810 | Ward et al. | Oct 2002 | B1 |
| 6467480 | Meier et al. | Oct 2002 | B1 |
| 6471689 | Joseph et al. | Oct 2002 | B1 |
| 6474360 | Ito | Nov 2002 | B1 |
| 6475750 | Han et al. | Nov 2002 | B1 |
| 6477392 | Honigs et al. | Nov 2002 | B1 |
| 6477395 | Schulman et al. | Nov 2002 | B2 |
| 6481440 | Gielen et al. | Nov 2002 | B2 |
| 6484045 | Holker et al. | Nov 2002 | B1 |
| 6484046 | Say et al. | Nov 2002 | B1 |
| 6485449 | Ito | Nov 2002 | B2 |
| 6488652 | Weijand et al. | Dec 2002 | B1 |
| 6494830 | Wessel | Dec 2002 | B1 |
| 6494879 | Lennox et al. | Dec 2002 | B2 |
| 6497729 | Moussy et al. | Dec 2002 | B1 |
| 6498043 | Schulman et al. | Dec 2002 | B1 |
| 6498941 | Jackson | Dec 2002 | B1 |
| 6501976 | Sohrab | Dec 2002 | B1 |
| 6510239 | Wieres et al. | Jan 2003 | B1 |
| 6510329 | Heckel | Jan 2003 | B2 |
| 6512939 | Colvin et al. | Jan 2003 | B1 |
| 6514718 | Heller et al. | Feb 2003 | B2 |
| 6517508 | Utterberg et al. | Feb 2003 | B1 |
| 6520326 | McIvor et al. | Feb 2003 | B2 |
| 6520477 | Trimmer | Feb 2003 | B2 |
| 6520937 | Hart et al. | Feb 2003 | B2 |
| 6520997 | Pekkarinen et al. | Feb 2003 | B1 |
| 6526298 | Khalil et al. | Feb 2003 | B1 |
| 6527729 | Turcott | Mar 2003 | B1 |
| 6534711 | Pollack | Mar 2003 | B1 |
| 6536433 | Cewers | Mar 2003 | B1 |
| 6537318 | Ita et al. | Mar 2003 | B1 |
| 6541266 | Modzelewski | Apr 2003 | B2 |
| 6542765 | Guy et al. | Apr 2003 | B1 |
| 6544212 | Galley et al. | Apr 2003 | B2 |
| 6545085 | Kilgour et al. | Apr 2003 | B2 |
| 6546268 | Ishikawa et al. | Apr 2003 | B1 |
| 6546269 | Kurnik | Apr 2003 | B1 |
| 6549796 | Sohrab | Apr 2003 | B2 |
| 6551496 | Moles et al. | Apr 2003 | B1 |
| 6553241 | Mannheimer et al. | Apr 2003 | B2 |
| 6553244 | Lesho et al. | Apr 2003 | B2 |
| 6554805 | Hiejima | Apr 2003 | B2 |
| 6554822 | Holschneider et al. | Apr 2003 | B1 |
| 6558320 | Causey, III et al. | May 2003 | B1 |
| 6558321 | Burd et al. | May 2003 | B1 |
| 6558347 | Jhuboo et al. | May 2003 | B1 |
| 6558351 | Steil et al. | May 2003 | B1 |
| 6558955 | Kristal et al. | May 2003 | B1 |
| 6560471 | Heller et al. | May 2003 | B1 |
| 6561978 | Conn et al. | May 2003 | B1 |
| 6562001 | Lebel et al. | May 2003 | B2 |
| 6565509 | Say et al. | May 2003 | B1 |
| 6565535 | Zaias et al. | May 2003 | B2 |
| 6565807 | Patterson et al. | May 2003 | B1 |
| 6569195 | Yang et al. | May 2003 | B2 |
| 6569521 | Sheridan et al. | May 2003 | B1 |
| 6571128 | Lebel et al. | May 2003 | B2 |
| 6572545 | Knobbe et al. | Jun 2003 | B2 |
| 6572579 | Raghavan et al. | Jun 2003 | B1 |
| 6574490 | Abbink et al. | Jun 2003 | B2 |
| 6575905 | Knobbe et al. | Jun 2003 | B2 |
| 6577899 | Lebel et al. | Jun 2003 | B2 |
| 6579257 | Elgas et al. | Jun 2003 | B1 |
| 6579498 | Eglise | Jun 2003 | B1 |
| 6579690 | Bonnecaze et al. | Jun 2003 | B1 |
| 6585644 | Lebel et al. | Jul 2003 | B2 |
| 6585675 | O'Mahony et al. | Jul 2003 | B1 |
| 6585763 | Keilman et al. | Jul 2003 | B1 |
| 6587705 | Kim et al. | Jul 2003 | B1 |
| 6589229 | Connelly et al. | Jul 2003 | B1 |
| 6591125 | Buse et al. | Jul 2003 | B1 |
| 6594514 | Berner et al. | Jul 2003 | B2 |
| 6595756 | Gray et al. | Jul 2003 | B2 |
| 6595919 | Berner et al. | Jul 2003 | B2 |
| 6602221 | Saravia et al. | Aug 2003 | B1 |
| 6605072 | Struys et al. | Aug 2003 | B2 |
| 6607509 | Bobroff et al. | Aug 2003 | B2 |
| 6607543 | Purcell et al. | Aug 2003 | B2 |
| 6609071 | Shapiro et al. | Aug 2003 | B2 |
| 6612984 | Kerr, II | Sep 2003 | B1 |
| 6613379 | Ward et al. | Sep 2003 | B2 |
| 6615061 | Khalil et al. | Sep 2003 | B1 |
| 6615078 | Burson et al. | Sep 2003 | B1 |
| 6618603 | Varalli et al. | Sep 2003 | B2 |
| 6618934 | Feldman et al. | Sep 2003 | B1 |
| 6620138 | Marrgi et al. | Sep 2003 | B1 |
| 6633772 | Ford et al. | Oct 2003 | B2 |
| 6635014 | Starkweather et al. | Oct 2003 | B2 |
| 6641533 | Causey, III et al. | Nov 2003 | B2 |
| 6642015 | Vachon et al. | Nov 2003 | B2 |
| 6645181 | Lavi et al. | Nov 2003 | B1 |
| 6648821 | Lebel et al. | Nov 2003 | B2 |
| 6653091 | Dunn et al. | Nov 2003 | B1 |
| 6654625 | Say et al. | Nov 2003 | B1 |
| 6656157 | Duchon et al. | Dec 2003 | B1 |
| 6663615 | Madou et al. | Dec 2003 | B1 |
| 6673022 | Bobo et al. | Jan 2004 | B1 |
| 6673596 | Sayler et al. | Jan 2004 | B1 |
| 6679865 | Shekalim | Jan 2004 | B2 |
| 6679872 | Turovskiy et al. | Jan 2004 | B2 |
| 6683535 | Utke | Jan 2004 | B1 |
| 6684904 | Ito | Feb 2004 | B2 |
| 6685668 | Cho et al. | Feb 2004 | B1 |
| 6687522 | Tamada | Feb 2004 | B2 |
| 6689089 | Tiedtke et al. | Feb 2004 | B1 |
| 6689265 | Heller et al. | Feb 2004 | B2 |
| 6694191 | Starkweather et al. | Feb 2004 | B2 |
| 6695860 | Ward et al. | Feb 2004 | B1 |
| 6699188 | Wessel | Mar 2004 | B2 |
| 6699218 | Flaherty et al. | Mar 2004 | B2 |
| 6699383 | Lemire et al. | Mar 2004 | B2 |
| 6702249 | Ito | Mar 2004 | B2 |
| 6702857 | Brauker et al. | Mar 2004 | B2 |
| 6702972 | Markle | Mar 2004 | B1 |
| 6711424 | Fine et al. | Mar 2004 | B1 |
| 6712796 | Fentis et al. | Mar 2004 | B2 |
| 6721587 | Gough | Apr 2004 | B2 |
| 6723086 | Bassuk et al. | Apr 2004 | B2 |
| 6731976 | Penn et al. | May 2004 | B2 |
| 6736783 | Blake et al. | May 2004 | B2 |
| 6740072 | Starkweather et al. | May 2004 | B2 |
| 6740075 | Lebel et al. | May 2004 | B2 |
| 6741877 | Shults et al. | May 2004 | B1 |
| 6742635 | Hirshberg | Jun 2004 | B2 |
| 6743635 | Neel et al. | Jun 2004 | B2 |
| 6749587 | Flaherty | Jun 2004 | B2 |
| 6750055 | Connelly et al. | Jun 2004 | B1 |
| 6770030 | Schaupp et al. | Aug 2004 | B1 |
| 6770067 | Lorenzen et al. | Aug 2004 | B2 |
| 6773565 | Kunimoto et al. | Aug 2004 | B2 |
| 6780297 | Matsumoto et al. | Aug 2004 | B2 |
| 6793632 | Sohrab | Sep 2004 | B2 |
| 6801041 | Karinka et al. | Oct 2004 | B2 |
| 6802957 | Jung et al. | Oct 2004 | B2 |
| 6804002 | Fine et al. | Oct 2004 | B2 |
| 6805693 | Gray et al. | Oct 2004 | B2 |
| 6809653 | Mann et al. | Oct 2004 | B1 |
| 6810290 | Lebel et al. | Oct 2004 | B2 |
| 6811548 | Jeffrey | Nov 2004 | B2 |
| 6813519 | Lebel et al. | Nov 2004 | B2 |
| 6832200 | Greeven et al. | Dec 2004 | B2 |
| 6850790 | Berner et al. | Feb 2005 | B2 |
| 6858020 | Rusnak | Feb 2005 | B2 |
| 6862465 | Shults et al. | Mar 2005 | B2 |
| 6869413 | Langley et al. | Mar 2005 | B2 |
| 6875195 | Choi | Apr 2005 | B2 |
| 6887228 | McKay | May 2005 | B2 |
| 6892085 | McIvor et al. | May 2005 | B2 |
| 6893552 | Wang et al. | May 2005 | B1 |
| 6895263 | Shin et al. | May 2005 | B2 |
| 6895265 | Silver | May 2005 | B2 |
| 6902544 | Ludin et al. | Jun 2005 | B2 |
| 6925393 | Kalatz et al. | Aug 2005 | B1 |
| 6926691 | Miethke | Aug 2005 | B2 |
| 6931327 | Goode, Jr. et al. | Aug 2005 | B2 |
| 6932584 | Gray et al. | Aug 2005 | B2 |
| 6936006 | Sabra | Aug 2005 | B2 |
| 6936029 | Mann et al. | Aug 2005 | B2 |
| 6945965 | Whiting | Sep 2005 | B2 |
| 6948492 | Wermeling et al. | Sep 2005 | B2 |
| 6952604 | Denuzzio et al. | Oct 2005 | B2 |
| 6954662 | Freger et al. | Oct 2005 | B2 |
| 6960192 | Flahertv et al. | Nov 2005 | B1 |
| 6965791 | Hitchcock et al. | Nov 2005 | B1 |
| 6966325 | Erickson | Nov 2005 | B2 |
| 6975893 | Say et al. | Dec 2005 | B2 |
| 6979315 | Rogers et al. | Dec 2005 | B2 |
| 6989891 | Braig et al. | Jan 2006 | B2 |
| 6997921 | Gray et al. | Feb 2006 | B2 |
| 6998247 | Monfre et al. | Feb 2006 | B2 |
| 7003341 | Say et al. | Feb 2006 | B2 |
| 7008979 | Schottman et al. | Mar 2006 | B2 |
| 7011630 | Desai et al. | Mar 2006 | B2 |
| 7016713 | Gardner et al. | Mar 2006 | B2 |
| 7022072 | Fox et al. | Apr 2006 | B2 |
| 7022219 | Mansouri et al. | Apr 2006 | B2 |
| 7025727 | Brockway et al. | Apr 2006 | B2 |
| 7025743 | Mann et al. | Apr 2006 | B2 |
| 7027848 | Robinson et al. | Apr 2006 | B2 |
| 7029444 | Shin et al. | Apr 2006 | B2 |
| 7033322 | Silver | Apr 2006 | B2 |
| 7044911 | Drinan et al. | May 2006 | B2 |
| 7048727 | Moss | May 2006 | B1 |
| 7058437 | Buse et al. | Jun 2006 | B2 |
| 7060059 | Keith et al. | Jun 2006 | B2 |
| 7061593 | Braig et al. | Jun 2006 | B2 |
| 7063086 | Shahbazpour | Jun 2006 | B2 |
| 7066884 | Custer et al. | Jun 2006 | B2 |
| 7070577 | Haller et al. | Jul 2006 | B1 |
| 7074307 | Simpson et al. | Jul 2006 | B2 |
| 7081195 | Simpson | Jul 2006 | B2 |
| 7097775 | Greenberg et al. | Aug 2006 | B2 |
| 7098803 | Mann et al. | Aug 2006 | B2 |
| 7100628 | Izenson et al. | Sep 2006 | B1 |
| 7108778 | Simpson et al. | Sep 2006 | B2 |
| 7120483 | Russell et al. | Oct 2006 | B2 |
| 7131967 | Gray et al. | Nov 2006 | B2 |
| 7134999 | Brauker et al. | Nov 2006 | B2 |
| 7136689 | Shults et al. | Nov 2006 | B2 |
| 7144404 | Whitson et al. | Dec 2006 | B2 |
| 7146202 | Ward et al. | Dec 2006 | B2 |
| 7150741 | Erickson et al. | Dec 2006 | B2 |
| 7150755 | Levaughn et al. | Dec 2006 | B2 |
| 7162290 | Levin | Jan 2007 | B1 |
| 7166074 | Reghabi et al. | Jan 2007 | B2 |
| 7168597 | Jones et al. | Jan 2007 | B1 |
| 7169289 | Schuelein et al. | Jan 2007 | B2 |
| 7183102 | Monfre et al. | Feb 2007 | B2 |
| 7184810 | Caduff et al. | Feb 2007 | B2 |
| 7207968 | Harcinske | Apr 2007 | B1 |
| 7211074 | Sansoucy | May 2007 | B2 |
| 7221970 | Parker | May 2007 | B2 |
| 7223253 | Hogendijk | May 2007 | B2 |
| 7223276 | List et al. | May 2007 | B2 |
| 7225535 | Feldman et al. | Jun 2007 | B2 |
| 7228162 | Ward et al. | Jun 2007 | B2 |
| 7229288 | Stuart et al. | Jun 2007 | B2 |
| 7238165 | Vincent et al. | Jul 2007 | B2 |
| 7247138 | Reghabi et al. | Jul 2007 | B2 |
| 7254450 | Christopherson et al. | Aug 2007 | B2 |
| 7255690 | Gray et al. | Aug 2007 | B2 |
| 7258681 | Houde | Aug 2007 | B2 |
| 7261690 | Teller et al. | Aug 2007 | B2 |
| 7266400 | Fine et al. | Sep 2007 | B2 |
| 7267665 | Steil et al. | Sep 2007 | B2 |
| 7276029 | Goode, Jr. et al. | Oct 2007 | B2 |
| 7278983 | Ireland et al. | Oct 2007 | B2 |
| 7279174 | Pacetti et al. | Oct 2007 | B2 |
| 7282029 | Poulsen et al. | Oct 2007 | B1 |
| 7288085 | Olsen | Oct 2007 | B2 |
| 7291114 | Mault | Nov 2007 | B2 |
| 7295867 | Berner et al. | Nov 2007 | B2 |
| 7297136 | Wyrick | Nov 2007 | B2 |
| 7299082 | Feldman et al. | Nov 2007 | B2 |
| 7303549 | Flaherty et al. | Dec 2007 | B2 |
| 7311690 | Burnett | Dec 2007 | B2 |
| 7313425 | Finarov et al. | Dec 2007 | B2 |
| 7314452 | Madonia | Jan 2008 | B2 |
| 7315767 | Caduff et al. | Jan 2008 | B2 |
| 7316662 | Delnevo et al. | Jan 2008 | B2 |
| 7317939 | Fine et al. | Jan 2008 | B2 |
| 7318814 | Levine et al. | Jan 2008 | B2 |
| 7327273 | Hung et al. | Feb 2008 | B2 |
| 7329234 | Sansoucy | Feb 2008 | B2 |
| 7334594 | Ludin | Feb 2008 | B2 |
| 7335179 | Burnett | Feb 2008 | B2 |
| 7335195 | Mehier | Feb 2008 | B2 |
| 7338464 | Blischak et al. | Mar 2008 | B2 |
| 7344500 | Talbot et al. | Mar 2008 | B2 |
| 7354420 | Steil et al. | Apr 2008 | B2 |
| 7357793 | Pacetti | Apr 2008 | B2 |
| 7359723 | Jones | Apr 2008 | B2 |
| 7361155 | Sage, Jr. et al. | Apr 2008 | B2 |
| 7364562 | Braig et al. | Apr 2008 | B2 |
| 7367942 | Grage et al. | May 2008 | B2 |
| 7396353 | Lorenzen et al. | Jul 2008 | B2 |
| 7399277 | Saidara et al. | Jul 2008 | B2 |
| 7402153 | Steil et al. | Jul 2008 | B2 |
| 7417164 | Suri | Aug 2008 | B2 |
| 7426408 | Denuzzio et al. | Sep 2008 | B2 |
| 7433727 | Ward et al. | Oct 2008 | B2 |
| 7481819 | Koeppel et al. | Jan 2009 | B2 |
| 7519408 | Rasdal et al. | Apr 2009 | B2 |
| 7519478 | Bartkowiak et al. | Apr 2009 | B2 |
| 7523004 | Bartkowiak et al. | Apr 2009 | B2 |
| 7530964 | Lavi et al. | May 2009 | B2 |
| 7569030 | Lebel et al. | Aug 2009 | B2 |
| 7583990 | Goode, Jr. et al. | Sep 2009 | B2 |
| 7591801 | Brauker et al. | Sep 2009 | B2 |
| 7599726 | Goode, Jr. et al. | Oct 2009 | B2 |
| 7604593 | Parris et al. | Oct 2009 | B2 |
| 7615007 | Shults et al. | Nov 2009 | B2 |
| 7618368 | Brown | Nov 2009 | B2 |
| 7618369 | Hayter et al. | Nov 2009 | B2 |
| 7624028 | Brown | Nov 2009 | B1 |
| 7640032 | Jones | Dec 2009 | B2 |
| 7640048 | Dobbles et al. | Dec 2009 | B2 |
| 7647237 | Malave et al. | Jan 2010 | B2 |
| 7654955 | Polidori et al. | Feb 2010 | B2 |
| 7657297 | Simpson et al. | Feb 2010 | B2 |
| 7670288 | Sher | Mar 2010 | B2 |
| 7695434 | Malecha | Apr 2010 | B2 |
| 7727147 | Osorio et al. | Jun 2010 | B1 |
| 7731659 | Malecha | Jun 2010 | B2 |
| 7761126 | Gardner et al. | Jul 2010 | B2 |
| 7766830 | Fox et al. | Aug 2010 | B2 |
| 7846132 | Gravesen et al. | Dec 2010 | B2 |
| 7850652 | Liniger et al. | Dec 2010 | B2 |
| 7857760 | Brister et al. | Dec 2010 | B2 |
| 7901394 | Ireland et al. | Mar 2011 | B2 |
| 7905833 | Brister et al. | Mar 2011 | B2 |
| 7927274 | Rasdal et al. | Apr 2011 | B2 |
| 7946985 | Mastrototaro et al. | May 2011 | B2 |
| 7976492 | Brauker et al. | Jul 2011 | B2 |
| 8000901 | Brauker et al. | Aug 2011 | B2 |
| 8005524 | Brauker et al. | Aug 2011 | B2 |
| 8005525 | Goode, Jr. et al. | Aug 2011 | B2 |
| 8010174 | Goode, Jr. et al. | Aug 2011 | B2 |
| 8025658 | Chong et al. | Sep 2011 | B2 |
| 8079961 | Saikley et al. | Dec 2011 | B2 |
| 8298172 | Nielsen et al. | Oct 2012 | B2 |
| 8366682 | Wyrick | Feb 2013 | B2 |
| 8366729 | Levaughn et al. | Feb 2013 | B2 |
| 8409140 | Ejlersen et al. | Apr 2013 | B2 |
| 8409145 | Raymond et al. | Apr 2013 | B2 |
| 8439838 | Mogensen et al. | May 2013 | B2 |
| 8460231 | Brauker et al. | Jun 2013 | B2 |
| 8483792 | Slomski et al. | Jul 2013 | B2 |
| 8500654 | Goldenberg | Aug 2013 | B2 |
| 8512276 | Talbot et al. | Aug 2013 | B2 |
| 8562567 | Gundberg | Oct 2013 | B2 |
| 8615281 | Yodfat et al. | Dec 2013 | B2 |
| 8721585 | Brauker et al. | May 2014 | B2 |
| 8747363 | Nielsen et al. | Jun 2014 | B2 |
| 8808228 | Brister et al. | Aug 2014 | B2 |
| 8870822 | Thalmann et al. | Oct 2014 | B2 |
| 8882741 | Brauker et al. | Nov 2014 | B2 |
| 8920401 | Brauker et al. | Dec 2014 | B2 |
| 8926585 | Brauker et al. | Jan 2015 | B2 |
| 9050413 | Brauker et al. | Jun 2015 | B2 |
| 9155843 | Brauker et al. | Oct 2015 | B2 |
| 9295786 | Gottlieb et al. | Mar 2016 | B2 |
| 9380975 | Karbowniczek et al. | Jul 2016 | B2 |
| 9399094 | Krag et al. | Jul 2016 | B2 |
| 9451908 | Kamath et al. | Sep 2016 | B2 |
| 9452258 | Dobbles et al. | Sep 2016 | B2 |
| 9452259 | Dobbles et al. | Sep 2016 | B2 |
| 9457146 | Dobbles et al. | Oct 2016 | B2 |
| 9463277 | Dobbles et al. | Oct 2016 | B2 |
| 9533092 | Gyrn | Jan 2017 | B2 |
| 9572935 | Dobbles et al. | Feb 2017 | B2 |
| 9572936 | Dobbles et al. | Feb 2017 | B2 |
| 9586004 | Dobbles et al. | Mar 2017 | B2 |
| 9597453 | Dobbles et al. | Mar 2017 | B2 |
| 9675285 | Christian | Jun 2017 | B2 |
| 9788771 | Stafford | Oct 2017 | B2 |
| 9808574 | Yodfat et al. | Nov 2017 | B2 |
| 9827372 | Dobbles et al. | Nov 2017 | B2 |
| 9937293 | Brauker et al. | Apr 2018 | B2 |
| 10076606 | Ambruzs et al. | Sep 2018 | B2 |
| 10278580 | Brister et al. | May 2019 | B2 |
| 10376637 | Gyrn et al. | Aug 2019 | B2 |
| 10653835 | Dobbles et al. | May 2020 | B2 |
| 11051725 | Pace et al. | Jul 2021 | B2 |
| 20010007950 | North et al. | Jul 2001 | A1 |
| 20010016682 | Berner et al. | Aug 2001 | A1 |
| 20010021817 | Brugger et al. | Sep 2001 | A1 |
| 20010039053 | Liseo et al. | Nov 2001 | A1 |
| 20010041830 | Varalli et al. | Nov 2001 | A1 |
| 20010044588 | Mault | Nov 2001 | A1 |
| 20010051768 | Schulman et al. | Dec 2001 | A1 |
| 20020009810 | O'Connor et al. | Jan 2002 | A1 |
| 20020016535 | Martin et al. | Feb 2002 | A1 |
| 20020018843 | Van Antwerp et al. | Feb 2002 | A1 |
| 20020019022 | Dunn et al. | Feb 2002 | A1 |
| 20020019330 | Murray et al. | Feb 2002 | A1 |
| 20020022883 | Burg | Feb 2002 | A1 |
| 20020023852 | McIvor et al. | Feb 2002 | A1 |
| 20020026110 | Parris et al. | Feb 2002 | A1 |
| 20020026111 | Ackerman | Feb 2002 | A1 |
| 20020029058 | Levaughn et al. | Mar 2002 | A1 |
| 20020042090 | Heller et al. | Apr 2002 | A1 |
| 20020042561 | Schulman et al. | Apr 2002 | A1 |
| 20020043471 | Ikeda et al. | Apr 2002 | A1 |
| 20020045808 | Ford et al. | Apr 2002 | A1 |
| 20020060692 | Broemmelsiek | May 2002 | A1 |
| 20020065453 | Lesho et al. | May 2002 | A1 |
| 20020068860 | Clark | Jun 2002 | A1 |
| 20020071776 | Bandis et al. | Jun 2002 | A1 |
| 20020084196 | Liamos et al. | Jul 2002 | A1 |
| 20020099282 | Knobbe et al. | Jul 2002 | A1 |
| 20020099997 | Piret | Jul 2002 | A1 |
| 20020111547 | Knobbe et al. | Aug 2002 | A1 |
| 20020119711 | VanAntwerp et al. | Aug 2002 | A1 |
| 20020123048 | Gau | Sep 2002 | A1 |
| 20020133224 | Bajgar et al. | Sep 2002 | A1 |
| 20020151796 | Koulik | Oct 2002 | A1 |
| 20020155615 | Novikov et al. | Oct 2002 | A1 |
| 20020161288 | Shin et al. | Oct 2002 | A1 |
| 20020182241 | Borenstein et al. | Dec 2002 | A1 |
| 20020188185 | Sohrab | Dec 2002 | A1 |
| 20020193679 | Malave et al. | Dec 2002 | A1 |
| 20020193885 | Legeay et al. | Dec 2002 | A1 |
| 20020198513 | Lebel et al. | Dec 2002 | A1 |
| 20030004432 | Assenheimer | Jan 2003 | A1 |
| 20030006669 | Pei et al. | Jan 2003 | A1 |
| 20030021729 | Moller et al. | Jan 2003 | A1 |
| 20030023171 | Sato et al. | Jan 2003 | A1 |
| 20030023317 | Brauker et al. | Jan 2003 | A1 |
| 20030028089 | Galley et al. | Feb 2003 | A1 |
| 20030028126 | List | Feb 2003 | A1 |
| 20030031699 | Van Antwerp | Feb 2003 | A1 |
| 20030032874 | Rhodes et al. | Feb 2003 | A1 |
| 20030050546 | Desai et al. | Mar 2003 | A1 |
| 20030054428 | Monfre et al. | Mar 2003 | A1 |
| 20030060692 | Ruchti et al. | Mar 2003 | A1 |
| 20030060753 | Starkweather et al. | Mar 2003 | A1 |
| 20030060765 | Campbell et al. | Mar 2003 | A1 |
| 20030070548 | Clausen | Apr 2003 | A1 |
| 20030072741 | Berglund et al. | Apr 2003 | A1 |
| 20030076082 | Morgan et al. | Apr 2003 | A1 |
| 20030078481 | McIvor et al. | Apr 2003 | A1 |
| 20030078560 | Miller et al. | Apr 2003 | A1 |
| 20030091433 | Tam et al. | May 2003 | A1 |
| 20030097082 | Purdy et al. | May 2003 | A1 |
| 20030099682 | Moussy et al. | May 2003 | A1 |
| 20030100040 | Bonnecaze et al. | May 2003 | A1 |
| 20030100821 | Heller et al. | May 2003 | A1 |
| 20030114836 | Estes et al. | Jun 2003 | A1 |
| 20030117296 | Seely | Jun 2003 | A1 |
| 20030119208 | Yoon et al. | Jun 2003 | A1 |
| 20030120152 | Omiya | Jun 2003 | A1 |
| 20030125612 | Fox et al. | Jul 2003 | A1 |
| 20030125613 | Enegren et al. | Jul 2003 | A1 |
| 20030130616 | Steil et al. | Jul 2003 | A1 |
| 20030132227 | Geisler et al. | Jul 2003 | A1 |
| 20030134347 | Heller et al. | Jul 2003 | A1 |
| 20030143746 | Sage | Jul 2003 | A1 |
| 20030153821 | Berner et al. | Aug 2003 | A1 |
| 20030176183 | Drucker et al. | Sep 2003 | A1 |
| 20030187338 | Say et al. | Oct 2003 | A1 |
| 20030187470 | Chelak et al. | Oct 2003 | A1 |
| 20030188427 | Say et al. | Oct 2003 | A1 |
| 20030199744 | Buse et al. | Oct 2003 | A1 |
| 20030199745 | Burson et al. | Oct 2003 | A1 |
| 20030208113 | Mault et al. | Nov 2003 | A1 |
| 20030211050 | Majeti et al. | Nov 2003 | A1 |
| 20030211625 | Cohan et al. | Nov 2003 | A1 |
| 20030212317 | Kovatchev et al. | Nov 2003 | A1 |
| 20030212346 | Yuzhakov et al. | Nov 2003 | A1 |
| 20030212347 | Sohrab | Nov 2003 | A1 |
| 20030225324 | Anderson et al. | Dec 2003 | A1 |
| 20030225437 | Ferguson | Dec 2003 | A1 |
| 20030231550 | MacFarlane | Dec 2003 | A1 |
| 20030235817 | Bartkowiak et al. | Dec 2003 | A1 |
| 20040006263 | Anderson et al. | Jan 2004 | A1 |
| 20040010207 | Flaherty et al. | Jan 2004 | A1 |
| 20040011671 | Shults et al. | Jan 2004 | A1 |
| 20040015063 | Denuzzio et al. | Jan 2004 | A1 |
| 20040015134 | Lavi et al. | Jan 2004 | A1 |
| 20040023253 | Kunwar et al. | Feb 2004 | A1 |
| 20040023317 | Motamedi et al. | Feb 2004 | A1 |
| 20040024327 | Brodnick | Feb 2004 | A1 |
| 20040030285 | Lavi et al. | Feb 2004 | A1 |
| 20040030294 | Mahurkar | Feb 2004 | A1 |
| 20040039298 | Abreu | Feb 2004 | A1 |
| 20040039406 | Jessen | Feb 2004 | A1 |
| 20040040840 | Mao et al. | Mar 2004 | A1 |
| 20040044272 | Moerman et al. | Mar 2004 | A1 |
| 20040045879 | Shults et al. | Mar 2004 | A1 |
| 20040052689 | Yao | Mar 2004 | A1 |
| 20040054352 | Adams et al. | Mar 2004 | A1 |
| 20040068230 | Estes et al. | Apr 2004 | A1 |
| 20040074785 | Holker et al. | Apr 2004 | A1 |
| 20040078219 | Kaylor et al. | Apr 2004 | A1 |
| 20040106857 | Gough | Jun 2004 | A1 |
| 20040122297 | Stahmann et al. | Jun 2004 | A1 |
| 20040122353 | Shahmirian et al. | Jun 2004 | A1 |
| 20040133164 | Funderburk et al. | Jul 2004 | A1 |
| 20040138543 | Russell et al. | Jul 2004 | A1 |
| 20040138588 | Saikley et al. | Jul 2004 | A1 |
| 20040143173 | Reghabi et al. | Jul 2004 | A1 |
| 20040146909 | Duong et al. | Jul 2004 | A1 |
| 20040152187 | Haight et al. | Aug 2004 | A1 |
| 20040152622 | Keith et al. | Aug 2004 | A1 |
| 20040162678 | Hetzel et al. | Aug 2004 | A1 |
| 20040167801 | Say et al. | Aug 2004 | A1 |
| 20040173472 | Jung et al. | Sep 2004 | A1 |
| 20040176672 | Silver et al. | Sep 2004 | A1 |
| 20040180391 | Gratzl et al. | Sep 2004 | A1 |
| 20040186362 | Brauker et al. | Sep 2004 | A1 |
| 20040186365 | Jin et al. | Sep 2004 | A1 |
| 20040193025 | Steil et al. | Sep 2004 | A1 |
| 20040199059 | Brauker et al. | Oct 2004 | A1 |
| 20040204687 | Mogensen et al. | Oct 2004 | A1 |
| 20040219664 | Heller et al. | Nov 2004 | A1 |
| 20040220517 | Starkweather et al. | Nov 2004 | A1 |
| 20040224001 | Pacetti et al. | Nov 2004 | A1 |
| 20040248282 | Sobha et al. | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20040253365 | Warren et al. | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20040254433 | Bandis et al. | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20050003399 | Blackburn et al. | Jan 2005 | A1 |
| 20050010265 | Baru et al. | Jan 2005 | A1 |
| 20050026689 | Marks | Feb 2005 | A1 |
| 20050027180 | Goode, Jr. et al. | Feb 2005 | A1 |
| 20050027181 | Goode, Jr. et al. | Feb 2005 | A1 |
| 20050027182 | Siddiqui et al. | Feb 2005 | A1 |
| 20050027462 | Goode, Jr. et al. | Feb 2005 | A1 |
| 20050027463 | Goode, Jr. et al. | Feb 2005 | A1 |
| 20050031689 | Shults et al. | Feb 2005 | A1 |
| 20050033132 | Shults et al. | Feb 2005 | A1 |
| 20050038332 | Saidara et al. | Feb 2005 | A1 |
| 20050043598 | Goode, Jr. et al. | Feb 2005 | A1 |
| 20050049472 | Manda et al. | Mar 2005 | A1 |
| 20050051427 | Brauker et al. | Mar 2005 | A1 |
| 20050051440 | Simpson et al. | Mar 2005 | A1 |
| 20050054909 | Petisce et al. | Mar 2005 | A1 |
| 20050056552 | Simpson et al. | Mar 2005 | A1 |
| 20050065464 | Talbot et al. | Mar 2005 | A1 |
| 20050077584 | Uhland et al. | Apr 2005 | A1 |
| 20050090607 | Tapsak et al. | Apr 2005 | A1 |
| 20050090850 | Thoes et al. | Apr 2005 | A1 |
| 20050096519 | Denuzzio et al. | May 2005 | A1 |
| 20050101847 | Routt et al. | May 2005 | A1 |
| 20050107677 | Ward et al. | May 2005 | A1 |
| 20050112169 | Brauker et al. | May 2005 | A1 |
| 20050113653 | Fox et al. | May 2005 | A1 |
| 20050113744 | Donoghue et al. | May 2005 | A1 |
| 20050115832 | Simpson et al. | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| 20050118344 | Pacetti | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| 20050119720 | Gale et al. | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| 20050121322 | Say et al. | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| 20050124873 | Shults et al. | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| 20050131305 | Danielson et al. | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| 20050139489 | Davies et al. | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| 20050143635 | Kamath et al. | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| 20050143675 | Neel et al. | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| 20050149089 | Trissei et al. | Jul 2005 | A1 |
| 20050154271 | Rasdal et al. | Jul 2005 | A1 |
| 20050176136 | Burd et al. | Aug 2005 | A1 |
| 20050177036 | Shults et al. | Aug 2005 | A1 |
| 20050177398 | Watanabe et al. | Aug 2005 | A1 |
| 20050181012 | Saint et al. | Aug 2005 | A1 |
| 20050182451 | Griffin et al. | Aug 2005 | A1 |
| 20050183954 | Hitchcock et al. | Aug 2005 | A1 |
| 20050187720 | Goode, Jr. et al. | Aug 2005 | A1 |
| 20050192557 | Brauker et al. | Sep 2005 | A1 |
| 20050197554 | Polcha | Sep 2005 | A1 |
| 20050203360 | Brauker et al. | Sep 2005 | A1 |
| 20050211571 | Schulein et al. | Sep 2005 | A1 |
| 20050215871 | Feldman et al. | Sep 2005 | A1 |
| 20050215872 | Berner et al. | Sep 2005 | A1 |
| 20050239154 | Feldman et al. | Oct 2005 | A1 |
| 20050242479 | Petisce | Nov 2005 | A1 |
| 20050245795 | Goode, Jr. et al. | Nov 2005 | A1 |
| 20050245799 | Brauker et al. | Nov 2005 | A1 |
| 20050245904 | Estes et al. | Nov 2005 | A1 |
| 20050251083 | Carr-Brendel et al. | Nov 2005 | A1 |
| 20050261563 | Zhou et al. | Nov 2005 | A1 |
| 20050283114 | Bresina et al. | Dec 2005 | A1 |
| 20050288596 | Eigler et al. | Dec 2005 | A1 |
| 20060001550 | Mann et al. | Jan 2006 | A1 |
| 20060007017 | Mann et al. | Jan 2006 | A1 |
| 20060015020 | Neale et al. | Jan 2006 | A1 |
| 20060015024 | Brister et al. | Jan 2006 | A1 |
| 20060016700 | Brister et al. | Jan 2006 | A1 |
| 20060019327 | Brister et al. | Jan 2006 | A1 |
| 20060020186 | Brister et al. | Jan 2006 | A1 |
| 20060020187 | Brister et al. | Jan 2006 | A1 |
| 20060020188 | Kamath et al. | Jan 2006 | A1 |
| 20060020189 | Brister et al. | Jan 2006 | A1 |
| 20060020190 | Kamath et al. | Jan 2006 | A1 |
| 20060020191 | Brister et al. | Jan 2006 | A1 |
| 20060020192 | Brister et al. | Jan 2006 | A1 |
| 20060036139 | Brister et al. | Feb 2006 | A1 |
| 20060036140 | Brister et al. | Feb 2006 | A1 |
| 20060036141 | Kamath et al. | Feb 2006 | A1 |
| 20060036142 | Brister et al. | Feb 2006 | A1 |
| 20060036143 | Brister et al. | Feb 2006 | A1 |
| 20060036144 | Brister et al. | Feb 2006 | A1 |
| 20060036145 | Brister et al. | Feb 2006 | A1 |
| 20060040402 | Brauker et al. | Feb 2006 | A1 |
| 20060047095 | Pacetti | Mar 2006 | A1 |
| 20060052745 | Van Antwerp et al. | Mar 2006 | A1 |
| 20060067908 | Ding | Mar 2006 | A1 |
| 20060078908 | Pitner et al. | Apr 2006 | A1 |
| 20060079740 | Silver et al. | Apr 2006 | A1 |
| 20060079809 | Goldberger et al. | Apr 2006 | A1 |
| 20060094946 | Kellogg et al. | May 2006 | A1 |
| 20060100588 | Brunnberg et al. | May 2006 | A1 |
| 20060134165 | Pacetti | Jun 2006 | A1 |
| 20060171980 | Helmus et al. | Aug 2006 | A1 |
| 20060173406 | Hayes et al. | Aug 2006 | A1 |
| 20060177379 | Asgari | Aug 2006 | A1 |
| 20060183871 | Ward et al. | Aug 2006 | A1 |
| 20060183984 | Dobbles et al. | Aug 2006 | A1 |
| 20060183985 | Brister et al. | Aug 2006 | A1 |
| 20060189863 | Peyser et al. | Aug 2006 | A1 |
| 20060195029 | Shults et al. | Aug 2006 | A1 |
| 20060222566 | Brauker et al. | Oct 2006 | A1 |
| 20060224141 | Rush et al. | Oct 2006 | A1 |
| 20060229512 | Petisce et al. | Oct 2006 | A1 |
| 20060235285 | Brister et al. | Oct 2006 | A1 |
| 20060241517 | Fowler et al. | Oct 2006 | A1 |
| 20060241669 | Stout et al. | Oct 2006 | A1 |
| 20060247671 | LeVaughn | Nov 2006 | A1 |
| 20060253085 | Geismar et al. | Nov 2006 | A1 |
| 20060258929 | Goode, Jr. et al. | Nov 2006 | A1 |
| 20060258939 | Pesach et al. | Nov 2006 | A1 |
| 20060258990 | Weber | Nov 2006 | A1 |
| 20060263839 | Ward et al. | Nov 2006 | A1 |
| 20060269586 | Pacetti | Nov 2006 | A1 |
| 20060275857 | Kjaer et al. | Dec 2006 | A1 |
| 20060281985 | Ward et al. | Dec 2006 | A1 |
| 20060287630 | Hommann | Dec 2006 | A1 |
| 20070007133 | Mang et al. | Jan 2007 | A1 |
| 20070016381 | Kamath et al. | Jan 2007 | A1 |
| 20070027381 | Stafford | Feb 2007 | A1 |
| 20070027385 | Brister et al. | Feb 2007 | A1 |
| 20070032706 | Kamath et al. | Feb 2007 | A1 |
| 20070038044 | Dobbles et al. | Feb 2007 | A1 |
| 20070049873 | Hansen et al. | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20070060814 | Stafford | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20070066873 | Kamath et al. | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20070066956 | Finkel | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20070073129 | Shah et al. | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20070078322 | Stafford | Apr 2007 | A1 |
| 20070085995 | Pesach et al. | Apr 2007 | A1 |
| 20070100222 | Mastrototaro et al. | May 2007 | A1 |
| 20070106135 | Sloan et al. | May 2007 | A1 |
| 20070112298 | Mueller, Jr. et al. | May 2007 | A1 |
| 20070116600 | Kochar et al. | May 2007 | A1 |
| 20070129619 | Ward et al. | Jun 2007 | A1 |
| 20070129621 | Kellogg et al. | Jun 2007 | A1 |
| 20070135698 | Shah et al. | Jun 2007 | A1 |
| 20070135699 | Ward et al. | Jun 2007 | A1 |
| 20070151869 | Heller et al. | Jul 2007 | A1 |
| 20070167907 | Deslierres et al. | Jul 2007 | A1 |
| 20070173706 | Neinast et al. | Jul 2007 | A1 |
| 20070173710 | Petisce et al. | Jul 2007 | A1 |
| 20070173761 | Kanderian, Jr. et al. | Jul 2007 | A1 |
| 20070179434 | Weinert et al. | Aug 2007 | A1 |
| 20070191702 | Yodfat et al. | Aug 2007 | A1 |
| 20070197889 | Brister et al. | Aug 2007 | A1 |
| 20070200254 | Curry | Aug 2007 | A1 |
| 20070200267 | Tsai | Aug 2007 | A1 |
| 20070203407 | Hoss et al. | Aug 2007 | A1 |
| 20070203410 | Say et al. | Aug 2007 | A1 |
| 20070203966 | Brauker et al. | Aug 2007 | A1 |
| 20070206193 | Pesach | Sep 2007 | A1 |
| 20070208244 | Brauker et al. | Sep 2007 | A1 |
| 20070208245 | Brauker et al. | Sep 2007 | A1 |
| 20070208246 | Brauker et al. | Sep 2007 | A1 |
| 20070213610 | Say et al. | Sep 2007 | A1 |
| 20070218097 | Heller et al. | Sep 2007 | A1 |
| 20070219441 | Carlin et al. | Sep 2007 | A1 |
| 20070225579 | Lucassen et al. | Sep 2007 | A1 |
| 20070225675 | Robinson et al. | Sep 2007 | A1 |
| 20070227907 | Shah et al. | Oct 2007 | A1 |
| 20070233013 | Schoenberg | Oct 2007 | A1 |
| 20070233167 | Weiss et al. | Oct 2007 | A1 |
| 20070235331 | Simpson et al. | Oct 2007 | A1 |
| 20070240497 | Robinson et al. | Oct 2007 | A1 |
| 20070244381 | Robinson et al. | Oct 2007 | A1 |
| 20070244382 | Robinson et al. | Oct 2007 | A1 |
| 20070249916 | Pesach et al. | Oct 2007 | A1 |
| 20070249922 | Peyser et al. | Oct 2007 | A1 |
| 20070255126 | Moberg et al. | Nov 2007 | A1 |
| 20070255302 | Koeppel et al. | Nov 2007 | A1 |
| 20070275193 | DeSimone et al. | Nov 2007 | A1 |
| 20070293742 | Simonsen et al. | Dec 2007 | A1 |
| 20070299409 | Whitbourne et al. | Dec 2007 | A1 |
| 20080007141 | Deck | Jan 2008 | A1 |
| 20080009805 | Ethelfeld | Jan 2008 | A1 |
| 20080021666 | Goode, Jr. et al. | Jan 2008 | A1 |
| 20080021668 | Son | Jan 2008 | A1 |
| 20080027301 | Ward et al. | Jan 2008 | A1 |
| 20080027474 | Curry et al. | Jan 2008 | A1 |
| 20080029390 | Roche et al. | Feb 2008 | A1 |
| 20080029391 | Mao et al. | Feb 2008 | A1 |
| 20080033254 | Kamath et al. | Feb 2008 | A1 |
| 20080034972 | Gough et al. | Feb 2008 | A1 |
| 20080045824 | Tapsak et al. | Feb 2008 | A1 |
| 20080051714 | Moberg et al. | Feb 2008 | A1 |
| 20080071157 | McGarraugh et al. | Mar 2008 | A1 |
| 20080071158 | McGarraugh et al. | Mar 2008 | A1 |
| 20080072663 | Keenan et al. | Mar 2008 | A1 |
| 20080086040 | Heller et al. | Apr 2008 | A1 |
| 20080086041 | Heller et al. | Apr 2008 | A1 |
| 20080086042 | Brister et al. | Apr 2008 | A1 |
| 20080086043 | Heller et al. | Apr 2008 | A1 |
| 20080086044 | Brister et al. | Apr 2008 | A1 |
| 20080086273 | Shults et al. | Apr 2008 | A1 |
| 20080091094 | Heller et al. | Apr 2008 | A1 |
| 20080091095 | Heller et al. | Apr 2008 | A1 |
| 20080097246 | Stafford | Apr 2008 | A1 |
| 20080097289 | Steil et al. | Apr 2008 | A1 |
| 20080108942 | Brister et al. | May 2008 | A1 |
| 20080114227 | Haar et al. | May 2008 | A1 |
| 20080119703 | Brister et al. | May 2008 | A1 |
| 20080119704 | Brister et al. | May 2008 | A1 |
| 20080119706 | Brister et al. | May 2008 | A1 |
| 20080125751 | Fjield et al. | May 2008 | A1 |
| 20080139903 | Bruce et al. | Jun 2008 | A1 |
| 20080139910 | Mastrototaro et al. | Jun 2008 | A1 |
| 20080154101 | Jain et al. | Jun 2008 | A1 |
| 20080161656 | Bruce et al. | Jul 2008 | A1 |
| 20080167641 | Hansen et al. | Jul 2008 | A1 |
| 20080183061 | Goode et al. | Jul 2008 | A1 |
| 20080183399 | Goode et al. | Jul 2008 | A1 |
| 20080187655 | Markle et al. | Aug 2008 | A1 |
| 20080188722 | Markle et al. | Aug 2008 | A1 |
| 20080188725 | Markle et al. | Aug 2008 | A1 |
| 20080188731 | Brister et al. | Aug 2008 | A1 |
| 20080188798 | Weber | Aug 2008 | A1 |
| 20080189051 | Goode et al. | Aug 2008 | A1 |
| 20080193936 | Squirrell | Aug 2008 | A1 |
| 20080194837 | Kim et al. | Aug 2008 | A1 |
| 20080194935 | Brister et al. | Aug 2008 | A1 |
| 20080194936 | Goode et al. | Aug 2008 | A1 |
| 20080194937 | Goode et al. | Aug 2008 | A1 |
| 20080195967 | Goode et al. | Aug 2008 | A1 |
| 20080197024 | Simpson et al. | Aug 2008 | A1 |
| 20080200788 | Brister et al. | Aug 2008 | A1 |
| 20080200789 | Brister et al. | Aug 2008 | A1 |
| 20080200791 | Simpson et al. | Aug 2008 | A1 |
| 20080208025 | Shults et al. | Aug 2008 | A1 |
| 20080210557 | Heller et al. | Sep 2008 | A1 |
| 20080214915 | Brister et al. | Sep 2008 | A1 |
| 20080249383 | Sass et al. | Oct 2008 | A1 |
| 20080249473 | Rutti et al. | Oct 2008 | A1 |
| 20080262469 | Brister et al. | Oct 2008 | A1 |
| 20080269723 | Mastrototaro et al. | Oct 2008 | A1 |
| 20080281270 | Cross et al. | Nov 2008 | A1 |
| 20080287764 | Rasdal et al. | Nov 2008 | A1 |
| 20080287765 | Rasdal et al. | Nov 2008 | A1 |
| 20080287766 | Rasdal et al. | Nov 2008 | A1 |
| 20080296155 | Shults et al. | Dec 2008 | A1 |
| 20080300572 | Rankers et al. | Dec 2008 | A1 |
| 20080305009 | Gamsey et al. | Dec 2008 | A1 |
| 20080305506 | Suri | Dec 2008 | A1 |
| 20080306368 | Goode, Jr. et al. | Dec 2008 | A1 |
| 20080306433 | Cesaroni | Dec 2008 | A1 |
| 20080306434 | Dobbles et al. | Dec 2008 | A1 |
| 20080306435 | Kamath et al. | Dec 2008 | A1 |
| 20080306444 | Brister et al. | Dec 2008 | A1 |
| 20090005666 | Shin et al. | Jan 2009 | A1 |
| 20090012379 | Goode, Jr. et al. | Jan 2009 | A1 |
| 20090012472 | Ahm et al. | Jan 2009 | A1 |
| 20090018418 | Markle et al. | Jan 2009 | A1 |
| 20090018424 | Kamath et al. | Jan 2009 | A1 |
| 20090018426 | Markle et al. | Jan 2009 | A1 |
| 20090036758 | Brauker et al. | Feb 2009 | A1 |
| 20090043181 | Brauker et al. | Feb 2009 | A1 |
| 20090043182 | Brauker et al. | Feb 2009 | A1 |
| 20090043525 | Brauker et al. | Feb 2009 | A1 |
| 20090043541 | Brauker et al. | Feb 2009 | A1 |
| 20090043542 | Brauker et al. | Feb 2009 | A1 |
| 20090054812 | Mace | Feb 2009 | A1 |
| 20090061528 | Suri | Mar 2009 | A1 |
| 20090062635 | Brauker et al. | Mar 2009 | A1 |
| 20090062645 | Fehre et al. | Mar 2009 | A1 |
| 20090076356 | Simpson et al. | Mar 2009 | A1 |
| 20090076360 | Brister et al. | Mar 2009 | A1 |
| 20090076361 | Kamath et al. | Mar 2009 | A1 |
| 20090081803 | Gamsey et al. | Mar 2009 | A1 |
| 20090088689 | Carter | Apr 2009 | A1 |
| 20090099434 | Liu et al. | Apr 2009 | A1 |
| 20090124877 | Goode, Jr. et al. | May 2009 | A1 |
| 20090124878 | Goode, Jr. et al. | May 2009 | A1 |
| 20090124964 | Leach et al. | May 2009 | A1 |
| 20090124979 | Raymond et al. | May 2009 | A1 |
| 20090131768 | Simpson et al. | May 2009 | A1 |
| 20090131769 | Leach et al. | May 2009 | A1 |
| 20090131776 | Simpson et al. | May 2009 | A1 |
| 20090131777 | Simpson et al. | May 2009 | A1 |
| 20090137886 | Shariati et al. | May 2009 | A1 |
| 20090137887 | Shariati et al. | May 2009 | A1 |
| 20090143659 | Li et al. | Jun 2009 | A1 |
| 20090156924 | Shariati et al. | Jun 2009 | A1 |
| 20090177143 | Markle et al. | Jul 2009 | A1 |
| 20090178459 | Li et al. | Jul 2009 | A1 |
| 20090182217 | Li et al. | Jul 2009 | A1 |
| 20090192366 | Mensinger et al. | Jul 2009 | A1 |
| 20090192380 | Shariati et al. | Jul 2009 | A1 |
| 20090192722 | Shariati et al. | Jul 2009 | A1 |
| 20090192724 | Brauker et al. | Jul 2009 | A1 |
| 20090192745 | Kamath et al. | Jul 2009 | A1 |
| 20090192751 | Kamath et al. | Jul 2009 | A1 |
| 20090203981 | Brauker et al. | Aug 2009 | A1 |
| 20090204341 | Brauker et al. | Aug 2009 | A1 |
| 20090216103 | Brister et al. | Aug 2009 | A1 |
| 20090240120 | Mensinger et al. | Sep 2009 | A1 |
| 20090240128 | Mensinger et al. | Sep 2009 | A1 |
| 20090240193 | Mensinger et al. | Sep 2009 | A1 |
| 20090242399 | Kamath et al. | Oct 2009 | A1 |
| 20090242425 | Kamath et al. | Oct 2009 | A1 |
| 20090264719 | Markle et al. | Oct 2009 | A1 |
| 20090264856 | Lebel et al. | Oct 2009 | A1 |
| 20090287074 | Shults et al. | Nov 2009 | A1 |
| 20090299155 | Yang et al. | Dec 2009 | A1 |
| 20090299156 | Simpson et al. | Dec 2009 | A1 |
| 20090299162 | Brauker et al. | Dec 2009 | A1 |
| 20090299276 | Brauker et al. | Dec 2009 | A1 |
| 20100010324 | Brauker et al. | Jan 2010 | A1 |
| 20100010331 | Brauker et al. | Jan 2010 | A1 |
| 20100010332 | Brauker et al. | Jan 2010 | A1 |
| 20100010529 | Shi | Jan 2010 | A1 |
| 20100016687 | Brauker et al. | Jan 2010 | A1 |
| 20100022855 | Brauker et al. | Jan 2010 | A1 |
| 20100025174 | Dayton | Feb 2010 | A1 |
| 20100030053 | Goode, Jr. et al. | Feb 2010 | A1 |
| 20100030484 | Brauker et al. | Feb 2010 | A1 |
| 20100030485 | Brauker et al. | Feb 2010 | A1 |
| 20100036215 | Goode, Jr. et al. | Feb 2010 | A1 |
| 20100036216 | Goode, Jr. et al. | Feb 2010 | A1 |
| 20100036222 | Goode, Jr. et al. | Feb 2010 | A1 |
| 20100036223 | Goode, Jr. et al. | Feb 2010 | A1 |
| 20100036224 | Goode, Jr. et al. | Feb 2010 | A1 |
| 20100036225 | Goode, Jr. et al. | Feb 2010 | A1 |
| 20100041971 | Goode, Jr. et al. | Feb 2010 | A1 |
| 20100045465 | Brauker et al. | Feb 2010 | A1 |
| 20100049024 | Saint et al. | Feb 2010 | A1 |
| 20100076283 | Simpson et al. | Mar 2010 | A1 |
| 20100081908 | Dobbles et al. | Apr 2010 | A1 |
| 20100081910 | Brister et al. | Apr 2010 | A1 |
| 20100145377 | Lai et al. | Jun 2010 | A1 |
| 20100161269 | Kamath et al. | Jun 2010 | A1 |
| 20100179401 | Rasdal et al. | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20100179407 | Goode, Jr. et al. | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20100179408 | Kamath et al. | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20100179409 | Kamath et al. | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20100185178 | Sharp et al. | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20100228226 | Nielsen | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20100234707 | Goode, Jr. et al. | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20100235106 | Kamath et al. | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20100240975 | Goode, Jr. et al. | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20100240976 | Goode, Jr. et al. | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20100331642 | Bruce et al. | Dec 2010 | A1 |
| 20100331656 | Mensinger et al. | Dec 2010 | A1 |
| 20100331657 | Mensinger et al. | Dec 2010 | A1 |
| 20110009727 | Mensinger et al. | Jan 2011 | A1 |
| 20110060287 | Ambruzs et al. | Mar 2011 | A1 |
| 20110082484 | Saravia et al. | Apr 2011 | A1 |
| 20110098656 | Burnell et al. | Apr 2011 | A1 |
| 20110106126 | Love et al. | May 2011 | A1 |
| 20110118579 | Goode, Jr. et al. | May 2011 | A1 |
| 20110124997 | Goode, Jr. et al. | May 2011 | A1 |
| 20110130970 | Goode, Jr. et al. | Jun 2011 | A1 |
| 20110137601 | Goode, Jr. et al. | Jun 2011 | A1 |
| 20110144463 | Pesach et al. | Jun 2011 | A1 |
| 20110144683 | Butz | Jun 2011 | A1 |
| 20110201910 | Rasdal et al. | Aug 2011 | A1 |
| 20110218414 | Kamath et al. | Sep 2011 | A1 |
| 20110230735 | Wolfe et al. | Sep 2011 | A1 |
| 20110231107 | Brauker et al. | Sep 2011 | A1 |
| 20110231140 | Goode, Jr. et al. | Sep 2011 | A1 |
| 20110231141 | Goode, Jr. et al. | Sep 2011 | A1 |
| 20110231142 | Goode, Jr. et al. | Sep 2011 | A1 |
| 20110257895 | Brauker et al. | Oct 2011 | A1 |
| 20110270158 | Brauker et al. | Nov 2011 | A1 |
| 20120059673 | Cohen et al. | Mar 2012 | A1 |
| 20120097289 | Chun et al. | Apr 2012 | A1 |
| 20120150123 | Lawrence et al. | Jun 2012 | A1 |
| 20120186581 | Brauker et al. | Jul 2012 | A1 |
| 20120190953 | Brauker et al. | Jul 2012 | A1 |
| 20120191063 | Brauker et al. | Jul 2012 | A1 |
| 20120215201 | Brauker et al. | Aug 2012 | A1 |
| 20120220979 | Brauker et al. | Aug 2012 | A1 |
| 20120227737 | Mastrototaro et al. | Sep 2012 | A1 |
| 20120238852 | Brauker et al. | Sep 2012 | A1 |
| 20120259278 | Hayes et al. | Oct 2012 | A1 |
| 20120265042 | Neinast et al. | Oct 2012 | A1 |
| 20120296311 | Brauker et al. | Nov 2012 | A1 |
| 20120323098 | Moein et al. | Dec 2012 | A1 |
| 20130172695 | Nielsen et al. | Jul 2013 | A1 |
| 20170127982 | Larson et al. | May 2017 | A1 |
| 20180043096 | Dobbles et al. | Feb 2018 | A1 |
| 20180185587 | Brauker et al. | Jul 2018 | A1 |
| 20190070360 | Sloan et al. | Mar 2019 | A1 |
| 20190209009 | Brister et al. | Jul 2019 | A1 |
| 20190357818 | Pryor et al. | Nov 2019 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 2127172 | Jul 1998 | CA |
| 0098592 | Jan 1984 | EP |
| 0107634 | May 1984 | EP |
| 0127958 | Dec 1984 | EP |
| 0286118 | Oct 1988 | EP |
| 0288793 | Nov 1988 | EP |
| 0320109 | Jun 1989 | EP |
| 0352610 | Jan 1990 | EP |
| 0352631 | Jan 1990 | EP |
| 0353328 | Feb 1990 | EP |
| 0390390 | Oct 1990 | EP |
| 0396788 | Nov 1990 | EP |
| 0406473 | Jan 1991 | EP |
| 0440044 | Aug 1991 | EP |
| 0441252 | Aug 1991 | EP |
| 0441394 | Aug 1991 | EP |
| 0467078 | Jan 1992 | EP |
| 0534074 | Mar 1993 | EP |
| 0535898 | Apr 1993 | EP |
| 0539751 | May 1993 | EP |
| 0563795 | Oct 1993 | EP |
| 0323605 | Jan 1994 | EP |
| 0647849 | Apr 1995 | EP |
| 0424633 | Jan 1996 | EP |
| 0729366 | Sep 1996 | EP |
| 0747069 | Dec 1996 | EP |
| 0776628 | Jun 1997 | EP |
| 0817809 | Jan 1998 | EP |
| 0838230 | Apr 1998 | EP |
| 0880936 | Dec 1998 | EP |
| 0885932 | Dec 1998 | EP |
| 0967788 | Dec 1999 | EP |
| 0995805 | Apr 2000 | EP |
| 1077634 | Feb 2001 | EP |
| 1078258 | Feb 2001 | EP |
| 1102194 | May 2001 | EP |
| 0789540 | Sep 2001 | EP |
| 1153571 | Nov 2001 | EP |
| 0817809 | Jul 2002 | EP |
| 1266607 | Dec 2002 | EP |
| 1338295 | Aug 2003 | EP |
| 1 475 113 | Nov 2004 | EP |
| 1498067 | Jan 2005 | EP |
| 1571582 | Sep 2005 | EP |
| 2223710 | Sep 2010 | EP |
| 2226086 | Sep 2010 | EP |
| 2228642 | Sep 2010 | EP |
| 2656423 | Jun 1991 | FR |
| 2760962 | Sep 1998 | FR |
| 1442303 | Jul 1976 | GB |
| 2149918 | Jun 1985 | GB |
| S6283649 | Apr 1987 | JP |
| S6283849 | Apr 1987 | JP |
| H0783871 | Mar 1995 | JP |
| 2000060826 | Feb 2000 | JP |
| 2002515302 | May 2002 | JP |
| 2002189015 | Jul 2002 | JP |
| 2003108679 | Apr 2003 | JP |
| 2004000555 | Jan 2004 | JP |
| 2006-346160 | Dec 2006 | JP |
| WO-8902720 | Apr 1989 | WO |
| WO-9000738 | Jan 1990 | WO |
| WO-9010861 | Sep 1990 | WO |
| WO-9013021 | Nov 1990 | WO |
| WO-9116416 | Oct 1991 | WO |
| WO-9213271 | Aug 1992 | WO |
| WO-9314693 | Aug 1993 | WO |
| WO-9323744 | Nov 1993 | WO |
| WO-9422367 | Oct 1994 | WO |
| WO-9507109 | Mar 1995 | WO |
| WO-9513838 | May 1995 | WO |
| WO-9601611 | Jan 1996 | WO |
| WO-9603117 | Feb 1996 | WO |
| WO-9614026 | May 1996 | WO |
| WO-9625089 | Aug 1996 | WO |
| WO-9630431 | Oct 1996 | WO |
| WO-9632076 | Oct 1996 | WO |
| WO-9637246 | Nov 1996 | WO |
| WO-9701986 | Jan 1997 | WO |
| WO-9706727 | Feb 1997 | WO |
| WO-9719188 | May 1997 | WO |
| WO-9728737 | Aug 1997 | WO |
| WO-9743633 | Nov 1997 | WO |
| WO-9824358 | Jun 1998 | WO |
| WO-9838906 | Sep 1998 | WO |
| WO-9948419 | Sep 1999 | WO |
| WO-9956613 | Nov 1999 | WO |
| WO-9958051 | Nov 1999 | WO |
| WO-9958973 | Nov 1999 | WO |
| WO-9959657 | Nov 1999 | WO |
| WO-0012720 | Mar 2000 | WO |
| WO-0013002 | Mar 2000 | WO |
| WO-0013003 | Mar 2000 | WO |
| WO-0019887 | Apr 2000 | WO |
| WO-0032098 | Jun 2000 | WO |
| WO-0033065 | Jun 2000 | WO |
| WO-0049941 | Aug 2000 | WO |
| WO-0059373 | Oct 2000 | WO |
| WO-0074753 | Dec 2000 | WO |
| WO-0078210 | Dec 2000 | WO |
| WO-0112158 | Feb 2001 | WO |
| WO-0116579 | Mar 2001 | WO |
| WO-0120019 | Mar 2001 | WO |
| WO-0120334 | Mar 2001 | WO |
| WO-0134243 | May 2001 | WO |
| WO-0143660 | Jun 2001 | WO |
| WO-0152727 | Jul 2001 | WO |
| WO-0158348 | Aug 2001 | WO |
| WO-0168901 | Sep 2001 | WO |
| WO-0169222 | Sep 2001 | WO |
| WO-0188524 | Nov 2001 | WO |
| WO-0188534 | Nov 2001 | WO |
| WO-0205702 | Jan 2002 | WO |
| WO-0224065 | Mar 2002 | WO |
| WO-0078210 | May 2002 | WO |
| WO-02082989 | Oct 2002 | WO |
| WO-02089666 | Nov 2002 | WO |
| WO-02100266 | Dec 2002 | WO |
| WO-03000127 | Jan 2003 | WO |
| WO-03022125 | Mar 2003 | WO |
| WO-03022327 | Mar 2003 | WO |
| WO-03063700 | Aug 2003 | WO |
| WO-03072269 | Sep 2003 | WO |
| WO-03101862 | Dec 2003 | WO |
| WO-2004009161 | Jan 2004 | WO |
| WO-2004110256 | Dec 2004 | WO |
| WO-2005011489 | Feb 2005 | WO |
| WO-2005012873 | Feb 2005 | WO |
| WO-2005026689 | Mar 2005 | WO |
| WO-2005032400 | Apr 2005 | WO |
| WO 2005046780 | May 2005 | WO |
| WO-2005057168 | Jun 2005 | WO |
| WO-2005057175 | Jun 2005 | WO |
| WO-2005078424 | Aug 2005 | WO |
| WO-2005026689 | Oct 2005 | WO |
| WO-2005093629 | Oct 2005 | WO |
| WO-2006017358 | Feb 2006 | WO |
| WO-2006021430 | Mar 2006 | WO |
| WO 2006038044 | Apr 2006 | WO |
| WO-2006050405 | May 2006 | WO |
| WO 2006067217 | Jun 2006 | WO |
| WO 2006075016 | Jul 2006 | WO |
| WO 2006077262 | Jul 2006 | WO |
| WO-2006105146 | Oct 2006 | WO |
| WO-2006118713 | Nov 2006 | WO |
| WO-2006131288 | Dec 2006 | WO |
| WO-2007002209 | Jan 2007 | WO |
| WO-2007002579 | Jan 2007 | WO |
| WO 2007031125 | Mar 2007 | WO |
| WO-2007065285 | Jun 2007 | WO |
| WO-2007097754 | Aug 2007 | WO |
| WO-2007114943 | Oct 2007 | WO |
| WO-2007127606 | Nov 2007 | WO |
| WO-2007137286 | Nov 2007 | WO |
| WO-2007143225 | Dec 2007 | WO |
| WO-2008001091 | Jan 2008 | WO |
| WO 2008065646 | Jun 2008 | WO |
| WO-2008076868 | Jun 2008 | WO |
| WO 2008078319 | Jul 2008 | WO |
| WO 2008083379 | Jul 2008 | WO |
| WO 2008115409 | Sep 2008 | WO |
| WO 2008124597 | Oct 2008 | WO |
| Entry |
|---|
| US 7,530,950 B2, 05/2009, Brister et al. (withdrawn) |
| Aalders, et al., “Development of a Wearable Glucose Sensor; Studies in Healthy Volunteers and in Diabetic Patients,” The International Journal Of Artificial Organs, 1991, vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 102-108. |
| Abe, et al., “Characterization of Glucose Microsensors for Intracellular Measurements,” Analytical Chemistry, 1992, vol. 64, No. 18, pp. 2160-2163. |
| Abel, et al., “Biosensors For in Vivo Glucose Measurements: Can We Cross the Experimental Stage,” Biosensors & Bioelectronics, 2002, vol. 17, pp. 1059-1070. |
| Abel, et al., “Experience With An Implantable Glucose Sensor as a Prerequisite of an Artificial Beta Cell,” Biomed. Biochim. Actan, 1984, vol. 43, No. 5, pp. 577-584. |
| Adilman, et al., “Videogames: Knowing The Score, Creative Computing,” Dec. 1983, Dialog: File 148; IAC Trade & Industry Database, vol. 9, p. 224(5) (9 pages). |
| Alcock S.J., et al., “Continuous Analyte Monitoring To Aid Clinical Practice,” IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology, 1994, vol. 13, pp. 319-325. |
| Amer M.M.B., “An Accurate Amperometric Glucose Sensor Based Glucometer with Eliminated Cross-Sensitivity,” Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, vol. 26 (5), Sep./Oct. 2002, pp. 208-213. |
| American Diabetes Association., “Position Statement: Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus,” Diabetes Care, vol. 30, Supplement 01, Jan. 2007, pp. S42-S47. |
| American Diabetes Association., “Position Statement: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes,” Diabetes Care, vol. 30, Supplement 01, Jan. 2007, pp. S4-S41. |
| American Diabetes Association., “Summary of Revisions for the 2007 Clinical Practice Recommendations,” Diabetes Care, vol. 30, Supplement 01, Jan. 2007, pp. S3. |
| Amin R., et al., “Hypoglycemia Prevalence in Prepubertal Children With Type 1 Diabetes on Standard Insulin Regimen: Use of Continuous Glucose Monitoring System,” Diabetes Care, 2003, vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 662-667. |
| Armour J.C., et al., “Application of Chronic Intravascular Blood Glucose Sensor in Dogs,” Diabetes, Dec. 1990, vol. 39, pp. 1519-1526. |
| Assolant-Vinet C.H., et al., “New Immobilized Enzyme Membranes for Tailor-Made Biosensors,” Analytical Letters, 1986, vol. 19(788), pp. 875-885. |
| Atanasov P., et al., “Biosensor for Continuous Glucose Monitoring,” Biotechnology and Bioengineering, John Wiley & sons Inc, 1994, vol. 43, pp. 262-266. |
| Atanasov P., et al., “Implantation of a Refillable Glucose Monitoring-Telemetry Device,” Biosensors and Bioelectronics, vol. 12 (7), 1997, pp. 669-680. |
| Aussedat B., et al., “A User-Friendly Method For Calibrating a Subcutaneous Glucose Sensor-Based Hypoglycaemic Alarm,” Elsevier Science Limited, Biosensors & Bioelectronic, 1997, vol. 12, No. 11, pp. 1061-1071. |
| Aussedat B., et al., “Interstitial Glucose Concentration and Glycemia: Implications for Continuous Subcutaneous Glucose Monitoring,” American Journal of Physiology—Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 278 (4), Apr. 1, 2000, pp. E716-E728. |
| Bailey T.S., et al., “Reduction in Hemoglobin A1C with Real-Time Continuous Glucose Monitoring: Results from a 12-Week Observational Study,” Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, vol. 9 (3), 2007, pp. 203-210. |
| Baker D.A., et al., “Dynamic Concentration Challenges for Biosensor Characterization,” Biosensors & Bioelectronics, vol. 8, 1993, pp. 433-441. |
| Baker D.A., et al., “Dynamic Delay and Maximal Dynamic Error in Continuous Biosensors,” Analytical Chemistry, vol. 68 (8), Apr. 15, 1996, pp. 1292-1297. |
| Bard A.J., et al., “Electrochemical Methods,” Fundamentals and Applications, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1980, pp. 173-175. |
| Bardeletti G., et al., “A Reliable L-Lactate Electrode with a New Membrane for Enzyme Immobilization for Amperometric Assay of Lactate,” Analytica Chemica Acta, vol. 187, 1986, pp. 47-54. |
| Beach R.D., et al., “Subminiature Implantable Potentiostat and Modified Commercial Telemetry Device for Remote Glucose Monitoring,” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 48 (6), Dec. 1999, pp. 1239-1245. |
| Bellucci F., et al., “Electrochemical Behaviour of Graphite-Epoxy Composite Materials (GECM) in Aqueous Salt Solutions,” Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, vol. 16 (1), Jan. 1986, pp. 15-22. |
| Berger M., et al., “Computer Programs to Assist the Physician in the Analysis of Self-Monitored Blood Glucose Data,” Proceedings of the Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care, 1988, pp. 52-57. |
| Bertrand C., et al., “Multipurpose Electrode with Different Enzyme Systems Bound to Collagen Films,” Analytica Chemica Acta, 1981, vol. 126, pp. 23-34. |
| Bessman S.P., et al., “Progress toward a Glucose Sensor for the Artificial Pancreas,” Proceedings of a Workshop on Ion-Selective Microelectrodes, Jun. 4-5, 1973, Boston University, 1973, pp. 189-197. |
| Biermann E., et al., “How Would Patients Behave if they were Continually Informed of their Blood Glucose Levels? A Simulation Study Using a “Virtual” Patient,” Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, vol. 10 (3), 2008, pp. 178-187. |
| Bindra D.S., et al., “Design and in Vitro Studies of a Needle-Type Glucose Sensor for Subcutaneous Monitoring,” Analytical Chemistry, vol. 63, Sep. 1, 1991, pp. 1692-1696. |
| Bindra D.S., et al., “Pulsed Amperometric Detection of Glucose in Biological Fluids at a Surface-Modified Gold Electrode,” Analytical Chemistry, vol. 61 (22), Nov. 15, 1989, pp. 2566-2570. |
| Bisenberger M., et al., “A Triple-Step Potential Waveform at Enzyme Multisensors with Thick-Film Gold Electrodes for Detection of Glucose and Sucrose,” Sensors and Actuators B, vol. 28, 1995, pp. 181-189. |
| Bland J.M., et al., “A Note on the Use of the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient in the Evaluation of Agreement between Two Methods of Measurement,” Computers in Biology and Medicine, vol. 20 (5), 1990, pp. 337-340. |
| Bland J.M., et al., “Statistical Methods for Assessing Agreement Between Two Methods of Clinical Measurement,” The Lancet, Feb. 8, 1986, pp. 307-310. |
| Bobbioni-Harsch E., et al., “Lifespan of Subcutaneous Glucose Sensors and their Performances during Dynamic Glycaemia Changes in Rats,” J. Biomed. Eng., vol. 15, 1993, pp. 457-463. |
| Bode B.W., “Clinical Utility of the Continuous Glucose Monitoring System,” Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, vol. 2, Supplement 1,2000, pp. S35-S41. |
| Bode B.W., et al., “Continuous Glucose Monitoring Used to Adjust Diabetes Therapy Improves Glycosylated Hemoglobin: A Pilot Study,” Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, vol. 46, 1999, pp. 183-190. |
| Bode B.W., et al., “Using the Continuous Glucose Monitoring System to Improve the Management of Type 1 Diabetes,” Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, vol. 2, Supplement 1, 2000, pp. S43-S48. |
| Boedeker Plastics Inc, “Polyethylene Specifications,” Polyethylene Data Sheet, Retrieved from http://www.boedeker.com/polye.sub.--p.htm on Aug. 19, 2009, 4 pages. |
| Boland E., et al., “Limitations of Conventional Methods of Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose,” Diabetes Care, vol. 24 (11), Nov. 2001, pp. 1858-1862. |
| Bolinder J., et al., “Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose in Type I Diabetic Patients: Comparison with Continuous Microdialysis Measurements of Glucose in Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue during Ordinary Life Conditions,” Diabetes Care, vol. 20 (1), Jan. 1997, pp. 64-70. |
| Bolinder J., et al., “Microdialysis Measurement of the Absolute Glucose Concentration in Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Allowing Glucose Monitoring in Diabetic Patients,” Rapid Communication, Diabetologia, vol. 35, 1992, pp. 1177-1180. |
| Bott A.W., “A Comparison of Cyclic Voltammetry and Cyclic Staircase Voltammetry,” Current Separations, vol. 16 (1), 1997, pp. 23-26. |
| Bott A.W., “Electrochemical Methods for the Determination of Glucose,” Current Separations, vol. 17 (1), 1998, pp. 25-31. |
| Bowman L., et al., “The Packaging of Implantable Integrated Sensors,” IEEE Transactions in Biomedical Engineering, vol. BME-33 (2), Feb. 1986, pp. 248-255. |
| Brauker J., et al., “Local Inflammatory Response Around Diffusion Chambers Containing Xenografts,” Transplantation, vol. 61 (12), Jun. 27, 1996, pp. 1671-1677. |
| Braunwald E., “Biomarkers in Heart Failure,” Medical Progress, The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 358, May 15, 2008, pp. 2148-2159. |
| Bremer T., et al., “Is Blood Glucose Predictable from Previous Values? A Solicitation for Data,” Perspectives in Diabetes, vol. 48, Mar. 1999, pp. 445-451. |
| Bremer T.M., et al., “Benchmark Data from the Literature for Evaluation of New Glucose Sensing Technologies,” Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, vol. 3 (3), 2001, pp. 409-418. |
| Brooks S.L., et al., “Development of an On-line Glucose Sensor for Fermentation Monitoring,” Biosensors, vol. 3, 1987/1988, pp. 45-56. |
| Bruckel J., et al., “In Vivo Measurement of Subcutaneous Glucose Concentrations with an Enzymatic Glucose Sensor and a Wick Method,” Klin Wochenschr, vol. 67, 1989, pp. 491-495. |
| Brunstein E., et al., “Preparation and Validation of Implantable Electrodes for the Measurement of Oxygen and Glucose,” Biomed Biochim. Acta, vol. 48 (11/12), 1989, pp. 911-917. |
| Cai Q., et al., “A Wireless, Remote Query Glucose Biosensor Based on a pH-Sensitive Polymer,” Analytical Chemistry, vol. 76 (14), Jul. 15, 2004, pp. 4038-4043. |
| Cameron T., et al., “Micromodular Implants to Provide Electrical Stimulation of Paralyzed Muscles and Limbs,” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 44 (9), Sep. 1997, pp. 781-790. |
| Campanella L., et al., “Biosensor for Direct Determination of Glucose and Lactate in Undiluted Biological Fluids,” Biosensors & Bioelectronics, vol. 8, 1993, pp. 307-314. |
| Candas B., et al., “An Adaptive Plasma Glucose Controller Based on a Nonlinear Insulin/Glucose Model,” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 41 (2), Feb. 1994, pp. 116-124. |
| Cass A.E.G., et al., “Ferrocene-Mediated Enzyme Electrodes for Amperometric Determination of Glucose,” Analytical Chemistry, vol. 56 (4), Apr. 1984, pp. 667-671. |
| Cassidy J.F., et al., “Novel Electrochemical Device for the Detection of Cholesterol or Glucose,” Analyst, vol. 118, Apr. 1993, pp. 415-418. |
| Chase H.P., et al., “Continuous Subcutaneous Glucose Monitoring in Children with Type 1 Diabetes,” Pediatrics, vol. 107 (2), Feb. 2001, pp. 222-226. |
| Chase J.G., et al., “Targeted Glycemic Reduction in Critical Care Using Closed-Loop Control,” Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, vol. 7 (2), 2005, pp. 274-282. |
| Chen T., et al., “Defining the Period of Recovery of the Glucose Concentration after its Local Perturbation by the Implantation of a Miniature Sensor,” Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, vol. 40 (8), 2002, pp. 786-789. |
| Chia C.W., et al., “Glucose Sensors: Toward Closed Loop Insulin Delivery,” Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America, vol. 33, 2004, pp. 175-195. |
| Choleau C., et al., “Calibration of a Subcutaneous Amperometric Glucose Sensor Implanted for 7 Days in Diabetic Patients Part 2. Superiority of the One-point Calibration Method,” Biosensors and Bioelectronics, vol. 17 (8), 2002, pp. 647-654. |
| Choleau C., et al., “Calibration of a Subcutaneous Amperometric Glucose Sensor Part 1. Effect of Measurement Uncertainties on the Determination of Sensor Sensitivity and Background Current,” Biosensors and Bioelectronics, vol. 17, 2002, pp. 641-646. |
| Ciba Specialty Chemicals, “Ciba® IRGACURE® 2959,” Coating Effects Segment, Photoinitiator Product Description, Basel Switzerland, Apr. 2, 1998, 3 pages. |
| Claremont D.J., et al., “Potentially-lmplantable, Ferrocene-Mediated Glucose Sensor,” Journal of Biomedical Engineering, vol. 8, Jul. 1986, pp. 272-274. |
| Claremont D.J., et al., “Subcutaneous Implantation of a Ferrocene-Mediated Glucose Sensor in Pigs,” Diabetologia, vol. 29, 1986, pp. 817-821. |
| Clark L.C., et al., “Configurational Cyclic Voltammetry: Increasing the Specificity and Reliability of Implanted Electrodes,” IEEE/Ninth Annual Conference of the Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 1987, pp. 0782-0783. |
| Clark L.C., et al., “Long-Term Stability of Electroenzymatic Glucose Sensors Implanted in Mice,” vol. XXXIV, Transactions—American Society for Artificial Internal Organs, 1988, vol. 34, pp. 259-265. |
| Clark L.C., et al., “One-Minute Electrochemical Enzymic Assay for Cholesterol in Biological Materials,” Clinical Chemistry, vol. 27 (12), 1981, pp. 1978-1982. |
| Clarke W.L., et al., “Evaluating Clinical Accuracy of Systems for Self Monitoring of Blood Glucose,” Technical Articles, Diabetes Care, vol. 10 (5), Sep.-Oct. 1987, pp. 622-628. |
| Colangelo V.J., et al., “Corrosion Rate Measurements in Vivo,” Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, vol. 1, 1967, pp. 405-414. |
| Colowick S.P., et al., “Methods in Enzymology,” vol. XLIV, Immobilized Enzymes, Edited by Mosbach K, New York Academic Press, 1976, 11 pages. |
| Coulet P.R., et al., “Enzymes Immobilized on Collagen Membranes: A Tool for Fundamental Research and Enzyme Engineering,” Journal of Chromatography, vol. 215, 1981, pp. 65-72. |
| Coulet P.R., “Polymeric Membranes and Coupled Enzymes in the Design of Biosensors,” Journal of Membrane Science, 1992, vol. 68, pp. 217-228. |
| Cox D.J., et al., “Accuracy of Perceiving Blood Glucose in IDDM,” Diabetes Care, vol. 8 (6), Nov.-Dec. 1985, pp. 529-536. |
| Csoregi E., et al., “Amperometric Microbiosensors for Detection of Hydrogen Peroxide and Glucose Based on Peroxidase-Modified Carbon Fibers,” Electroanalysis, vol. 6, 1994, pp. 925-933. |
| Csoregi E., et al., “Design, Characterization and One-Point in Vivo Calibration of a Subcutaneously Implanted Glucose Electrode,” American Chemical Society, Analytical Chemistry, vol. 66 (19), Oct. 1, 1994, pp. 3131-3138. |
| Currie J.F., et al., “Novel Non-lntrusive Trans-Dermal Remote Wireless Micro-Fluidic Monitoring System Applied to Continuous Glucose and Lactate Assays for Casualty Care and Combat Readiness Assessment,” RTO HFM Symposium, RTO-MP-HFM-109, Aug. 16-18, 2004, pp. ‘24-1’-‘24-18’. |
| Danielsson B., et al., “Enzyme Thermistors,” Methods in Enzymology, vol. 137, 1988, pp. 181-197. |
| Dassau E., et al., “In Silico Evaluation Platform for Artificial Pancreatic β-Cell Development—A Dynamic Simulator for Closed-Loop Control with Hardware-in-the-loop,” Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, vol. 11 (3), 2009, pp. 1-8. |
| Davies M.L., et al., “Polymer Membranes in Clinical Sensor Applications,” An overview of membrane function, Biomaterials, vol. 13 (14), 1992, pp. 971-978. |
| Davis G., et al., “Bioelectrochemical Fuel Cell and Sensor Based on a Quinoprotein, Alcohol Dehydrogenase,” Enzyme and Microbial Technology, vol. 5 (5), Sep. 1983, pp. 383-388. |
| De Vos P., et al., “Considerations for Successful Transplantation of Encapsulated Pancreatic Islets,” Diabetologia, vol. 45, 2002, pp. 159-173. |
| Deutsch T., et al., “Time Series Analysis and Control of Blood Glucose Levels in Diabetic Patients,” Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, Elsevier Scientific Publishers, vol. 41, 1994, pp. 167-182. |
| Dixon B.M., et al., “Characterization in Vitro and in Vivo of the Oxygen Dependence of an Enzyme/Polymer Biosensor for Monitoring Brain Glucose,” Journal of Neuroscience Methods, vol. 119, 2002, pp. 135-142. |
| Dupont, “Dimension® AR Clinical Chemistry System,” The Chemistry Analyzer that Makes the most of your Time, Money and Effort, Dade International, Chemistry Systems, Newark, 1998, 18 pages. |
| Durliat H., et al., “Spectrophotometric and Electrochemical Determinations of L( +)-Lactate in Blood by Use of Lactate Dehydrogenase from Yeast,” Clinical Chemistry, vol. 22 (11), 1976, pp. 1802-1805. |
| Edwards Lifesciences, “Accuracy for You and Your Patients,” Marketing materials, 2002, 4 pages. |
| El Degheidy M.M., et al., “Optimization of an Implantable Coated Wire Glucose Sensor,” Journal of Biomedical Engineering, vol. 8, Apr. 1986, pp. 121-129. |
| ELCO Diagnostics Company, “Direct 30/30® Blood Glucose Sensor,” Markwell Medical Catalog, 1990, 1 page. |
| El-Khatib F.H., et al., “Adaptive Closed-Loop Control Provides Blood-Glucose Regulation Using Dual Subcutaneous Insulin and Glucagon Infusion in Diabetic Swine,” Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, Diabetes Technology Society, vol. 1 (2), 2007, pp. 181-192. |
| El-Sa'ad L., et al., “Moisture Absorption by Epoxy Resins: The Reverse Thermal Effect,” Journal of Materials Science, vol. 25, 1990, pp. 3577-3582. |
| Ernst H., et al., “Reliable Glucose Monitoring Through the Use of Microsystem Technology,” Analytical Bioanalytical Chemistry, vol. 373, 2002, pp. 758-761. |
| European Search Report for Application No. 98908875.2 dated Apr. 29, 2004, 5 pages. |
| Extended European Search Report for Application No. 07844038.5 dated Dec. 21, 2012, 9 pages. |
| Extended European Search Report for Application No. 10163654.6 dated Aug. 3, 2010, 10 pages. |
| Extended European Search Report for Application No. 10163675.1, dated Aug. 3, 2010, 10 pages. |
| Fabietti P.G., et al., “Clinical Validation of a New Control-Oriented Model of Insulin and Glucose Dynamics in Subjects with Type 1 Diabetes,” Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, vol. 9 (4), 2007, pp. 327-338. |
| Fahy B.G., et al., “An Analysis: Hyperglycemic Intensive Care Patients Need Continuous Glucose Monitoring—Easier Said Than Done,” Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, Diabetes Technology Society, vol. 2 (2), Mar. 2008, pp. 201-204. |
| Fare T.L., et al., “Functional Characterization of a Conducting Polymer-Based Immunoassay System,” Biosensors & Bioelectronics, vol. 13 (3-4), 1998, pp. 459-470. |
| Feldman B., et al., “A Continuous Glucose Sensor Based on Wired EnzymeTM Technology—Results from a 3-Day Trial in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes,” Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, vol. 5 (5), 2003, pp. 769-779. |
| File History of U.S. Appl. No. 09/447,227, filed Nov. 22, 1999, 1184 pages. |
| File History of U.S. Appl. No. 10/789,359, filed Feb. 26, 2004, 361 pages. |
| File History of U.S. Appl. No. 10/838,658, filed May 3, 2004, 748 pages. |
| File History of U.S. Appl. No. 10/838,909, filed May 3, 2004, 356 pages. |
| File History of U.S. Appl. No. 10/838,912, filed May 3, 2004, 1288 pages. |
| File History of U.S. Appl. No. 10/885,476, filed Jul. 6, 2004, 226 pages. |
| File History of U.S. Appl. No. 10/897,312, filed Jul. 21, 2004, 139 pages. |
| File History of U.S. Appl. No. 11/157,365, filed Jun. 21, 2005, 977 pages. |
| File History of U.S. Appl. No. 12/133,738, filed Jun. 5, 2008, 557 pages. |
| File History of U.S. Appl. No. 12/133,761, filed Jun. 5, 2008, 585 pages. |
| File History of U.S. Appl. No. 12/133,786, filed Jun. 5, 2008, 814 pages. |
| File History of U.S. Appl. No. 12/133,820, filed Jun. 5, 2008, 1273 pages. |
| File History of U.S. Appl. No. 12/536,852, filed Aug. 6, 2009, 480 pages. |
| File History of U.S. Appl. No. 12/579,385, filed Oct. 14, 2009, 558 pages. |
| File History of U.S. Appl. No. 95/001,818, filed Nov. 11, 2011, 1238 pages. |
| Fischer U., et al., “Assessment of Subcutaneous Glucose Concentration: Validation of the Wick Technique as a Reference for Implanted Electrochemical Sensors in Normal and Diabetic Dogs,” Diabetologia, vol. 30, 1987, pp. 940-945. |
| Fischer U., et al., “Hypoglycaemia-Warning by Means of Subcutaneous Electrochemical Glucose Sensors: An Animal Study,” Horm. Metab. Res, vol. 27, 1995, p. 53. (Abstract Only). |
| Fischer U., et al., “Oxygen Tension at the Subcutaneous Implantation Site of Glucose Sensors,” Biomed. Biochim. Acta, vol. 48 (11/12), 1989, pp. 965-971. |
| Freedman D., et al., “Statistics,” Second Edition, W.W. Norton & Company, New York & London, 1991, p. 74 (3 pages). |
| Freiberger P., “Video Game Takes on Diabetes Superhero ‘Captain Novolin’ Offers Treatment Tips,” Fourth Edition, Jun. 26, 1992, Business Section, 2 pages. |
| Frohnauer M.K., et al., “Graphical Human Insulin Time-Activity Profiles Using Standardized Definitions,” Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, vol. 3 (3), 2001, pp. 419-429. |
| Frost M.C., et al., “Implantable Chemical Sensors for Real-Time Clinical Monitoring: Progress and Challenges,” Current Opinion in Chemical Biology, Analytical Techniques, vol. 6, 2002, pp. 633-641. |
| Gabby R.A., et al., “Optical Coherence Tomography-Based Continuous Noninvasive Glucose Monitoring in Patients with Diabetes,” Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, vol. 10, Nov. 3, 2008, pp. 188-193. |
| Ganesan N., et al., “Gold Layer-Based Dual Crosslinking Procedure of Glucose Oxidase with Ferrocene Monocarboxylic Acid Provides a Stable Biosensor,” Analytical Biochemistry, Notes & Tips, vol. 343, 2005, pp. 188-191. |
| Ganesh A., et al., “Evaluation of the VIA® Blood Chemistry Monitor for Glucose in Healthy and Diabetic Volunteers,” Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, vol. 2 (2), Mar. 2008, pp. 182-193. |
| Garg S.K., et al., “Correlation of Fingerstick Blood Glucose Measurements With GlucoWatch Biographer Glucose Results in Young Subjects With Type 1 Diabetes,” Emerging Treatments and Technologies, Diabetes Care, vol. 22 (10), Oct. 1999, pp. 1708-1714. |
| Garg S.K., et al., “Improved Glucose Excursions Using an Implantable Real-Time Continuous Glucose Sensor in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes,” Emerging Treatments and Technologies, Diabetes Care, vol. 27 (3), 2004, pp. 734-738. |
| Garg S.K., “New Insulin Analogues,” Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, vol. 7 (5), 2005, pp. 813-817. |
| Gerritsen M., et al., “Performance of Subcutaneously Implanted Glucose Sensors for Continuous Monitoring,” The Netherlands Journal of Medicine, vol. 54, 1999, pp. 167-179. |
| Gerritsen M., et al., “Problems Associated with Subcutaneously Implanted Glucose Sensors,” Diabetes Care, vol. 23 (2), Feb. 2000, pp. 143-145. |
| Gilligan B.J., et al., “Evaluation of a Subcutaneous Glucose Sensor Out to 3 Months in a Dog Model” Diabetes Care, vol. 17 (8), Aug. 1994, pp. 882-887. |
| Gilligan B.J., et al., “Feasibility of Continuous Long-Term Glucose Monitoring from a Subcutaneous Glucose Sensor in Humans,” Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, vol. 6 (3), 2004, pp. 378-386. |
| Godsland I.F., et al., “Maximizing the Success Rate of Minimal Model Insulin Sensitivity Measurement in Humans: The Importance of Basal Glucose Levels,” The Biochemical Society and the Medical Research Society, Clinical Science, vol. 101,2001, pp. 1-9. |
| Gouda M.D., et al., “Thermal Inactivation of Glucose Oxidase,” The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 278 (27), Issue of Jul. 4, 2003, pp. 24324-24333. |
| Gough D.A., et al., “Frequency Characterization of Blood Glucose Dynamics,” Annals of Biomedical Engineering, vol. 31, 2003, pp. 91-97. |
| Gough D.A., et al., “Immobilized Glucose Oxidase in Implantable Glucose Sensor Technology,” Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, vol. 2 (3), 2000, pp. 377-380. |
| Gough D.A., “The implantable Glucose Sensor: An Example of Bioengineering Design,” Introduction to Bioengineering, 2001, Chapter 3, pp. 57-66. |
| Gross, et al., “Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics,” Letters to the Editor, Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, vol. 3 (1), 2001, pp. 129-131. |
| Gross T.M., et al., “Efficacy and Reliability of the Continuous Glucose Monitoring System,” Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, vol. 2, Supplement 1, 2000, pp. S19-S26. |
| Gross T.M., et al., “Performance Evaluation Of The Minimed® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System During Patient Home Use,” Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, vol. 2(1), 2000, pp. 49-56. |
| Guerci B., et al., “Clinical Performance of CGMS in Type 1 Diabetic Patients Treated by Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion Using Insulin Analogs,” Diabetes Care, vol. 26, 2003, pp. 582-589. |
| Hagvik J., “Glucose Measurement: Time for a Gold Standard,” Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, vol. 1 (2), Mar. 2007, pp. 169-172. |
| Hall S.B., et al., “Electrochemical Oxidation of Hydrogen Peroxide at Platinum Electrodes. Part 1. An Adsorption-controlled Mechanism,” Electrochimica Acta, vol. 43, Nos. 5/6, 1998, pp. 579-588. |
| Hall S.B., et al., “Electrochemical Oxidation of Hydrogen Peroxide at Platinum Electrodes. Part II: Effect of potential,” Electrochimica Acta, vol. 43 (14-15), 1998, pp. 2015-2024. |
| Hall S.B., et al., “Electrochemical Oxidation of Hydrogen Peroxide at Platinum Electrodes. Part III: Effect of Temperature,” Electrochimica Acta, vol. 44, 1999, pp. 2455-2462. |
| Hall S.B., et al., “Electrochemical Oxidation of Hydrogen Peroxide at Platinum Electrodes. Part IV: Phosphate Buffer Dependence,” Electrochimica Acta, vol. 44, 1999, pp. 4573-4582. |
| Hall S.B., et al., “Electrochemical Oxidation of Hydrogen Peroxide at Platinum Electrodes. Part V: Inhibition by Chloride,” Electrochimica Acta, vol. 45, 2000, pp. 3573-3579. |
| Hamilton, “Complete Guide to Selecting the Right Hamilton Gastight, Microliter, and Specialty Syringe for your Application,” Syringe Selection, http://www.hamiltoncompany.com 2006, 20 pages. |
| Hashiguchi Y., et al., “Development of a Miniaturized Glucose Monitoring System by Combining a Needle-Type Glucose Sensor with Microdialysis Sampling Method: Long-term subcutaneous tissue glucose monitoring in ambulatory diabetic patients,” Diabetes Care, vol. 17, No. 5, May 1994, pp. 387-396. |
| Heinemann L., et al., “Review: Measurement of Insulin Absorption and Insulin Action,” Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, vol. 6 (5), 2004, pp. 698-718. |
| Heinemann L., “Measurement Quality of Blood Glucose Meters: Is There a Need for an Institution with an Unbiased View?,” Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, vol. 1 (2), Mar. 2007, pp. 178-180. |
| Heinemann L., “Review: Variability of Insulin Absorption and Insulin Action,” Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, vol. 4 (5), 2002, pp. 673-682. |
| Heise T., et al., “Hypoglycemia warning signal and glucose sensors: Requirements and concepts,” Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, vol. 5, No. 4, 2003, pp. 563-571. |
| Heller A., “Electrical Connection of Enzyme Redox Centers to Electrodes,” J. Phys. Chern., vol. 96, 1992, pp. 3579-3587. |
| Heller A., “Electrical Wiring of Redox Enzymes,” Ace. Chem. Res., vol. 23, 1990, pp. 128-134. |
| Heller A., “Implanted Electrochemical Glucose Sensors for the Management of Diabetes,” Annu. Rev., Biomed Eng., vol. 1, 1999, pp. 153-175. |
| Heller A., “Plugging Metal Connectors into Enzymes,” Nature Biotechnology, vol. 21, No. 6, Jun. 2003, pp. 631-632. |
| Hicks J.M., “In Situ Monitoring,” Clinical Chemistry, vol. 31 (12), 1985, pp. 1931-1935. |
| Hitchman M.L., “Measurement of Dissolved Oxygen,” Edited by ELVING P.J et al., Chemical Analysis, New York, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 49, Chapter 3, 1978, pp. 34-49 and 59-123. |
| Hoel P.G., “Elementary Statistics,” Fourth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1976, pp. 113-114. |
| Houghton Mifflin Company, “American Heritage Dictionary,” 4th Edition, 2000, pp. 82. |
| Houghton Mifflin Company, “Xenogenic, the American Heritage Stedman's Medical Dictionary,” 2002, Answers.Com, retrieved from http://www.answers.com/topic/xenogenic, on Nov. 7, 2006, 2 Pages. |
| Hovorka R., et al., “Closing the Loop: The Adicol Experience,” Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, vol. 6 (3), 2004, pp. 307-318. |
| Hrapovic S., et al., “Picoamperometric Detection of Glucose at Ultrasmall Platinum-Based Biosensors Preparation and Characterization,” Anal. Chern, vol. 75, 2003, pp. 3308-3315. |
| Hu Y., et al., “A Needle-Type Enzyme-Based Lactate Sensor for In Vivo Monitoring,” Analytica Chimica Acta, vol. 281, 1993, pp. 503-511. |
| Huang C., et al., “Electrochemical Generation of Oxygen. 1: The Effects of Anions and Cations on Hydrogen Chemisorption and Anodic Oxide Film Formation on Platinum Electrode. 2: The Effects of Anions and Cations on Oxygen Generation on Platinum Electrode,” U.S. Department of Commence/NTIS, 1975, 126 pages. |
| Huang Q., et al., “A 0.5mW Passive Telemetry IC for Biomedical Applications,” Proceedings of the 23rd European Solid-State Circuits Conference (ESSCIRC '97), Southampton, UK, Sep. 16-18, 1997, pp. 172-175. |
| Hunsley B., et al.,“Whole Blood Glucose Standard Is Key to Accurate Insulin Dosages,” Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, vol. 1 (2), Mar. 2007, pp. 173-177. |
| Hunter I., et al., “Minimally Invasive Glucose Sensor and Insulin Delivery System,” MIT Home Automation and Healthcare Consortium, Mar. 31, 2000, Progress Report No. 25, 17 pages. |
| International Preliminary Reporton Patentability for Application No. PCT/US2005/006301, dated Aug. 30, 2006, 4 pages. |
| International Preliminary Reporton Patentability for Application No. PCT/US2007/080848 dated Apr. 13, 2010, 6 pages. |
| International Preliminary Reporton Patentability for Application No. PCT/US2008/058158, dated Sep. 29, 2009, 9 pages. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion for Application No. PCT/US2005/006301, dated Jun. 22, 2005, 4 pages. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion for Application No. PCT/US2007/080848 dated Aug. 28, 2008, 6 pages. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion for Application No. PCT/US2008/058158, dated Aug. 8, 2008, 10 pages. |
| Ishikawa M., et al., “Initial Evaluation of A 290-Mm Diameter Subcutaneous Glucose Sensor: Glucose Monitoring With A Biocompatible, Flexible-Wire, Enzyme-Based Amperometric Microsensor in Diabetic and Nondiabetic Humans,” Journal of Diabetes and Its Complications, vol. 12, 1998, pp. 295-301. |
| Jablecki M., et al., “Simulations of the Frequency Response of Implantable Glucose Sensors,” Analytical Chemistry, vol. 72, 2000, 1853-1859. |
| Jaffari S.A., et al., “Recent Advances in Amperometric Glucose Biosensors for In Vivo Monitoring,” Physiological Measurement, 1995, vol. 16, pp. 1-15. |
| Jaremko J., et al., “Advances Toward the Implantable Artificial Pancreas for Treatment of Diabetes,” Diabetes Care, vol. 21 (3), Mar. 1998, pp. 444-450. |
| Jensen M.B., et al., “Fast Wave Forms for Pulsed Electrochemical Detection of Glucose by Incorporation of Reductive Desorption of Oxidation Products,” Analytical Chemistry, vol. 69 (9), May 1997, pp. 1776-1781. |
| Jeong R.A., et al., “In Vivo Calibration of the Subcutaneous Amperometric Glucose Sensors Using a Non-Enzyme Electrode,” Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Elsevier, vol. 19, 2003, pp. 313-319. |
| Jeutter D.C., “A Transcutaneous Implanted Battery Recharging and Biotelemeter Power Switching System,” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. BME-29 (5), May 1982, pp. 314-321. |
| Jeutter D.C., et al., “Design of a Radio-Linked Implantable Cochlear Prosthesis Using Surface Acoustic Wave Devices,” IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control, vol. 40 (5), Sep. 1993, pp. 469-477. |
| Jobst G., et al., “Thin-Film Microbiosensors for Glucose-Lactate Monitoring,” Anal Chern, Sep. 15, 1996, vol. 68(18), pp. 3173-3179. |
| Johnson K.W., et al., “In Vivo Evaluation of an Electroenzymatic Glucose Sensor Implanted in Subcutaneous Tissue,” Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 1992, vol. 7, pp. 709-714. |
| Johnson K.W., “Reproducible Electrodeposition of Biomolecules for the Fabrication of Miniature Electroenzymatic Biosensors,” Sensors and Actuators B, vol. 5, 1991, pp. 85-89. |
| Jones S.M., et al., “Optimal Insulin Pump Dosing and Postprandial Glycemia Following a Pizza Meal Using the Continuous Glucose Monitoring System,” Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, vol. 7 (2), Apr. 2005, pp. 233-240. |
| Joung G.B., et al., “An Energy Transmission System for an Artificial Heart Using Leakage Inductance Compensation of Transcutaneous Transformer,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 13 (6), Nov. 1998, pp. 1013-1022. |
| Jovanovic L.M.D., “The Role of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus,” Diabetes Technology and Therapeutics, vol. 2 (1), 2000, pp. S67-S71. |
| Kacaniklic V., et al., “Amperometric Biosensors for Detection of L- and D-Amino Acids Based on Coimmoblized Peroxidase and L- and D-Amino Acid Oxidases in Carbon Paste Electrodes,” Electroanalysis, vol. 6, May-Jun. 1994, pp. 381-390. |
| Kamath A., et al., “Calibration of a Continuous Glucose Monitor: Effect of Glucose Rate of Change,” Eighth Annual Diabetes Technology Meeting, Nov. 13-15, 2008, pp. A88 (2 pages). |
| Kang S.K., et al., “In Vitro and Short-Term in Vivo Characteristics of a Kel-F Thin Film Modified Glucose Sensor,” Analytical Sciences, vol. 19, Nov. 2003, pp. 1481-1486. |
| Kaplan S.M., “Wiley Electrical and Electronics Engineering Dictionary,” IEEE Press, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2004, pp. 141,142, 548 & 549. |
| Kaufman F.R., et al., “A Pilot Study of the Continuous Glucose Monitoring System,” Diabetes Care, vol. 24 (12), Dec. 2001, pp. 2030-2034. |
| Kaufman F.R., “Role of the Continuous Glucose Monitoring System in Pediatric Patients,” Diabetes Technology and Therapeutics, vol. 2 (1), 2000, S49-S52. |
| Kawagoe J.L., et al., “Enzyme-Modified Organic Conducting Salt Microelectrode,” Analytical Chemistry, vol. 63, 1991, pp. 2961-2965. |
| Keedy F.H., et al., “Determination of Urate in Undiluted Whole Blood by Enzyme Electrode,” Biosensors and Bioelectronics, vol. 6, 1991, pp. 491-499. |
| Kerner, et al., “A Potentially Implantable Enzyme Electrode for Amperometric Measurement of Glucose,” Hormone and Metabolic Research Supplement, vol. 20, 1988, pp. 8-13. |
| Kerner W., et al., “The Function of a Hydrogen Peroxide-Detecting Electroenzymatic Glucose Electrode is Markedly Impaired in Human Sub-Cutaneous Tissue and Plasma,” Biosensors and Bioelectronics, vol. 8, 1993, pp. 473-482. |
| Kerner W., “Implantable Glucose Sensors: Present Status and Future Developments,” Experimental and Clinical Endocrinol Diabetes, vol. 109 (2), 2001, pp. S341-S346. |
| Kiechle F.L., “The Impact of Continuous Glucose Monitoring on Hospital Point-of-Care Testing Programs,” Diabetes Technology and Therapeutics, vol. 3 (4), 2001, pp. 647-649. |
| Kizilel S., et al., “Review: The Bioartificial Pancreas: Progress and Challenges,” Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, vol. 7 (6), 2005, pp. 968-985. |
| Klonoff D., et al., “Performance Metrics for Continuous Interstitial Glucose Monitoring; Approved Guideline,” Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, POCT05-A, vol. 28 (33), 2008, 72 pages. |
| Klonoff D.C., “Editorial: Current, Emerging, and Future Trends in Metabolic Monitoring,” Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, vol. 4 (5), 2002, pp. 583-588. |
| Klueh U., et al., “Use of Vascular Endothelial Cell Growth Factor Gene Transfer to Enhance Implantable Sensor Function in Vivo,” Biosensor Function and VEGF-Gene Transfer, vol. 67 (4), 2003, pp. 1072-1086. |
| Kondo T., et al., “A Miniature Glucose Sensor, Implantable in the Blood Stream,” Diabetes Care, vol. 5 (3), May-Jun. 1982, 218-221. |
| Koschinsky T., et al., “Sensors For Glucose Monitoring: Technical And Clinical Aspects,” Diabetes Metabolism Research and Reviews, vol. 17, No. 2, Jan. 1, 2001, pp. 113-123. |
| Koschinsky T., et al., “New Approach to Technical and Clinical Evaluation of Devices for Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose,” Diabetes Care, vol. 11 (8), Sep. 1988, pp. 619-629. |
| Koschinsky T., et al., “Review: Glucose Sensors and the Alternate Site Testing-like Phenomenon: Relationship Between Rapid Blood Glucose Changes and Glucose Sensor Signals,” Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, vol. 5 (5), 2003, pp. 829-842. |
| Kost J., et al., “Glucose-Sensitive Membranes Containing Glucose Oxidase: Activity, Swelling, And Permeability Studies,” Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, vol. 19, 1985, pp. 1117-1133. |
| Koudelka M., et al., “In Vivo Response of Microfabricated Glucose Sensors to Glycemia Changes in Normal Rats,” Biomed. Biochim. Acta, vol. 48 (11/12), Nov.-Dec. 1989, pp. 953-956. |
| Koudelka M., et al., “In-Vivo Behaviour of Hypodermically Implanted Microfabricated Glucose Sensors,” Biosensors and Bioelectronics, vol. 6, 1991, pp. 31-36. |
| Kovatchev B.P., et al., “Evaluating the Accuracy of Continuous Glucose-Monitoring Sensors: Continuous Glucose-Error Grid Analysis Illustrated by TheraSense Freestyle Navigator Data,” Diabetes Care, vol. 27 (8), Aug. 2004, pp. 1922-1928. |
| Kraver., et al., “A Mixed-Signal Sensor Interface Microinstrument,” Sensors and Actuators A, Physical 2001, vol. 91, pp. 266-277. |
| Krouwer J.S., “Setting Performance Goals and Evaluating Total Analytical Error for Diagnostic Assays,” Clinical Chemistry, vol. 48 (6), 2002, pp. 919-927. |
| Kruger D., et al., “Psychological Motivation and Patient Education: A Role for Continuous Glucose Monitoring,” Diabetes Technology and Therapeutics, vol. 2 (1), 2000, pp. S93-S97. |
| Kulys J., et al., “Carbon-Paste Biosensors Array for Long-Term Glucose Measurement,” Biosensors & Bioelectronics, vol. 9, 1994, pp. 491-500. |
| Kunjan K., et al., “Automated Blood Sampling and Glucose Sensing in Critical Care Settings,” Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, vol. 2 (2), Mar. 2008, pp. 194-200. |
| Kurnik R.T., et al., “Application of the Mixtures of Experts Algorithm for Signal Processing in a Noninvasive Glucose Monitoring System,” Sensors and Actuators B, vol. 60, 1999, pp. 19-26. |
| Kuriz T.W., et al., “Recommendations for Blood Pressure Measurement in Humans and Experimental Animals, Part 2: Blood Pressure Measurement In Experimental Animals: A Statement for Professionals From the Subcommittee of Professional and Public Education of the American Heart Association Council on High Blood Pressure Research,” Hypertension, Feb. 2005, vol. 45, pp. 299-310. |
| Lacourse W.R., et al., “Optimization of Waveforms for Pulsed Amperometric Detection of Carbohydrates Based on Pulsed Voltammetry,” Analytical Chemistry, vol. 65, 1993, pp. 50-52. |
| Ladd M.F.C., et al., “Structure Determination By X-Ray Crystallography,” 3rd Edition, Plenum Press, 1994, Ch. 1, pp. xxi-xxiv and 1-58. |
| Lee S.W., et al., “Combined Insulin Pump Therapy with Real-Time Continuous Glucose Monitoring Significantly Improves Glycemic Control Compared to Multiple Daily Injection Therapy in Pump Naive Patients with Type 1 Diabetes; Single Center Pilot Study Experience,” Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, vol. 1 (3), May 2007, pp. 400-404. |
| Lehmann E.D., et al., Retrospective Validation of a Physiological Model of Glucose-lnsulin Interaction in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Medical Engineering & Physics, vol. 16, May 1994, pp. 193-202. |
| Lerner., et al., “An Implantable Electrochemical Glucose Sensor,” Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., vol. 428, May 1984, pp. 263-278. |
| Lewandowski J.J., et al., “Evaluation of a Miniature Blood Glucose Sensor,” Transactions—American Society for Artificial Internal Organs, vol. 34, 1988, pp. 255-258. |
| Leypoldt J.K., et al., “Model of a Two-Substrate Enzyme Electrode for Glucose,” Analytical Chemistry, vol. 56, 1984, pp. 2896-2904. |
| Linke B., et al., “Amperometric Biosensor for In Vivo Glucose Sensing Based on Glucose Oxidase Immobilized In A Redox Hydrogel,” Biosensors and Bioelectronics, vol. 9, 1994, pp. 151-158. |
| Lohn A., et al., “A Knowledge-Based System for Real-Time Validation of Calibrations and Measurements,” Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems, vol. 46, 1999, pp. 57-66. |
| Lowe C.R., “Biosensors,” Trends in Biotechnology, vol. 2 (3), 1984, pp. 59-65. |
| Luong J.H.T., et al., “Solubilization of Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes by 3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane towards the Fabrication of Electrochemical Biosensors with Promoted Electron Transfer,” Electroanalysis, vol. 16 (1-2), 2004, pp. 132-139. |
| Lyandres O., et al. “Progress toward an In Vivo Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Glucose Sensor,” Diabetes Technology and Therapeutics, vol. 10 (4), 2008, pp. 257-265. |
| Lynch S.M., et al., “Estimation-Based Model Predictive Control of Blood Glucose in Type 1 Diabetics: A Simulation Study,” Proceedings of the IEEE 27th Annual Northeast Bioengineering Conference, 2001, pp. 79-80. |
| Lynn P.A., “Recursive Digital Filters for Biological Signals,” Med. & Biol. Engineering, vol. 9, 1971, pp. 37-43. |
| Maidan R., et al., “Elimination of Electrooxidizable Interferent-Produced Currents in Amperometric Biosensors,” Analytical Chemistry, vol. 64, 1992, pp. 2889-2896. |
| Makale M.T., et al., “Tissue Window Chamber System for Validation of Implanted Oxygen Sensors,” American Journal of Physiology—Heart and Circulatory Physiology, vol. 284, Feb. 21, 2003, pp. 1-27. |
| Malin S.F., et al., “Noninvasive Prediction of Glucose by Near-Infrared Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy,” Clinical Chemistry, vol. 45 (9), 1999, pp. 1651-1658. |
| Mancy K.H., et al., “A Galvanic Cell Oxygen Analyzer,” Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, vol. 4, 1962, pp. 65-92. |
| Maran A., et al., “Continuous Subcutaneous Glucose Monitoring in Diabetic Patients,” A Multicenter Analysis, Diabetes Care, vol. 25 (2), Feb. 2002, pp. 347-352. |
| March W.F., “Dealing with the Delay,” Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, vol. 4 (1), 2002, pp. 49-50. |
| Marena S., et al., “The Artificial Endocrine Pancreas in Clinical Practice and Research,” Panminerva Medica, vol. 35 (2), 1993, pp. 67-74. |
| Martin R.F., “General Deming Regression for Estimating Systematic Bias and its Confidence Interval in Method-Comparison Studies,” Clinical Chemistry, vol. 46 (1), 2000, pp. 100-104. |
| Mascini M., et al., “Glucose Electrochemical Probe with Extended Linearity for Whole Blood,” Journal Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, vol. 7 (12), 1989, pp. 1507-1512. |
| Mastrototaro J.J., et al., “An Electroenzymatic Glucose Sensor Fabricated on a Flexible Substrate,” Sensors and Actuators B, vol. 5, 1991, pp. 139-144. |
| Mastrototaro J.J., et al., “Reproducibility of the Continuous Glucose Monitoring System Matches Previous Reports and the Intended Use of the Product,” Diabetes Care, vol. 26 (1), Jan. 2003, pp. 256-257. |
| Mastrototaro J.J., “The MiniMed Continuous Glucose Monitoring System,” Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, vol. 2, Supplement 1, 2000, pp. S13-S18. |
| Matsuki H., “Energy Transfer System Utilizing Amorphous Wires For Implantable Medical Devices,” IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 31 (2), 1994, pp. 1276-1282. |
| Matsumoto T., et al., “A Micro-Planar Amperometric Glucose Sensor Unsusceptible to Interference Species,” Sensors and Actuators B, 49, 1998, pp. 68-72. |
| Matthews D.R., et al., “An Amperometric Needle-Type Glucose Sensor Testing in Rats and Man,” Diabetic Medicine, vol. 5, 1988, pp. 248-252. |
| Mazze R.S., et al., “Characterizing Glucose Exposure for Individuals with Normal Glucose Tolerance Using Continuous Glucose Monitoring and Ambulatory Glucose Profile Analysis,” Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, vol. 10 (3), 2008, pp. 149-159. |
| Mazzola F., et al., “Video Diabetes: A Teaching Tool for Children with Insulin-Dependent Diabetes,” IEEE, Proceedings 7th Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care, Oct. 1983, 1 page Abstract. |
| McCartney L.J., et al., “Near-Infrared Fluorescence Lifetime Assay for Serum Glucose Based on Allophycocyanin-Labeled Concanavalin A,” Analytical Biochemistry, vol. 292, 2001, pp. 216-221. |
| McGrath M.J., et al., “The Use of Differential Measurements with a Glucose Biosensor for Interference Compensation During Glucose Determinations by Flow Injection Analysis,” Biosens Bioelectron, vol. 10, 1995, pp. 937-943. |
| McKean B.D., et al., “A Telemetry Instrumentation System for Chronically Implanted Glucose and Oxygen Sensors,” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 35 (7), Jul. 1988, pp. 526-532. |
| Memoli A., et al., “A Comparison between Different Immobilised Glucoseoxidase-Based Electrodes,” Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, vol. 29, 2002, pp. 1045-1052. |
| Merriam Webster Online Dictionary, Definition for “Aberrant,” retrieved from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/aberrant Aug. 19, 2008, 1 page. |
| Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, Definition of “Acceleration” retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Acceleration Jan. 11, 2010, 1 page. |
| Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, Definition of “Nominal” retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/nominal Apr. 23, 2007, 1 page. |
| Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, Definition of “System”. http://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/System Jan. 11, 2010, 2 pages. |
| Metzger M., et al., “Reproducibility of Glucose Measurements using the Glucose Sensor,” Diabetes Care, vol. 25 (6), Jul. 2002, pp. 1185-1191. |
| Meyerhoff C., et al., “On Line Continuous Monitoring of Subcutaneous Tissue Glucose in Men by Combining Portable Glucosensor With Microdialysis,” Diabetologia, vol. 35 (11), 1992, pp. 1087-1092. |
| Miller J.A., et al., “Development of an Autotuned Transcutaneous Energy Transfer System,” ASAIO Journal, vol. 39, 1993, pp. M706-M710. |
| Moatti-Sirat D., et al., “Evaluating In Vitro and In Vivo the Interference of Ascorbate and Acetaminophen on Glucose Detection by a Needle-Type Glucose Sensor,” Biosensors and Bioelectronics, vol. 7, 1992, pp. 345-352. |
| Moatti-Sirat D., et al., “Reduction of Acetaminophen Interference in Glucose Sensors by a Composite Nation Membrane: Demonstration in Rats and Man,” Diabetologia, vol. 37 (6), Jun. 1994, pp. 610-616. |
| Moatti-Sirat., et al., “Towards Continuous Glucose Monitoring: In Vivo Evaluation of a Miniaturized Glucose Sensor Implanted for Several Days in Rat Subcutaneous Tissue,” Diabetologia, vol. 35, 1992, pp. 224-230. |
| Monsod T.P., et al., “Do Sensor Glucose Levels Accurately Predict Plasma Glucose Concentrations During Hypoglycemia And Hyperinsulinemia?, ” Diabetes Care, vol. 25 (5), 2002, pp. 889-893. |
| Morff R.J., et al., “Microfabrication of Reproducible, Economical, Electroenzymatic Glucose Sensors,” Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, vol. 12 (2), 1990, pp. 0483-0484. |
| Mosbach K., et al., “Determination of Heat Changes in the Proximity of Immobilized Enzymes with an Enzyme Thermistor and its Use for the Assay of Metabolites,” Biochimica Biophysica Acta, vol. 403, 1975, pp. 256-265. |
| Motonaka J., et al., “Determination of Cholesterol and Cholesterol Ester with Novel enzyme Microsensors,” Anal. Chern., vol. 65, 1993, pp. 3258-3261. |
| Moussy F., et al., “A Miniaturized Nafion-Based Glucose Sensor: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation in Dogs,” International Journals of Artificial Organs, vol. 17 (2), 1994, pp. 88-94. |
| Moussy F., et al., “Performance of Subcutaneously Implanted Needle-Type Glucose Sensors Employing a Novel Trilayer Coating,” Analytical Chemistry, vol. 65, Aug. 1, 1993, pp. 2072-2077. |
| Moussy F., “Implantable Glucose Sensor: Progress and Problems,” IEEE, Nov. 2002, pp. 270-273. |
| Murphy S.M., et al., “Polymer Membranes in Clinical Sensor Applications, II. The Design and Fabrication of Permselective Hydrogels for Electrochemical Devices,” Biomaterials, 1992, vol. 13(14), pp. 979-990. |
| Muslu, “Trickling Filter Performance,” Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, vol. 37, 1992, pp. 211-224. |
| Neuburger G.G., et al., “Pulsed Amperometric Detection of Carbohydrates at Gold Electrodes with a Two-Step Potential Waveform,” Anal. Chern., vol. 59, 1987, pp. 150-154. |
| Newsrx, “Glucose Monitoring: FDA OKs New Device to Manage Diabetes,” Medical Letter on the CDC & FDA via NewsRx.com, Aug. 3, 2003, 1 page. |
| Nintendo Healthcare, Wired, Dec. 1993, 1 page. |
| Novo Nordisk Pharmaceuticals Inc., “Diabetes Educational Video Game Recognized by Software Publishers Association,” Press Release, Mar. 14, 1994, 4 pages. |
| Office Action for European Application No. 05723951.9, dated Feb. 20, 2012, 4 pages. |
| Office Action for European Application No. 05723951.9, dated Jan. 28, 2011, 6 pages. |
| Office Action for European Application No. 05723951.9, dated Jun. 28, 2012, 9 pages. |
| Office Action for European Application No. 05723951.9, dated Nov. 21, 2007, 5 pages. |
| Office Action for European Application No. 05723951.9, dated Oct. 10, 2008, 3 pages. |
| Office Action for European Application No. 10163654.6, dated Oct. 11, 2012, 6 pages. |
| Office Action for European Application No. 10163675.1, dated Mar. 17, 2011, 5 pages. |
| Office Action for Japanese Application No. 2007-500777, dated Aug. 17, 2010, 6 pages. |
| Office Action for Japanese Application No. 2007-500777, dated Jul. 24, 2012, 27 pages. |
| Office Action for Japanese Application No. 2007-500777, dated Jun. 28, 2011, 3 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 09/636,369, dated Sep. 30, 2002, 4 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 10/632,537, dated Dec. 21, 2004, 7 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 10/632,537, dated Oct. 20, 2004, 7 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 10/633,329, dated Apr. 27, 2010, 5 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 10/633,329, dated Dec. 18, 2008, 9 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 10/633,329, dated Feb. 4, 2008, 7 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 10/633,329, dated Jul. 30, 2007, 9 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 10/633,329, dated Jun. 11, 2009, 8 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 10/633,329, dated Jun. 12, 2008, 7 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 10/633,329, dated Mar. 26, 2007, 05 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 10/633,329, dated Oct. 5, 2006, 6 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 10/633,367, dated Jul. 15, 2008, 8 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 10/633,367, dated Jun. 11, 2009, 7 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 10/633,404, dated Feb. 12, 2007, 14 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 10/648,849, dated Jun. 23, 2009, 10 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 10/896,772, dated Dec. 14, 2005, 10 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 10/896,772, dated Jan. 11, 2005, 16 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 10/896,772, dated Jul. 19, 2005, 17 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 10/896,772, dated May 22, 2006, 31 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 10/991,966, dated Jul. 22, 2008, 12 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 10/991,966, dated Nov. 28, 2007, 13 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/007,635, dated Jan. 27, 2006, 9 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/007,920, dated Jun. 24, 2008, 10 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/034,344, dated Jan. 15, 2008, 5 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/038,340, dated Feb. 2, 2010, 18 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/038,340, dated Jan. 5, 2009, 13 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/038,340, dated Jun. 7, 2010, 18 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/038,340, dated Jun. 17, 2008, 11 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/038,340, dated May 19, 2009, 14 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/038,340, dated Nov. 9, 2009, 16 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/077,714, dated Apr. 10, 2007, 16 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/077,714, dated Apr. 16, 2009, 12 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/077,714, dated Dec. 31, 2009, 8 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/077,714, dated Jan. 10, 2008, 18 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/077,714, dated Jan. 27, 2010, 9 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/077,714, dated Jul. 27, 2007, 13 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/077,714, dated Oct. 11, 2006, 9 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/077,714, dated Sep. 16, 2008, 16 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/077,739, dated Dec. 29, 2009, 7 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/077,739, dated Jul. 21, 2009, 8 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/077,739, dated Mar. 1, 2010, 9 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/077,740, dated Apr. 28, 2009, 27 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/077,740, dated Feb. 7, 2008, 16 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/077,740, dated Jul. 25, 2008, 24 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/077,740, dated Jun. 1, 2007, 14 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/077,740, dated Nov. 1, 2007, 13 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/077,759, dated Jul. 10, 2008, 10 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/077,759, dated Mar. 31, 2008, 16 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/077,759, dated May 17, 2007, 13 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/077,759, dated May 26, 2009, 8 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/077,765, dated Dec. 31, 2007, 10 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/077,765, dated Feb. 3, 2010, 10 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/077,765, dated Jan. 23, 2009, 11 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/077,765, dated May 16, 2008, 9 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/077,765, dated Sep. 19, 2008, 9 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/078,072, dated Feb. 18, 2010, 6 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/078,072, dated Jun. 10, 2010, 8 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/078,072, dated Sep. 2, 2009, 13 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/078,232, dated Apr. 27, 2010, 18 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/078,232, dated Jan. 5, 2010, 15 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/078,232, dated Jul. 21, 2009, 13 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/078,232, dated Mar. 5, 2009, 14 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/078,232, dated May 5, 2008, 21 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/078,232, dated Nov. 12, 2008, 28 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/333,837, dated Apr. 12, 2010, 10 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/333,837, dated Jul. 2, 2010, 7 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/333,837, dated Jun. 29, 2009, 13 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/333,837, dated Nov. 28, 2008, 11 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/334,876, dated Aug. 25, 2009, 18 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/334,876, dated Aug. 26, 2008, 8 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/334,876, dated May 2, 2008, 18 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/334,876, dated Oct. 4, 2006, 9 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/334,876, dated Sep. 25, 2007, 14 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/360,252, dated Jan. 29, 2009, 15 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/360,252, dated Jul. 23, 2009, 10 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/360,252, dated Jun. 30, 2008, 10 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/360,819, dated Apr. 7, 2010, 10 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/360,819, dated Aug. 11, 2008, 10 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/360,819, dated Dec. 26, 2008, 12 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/360,819, dated Oct. 29, 2009, 15 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 12/055,098, dated Oct. 5, 2010, 12 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 12/098,359, dated Jul. 7, 2010, 18 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 12/102,654, dated Jul. 30, 2009, 9 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 12/102,654, dated Mar. 10, 2010, 6 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 12/102,745, dated Dec. 23, 2008, 4 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 12/113,508, dated Feb. 23, 2010, 9 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 12/113,724, dated Jun. 24, 2010, 12 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 12/182,073, dated Jun. 28, 2010, 20 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 12/182,083, dated Jun. 24, 2010, 8 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 12/264,160, dated Jun. 3, 2010, 5 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 12/364,786, dated Jul. 29, 2010, 6 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 95/001,038, dated Jun. 17, 2008, 32 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 95/001,038, dated May 28, 2010, 32 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 95/001,039, dated May 29, 2008, 21 pages. |
| Office Action from European Patent Application No. 05723951.9, dated Sep. 7, 2010, 5 pages. |
| Ohara T.J., et al., “Glucose Electrodes Based On Cross-Linked [Os(bpy)2Cl](+/2+) Complexed Poly(1-Vinylimidazole) Films,” Analytical Chemistry, vol. 65, Dec. 1993, pp. 3512-3517. |
| Ohara T.J., et al., ““Wired” Enzyme Electrodes for Amperometric Determination of Glucose or Lactate in the Presence of Interfering Substances,” Anal Chern, vol. 66, 1994, pp. 2451-2457. |
| Okuda, et al., “Mutarotase Effect on Micro Determinations of D-Glucose and its Anomers with β D-Glucose Oxidase,” Anal Biochem, vol. 43 (1), 1971, pp. 312-315. |
| Oxford English Dictionary Online, Definition of “Impending,” http://www.askoxford.com/results/?view=devdict&field-12668446_Impending&branch Jan. 11, 2010, 1 page. |
| Palmisano F., et al., “Simultaneous Monitoring of Glucose and Lactate by an Interference and Cross-Talk Free Dual Electrode Amperometric Biosensor Based on Electropolymerized Thin Films,” Biosensors & Bioelectronics, vol. 15, 2000, pp. 531-539. |
| Panteleon A.E., et al., “The Role of the Independent Variable to Glucose Sensor Calibration,” Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, vol. 5 (3), 2003, pp. 401-410. |
| Parker R.S., et al., “A Model-Based Algorithm for Blood Glucose Control In Type I Diabetic Patients,” IEEE Trans Biomed Engg (BME), vol. 46(2), 1999, pp. 148-157. |
| Patel H., et al., “Amperometric Glucose Sensors Based on Ferrocene Containing Polymeric Electron Transfer Systems—A Preliminary Report,” Biosensors & Bioelectronics, vol. 18, 2003, pp. 1073-1076. |
| Peacock W.F., et al., “Cardiac Troponin and Outcome in Acute Heart Failure,” N. Engl. J. Med., vol. 358, 2008, pp. 2117-2126. |
| Peguin S., et al., “Pyruvate Oxidase and Oxaloacetate Decarboxylase Enzyme Electrodes—Simultaneous Determination of Transaminases with a Two-electrode-based Analyzer,” Analytica Chimica Acta, vol. 222, 1989, pp. 83-93. |
| Pfeiffer E.F., et al., “On Line Continuous Monitoring of Subcutaneous Tissue Glucose is Feasible by Combining Portable Glucosensor with Microdialysis,” Horm. Metab. Res., vol. 25, 1993, pp. 121-124. |
| Pfeiffer E.F., “The Glucose Sensor: The Missing Link in Diabetes Therapy,” Horm Metab Res Suppl., vol. 24, 1990, pp. 154-164. |
| Phillips R.P., “A High Capacity Transcutaneous Energy Transmission System,” ASIAO Journal, vol. 41, 1995, pp. M259-M262. |
| Pichert J.W., et al., “Issues for the Coming Age of Continuous Glucose Monitoring,” Diabetes Educator, vol. 26 (6), Nov.-Dec. 2000, pp. 969-980. |
| Pickup J.C., et al., “Developing Glucose Sensors for In Vivo Use,” Elsevier Science Publishers Ltd (Uk), Tibtech, vol. 11, 1993, pp. 285-291. |
| Pickup J.C., et al., “Implantable Glucose Sensors: Choosing the Appropriate Sensor Strategy,” Biosensors, vol. 3, (1987/1988), pp. 335-346. |
| Pickup J.C., et al., “In Vivo Molecular Sensing in Diabetes Mellitus: An Implantable Glucose Sensor with Direct Electron Transfer,” Diabetologia, vol. 32, 1989, pp. 213-217. |
| Pickup J.C., et al., “Potentially-lmplantable, Amperometric Glucose Sensors with Mediated Electron Transfer: Improving the Operating Stability,” Biosensors, vol. 4, 1989, pp. 109-119. |
| Pickup J.C., et al., “Responses and Calibration of Amperometric Glucose Sensors Implanted in the Subcutaneous Tissue of Man,” ACTA Diabetol, vol. 30, 1993, pp. 143-148. |
| Pinner S.H., et al., “Cross-Linking of Cellulose Acetate by Ionizing Radiation,” Nature, vol. 184, Oct. 24, 1959, pp. 1303-1304. |
| Pishko M.V., et al., “Amperometric Glucose Microelectrodes Prepared Through Immobilization of Glucose Oxidase in Redox Hydrogels,” Analytical Chemistry, vol. 63 (20), 1991, pp. 2268-2272. |
| Pitzer K.R., et al., “Detection of Hypoglycemia with the Glucowatch Biographer,” Diabetes Care, vol. 24 (5), 2001, pp. 881-885. |
| Poirier J.Y., et al., “Clinical and Statistical Evaluation of Self-Monitoring Blood Glucose Meters,” Diabetes Care, vol. 21 (11), Nov. 1998, pp. 1919-1924. |
| Poitout V., et al., “A Glucose Monitoring System for on Line Estimation in Man of Blood Glucose Concentration Using a Miniaturized Glucose Sensor Implanted in the Subcutaneous Tissue and a Wearable Control Unit,” Diabetologia, vol. 36, 1993, pp. 658-663. |
| Poitout V., et al., “Development of a Glucose Sensor for Glucose Monitoring in Man: The Disposable Implant Concept,” Clinical Materials, vol. 15, 1994, pp. 241-246. |
| Poitout V., et al., “In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation in Dogs of a Miniaturized Glucose Sensor,” ASAIO Transactions, vol. 37, 1991, pp. M298-M300. |
| Postlethwaite T.A., et al., “Interdigitated Array Electrode as an Alternative to the Rotated Ring-Disk Electrode for Determination of the Reaction Products of Dioxygen Reduction,” Analytical Chemistry, vol. 68 (17), Sep. 1996, pp. 2951-2958. |
| Prabhu V.G., et al., “Electrochemical Studies of Hydrogen Peroxide at a Platinum Disc Electrode,” Electrochimica Acta, vol. 26 (6), 1981, pp. 725-729. |
| Quinn C.A.P., et al., “Biocompatible, Glucose-Permeable Hydrogel for In situ Coating of Implantable Biosensors,” Biomaterials, vol. 18 (24), 1997, pp. 1665-1670. |
| Quinn C.P., et al., “Kinetics of Glucose Delivery to Subcutaneous Tissue in Rats Measured with 0.3-mm Amperometric Microsensors,” The American Physiological Society, vol. 269, 1995, pp. E155-E161. |
| Rabah M.A., et al., “Electrochemical Wear of Graphite Anodes During Electrolysis of Brine,” Carbon, vol. 29 (2), 1991, pp. 165-171. |
| Rafael E., “Cell Transplantation and Immunoisolation: Studies on a Macroencapsulation Device,” Departments of Transplantation Surgery and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden, 1999, pp. 1-83. |
| RAYA Systems Pioneers, “Raya Systems Pioneers Healthy Video Games,” Play Right, Nov. 1993, pp. 14-15. |
| Reach G., “A Method for Evaluating in vivo the Functional Characteristics of Glucose Sensors,” Biosensors, vol. 2, 1986, pp. 211-220. |
| Reach G., et al., “Can Continuous Glucose Monitoring Be Used for the Treatment of Diabetes?,” Analytical Chemistry, vol. 64 (6), Mar. 15, 1992, pp. 381A-386A. |
| Reach G., “Which Threshold to Detect Hypoglycemia? Value of Receiver-Operator Curve Analysis to Find a Compromise Between Sensitivity and Specificity,” Diabetes Care, vol. 24 (5), May 2001, pp. 803-804. |
| Rebrin K., et al., “Automated Feedback Control of Subcutaneous Glucose Concentration in Diabetic Dogs,” Diabetologia, vol. 32, 1989, pp. 573-576. |
| Rebrin K., et al., “Subcutaneous Glucose Monitoring by Means of Electrochemical Sensors: Fiction or Reality?,” Journal of Biomedical Engineering, vol. 14, Jan. 1992, pp. 33-40. |
| Rebrin K., et al., “Subcutaneous Glucose Predicts Plasma Glucose Independent of Insulin: Implications for Continuous Monitoring,” The American Physiological Society, vol. 277, 1999, pp. E561-E571. |
| Renard E., “Implantable Closed-Loop Glucose Sensing and Insulin Delivery: The Future for Insulin Pump Therapy,” Current Opinion in Pharmacology, vol. 2 (6), 2002, pp. 708-716. |
| Reush, “Organometallic Compounds,” Chemical Reactivity, Virtual Textbook of Organic Chemistry, Retrieved from http://www.cem.msu.edu/-reuschlVirtualText/orgmetal.htm 2004, pp. 1-16. |
| Rhodes R.K., et al., “Prediction of Pocket-Portable and Implantable Glucose Enzyme Electrode Performance from Combined Species Permeability and Digital Simulation Analysis,” Analytical Chemistry, vol. 66 (9), May 1, 1994, pp. 1520-1529. |
| Rigla M., et al., “Real-Time Continuous Glucose Monitoring Together with Telemedical Assistance Improves Glycemic Control and Glucose Stability in Pump-Treated Patients,” Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, vol. 10 (3), 2008, pp. 194-199. |
| Rinken T., et al., “Calibration of Glucose Biosensors By Using Pre-Steady State Kinetic Data,” Biosensors & Bioelectronics, vol. 13, 1998, pp. 801-807. |
| Ristic S., et al., “Review: Effects of Rapid-Acting Insulin Analogs on Overall Glycemic Control in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus,” Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, vol. 5 (1), 2003, pp. 57-66. |
| Rivers E.P., et al., “Central Venous Oxygen Saturation Monitoring in the Critically Ill Patient,” Current Opinion in Critical Care, 2001, vol. 7, pp. 204-211. |
| Sakakida M., et al., “Development of Ferrocene-Mediated Needle-Type Glucose Sensor as a Measure of True Subcutaneous Tissue Glucose Concentrations,” Artif. Organs Today, vol. 2 (2), 1992, pp. 145-158. |
| Sakakida M., et al., “Ferrocene-Mediated Needle Type Glucose Sensor Covered with Newly Designed Biocompatible Membrane,” Sensors and Actuators B, vol. 13-14, 1993, pp. 319-322. |
| Salardi S., et al., “The Glucose Area Under the Profiles Obtained with Continuous Glucose Monitoring System Relationships with HbA1C in Pediatric Type 1 Diabetic Patients,” Diabetes Care, vol. 25 (10), Oct. 2002, pp. 1840-1844. |
| Samuels M.P., “The Effects of Flight and Altitude,” Arch Dis Child, vol. 89, 2004, pp. 448-455. |
| San Diego Plastics Inc, “Polyethylene,” Datasheet, Retrieved from http://www.sdplastics.com/polyeth.html on Aug. 19, 2009, 7 pages. |
| Sansen W., et al., “A Smart Sensor for the Voltammetric Measurement of Oxygen or Glucose Concentrations,” Sensors and Actuators B1, 1990, pp. 298-302. |
| Sansen W., et al., “Glucose Sensor with Telemetry System,” In Implantable Sensors for Closed Loop Prosthetic Systems edited by Ko W.H, Chapter 12, 1985, pp. 167-175. |
| Schaffar B.P.H., “Thick Film Biosensors for Metabolites in Undiluted Whole Blood and Plasma Samples,” Analytical Bioanalytical Chemistry, Dec. 2001, vol. 372, pp. 254-260. |
| Schmidt F.J., et al., “Calibration of a Wearable Glucose Sensor,” The International Journal of Artificial Organs, Wichtig Publishing, IT, vol. 15(1), Jan. 1, 1992, pp. 55-61. |
| Schmidt F.J., et al., “Glucose Concentration in Subcutaneous Extracellular Space,” Diabetes Care, vol. 16 (5), May 1993, pp. 695-700. |
| Schmidtke D.W., et al., “Accuracy of the One-Point in Vivo Calibration of “Wired” Glucose Oxidase Electrodes Implanted in Jugular Veins of Rats in Periods of Rapid Rise and Decline of the Glucose Concentration,” Analytical Chemistry, vol. 70 (10), May 15, 1998, pp. 2149-2155. |
| Schmidtke D.W., et al., “Measurement and Modeling of the Transient Difference Between Blood and Subcutaneous Glucose Concentrations in the Rat After Injection of Insulin,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 95, Jan. 1998, pp. 294-299. |
| Schoemaker M., et al., “The SCGMI System: Subcutaneous Continuous Glucose Monitoring Based on Microdialysis Technique,” Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, vol. 5 (4), 2003, pp. 599-608. |
| Schoonen A.J.M., et al., “Development of a Potentially Wearable Glucose Sensor for Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: Design and In-vitro Evaluation,” Biosensors & Bioelectronics, vol. 5, 1990, pp. 37-46. |
| Selam J.L., “Management of Diabetes with Glucose Sensors and Implantable Insulin Pumps,” From the Dream of the 60s to the Realities of the 90s, ASAIO Journal 1997, vol. 43, pp. 137-142. |
| Service F.J., et al., “Mean Amplitude of Glycemic Excursions, A Measure of Diabetic Instability,” Diabetes, vol. 19 (9), Sep. 1970, pp. 644-655. |
| Service F.J., et al., “Measurements of Glucose Control,” Diabetes Care, vol. 10 (2), Mar.-Apr. 1987, pp. 225-237. |
| Service R.F., “Can Sensors Make a Home in the Body?,” Science, Materials Science: Soft Surface, vol. 297, Aug. 9, 2002, pp. 962-963. |
| Sharkawy A.A., et al., “Engineering the Tissue Which Encapsulates Subcutaneous Implants. I. Diffusion Properties,” Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, vol. 37, 1996, pp. 401-412. |
| Shaw G.W., et al., “In Vitro Testing of a Simply Constructed, Highly Stable Glucose Sensor Suitable for Implantation in Diabetic Patients,” Biosensors & Bioelectronics, vol. 6, 1991, pp. 401-406. |
| Shichiri M., et al., “Glycaemic Control in Pancreatectomized Dogs with a Wearable Artificial Endocrine Pancreas,” Diabetologia, vol. 24, 1983, pp. 179-184. |
| Shichiri M., et al., “Membrane Design for Extending the Long-Life of an Implantable Glucose Sensor,” Diabetes Nutrition & Metabolism, vol. 2 (4), 1989, pp. 309-313. |
| Shichiri M., et al., “Needle Type Glucose Sensor for Wearable Artificial Endocrine Pancreas,” In Implantable Sensors for Closed-Loop Prosthetic Systems edited by Ko W.H, Chapter 15, 1985, pp. 197-210. |
| Shichiri M., et al., “Telemetry Glucose Monitoring Device with Needle-Type Glucose Sensor: A Useful Tool for Blood Glucose Monitoring in Diabetic Individuals,” Diabetes Care, vol. 9 (3), May-Jun. 1986, pp. 298-301. |
| Shichiri M., et al., “Wearable Artificial Endocrine Pancreas with Needle-Type Glucose Sensor,” Preliminary Communication, Lancet, vol. 2, Nov. 20, 1982, pp. 1129-1131. |
| Shults M.C., et al., “A Telemetry-Instrumentation System for Monitoring Multiple Subcutaneously Implanted Glucose Sensors,” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 41 (10), Oct. 1994, pp. 937-942. |
| Sigma-Aldrich Corp. “Nafion® 117 Solution Product Description, Product No. 70160,” retrieved from https//:http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/cgi-bin/hsrun/Suite7/Suite/HAHTpage/Suite.HsExternalProd on Apr. 7, 2005, 1 page. |
| Skyler U.S., “The Economic Burden of Diabetes and the Benefits of Improved Glycemic Control: The Potential Role of a Continuous Glucose Monitoring System,” Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, vol. 2, Supplement 1,2000, pp. S7-S12. |
| Slater-MacLean L., et al., “Accuracy of Glycemic Measurements in the Critically Ill,” Diabetes Technology and Therapeutics, vol. 10 (3), 2008, pp. 169-177. |
| Smith B., et al., “An Externally Powered, Multichannel, Implantable Stimulator-Telemeter for Control of Paralyzed Muscle,” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 45 (4), Apr. 1998, pp. 463-475. |
| Smith, et al.,“A Comparison of Islet Transplantation and Subcutaneous Insulin Injections for the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus,” Computers in Biology and Medicine, 1991, vol. 21 (6), pp. 417-427. |
| Sokol L., et al., “Immobilized-Enzyme Rate-Determination Method for Glucose Analysis,” Clinical Chemistry, vol. 26 (1), 1980, pp. 89-92. |
| Sokolov S., et al., “Metrological Opportunities of the Dynamic Mode of Operating an Enzyme Amperometric Biosensor,” Medical Engineering & Physics, vol. 17 (6), 1995, pp. 471-476. |
| Sparacino G., et al., “Continuous Glucose Monitoring Time Series and Hypo-Hyperglycemia Prevention: Requirements, Methods, Open Problems,” Current Diabetes Reviews, vol. 4 (3), 2008, pp. 181-192. |
| Sproule B.A., et al., “Fuzzy Pharmacology: Theory and Applications,” Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, vol. 23 (9), Sep. 2002, pp. 412-417. |
| Sriyudthsak M., et al., “Enzyme-Epoxy Membrane Based Glucose Analyzing System and Medical Applications,” Biosensors & Bioelectronics, vol. 11 (8), 1996, pp. 735-742. |
| Steil G.M., et al., “Determination of Plasma Glucose During Rapid Glucose Excursions with a Subcutaneous Glucose Sensor,” Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, vol. 5 (1), 2003, pp. 27-31. |
| Stern M., et al., “Electrochemical Polarization: I. A Theoretical Analysis of the Shape of Polarization Curves,” Journal of the Electrochemical Society, vol. 104 (1), Jan. 1957, pp. 56-63. |
| Sternberg F., et al., “Does Fall in Tissue Glucose Precede Fall in Blood Glucose?,” Diabetologia, vol. 39, 1996, pp. 609-612. |
| Sternberg R., et al., “Study and Development of Multilayer Needle-type Enzyme Based Glucose Microsensors,” Biosensors, vol. 4, 1988, pp. 27-40. |
| Street, et al., “Islet Graft Assessment in the Edmonton Protocol: Implications for Predicting Long-Term Clinical Outcome,” Diabetes, 2004, vol. 53, pp. 3107-3114. |
| Street J.O., et al., “A Note on Computing Robust Regression Estimates Via Iteratively Reweighted Least Squares,” The American Statistician, vol. 42 (2), May 1988, pp. 152-154. |
| Sumino T., et al., “Preliminary Study of Continuous Glucose Monitoring with a Microdialysis Technique,” Proceedings of the 20th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, vol. 20 (4), 1998, pp. 1775-1778. |
| Supplementary European Search Report for Application No. 05723951.9 dated May 2, 2007, 3 pages. |
| Takatsu I., et al., “Solid State Biosensors Using Thin-Film Electrodes,” Sensors and Actuators, 1987, vol. 11, pp. 309-317. |
| Takegami S., et al., “Pervaporation of Ethanol/Water Mixtures Using Novel Hydrophobic Membranes Containing Polydimethylsiloxane,” Journal of Membrane Science, vol. 75, 1992, pp. 93-105. |
| Tamura T., et al., “Preliminary Study of Continuous Glucose Monitoring with a Microdialysis Technique and a Null Method—A Numerical Analysis,” Frontiers of Medical & Biological Engineering, vol. 10 (2), 2000, pp. 147-156. |
| Tanenberg R.J., et al., “Continuous Glucose Monitoring System: A New Approach to the Diagnosis of Diabetic Gastroparesis,” Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, vol. 2, Supplement 1, 2000, pp. S73-S80. |
| Tatsuma T., et al., “Oxidase/Peroxidase Bilayer-Modified Electrodes as Sensors for Lactate, Pyruvate, Cholesterol and Uric Acid,” Analytica Chimica Acta, vol. 242, 1991, pp. 85-89. |
| Thennadil S.N., et al., “Comparison of Glucose Concentration in Interstitial Fluid, and Capillary and Venous Blood During Rapid Changes in Blood Glucose Levels,” Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, vol. 3 (3), 2001, pp. 357-365. |
| Thijssen, et al., “A Kalman Filter for Calibration, Evaluation of Unknown Samples and Quality Control in Drifting Systems,” Part 1,Theory and Simulations, Analytica chimica Acta, 1984, vol. 156, pp. 87-101. |
| Thijssen, et al., “A Kalman Filter for Calibration, Evaluation of Unknown Samples and Quality Control in Drifting Systems,” Part 3,Variance Reduction ,Analytica chimica Acta, 1985, vol. 173, pp. 265-272. |
| Thijssen, et al., “A Kalman Filter for Calibration, Evaluation of Unknown Samples and Quality Control in Drifting Systems,” Part 4,Flow Injection Analysis, Analytica chimica Acta, 1985, vol. 174, pp. 27-40. |
| Thijssen P.C.,“A Kalman Filter for Calibration, Evaluation of Unknown Samples and Quality Control in Drifting Systems,” Part 2,Optimal Designs, Analytica chimica Acta, vol. 162, 1984, pp. 253-262. |
| Thome V., et al., “(Abstract) Can the Decrease in Subcutaneous Glucose Concentration Precede the Decrease in Blood Glucose Level? Proposition for a Push-Pull Kinetics Hypothesis,” Horm. metab. Res., vol. 27, 1995, p. 53. |
| Thome-Duret V., et al., “Continuous Glucose Monitoring in the Free-Moving Rat,” Metabolism, vol. 47 (7), Jul. 1998, pp. 799-803. |
| Thome-Duret V., et al., “Modification of the Sensitivity of Glucose Sensor Implanted into Subcutaneous Tissue,” Diabetes & Metabolism, vol. 22, 1996, pp. 174-178. |
| Thome-Duret V., et al., “Use of a Subcutaneous Glucose Sensor to Detect Decreases in Glucose Concentration Prior to Observation in Blood,” Analytical Chemistry, vol. 68 (21), Nov. 1, 1996, pp. 3822-3826. |
| Thompson M., et al., “In Vivo Probes: Problems and Perspectives,” Clinical Biochemistry, vol. 19 (5), Oct. 1986, pp. 255-261. |
| Tierney M.J., et al., “Effect of Acetaminophen on the Accuracy of Glucose Measurements Obtained with the GlucoWatch Biographer,” Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, vol. 2 (2), 2000, pp. 199-207. |
| Tierney M.J., et al., “The Gluco Watch® Biographer: A Frequent, Automatic and Noninvasive Glucose Monitor,” Annals of Medicine, vol. 32, 2000, pp. 632-641. |
| Tilbury J.B., et al., “Receiver Operating Characteristic Analysis for Intelligent Medical Systems—A New Approach for Finding Confidence Intervals,” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 47 (7), Jul. 2000, pp. 952-963. |
| Torjman M.C., et al., “Glucose Monitoring in Acute Care: Technologies on the Horizon,” Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, vol. 2 (2), Mar. 2008, pp. 178-181. |
| Trajanoski Z., et al., “Neural Predictive Controller For Insulin Delivery Using The Subcutaneous Route,” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 45(9), 1998, pp. 1122-1134. |
| Trecroci D., “A Glimpse into the Future-Continuous Monitoring of Glucose with a Microfiber,” Diabetes Interview, Jul. 2002, pp. 42-43. |
| Tse P.S.H., et al., “Time-Dependent Inactivation of Immobilized Glucose Oxidase and Catalase,” Biotechnology & Bioengineering, vol. 29, 1987, pp. 705-713. |
| Turner A.P.F., et al., “Carbon Monoxide: Acceptor Oxidoreductase from Pseudomonas Thermocarboxydovorans Strain C2 and its Use in a Carbon Monoxide Sensor,” Analytica Chimica Acta, vol. 163, 1984, pp. 161-174. |
| Turner A.P.F., et al., “Diabetes Mellitus: Biosensors for Research and Management,” Biosensors, vol. 1, 1985, pp. 85-115. |
| Unger J., et al., “Glucose Control in the Hospitalized Patient,” Emergency Medicine, vol. 36 (9), 2004, pp. 12-18. |
| Updike S.J., et al., “A Subcutaneous Glucose Sensor with Improved Longevity, Dynamic Range, and Stability of Calibration,” Diabetes Care, vol. 23 (2), Feb. 2000, pp. 208-214. |
| Updike S.J., et al., “Continuous Glucose Monitor Based on an Immobilized Enzyme Electrode Detector,” Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine, vol. 93(4), 1979, pp. 518-527. |
| Updike S.J., et al., “Enzymatic Glucose Sensor: Improved Long-Term Performance in Vitro and In Vivo,” ASAIO Journal, vol. 40 (2), Apr.-Jun. 1994, pp. 157-163. |
| Updike S.J., et al., “Implanting the Glucose Enzyme Electrode: Problems, Progress, and Alternative Solutions,” Diabetes Care, vol. 5 (3), May-Jun. 1982, pp. 207-212. |
| Updike S.J., et al., “Laboratory Evaluation of New Reusable Blood Glucose Sensor,” Diabetes Care, vol. 11 (10), Nov.-Dec. 1988, pp. 801-807. |
| Updike S.J., et al., “Principles of Long-Term Fully Implanted Sensors with Emphasis on Radiotelemetric Monitoring of Blood Glucose Form Inside a Subcutaneous Foreign Body Capsule (FBC),” Edited by Fraser D M, Biosensors in the Body: Continuous in vivo Monitoring, John Wiley & Sons Ltd., New York, 1997, Chapter 4, pp. 117-137. |
| Updike S.J., et al., “The Enzyme Electrode,” Nature, vol. 214, Jun. 3, 1967, pp. 986-988. |
| Utah Medical Products Inc., “Deltran—Disposable Blood Pressure Transducers,” Product Specifications, 2003-2006, 6 pages. |
| Vadgama P., “Diffusion Limited Enzyme Electrodes,” NATO ASI Series: Series C, Math and Phys. Sci, vol. 226, 1988, pp. 359-377. |
| Vadgama P., “Enzyme Electrodes as Practical Biosensors,” Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, vol. 5 (6), Nov. 1981, pp. 293-298. |
| Valdes T.I., et al., “In Vitro and In Vivo Degradation of Glucose Oxidase Enzyme used for an Implantable Glucose Biosensor,” Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, vol. 2 (3), 2000, pp. 367-376. |
| Van Den Berghe, “Tight Blood Glucose Control with Insulin in “Real-Life” Intensive Care,” Mayo Clinic Proceedings, vol. 79 (8), Aug. 2004, pp. 977-978. |
| Velho G., et al., “In Vitro and In Vivo Stability of Electrode Potentials in Needle-Type Glucose Sensors,” Influence of Needle Material, Diabetes, vol. 38, Feb. 1989, pp. 164-171. |
| Velho G., et al., “Strategies for Calibrating a Subcutaneous Glucose Sensor,” Biomed Biochim Acta, vol. 48 (11/12), 1989, pp. 957-964. |
| Vesper H.W., et al., “Assessment of Trueness of a Glucose Monitor Using Interstitial Fluid and Whole Blood as Specimen Matrix,” Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, vol. 8 (1), 2006, pp. 76-80. |
| Von Woedtke T., et al., “In Situ Calibration of Implanted Electrochemical Glucose Sensors,” Biomed. Biochim. Acta 48 vol. 11/12, 1989, pp. 943-952. |
| Wagner, et al., “Continuous Amperometric Monitoring of Glucose in a Brittle Diabetic Chimpanzee with a Miniature Subcutaneous Electrode,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, vol. 95, May 1998, pp. 6379-6382. |
| Wang J., et al., “Highly Selective Membrane-Free Mediator-Free Glucose Biosensor,” Analytical Chemistry, vol. 66 (21), Nov. 1, 1994, pp. 3600-3603. |
| Wang X., et al., “Improved Ruggedness for Membrane-Based Amperometric Sensors using a Pulsed Amperometric Method,” Analytical Chemistry, vol. 69 (21), Nov. 1, 1997, pp. 4482-4489. |
| Ward W.K., et al., “A New Amperometric Glucose Microsensor: In Vitro and Short-Term In Vivo Evaluation,” Biosensors & Bioelectronics, vol. 17, 2002, pp. 181-189. |
| Ward W.K., et al., “Assessment of Chronically Subcutaneous Glucose Sensors in Dogs: The Effect of Surrounding Fluid Masses,” ASAIO Journal, 1999, vol. 45 (6), pp. 555-561. |
| Ward W.K., et al., “Rise in Background Current Over Time in a Subcutaneous Glucose Sensor in the Rabbit,” Relevance to Calibration and Accuracy, Biosensors & Bioelectronics, vol. 15, 2000, pp. 53-61. |
| Ward W.K., et al., “Understanding Spontaneous Output Fluctuations of an Amperometric Glucose Sensor: Effect of Inhalation Anesthesia and Use of a Nonenzyme Containing Electrode,” ASAIO Journal, 2000, pp. 540-546. |
| Wentholt I.M.E., et al., “Relationship between Interstitial and Blood Glucose in Type 1 Diabetes Patients: Delay and the Push-pull Phenomenon Revisited,” Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, vol. 9 (2), 2007, pp. 169-175. |
| Wientjes K.J.C., “Development of a Glucose Sensor for Diabetic Patients,” (Ph.D. Thesis), 2000, 212 pages. |
| Wikipedia., “Intravenous Therapy,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravenous_therapy, Aug. 15, 2006, 6 pages. |
| Wilkins E., et al., “Glucose Monitoring: State of the Art and Future Possibilities,” Med. Eng. Phys., vol. 18 (4), 1996, pp. 273-288. |
| Wilkins E., et al., “Integrated Implantable Device for Long-Term Glucose Monitoring,” Biosensors & Bioelectronics, vol. 10, 1995, pp. 485-494. |
| Wilkins E.S., et al., “The Coated Wire Electrode Glucose Sensor,” Horm Metab Res Suppl., vol. 20, 1988, pp. 50-55. |
| Wilson G.S., et al., “Enzyme-Based Biosensors for In Vivo Measurements,” Chern. Rev., vol. 100, 2000, pp. 2693-2704. |
| Wilson G.S., et al., “Progress Toward the Development of an Implantable Sensor for Glucose,” Clinical Chemistry, vol. 38 (9), 1992, pp. 1613-1617. |
| Wolpert H., “Establishing a Continuous Glucose Monitoring Program,” Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, Mar. 2008, vol. 2 (2), pp. 307-310. |
| Wolpert H.A., “Commentary: A Clinician's Perspective on Some of the Challenges in Closed Loop,” Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, vol. 5 (5), 2003, pp. 843-846. |
| Wood W D., et al., “Hermetic Sealing with Epoxy,” Pave Technology—Mechanical Engineering, Mar. 1990, 3 pages. |
| Woodward S.C., “How Fibroblasts and Giant Cells Encapsulate Implants: Considerations in Design of Glucose Sensors,” Diabetes Care, vol. 5 (3) May-Jun. 1982, pp. 278-281. |
| Worsley G.J et al., “Measurement of Glucose in Blood with a Phenylboronic Acid Optical Sensor,” Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, vol. 2 (2), Mar. 2008, pp. 213-220. |
| Wright M., et al., “Bioelectrochemical Dehalogenations Via Direct Electrochemistry of Poly(ethylene oxide)-Modified Myoglobin,” Electrochemistry Communications, vol. 1, 1999, pp. 609-613. |
| Wu H., et al., “In Situ Electrochemical Oxygen Generation with an Immunoisolation Device,” Annals New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 875, 1999, pp. 105-125. |
| Yamasaki Y., et al., “Direct Measurement of Whole Blood Glucose by a Needle-Type Sensor,” Clinica Chimica Acta. 93, 1989, pp. 93-98. |
| Yamasaki Y., “The Development of a Needle-Type Glucose Sensor for Wearable Artificial Endocrine Pancreas,” Medical Journal of Osaka University, vol. 35 (1-2), Sep. 1984, pp. 25-34. |
| Yang C., et al., “A Comparison of Physical Properties and Fuel Cell Performance of Nafion and Zirconium Phosphate/Nation Composite Membranes,” Journal of Membrane Science, vol. 237, 2004, pp. 145-161. |
| Yang Q., et al., “Development of Needle-Type Glucose Sensor with High Selectivity,” Science and Actuators B, vol. 46, 1998, pp. 249-256. |
| Yang S., et al., “A Glucose Biosensor Based On an Oxygen Electrode: In-Vitro Performances in a Model Buffer Solution and in Blood Plasma,” Biomedical Instrumentation & Technology, vol. 30 (1), 1996, pp. 55-61. |
| Yang S., et al., “Glucose Biosensors with Enzyme Entrapped in Polymer Coating,” Biomedical Instrument and Technology, Mar./Apr. 1995, vol. 29 (2), pp. 125-133. |
| Ye L., et al., “High Current Density Wired' Quinoprotein Glucose Dehydrogenase Electrode,” Analytical Chemistry, vol. 65, 1993, pp. 238-241. |
| Zamzow K.L., et al., “Development and Evaluation of a Wearable Blood Glucose Monitor,” ASAIO Transactions, vol. 36 (3), 1990, pp. M588-M591. |
| Zavalkoff S.R., et al., “Evaluation Of Conventional Blood Glucose Monitoring as An Indicator of Integrated Glucose Values Using a Continuous Subcutaneous Sensor,” Diabetes Care, vol. 25(9), 2002, pp. 1603-1606. |
| Zethelius B., et al., “Use Of Multiple Biomarkers to Improve the Prediction of Death From Cardiovascular Causes,” N. Engl. J. Med., vol. 358, May 2008, pp. 2107-2116. |
| Zhang, et al., “Elimination of the Acetaminophen Interference in an Implantable Glucose Sensor,” Analytical Chemistry, 1994, vol. 66 (7), pp. 1183-1188. |
| Zhang Y., et al., “Electrochemical Oxidation Of H2O2 On Pt and Pt + Ir Electrodes in Physiological Buffer and its Applicability to H2O2-Based Biosensors,” J. Electro Analytical Chemistry, vol. 345, 1993, pp. 253-271. |
| Zhang Y., et al., “In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Oxygen Effects on a Glucose Oxidase Based Implantable Glucose Sensor,” Analytica Chimica Acta, vol. 281, 1993, pp. 513-520. |
| Zhu, et al., “Fabrication and Characterization of Glucose Sensors Based on a Microarray H2O2 Electrode,” Biosensors & Bioelectronics, 1994, vol. 9, pp. 295-300. |
| Zhu, et al., “Planar Amperometric Glucose Sensor Based on Glucose Oxidase Immobilized by Chitosan Film on Prussian blue Layer,” Sensors, 2002, vol. 2, pp. 127-136. |
| Ziaie, et al., “A Single-Channel Implantable Microstimulator for Functional Neuromuscular Stimulation,” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 1997, vol. 44(10), pp. 909-920. |
| Asberg P., et al., “Hydrogels of a Conducting Conjugated Polymer as 3-D Enzyme Electrode,” Biosensors Bioelectronics, 2003, vol. 19, pp. 199-207. |
| Brauker, et al., “Sustained Expression of High Levels of Human Factor IX from Human Cells Implanted within an Immunoisolation Device into Athymic Rodents,” Human Gene Therapy, Apr. 10, 1998, vol. 9, pp. 879-888. |
| Brauker J H., et al., “Neovascularization of Synthetic Membranes Directed by Membrane Microarchitecture,” Journal of Biomedical Material Research, 1995, vol. 29, pp. 1517-1524. |
| Brauker J., “Unraveling Mysteries at the Biointerface: Molecular Mediator of Inhibition of Blood Vessel Formation in the Foreign Body Capsule Revealed,” SurFACTS in Biomaterials, vol. 6 (3), 2001, pp. 1,5. |
| Brunner G.A., et al., “Validation of Home Blood Glucose Meters with Respect to Clinical and Analytical Approaches,” Diabetes Care, vol. 21, No. 4, Apr. 1998, pp. 585-590. |
| Chen C., et al., “A Noninterference Polypyrrole Glucose Biosensor,” Biosensors and Bioelectronics, vol. 22, 2006, pp. 639-643. |
| Dai W.S., et al., “Hydrogel Membranes with Mesh Size Asymmetry based on the Gradient Crosslinking of Poly(Vinyl Alcohol),” Journal of Membrane Science, 1999, vol. 156, pp. 67-79. |
| D'Arrigo G., et al., “Porous-Si Based Bio Reactors for Glucose Monitoring and Drugs Production,” Proceedings of SPIE, 2003, vol. 4982, pp. 178-184. |
| Extended European Search Report for Application No. 08756743.4 dated Feb. 26, 2013, 7 pages. |
| File History of U.S. Appl. No. 10/632,537, filed Aug. 1, 2003, 211 pages. |
| File History of U.S. Appl. No. 10/633,329, filed Aug. 1, 2003, 711 pages. |
| File History of U.S. Appl. No. 10/633,367, filed Aug. 1, 2003, 432 pages. |
| File History of U.S. Appl. No. 10/896,772, filed Jul. 21, 2004, 210 pages. |
| File History of U.S. Appl. No. 10/991,966, filed Nov. 17, 2004, 446 pages. |
| File History of U.S. Appl. No. 11/038,340, filed Jan. 18, 2005, 653 pages. |
| File History of U.S. Appl. No. 11/077,714, filed Mar. 10, 2005, 320 pages. |
| File History of U.S. Appl. No. 11/077,740, filed Mar. 10, 2005, 921 pages. |
| File History of U.S. Appl. No. 11/077,759, filed Mar. 10, 2005, 596 pages. |
| File History of U.S. Appl. No. 11/077,765, filed Mar. 10, 2005, 932 pages. |
| File History of U.S. Appl. No. 11/078,232, filed Mar. 10, 2005, 256 pages. |
| File History of U.S. Appl. No. 11/333,837, filed Jan. 17, 2006, 672 pages. |
| File History of U.S. Appl. No. 11/360,819, filed Feb. 22, 2006, 778 pages. |
| File History of U.S. Appl. No. 11/691,432, filed Mar. 26, 2007, 659 pages. |
| File History of U.S. Appl. No. 11/334,876, filed Jan. 18, 2006, 751 pages. |
| File History of U.S. Appl. No. 11/360,252, filed Feb. 22, 2006, 594 pages. |
| Geller R.I., et al., “Use of an Immunoisolation Device for Cell Transplantation and Tumor Immunotherapy,” Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 1997, vol. 831, pp. 438-451. |
| Gerritsen M., et al., “Influence of Inflammatory Cells and Serum on the Performance of Implantable Glucose Sensors,” Journal of Biomedical Material Research, 2001, vol. 54, pp. 69-75. |
| Gregg B A., et al., “Cross-Linked Redox Gels Containing Glucose Oxidase for Amperometric Biosensor Applications,” Anal Chem, 1990, vol. 62, pp. 258-263. |
| Harrison, et al., “Characterization of Perfluorosulfonic Acid Polymer Coated Enzyme Electrodes and a Miniaturized Integrated Potentiostat for Glucose Analysis in Whole Blood,” Analytical Chemistry, 1988, vol. 60, pp. 2002-2007. |
| International Preliminary Reporton Patentability for Application No. PCT/US2008/065978 dated Jun. 19, 2008, 14 pages. |
| International Search Report and Written opinion for Application No. PCT/US2008/065978 dated Oct. 2, 2008, 14 pages. |
| Kargol M., et al., “Studies on the Structural Properties of Porous Membranes: Measurement of Linear Dimensions of Solutes,” Biophysical Chemistry, 2001, vol. 91, pp. 263-271. |
| Karube I., et al., “Microbiosensors for Acetylcholine and Glucose,” Biosensors & Bioelectronics, 1993, vol. 8, pp. 219-228. |
| Klueh U., et al., “Inflammation and Glucose Sensors: Use of Dexamethasone to Extend Glucose Sensor Function and Life Span in Vivo,” Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, vol. 1 (4), Jul. 2007, pp. 496-504. |
| Kunzler J., et al.,“Hydrogels based on Hydrophilic Side Chain Siloxanes,” Poly Mat Sci and Eng, 1993, vol. 69, pp. 226-227. |
| Kunzler J F., et al., “Contact Lens Materials,” Chemistry & Industry, Aug. 21, 1995, pp. 651-655. |
| Lee E., et al., “Effects of Pore Size, Void Volume, and Pore Connectivity on Tissue Responses to Porous Silicone Implants,” Society for Biomaterials, 25th Annual Meeting, 1999, p. 171. |
| Loffler P., et al., “Separation and Determination of Traces of Ammonia in Air by Means of Chromatomembrane Cells,” Fresenius Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 1995, vol. 352, pp. 613-614. |
| Lyman D J., “Polyurethanes. I. The Solution Polymerization of Diisocyanates with Ethylene Glycol,” Journal of Polymer Science, 1960, vol. XLV, pp. 49-59. |
| Madaras M B., et al., “Microfabricated Amperometric Creatine and Creatinine Biosensors,” Analytica Chimica Acta, 1996, vol. 319, pp. 335-345. |
| Matsumoto T., et al., “A long-Term Lifetime Amperometric Glucose Sensor with a Perfluorocarbon Polymer Coating,” Biosensors & Bioelectronics, vol. 16, 2001, pp. 271-276. |
| Miller K.M., et al., “Generation of IL-1 like Activity in Response to Biomedical Polymer Implants: a Comparison of in Vitro and in Vivo Models,” Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, vol. 23(9), 1989, pp. 1007-1026. |
| Miller K.M., et al., “Human monocyte/macrophage activation and interleukin 1 generation by biomedical polymers,” Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, vol. 22 (8), 1988, pp. 713-731. |
| Miller K.M., et al., “In Vitro Stimulation of Fibroblast Activity by Factors Generated from Human Monocytes Activated by Biomedical Polymers,” Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, vol. 23(8), 1989, pp. 911-930. |
| Moussy F., et al., “Biomaterials community examines biosensor biocompatibility,” Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, vol. 2(3), 2000, pp. 473-477. |
| Mowery K.A., et al., “Preparation and Characterization by Hydrophobic Polymeric Films that are Thromboresistant via Nitric Oxide Release,” Biomaterials, vol. 21, 2000, pp. 9-21. |
| Myler S., et al., “Ultra-Thin-Polysiloxane-Film-Composite Membranes for the Optimisation of Amperometric Oxidase Enzyme Electrodes,” Biosensors & Bioelectronics, vol. 17, 2002, pp. 35-43. |
| Nakayama Y., et al., “Surface Fixation of Hydrogels: Heparin and Glucose Oxidase Hydrogelated Surfaces” ASAIO Journal, 1992, pp. M421-M424. |
| Nam Y.S., et al., “A Novel Fabrication Method of Macroporous Biodegradable Polymer Scaffolds Using Gas Foaming Salt as a Porogen Additive,” J Biomed Mater Res, 2000, vol. 53, pp. 1-7. |
| Office Action for European Application No. 07844038.5 dated Jun. 4, 2020, 14 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/691,424, dated Jun. 11, 2009, 21 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/691,424, dated Sep. 25, 2008, 15 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/691,466, dated Oct. 3, 2008, 15 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 12/102,729, dated Jul. 7, 2009, 7 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 12/133,738, dated Sep. 10, 2010, 11 pages. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 12/133,761, dated Sep. 7, 2010, 11 pages. |
| Panetti T.S., “Differential Effects of Sphingosine 1-Phosphate and Lysophosphatidic Acid on Endothelial Cells,” Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, vol. 1582, 2002, pp. 190-196. |
| Phillips R.E., et al., “Biomedical Applications of Polyurethanes: Implications of Failure Mechanisms,” Journal of Biomedical application, vol. 3, Oct. 1988, pp. 206-227. |
| Pickup J.C., et al., “Progress Towards in Vivo Glucose Sensing with a Ferrocene-Mediated Amperometric Enzyme Electrode,” Horm Metab Res Suppl, vol. 20, 1988, pp. 34-36. |
| Pineda L.M., et al., “Bone Regeneration with Resorbable Polymeric Membranes. III. Effect of Poly(L-lactide) Membrane Pore Size on the Bone Healing Process in Large Defects,” Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, vol. 31, 1996, pp. 385-394. |
| Ratner B.D., “Reducing Capsular Thickness and Enhancing Angiogenesis around Implant Drug Release Systems,” Journal of Controlled Release, vol. 78, 2002, pp. 211-218. |
| Sachlos E., et al., “Making Tissue Engineering Scaffolds Work Review on the Application of Solid Freeform Fabrication Technology to the Production of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds,” European Cells and Materials, vol. 5, 2003, pp. 29-40. |
| Sanders E., et al., “Fibrous Encapsulation of Single Polymer Microfibers Depends on their Vertical Dimension in Subcutaneous Tissue Polymer Microfibers,” Journal of Biomedical Material Research, vol. 67A, 2003, pp. 1181-1187. |
| Schuler, et al., “Modified Gas-Permeable Silicone Rubber Membranes for Covalent Immobilisation of Enzymes and their Use in Biosensor Development,” Analyst, 1999, vol. 124, pp. 1181-1184. |
| Sieminski, et al., “Biomaterial-Microvasculature Interactions,” Biomaterials, 2000, vol. 21, pp. 2233-2241. |
| Sigma-Aldrich Corp., “Cellulose Acetate,” Product Description, Product No. 419028, St. Louis, MO, 2005, 1 page. |
| Sternberg, et al., “Covalent Enzyme Coupling on Cellulose Acetate Membranes for Glucose Sensor Development,” Anal Chem, Dec. 1988, vol. 60(24), pp. 2781-2786. |
| Stokes, “Polyether Polyurethanes: Biostable or Not,” Journal of Biomaterials Applications, Oct. 1988, vol. 3, pp. 228-259. |
| Suh, et al., “Behavior of Fibroblasts on a Porous Hyaluronic Acid Incorporated Collagen Matrix,” Yonsei Medical Journal, 2002, vol. 43 (2), pp. 193-202. |
| Tang, et al., “Fibrin(ogen) Mediates Acute Inflammatory Responses to Biomaterials,” J.Exp.Med, 1993, vol. 178, pp. 2147-2156. |
| Tang, et al., “Inflammatory Responses to Biomaterials,” Am J Clin Pathol, 1995, vol. 103, pp. 466-471. |
| Tang, et al., “Mast Cells Mediate Acute Inflammatory Responses to Implanted Biomaterials,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 1998, vol. 95, pp. 8841-8846. |
| Tang, et al., “Molecular Determinants of Acute Inflammatory Responses to Biomaterials,” J Clin Invest, 1996, vol. 97, pp. 1329-1334. |
| Tibell, et al., “Survival of Macroencapsulated Allogeneic Parathyroid Tissue One Year after Transplantation in Nonimmunosuppressed Humans,” Cell Transplantation, 2001, vol. 10, pp. 591-599. |
| Turner A.P.F., “Amperometric Biosensor based on Mediator-Modified Electrodes,” Methods in Enzymology, 1988, vol. 137, pp. 90-103. |
| Wade L.G., “Reactions of Aromatic Compounds,” Organic Chemistry, Chapter 17, 5th edition, 2003, pp. 762-763. |
| Office Action from Australian Patent Application No. 2018295116, dated Jul. 5, 2021, 3 pages. |
| Communication pursuant to Article 94(3) EPC for European Application No. 18869622.3, dated Aug. 17, 2021, 9 pages. |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 62576660 | Oct 2017 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 16167976 | Oct 2018 | US |
| Child | 17369535 | US |
