The present invention relates to mitigating the effects of voltage error on light diffraction. More particularly, this invention relates to a grating light valve array structure for light diffraction error mitigation due to voltage error.
Designers and inventors have sought to develop a light modulator which can operate alone or together with other modulators. Such modulators should provide high operating speeds, a high contrast ratio or modulation depth, have optical flatness, be compatible with VLSI processing techniques, be easy to handle and be relatively low in cost. Two such related systems are found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,311,360 and 5,841,579 which are hereby incorporated by reference.
According to the teachings of the ‘360 and ‘579 patents, a diffractive light modulator is formed of a multiple mirrored-ribbon structure. An example of such a diffractive light modulator 10 is shown in FIG. 1. The diffractive light modulator 10 comprises elongated elements 12 suspended by first and second posts, 14 and 16, above a substrate 20. The substrate 20 comprises a conductor 18. In operation, the diffractive light modulator 10 operates to produce modulated light selected from a reflection mode and a diffraction mode.
Unfortunately, diffractive light modulators 10 are sensitive to voltage errors that may occur in normal operation. Specifically, there is a large dependence of attenuation with active ribbon voltage. This is particularly a problem at larger attenuations (−15 dB) where the dependence exceeds 10 dB per volt. Such error makes it extremely difficult to diffract the proper amount of light from the diffractive light modulator 10 in that the electrical bias applied to every other one of the elongated elements 12 will have an additional voltage component. This additional voltage will separate the active and bias elongated elements 12 more or less than the desired amount, thereby causing light diffraction inconsistent with the desired operation of the diffractive light modulator 10.
The non-linearity in the voltage versus attenuation behavior places severe design constraints on the voltage source. A stable, high bit-depth voltage supply or precision non-linear supply is required for control of the attenuation level. For attenuation applications, a key metric of performance is the slope of the attenuation versus voltage response, namely decibels per volt (dBN). A low and constant dBN is desired.
Lastly, current diffractive light modulators 10 are sensitive to voltage errors caused by power supply noise. Such error is often referred to as “ripple.” What is needed is a diffractive light modulator 10 that is less sensitive to ripple in order to diffract a correct amount of light
According to the embodiments of the present invention, a modulator and method for modulating an incident beam of light including a plurality of active elements, each active element including a first end, a second end, and a light reflective planar surface with the light reflective planar surfaces of the plurality of active elements lying in a first parallel plane wherein the plurality of active elements are parallel to each other. The modulator also includes a plurality of bias elements, each bias element including a first end and a second end, and a light reflective planar surface with the light reflective planar surfaces of the plurality of bias elements lying in a second parallel plane wherein the plurality of bias elements are parallel to each other and further wherein the plurality of bias elements are mechanically or electrically deflected with respect to the plurality of active elements.
Lastly, the modulator includes a support structure coupled to each end of the plurality of active elements and to each end of the plurality of bias elements to maintain a position of each active and bias element relative to each other and to enable movement of selective ones of the plurality of active elements and the plurality of bias elements in a direction normal to the one or more parallel planes of the plurality of active and bias elements, and between a first modulator configuration wherein the plurality of active elements and the plurality of bias elements act to reflect the incident beam of light as a plane mirror, and a second modulator configuration wherein the plurality of active elements and the plurality of bias elements act to diffract the incident beam of light.
Each of the plurality of bias elements is deflected an odd multiple of the wavelength of an incident light wave divided by four and the plurality of light reflective planar surfaces of the plurality of active elements move from the first parallel plane to the second parallel plane.
The bias elements can be deflected by applying a voltage difference over each of the plurality of bias elements, or covering the light reflective surface of each of the plurality of bias elements with a transparent over layer, or affixing each of the plurality of bias elements such that the light reflective planar surfaces of the plurality of bias elements are lying in the second parallel plane wherein the plurality of bias elements are parallel to each other or securing the light reflective planar surfaces of each of the plurality of bias elements to a substrate such substrate defining the second parallel plane.
According to the embodiments of the present invention, a modulator for modulating an incident beam of light includes means for supporting a plurality of active elements and a plurality of bias elements, each active and bias element including a first end and a second end, the supporting means being coupled to each end of the plurality of active and bias elements to maintain a position of each active and bias element relative to each other, and a light reflective planar surface with the light reflective planar surfaces of the plurality of active elements lying in a first parallel plane and the plurality of bias elements lying in a second parallel plane wherein the plurality of active and bias elements are parallel to each other and further wherein the plurality of bias elements are deflected with respect to the plurality of active elements.
The modulator also includes means for moving selective ones of the plurality of active elements and the plurality of bias elements in a direction normal to the one or more parallel planes of the plurality of active and bias elements, and between a first modulator configuration wherein the plurality of active elements and the plurality of bias elements act to reflect the incident beam of light as a plane mirror, and a second modulator configuration wherein the plurality of active elements and the plurality of bias elements act to diffract the incident beam of light.
a illustrates a side view of a ribbon constructed according to an embodiment of the present invention.
b illustrates a side view of a ribbon constructed according to an embodiment of the present invention.
c illustrates a side view of a ribbon constructed according to an embodiment of the present invention.
a illustrates a top view of a plurality of ribbons constructed according to an embodiment of the present invention.
b illustrates a side view of a ribbon constructed according to an embodiment of the present invention.
c illustrates a side view of a ribbon constructed according to an embodiment of the present invention.
d illustrates a side view of a ribbon constructed according to an embodiment of the present invention.
a illustrates a side view of a ribbon constructed according to an embodiment of the present invention.
b illustrates a side view of a ribbon constructed according to an embodiment of the present invention.
c illustrates a top view of a plurality of ribbons constructed according to an embodiment of the present invention
The present invention overcomes deficiencies of conventional diffractive light modulators 10 by deflecting bias elements, commonly referred to as ribbons, at an amount substantially equal to λ/4 or an odd multiple thereof in order to reverse the characteristics of the 0th order light, thereby reducing the sensitivity of the active ribbons to various forms of voltage errors.
The preferred embodiment as depicted in
Referring back to
Also, the bias ribbons 42 may be deflected mechanically by producing a light modulator 40 having bias ribbons 42 that are deflected by a predetermined distance or amount, thereby deflecting the bias ribbons 42 mechanically. The following description will disclose known methods to deflect the bias ribbons 42.
a depicts a blind etch process of an embodiment of the present invention, wherein a side view of a sacrificial layer 110 is deposited and is etched to an etch depth 116 that reflects the desired deflection level. The posts 114 are then etched and a ribbon layer 112 is deposited. Once the ribbon layer 112 is in place, the sacrificial layer 110 is removed, the ribbon layer 112 is cut and released, creating a ribbon layer having a pre-biased ribbon height 118.
b and 11c depict a more detailed side view showing the characteristic effect that this etching has on the ribbon layer 112. In
a-d depict a method of mechanically deflecting the bias ribbons 144 of an additional embodiment of the present invention. Referring first to the top view of
Referring now to the side views depicted in
a-c depict a method of mechanically deflecting the bias ribbons 158 of an additional embodiment of the present invention. Referring first to the side view of
Referring now to
It will be readily apparent to one skilled in the art that other various modifications may be made to the preferred embodiment without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
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