Patent Application
20060286230
The invention generally relates to a process for simultaneously separating packaging from the processed food product contained inside while grinding the packaged processed foods, and providing a granulated food product suitable for subsequent incorporation into other food products after separating out packaging fragments therefrom.
Significant volumes of product-in-package waste are generated in the packaging operation in manufacturing plants. This is because in the production of many types of packaged food products, some unused packaged foods may receive minor damage to either the packaging or the food product which cause it to be in an unsatisfactory condition to be sold to retailers or distributors. The food product itself is still wholesome but is not up to quality visual standards and instead of disposing the package of food it is desirable to re-use the food product. This often requires heating, mechanical grinding, milling or other processing steps to reform the processed food into a more convenient or stable form, which can lead to difficulties. Furthermore, a packaged food product must first be removed from its packaging before undergoing further processing steps to reform the food product. Manual separation of food product from package is costly, time-consuming, and waste material is usually not recycled.
Moreover, farinaceous (starch-containing) foods can be subject to gelatinization or other significant physico-chemical transformations upon heat treatment or exposure to heat associated with conventional grinding or milling operations. For commercial reasons, control of gelatinization of farinaceous material in some food systems is important as it may have a direct impact on final product quality, particularly product texture. In addition, the degree of gelatinization of farinaceous material in food systems also impacts the processing rheology of a starch melt/dough or similar foodstuff. This may affect the expansion and bubble growth kinetics of the food product. A farinaceous food material may not be economically and/or functionally useful in further processed food production if the original starch content becomes unduly degraded.
Arrangements are needed for reforming packaged processed foods at a high recovery rate in a shelf-stable, food grade, functional form for re-use, with fewer process steps and equipment requirements, and a process that can provide a cost-efficient method to separate product from packaging, while simultaneously generating the reusable product. Less time to separate food from its packaging and an easier method of separating the two is needed. The invention addresses the above and other needs in an efficient and economically feasible manner.
This invention provides a separation process for packaged processed food which simultaneously separates packaging from food content and generates particulated edible rework and packaging pieces which may be recyclable. The process makes it possible to grind packaged processed foods into separable fractions of re-usable food grade, functional particulate forms and fragmented packaging material during a common grinding process. The packaging enters the cyclone as a whole piece with the processed food product inside, and the break down of the package occurs while it is in the cyclone sufficient to release the food contents. Packaging and liberated food contents are acted upon by non-mechanical disintegration forces generated within the cyclone. This process performs the treatment in a short-duration operation that substantially preserves desirable functional aspects of the processed foods which are useful for food manufacture while allowing the packaging to be separated from the food. Grinding may be effected without the need to contact the processed food and packaging with any moving mechanical parts. In certain embodiments, essentially all the processed food material reformed in this manner may be incorporated into food products and the product packaging fragments may be recycled.
In one aspect, a food product obtained from this process incurs sufficiently limited molecular structural degradation during this process such that the product of this process is functionally and organoleptically acceptable to be used as rework. In one particular aspect, the food product comprises a processed food. For purposes herein, a “processed food” refers to a food material which has already undergone a physical or chemical change as part of a previous food treatment, such as a thermal treatment, causing the character thereof to be different from the original food material. Such processed foods tend to be more sensitive to further treatment, and thus generally may be less apt to tolerate it without undergoing significant structural degradation.
The packaging material type is not particularly limited other than it should be a material susceptible to disintegration or other structural break-down under processing conditions of an embodiment of this invention sufficient to release its food contents. For instance, the packaging material meeting this criterion may be a sleeve type packaging or barrier film, a bag, a pouch, shrink-wrap, a box, a tray, cartons, canisters, bag in box, vacuum packaged products, and the like. The packaging material may be flexible, semi-rigid, or rigid construction. It may also comprise a composite arrangement of two or more types of packaging, e.g. one inside of the other, such as a sleeve type packaging inside of a bag. Such packaging materials may be made out of paper, plastics, metal, foils, multi-layer extrusions, laminates, overlays, combinations of any of these, and the like. Suitable packaging materials encompass many commercial food packaging materials and types. Suitable packaging materials can be readily identified and confirmed via a test run(s) with respect to a particular set or sets of process conditions. The types of processed foods that may be reformed may be processed foods which contain a grain-based ingredient, for example, from low-moisture doughs. Such low-moisture doughs may include, for example, bread doughs, pizza doughs, cereal doughs, pet food doughs, cracker doughs, baked good doughs, and the like.
In one particular embodiment, the grain-based ingredient comprises farinaceous material, and granular food products containing a farinaceous material emerge from the grinding treatment substantially functionally intact and substantially without loss of flavor. In this embodiment, the grinding treatment effectively granulates processed foods containing farinaceous material without inducing significant or uncontrolled starch gelatinization or other structural degradation of starch content. That is, sufficient original starch structure in particular in these processed foods is retained intact and preserved through the treatment to yield a food product having functional and organoleptic attributes acceptable for reuse in rework.
In other embodiments, a cookie or cracker product matrix composed of flour, sugar, fat and salt contained within a plastic liner package can be ground into free flowing cookie/cracker base while being simultaneously separated from its package. The product base can be reworked into parent or non-parent dough, recovering valuable product that would otherwise be lost with the high volumes of scrap that occur from the packaging operation.
In some embodiments, the reclamation of processed food and its packaging is conducted as a grinding process in which compressed air and packaged processed food are separately introduced into an enclosure that includes a truncated conical shaped section. After introduction, the compressed air travels generally along a downward path through the enclosure until it reaches a lower end thereof. The air flows back up from the lower end of the enclosure in a central region thereof until exiting the enclosure via an exhaust duct. The packaged processed food is separately introduced into an upper end of the enclosure, and the food and packaging become entrained in the air traveling downward through the enclosure until reaching the lower end of the enclosure. In one embodiment, the compressed air is introduced into the enclosure at approximately ambient temperature, and also may be dehumidified where the ambient relatively humidity exceeds about 50% to minimize or reduce risk of clumping in the food material while being processed in the cyclone.
During this movement of the packaged processed food from the upper end of the enclosure down to the lower end thereof, the processed food and packaging are at least physically processed. The food also may be further dehydrated by use of heated compressed air in which it is suspended in a dynamic air flow system. During the same unit operation, the food is disintegrated into small particles in an extremely short duration of time while the packaging is broken down into larger particles. After introducing the packaged processed food into the process unit, the processed food and packaging are processed and discharged from the process unit in a short duration of time, which can be less than about 60 seconds, particularly less than about 30 seconds, and more particularly less than about 10 seconds. Significant amounts of the introduced processed food can be ground before reaching a lower end of the enclosure. As such, this attrition of the processed food into granular form and of the packaging material into smaller fragments may be achieved without a grinding device using moving mechanical parts.
Consequently, in these embodiments, a solid particulate product including ground food is discharged and recovered from the lower end of the enclosure, while air and any moisture vapor released from the food during processing within the unit is exhausted from the system via the exhaust duct. In one particular embodiment, the enclosure is a two-part structure including an upper cylindrical shaped enclosure in which the compressed air and packaged processed food are separately introduced, and the cylindrical enclosure adjoins and fluidly communicates with a lower enclosure having the truncated conical shape that includes the lower end of the overall structure from which the processed feed material is dispensed.
Grinding packaged processed foods in accordance with embodiments of this invention offers numerous advantages over conventional schemes for disposal of packaged processed food. For one, costs associated with transporting and disposing of a food material and packaging are reduced or eliminated. The grinding treatment makes it possible to produce a granular food product from packaged processed food that is also separated from its packaging material at a relatively low temperature, short duration procedure. The grinding treatment preferably may be achieved as a single-stage operation without impairing the desirable functional attributes of the food material, and without requiring different processes to be performed in different equipment, all while separating the packaging fragments from the processed food material. Additionally, the process can be operated in a continuous mode as the compressed air is continuously exhausted from the system after entraining the food and packaging downward through the enclosure to its lower end, and ground food product material can be withdrawn from the lower end of the enclosure as it is being separated from the packaging fragments. Relatively little if any food or packaging residue is left on the inner walls of the processing unit, making it easy to clean and facilitate switching to a different type of processed food for processing within the unit. These advantages reduce process complexity, production time, and production and service costs.
Other features and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of preferred embodiments of the invention with reference to the drawings, in which:
The features depicted in the figures are not necessarily drawn to scale. Similarly numbered elements in different figures represent similar components unless indicated otherwise.
Preferred embodiments of the invention will be described below with specific reference to unique processing of packaged processed foods.
When packaged processed food is processed in accordance with embodiments herein, food content is separated from packaging and ground into small particles or fragments within a short period of time in a grinding process performed in one unit operation. In general, the grinding process is implemented on a cyclonic type system that may be operated in a manner whereby the packaged processed food may be physically acted upon in a beneficial manner. A ground food product is obtained in a granulated form (e.g., a solid fine particulate), and also fragmented packaging material.
For purposes herein, “grinding” a particle means crushing, pulverizing, abrading, wearing, or rubbing the particle to break it down into smaller particles and/or liberate smaller particles, and includes mechanisms involving contact between moving particles, and/or between a moving particle and a static surface; and “drying” means dehydrating, i.e., reducing moisture content.
Referring to
A granular food product is obtained which is suitable for use in comestibles and packaging fragments are obtained from the separation process of the packaging material and the processed food which can then be recycled. For instance, the granulated food product obtained substantially retains its flavor and functional attributes through the grinding treatment. For instance, when the processed food is a farinaceous material, residual starch content of the processed foods that remains after any prior cooking or other thermal treatments are performed on the processed food is substantially maintained through the grinding process according to the present invention, and thus is functionally available for re-use. The packaging fragments obtained can be separated from the granulated food product and thus are functionally available for re-use in further package re-processing.
The granular food product also may be stably stored until re-used in subsequent food production. The granulated food product may be used as a food ingredient in the same type of processed food production line from which it was made, or in a different type of processed food production line in which its flavor or functional attributes may be desirable or useful. It also may be re-used at relatively high levels in further food production lines.
Referring now to
Referring to
Compressed air 116 and packaged processed food 102 are separately introduced into the cyclone 101 at the upper enclosure 103. The packaged processed food is discharged as solid particulate 113 from the lower end 112 of the cyclone 101. A valve mechanism 111, such as a rotary valve or rotary air-lock, may be used that permits extraction of dried, ground food product from the cyclone without interrupting continuous operation of the system and which minimizes leakage of the introduced air from the cyclone 101. If the cyclone 101 is operated without an air-lock or the like at the bottom discharge end of the cyclone 101, the system generally will run less efficiently as air will be forced out of the lower end 112, which will need to be compensated for in the air feed rate. However, in a preferred embodiment the cyclone is operated without an air-lock. Air, and possibly some small amount of moisture vapor released from the food and packaging during treatment within the cyclone 101, is exhausted as exhaust gases 114 from the cyclone via a sleeve 107 and an exhaust duct 109. Some nominal amount of light debris may be liberated from the food during processing in the cyclone, and may be eliminated with the exhaust gas stream 114. The exhaust gas stream 114 optionally may be particle filtered, and/or scrubbed to strip out volatile compounds or other compounds, such as using a separate scrubber module, e.g. a packed bed type scrubber, before it is vented to the atmosphere (e.g., see
To introduce the compressed air 116 into the cyclone 101, an air pressurizing mechanism 121, such as a blower or air compressor, generates a high volume, high velocity compressed air stream that is conducted via air ducting 125 through an optionally used air heater 123, and from there is introduced into the upper enclosure 103 of the cyclone 101. Heating the compressed air before its introduction into the cyclone 101 is not necessarily required. However, it may be used for added moisture content control or adjustment in the product, if desired. For purposes herein, the term “compressed air” refers to air compressed to a pressure above atmospheric pressure, e.g., above 14.7 psia (lb./inch2 absolute). The term “heated air” refers to air heated to a temperature above ambient temperature, e.g., above 75° F. (24° C.). The term “compressed heated air” refers to air having both these characteristics.
The compressed air 116 is introduced into the chamber 104 substantially tangentially to an inner wall 108 of the upper enclosure 103. This can be done, for example, by directing the air stream 116 to a plurality of holes 120 (e.g., 2 to 8 holes) circumferentially spaced around and provided through the wall 108 of the upper enclosure 103 through which the air stream is introduced. Deflection plates 122 can be mounted on the inner wall 108 of the upper enclosure 103 for deflecting the incoming stream of air into a direction substantially tangential to the inner wall 108 according to an arrangement that has been described, for example, in U.S. patent application publication no. 2002/0027173 A1, which descriptions are incorporated herein by reference. The compressed air may be introduced into the upper enclosure 103 of the cyclone 101 in a counter-clockwise or a clockwise direction.
The introduced air 116 generally may be further pressurized cyclonically in the chamber 104 and the cavity 106. Due to the centrifugal forces present in the cyclonic environment, it is thought that the pressure nearer the outer extremities of the cavity 106 is substantially greater than atmospheric pressure, while the pressure nearer the central axis of the cavity 106 is less than atmospheric pressure. As shown in
A vortex breaking means (not shown) optionally can be interposed below or inside the lower end 112 to encourage the transition of the larger vortex 13 to the smaller vortex 15. Various vortex breaking arrangements for cyclones are known, such as the introduction of a box-shaped enclosure at the bottom of the conical enclosure.
The packaged processed food 102 is separately introduced into the upper enclosure 103. The introduced packaged processed food drops gravitationally downward into the chamber 104 until entrained in the air vortex 13 within the cyclone 101. Preferably, the packaged processed food is introduced into the upper enclosure 103 in an orientation such that it will fall into the cyclonic vortex 13 generated within the cyclone 101, where it is located in the space between the sleeve 107, and inner wall 108 of the upper enclosure 103. This feed technique serves to minimize the amount of packaged processed food that may initially fall into extreme inner or outer radial portions of the vortex where the cyclonic forces that the food and packaging experience may be lower.
The entrained food and packaging travel in the vortex 13 of air spiraling or otherwise traveling downward through the lower enclosure 105 until reaching the lower end 112 of the lower enclosure 105. During this downward flow path, the grinding effects on the food and separation of the packaging may occur at different respective times and at different places during the downward flow path of the food and packaging through the cyclone. When the packaging is introduced into the cyclone 101 it typically contains a processed food product in its interior cavity. Alternately, the packaging material may yet contain another packaging material inside of its interior cavity, which in turn contains the processed food. Once the packaged food product is introduced into the cyclone 101 the air pressure differential between the cyclone 101 and the interior of the packaged food is such that it causes the packaging to implode at the package seams, seals and weakened points of the packaging and to separate into fragments. The resulting released food contents and packaging fragments are further acted upon by disintegrating forces generated and present within the cyclone. While not desiring to be bound to any theory, it is thought that possible pressure-gradient and coriolis forces across, cavitation explosions, and the collision interaction between the food particles entrained in the high-velocity cyclonically pressurized air may be violently disruptive to the physical structure of that material, acting similarly upon the packaging materials. Alternatively, or in addition thereto, the centrifugal force of the vortex may move the food forcefully against the inner walls 108 and 123 of the enclosure. These modes of attrition, individually or in combination, or other modes of attrition that may occur within the cyclone which may not be fully understood, bring about comminuting (grinding) of the food concurrent and separation of the packaging material. As a result, during this movement of the food-and packaging from the upper enclosure 103 down to the lower end 112 of the lower enclosure 105, the processed food is physically processed in beneficial ways while the packaging is separated or divided into numerous fragments. The unit 101 requires no mechanical moving parts for effecting grinding of the processed food and for separation of the packaging materials.
The discharged product stream 113 contains granulated food particles and packaging (e.g., plastic, paper, or metalized foil packaging, etc.) fragments. Preferably, these two product fractions are separated from one another. In a particular embodiment, the discharged product stream 113 is screened, such as using a sieve, such as a screen sieve or other suitable particulate separation/classifying mechanism 115, to sort and separate the finer fraction of ground food 1130 in the solid particulate product 113 that have particle sizes meeting a size criterion, such as being less than a predetermined size, which are suitable for post-grinding processing, from the packaging fragments (and, if present, any coarser product fraction) 1131. Although not shown, additional separation/classifying treatments can be conducted on stream 1131 to separate any coarser (oversize) food product fraction from the packaging fragments in stream 1131. Coarser (oversize) food fraction, once separated from the packaging fragments, optionally may be redirected into the upper enclosure of the cyclone for additional processing therein. A conveyor (not shown) could be used to mechanically transport the coarser material back to the feed introducing means 127 or other introduction means in the upper enclosure 103 of the cyclone 101. Also, the feed introducing means 127 may be an inclined conveyor (e.g., see
It will be appreciated that the sleeve 107 can be controllably moved up and down to different vertical positions within the cyclone 101. In general, the lower the sleeve 107 is spaced relative to the cavity 106, the smaller the combined total volume of the cyclone 101 which is available for air circulation. Since the volume of air being introduced remains constant, this reduction in volume causes a faster flow of air, causing greater cyclonic effect throughout the cavity 106 and consequently causing the introduced food to be ground and packaging material to be separated and to circulate longer in the chamber 104 and the cavity 106. Raising the sleeve 107 generally has the opposite effect. For a given feed and operating conditions, the vertical position of the sleeve 107 can be adjusted to improve process efficiency and yield.
Also, a damper 126 can be provided on the exhaust duct 109 to control the volume of air permitted to escape from the central, low-pressure region of the cavity 106 into the ambient atmosphere, which can affect the cyclonic velocities and force gradients within the cyclone 101. Other than the optional damper, the unit 101 generally requires no moving parts for operation, and particularly with respect to effecting the grinding action which occurs within the unit.
By continually feeding packaged processed food into the cyclone 101, a continuous throughput of ground food product material and separated packaging fragments 113 are obtained. A non-limiting example of a commercial apparatus that can be operated in a continuous manner while processing food and packaging according to processes of this invention is a WINDHEXE apparatus, manufactured by Vortex Dehydration Systems, LLC, Hanover Md., U.S.A. Descriptions of that type of apparatus are set forth in U.S. patent application publication no. 2002/0027173 A1, which descriptions are incorporated in their entirety herein by reference.
The cyclonic system 100 can provide very high heat transfer rates from hot air to processed food for any further drying or moisture control that may be optionally desired, and mechanical energy to crack and granulate food as it descends through the conical section of the dryer. The food exiting the cyclone 101 exhibits a flowable solid particulate type form, which may be a flour or powder like material. On the other hand, the packaging material that is introduced together with the processed food is broken down into multiple pieces of packaging fragments and upon exiting the cyclone 101 the packaging fragments are larger in particle size than the ground food product and hence are able to be separated from the finer granulated food particles.
The processing unit 101 may be left relatively clean and tidy, as processed material does not tend to cling as residue to the interior walls of the process unit used to grind the food into granular form. This can facilitate any desired change-over for processing a different type of feed material within the same unit.
In one process scheme for processing packaged processed food, the introduction of the compressed air into the cyclone comprises supplying compressed air at an inlet pressure within the range of from about 10 psig (lb./inch2 gauge) to about 100 psig, particularly from about 20 psig to about 60 psig, and more particularly from about 20 psig to about 40 psig. For example, for the separation of paper packaging, compressed air pressure may be at about 20 psig, and for foil packaging, the compressed air pressure may be at about 40 psig.
As noted, heating of the compressed air before its introduction into the processing unit is not ordinarily required for processing the packaged processed food according to embodiments herein. If heated compressed air is used, heated air may be introduced into the cyclone at an appropriate temperature for the food and purpose intended. Generally, the temperature of the compressed air introduced into the cyclonic processing chamber will be from about 0° F. to about 500° F., particularly about 32° F. to about 120° F., and more particularly about 40° F. to about 100° F. As the feed material is of a dry to low-moisture content, the need for heated air is reduced or eliminated in most instances.
The volumetric introduction rate of the compressed air into the cyclone is within the range of from about 500 cubic feet per minute (CFM) to about 10,000 CFM, particularly from about 800 CFM to about 10,000 CFM, and more particularly from about 1,000 CFM to about 3,000 CFM.
The feed rate of the packaged processed food can vary, but generally may be in the range of about 1 to about 300 pounds per minute, particularly about 50 to about 150 lbs./min, for about a 1 to about a 10 foot diameter (maximum) cyclone. The cyclone diameter may be, for example, about 1 to about 10 feet in diameter, particularly about 1 to about 6 feet in diameter.
The packaged processed food may be processed within the above-noted cyclone arrangement within a very short period of time. In one embodiment, upon introducing the packaged processed food into the cyclone, a granulated product thereof and separated packaging are discharged from the processing unit within about 15 seconds, and particularly within about 1 to about 5 seconds.
Substantially all the introduced packaged processed food may be discharged as processed product within such a short period of time. The above-noted processing temperatures and durations applied during grinding of the packaged processed food generally are low enough to help prevent any significant undesired changes in the starch structure, or other physico-chemical attributes relevant to food-processing, from occurring during the grinding treatment such as described herein. Any starch content present in the food (before granulation) is preserved substantially intact through the grinding treatment performed in accordance with this invention on the processed food. Conventional milling generally employs moving parts to effect attrition of a material, which tends to generate localized heat. Intense or unduly elevated heat may increase the risk of degradation of desirable food functional features.
In one embodiment, the packaged processed food used as the feed material of a grinding process generally contains less than 14 wt. % moisture, and particularly less than 12 wt. % moisture, and generally ranges from 1 wt % to 14 wt % moisture, and particularly from 6 wt % to 12 wt %, when introduced into the cyclone 101 of the system 100. Feed material at higher moisture levels may also be used to the extent it does not agglomerate or build-up into a sticky or pasty mass inside the cyclone or otherwise become non-processable. The compressed air fed into the cyclone ordinarily is unheated, although a heated condition may be used. In one embodiment, the food material is processed at ambient (nonheated) temperature, such as at a temperature of about 65 to about 80° F. (about 18 to about 27° C.). It may be necessary to dehumidify the compressed air before it is introduced into the cyclone unit in high relative humidity (RH) conditions (e.g. RH greater than about 50%) to ensure that the feed material can be attrited into granular form and does not build-up into a sticky or pasty mass inside the cyclone. The air may be dehumidified using a conventional cooling coil unit or similar device used for dehumidification of process air (e.g., see
Under certain conditions, the compressed air fed into the cyclone may be heated in an air heater 123 to induce some further dehydration of the feed material while it is being ground in the same process unit (see
Ground food product obtained by a grinding process preferably has commercially useful particle sizes. In one embodiment, the dried, ground food product obtained by processing packaged processed food according to an embodiment of this invention generally may have an average particle size of about 1 micron to about 1,000 microns, particularly about 2 to about 1,000 microns. In one embodiment, the solid particulate edible product fraction obtained as the bottoms of the cyclone comprise at least about 50% ground food product having an average particle size of about 1 micron to about 1,000 microns. Tray type material is relatively brittle, so the end particle size generally ranges from about 11 mm to about 90 mm and higher. Paper bag type material is not as brittle and so does not typically brake up quite as easily, and therefore the resulting end products from that type of packaging are generally from about 10 mm to about 100 mm in size.
The packaging material type is not particularly limited other than it should be a material susceptible to disintegration or other structural break-down under processing conditions of an embodiment of this invention sufficient to release its food contents. For instance, the packaging material may be a sleeve type packaging or barrier film, a bag, a pouch, shrink-wrap, a box, a tray, cartons, canisters, bag in box, vacuum packaged products, and the like. The packaging material may be flexible, semi-rigid, or rigid. It may also comprise a composite arrangement of two or more types of packaging, e.g. one inside of the other, such as a sleeve type packaging inside of a bag. Such packaging materials may be constructed of or include paper, plastic, metal, foil, multi-layer extrusion, laminate, overlay, combinations of any of these, and the like. Suitable packaging materials encompass many standard or commercial food packaging materials and types. Suitable packaging materials can be readily identified and confirmed via a test run(s) with respect to a particular set or sets of process conditions on the system such as illustrated herein. The packaging fragments obtained in accordance with the embodiments of this invention may be recyclable, depending on the packaging material, and if so may be re-used in the manufacture of a variety of packaging materials. For instance, synthetic plastic and paper packaging materials can be recovered in fragmented form as a product fraction of the inventive process, and then may be-reused in recycled plastic or paper production. Non-limiting examples of suitable packaging materials which can be processed as described herein include, e.g., paperboard, single and multi-layer extrusion plastic films, metal foils, multimedia/multicomponent packaging, parchment paper, blown films, and the like
The granular food product obtained in accordance with embodiments of this invention is edible and may be used in a wide variety of foodstuffs for a variety of purposes. The granulated food product preferably does not have an unpleasant taste or odor, and may be easily processed with doughs, processed meats, and other processed foods without loss of quality. For example, the granulated food product of embodiments of this invention serves as an economical replacement for original ingredients used in such food products. The granulated food product has ability to contribute flavor and function without adversely impacting such food products. The granulated food product obtained generally is shelf stable, and may be used to impart flavor and/or functional properties to a food product being manufactured after many months of storage of the granulated food product, such as up to about twelve months storage/shelf life or more.
In some preferred embodiments, the foods processed according to an embodiment of this invention comprise packaged processed foods containing a grain-based ingredient. The grain-based ingredient may include one or more principal parts of cereal grain, such as the pericarp or bran (external layer of grain), the endosperm (farinaceous albumen containing starch), or the germ (seed embryo). Examples are cereal grains, meals, flours, starches, or glutens, obtained from grinding cereal grains, such as wheat, corn, oats, barley, rice, rye, sorghum, milo, rape seed, triticali, legumes, soy beans, peanuts, beans, and mixtures thereof, as well as various milling products of such cereal grains, such as bran. In one embodiment, the processed food generally may contain, on a dry basis, about 1 to about 99 wt. %, and particularly about 5 to about 95 wt % grain-based ingredient, and the remainder may be comprised of one or more of meat(s), non-grain based agricultural food materials, and/or food additives.
In one embodiment, the grain-based ingredient comprises a farinaceous material, and particularly a farinaceous material obtained or derived from cereal grain(s). Farinaceous materials include the above-noted cereal grains, meals or flours, as well as tuberous foodstuffs, such as tapioca, dried potatoes, and flours thereof, and also dried onions, dried garlic, or the like. These starch-containing materials can be processed according to this invention without incurring undue gelatinization or other undesirable changes. That is, starch content of the processed food is retained substantially intact through granulation processing according to embodiments herein from a structural and functional standpoint. The grinding unit such described herein permits relatively short duration, low temperature processing to be used to yield a granular product, which is thought to help inhibit and avoid starch transformations (e.g., gelatinization) in starch content of processed food during processing.
The packaged processed foods containing a grain-based ingredient may be selected, for example, from low-moisture dough-based materials. In one embodiment, these low-moisture dough-based materials are derived from substantially or fully cooked processed food products. Such low-moisture dough-based materials may be, for example, cereals, pet foods, crackers, baked goods, breads, snack chips, cookies, and so forth. The low-moisture materials thereof may be collected as part of food manufacture processing performed on finished food products.
Crackers generally may include ingredients commonly used in commercial manufacture of such products. These dough recipes may comprise bread flour, water, yeast, salt, and oil or shortening, and optional other ingredients such as gluten, alpha amylase enzyme, dough relaxers, mold inhibitors, egg ingredients, sweeteners, flavoring agents and so forth, in useful proportions. The pizza dough recipe may include those described in expired U.S. Pat. No. 4,303,677, and commonly assigned published U.S. Pat. Appln. No. US 2002/0197360 A1, which descriptions are incorporated herein by reference.
The granulated product obtained from dough-based materials in this manner may be used as a replacement for fresh dough ingredients in a food production line at substantially unrestricted levels. The granulated product obtained from dough may be used at levels of 0.1 wt % or more, and more particularly about 1 to about 99 wt %, in place of fresh flour in a dough batch.
In another embodiment, breakfast cereal production materials containing a grain-based ingredient may be ground in a procedure yielding a stable granular material that can be re-used in cereal product production. One source of breakfast cereal production materials includes non-particulated extruded rope materials comprising the cereal-making ingredients. Breakfast cereal products include those made as grain-based extruded products. These products generally are manufactured by feeding an at least partly ungelatinized, moistened grain-based material and other cereal ingredients to an extruder having at least one rotating screw. The grain-based material is worked by rotating the screw to impart mechanical energy to mix the grain-based material and other ingredients of the breakfast cereal to form a plasticized doughy mass which is forced through at least one die orifice in a die plate to obtain an extrudate rope. Individual pieces of cereal are then formed from the extrudate rope, such as by intermittent severing of the rope using a reciprocating die. The pieces of cereal are then dried to provide a generally flowable mass of low moisture cereal particles, prior to packaging.
The grain-based feed material that may be used for cereal making includes those already noted, which may comprise wheat, corn, barley, oats, rice, rye, sorghum, and mixtures thereof. If desired, the feed material may include supplemental materials to improve flavor, texture, appearance, nutrition, or other properties of the finished cereal product, including materials commonly used for these various purposes in cereals. Such supplemental materials may include, for example, one or more of sweeteners (e.g., sugars, syrups, honey), salt, minerals (e.g., calcium), vitamins (e.g., folates), flavorings (chocolate, vanilla, cinnamon, fruit flavor), fiber source (e.g., cellulose, pectin, psyllium), in suitable amounts.
Examples of types of cereal products that may be reformed in accordance with this invention, include, for example, Post® Alpha-Bits®, Post® Honeycomb®, Post® Fruity Pebbles®, Post® Bran flakes, and Post® Shredded Wheat cereals, and the like.
In yet another embodiment, pet food materials containing a grain-based ingredient may be ground in a procedure yielding a stable granular material that can be re-used in pet food production. Dog and cat foods, for example, are generally prepared as either meal-type or canned-type rations. Such foods are generally formulated from a combination of proteinaceous and farinaceous materials. The proteinaceous material is derived from meat and/or meat sources, and/or vegetable protein sources. The farinaceous material is derived from grain products and contains starch generally but not necessarily for all cases as a major component. Foods of these types of pet food production may be collected for re-use according to this invention.
The pet food production from which granular products also may be obtained and re-used includes so-called chewy dog snacks, such as those containing cereal-starch materials as textural agents or for other purposes. Examples of such chewy dog snacks include Nabisco® Milk-Bone® brand pet snacks. They also include pet snacks such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,997,671 (Nabisco), which descriptions are incorporated herein by reference.
Pet food production having a moisture content of generally less than 14 wt. %, and particularly less than 12 wt. %, may be reformed into a granular product suitable for use in pet food production using the grinding process of the present invention. Dog food according to an embodiment of this invention may have particles size ranging from about 2 to about 50 microns.
The Examples that follow are intended to illustrate, and not limit, the invention. All percentages are by weight, unless indicated otherwise.
Packaged Nabisco® Premium Saltine® crackers were fed into a WINDHEXE apparatus for circular vortex air-flow material grinding and to simultaneously separate the package efficiently and economically. The crackers were packaged in a cylinder shaped barrier film or bag-liner manufactured by Pliant Corporation, Schaumburg, Ill., U.S.A. (Pliant Unipeel 353EW, 1.6 mil HDPE/WHDPE/EVA). The WINDHEXE apparatus was manufactured by Vortex Dehydration Systems, LLC, Hanover, Md., U.S.A. The basic configuration of that type of apparatus is described in U.S. patent application publication no. 2002/0027173 A1, and reference is made thereto. The process unit had four inlet ports equidistantly spaced around the upper portion of the apparatus through which the compressed air stream was concurrently introduced in a counter-clockwise direction.
A three-foot diameter WINDHEXE apparatus was tested. The diameter size refers to the chamber size of the enclosure into which air and packaged processed food introductions were made. The conditions of this experiment are described below. The feed rate of the packaged crackers was set for an approximate discharge of 3 pounds solid product per minute. The packaged processed food was loaded into a hopper that directly fed onto a three-inch belt conveyor that fed into the WINDHEXE apparatus. Testing was performed in the three-foot diameter WINDHEXE apparatus with compressed air introduced at 70° F., an air introduction rate of 1,000 cubic feet per minute (cfm) and pressure of 32 psig. The rotary air-lock valve was physically removed during operation of the WINDHEXE apparatus. The air introduction line was equipped with a dehumidifier, which was set-controlled to be automatically activated when relative humidity levels in the ambient air exceeded 50%, and was operable to maintain levels below that value. The air compressor feeding air to the cyclone apparatus was activated for approximately 5 seconds.
A food product exiting the apparatus was in finely ground form and packaging material was in large distinct fragments which were intact. This granulated food product and packaging material fragments were discharged from the bottom of the cyclone in about two seconds after the packaged processed food had been introduced into the processing unit. An additional sieve (14 mesh) is needed to further separate packaging fragment remains from the granulated food product, which is located at the discharge end of the cyclone. The dry granulated food product obtained had an average particle size of about 5 to about 50 microns. It was shelf stable, had a well-retained flavor through the grinding treatment, and it was functionally suitable for re-use as a cracker ingredient in a similar cracker product line from which it was originally used. It will be appreciated that it may be useful in different food product lines. The packaging material fragments obtained had an minimum particle size of 10 mm and larger and were functionally suitable to be recycled. Additional studies have shown that feed rate and air temperature variation may be used to control the food product granulation and moisture content, as well as the packaging separation.
Packaged Chips Ahoy!® cookies were fed into a WINDHEXE apparatus for circular vortex air-flow material grinding and to simultaneously separate the package efficiently and economically. The cookies were packaged in a cylinder shaped barrier film or bag-liner manufactured by Pliant Corporation, Schaumburg, Ill., U.S.A. (Pliant X3:060, 1.8 mil, HDPE/WHDPE/Surlyn). The WINDHEXE apparatus was manufactured by Vortex Dehydration Systems, LLC, Hanover, Md., U.S.A. The basic configuration of that type of apparatus is described in U.S. patent application publication no. 2002/0027173 A1, and reference is made thereto. The process unit had four inlet ports equidistantly spaced around the upper portion of the apparatus through which the compressed air stream was concurrently introduced in a counter-clockwise direction.
A three-foot diameter WINDHEXE apparatus was tested. The diameter size refers to the chamber size of the enclosure into which air and packaged processed food introductions were made. The conditions of this experiment are described below. The feed rate of the packaged cookies was set for an approximate discharge of 3 pounds solid product per minute. The packaged processed food was fed into the WINDHEXE apparatus. Testing was performed in the three-foot diameter WINDHEXE apparatus with compressed air introduced at 70° F., an air introduction rate of 1,000 cubic feet per minute (cfm) and pressure of 40 psig. The rotary air-lock valve was physically removed during operation of the WINDHEXE apparatus. The air introduction line was equipped with a dehumidifier, which was set-controlled to be automatically activated when relative humidity levels in the ambient air exceeded 50%, and was operable to maintain levels below that value. The air compressor feeding air to the cyclone apparatus was activated for 5, 10 and 15 seconds. In this particular example, 5 seconds was not enough to achieve package separation and 15 seconds worked but slightly over-pulverized the packaging. Ten seconds was optimal for complete package separation and product grind.
A food product exiting the apparatus was in finely ground form and packaging material was in large distinct fragments which were intact. This granulated food product and packaging material fragments were discharged from the bottom of the cyclone in about two seconds after the packaged processed food had been introduced into the processing unit. An additional sieve (14 mesh) was used to further separate packaging fragment remains from the granulated food product, which is located at the discharge end of the cyclone. The dry granulated food product obtained had an average particle size of about 5 to about 50 microns. It was shelf stable, had a well-retained flavor through the grinding treatment, and it was functionally suitable for re-use as a cookie ingredient in a similar cookie product line from which it was originally used. It will be appreciated that it may be useful in different food product lines. The packaging material fragments obtained had a minimum particle size of 10 mm or larger, and were functionally suitable to be recycled. Additional studies have shown that feed rate and air temperature variation may be used to control the food product granulation and moisture content, as well as the packaging separation.
Packaged Chips Ahoy!® cookies, in both an interior bag or barrier film and an outer overwrap package, were fed into a WINDHEXE apparatus for circular vortex air-flow material grinding and to simultaneously separate the packages efficiently and economically. The cookies were first packaged in a cylinder shaped barrier film or bag-liner manufactured by Pliant Corporation, Schaumburg, Ill., U.S.A. (Pliant X3:060, 1.8 mil, HDPE/WHDPE/Surlyn) and then in an overwrap blue package manufactured by Printpack Incorporated, Atlanta, Ga., U.S.A. (Printpack 48 ga PET/14#TG-WOPE/70 ga Met OPP). The remaining conditions of the experiment are identical to that of Example 2. Similar results to that discussed above for Example 2 were obtained, with both the outer overwrap packaging and the inner barrier film bag liner being separated from the cookies and discharged as large distinct fragments that were intact and separable from the granulated food product using a sieve at the discharge end of the cyclone.
While the invention has been particularly described with specific reference to particular process and product embodiments, it will be appreciated that various alterations, modifications and adaptations may be based on the present disclosure, and are intended to be within the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the following claims.
