Patent Application
20100264253
A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material which is subject to copyright protection. This patent document may show and/or describe matter which is or may become trade dress of the owner. The copyright and trade dress owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent disclosure as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent files or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright and trade dress rights whatsoever.
1. Field
This disclosure relates to guidance systems for projectiles, missiles, and other ordinance that engages targets by detecting and following laser light reflected from the targets.
2. Description of the Related Art
Laser guided ordinance is commonly used to engage point targets with a high probability of success and minimal collateral damage. Such ordinance includes guided artillery projectiles, guided missiles, and guided bombs, all of which will be referred to herein as “projectiles”.
A laser guided projectile typically includes a semi-active laser (SAL) seeker to detect laser radiation reflected from the intended target and to provide signals indicative of the target bearing such that the projectile can be guided to the target. The SAL may include an optical system to capture and focus the reflected laser radiation and a detector. In order to provide high sensitivity, the SAL optical system may have a large aperture and high optical efficiency.
Throughout this description, elements appearing in figures are assigned three-digit reference designators, where the most significant digit is the figure number and the two least significant digits are specific to the element. An element that is not described in conjunction with a figure may be presumed to have the same characteristics and function as a previously-described element having a reference designator with the same least significant digits.
Referring now to
The laser guided projectile 100 may include a projectile body 115, control surfaces 125, and a guidance system. The guidance system may include a SAL seeker, of which only a transmissive dome 132 is visible in
Referring now to
The guidance system 200 may optionally include one or more additional seekers 270, such as an imaging infrared (IIR) seeker 272 and/or a radar seeker 274. The guidance system 200 may optionally include one or more navigation systems 280, such as a global positioning system (GPS) 282 and/or an inertial navigation system 284.
The flight control system 220 may receive at least one guidance signal from the SAL seeker 260. The flight control system 220 may also receive guidance signals from the additional seekers 270 and navigations systems 280 when present. In response to the guidance signals, the flight control system 220 may control the flight of the projectile such that the projectile arrives at a designated target.
The flight control system 220 may include one or more processors that accept at least one guidance signal from the SAL seeker and generate control signals to control the flight or trajectory of a projectile such as the projectile 100. The flight control system 220 may include control actuators to convert the control signals into physical movements of control surfaces such as the canards 125 shown in
The position of SAL seeker 260 may be fixed within a projectile such as the projectile 100. For example, the SAL seeker 260 may be disposed within the projectile 100 such that an optical axis of the SAL seeker 260 is aligned with a longitudinal axis of the projectile 100. In this case, the laser spot 245 may be centered on the detector 250 when the longitudinal axis of the projectile 100 is pointed directly at the designated target. The SAL seeker 260 may be mounted on a gimbal within the projectile 100 such that the optical axis of the SAL seeker 260 may be rotated with respect to the longitudinal axis of the projectile 100. In this case, the laser spot 245 may be centered on the detector 250 when the optical axis of the SAL seeker 260 is pointed directly at the designated target.
Referring now to
The dome 332 may be affixed to a body of a projectile (not shown in
The dome 332 may be made, for example, of glass, sapphire, aluminum oxynitride, or other transmissive material. The dome 332 may be an essentially spherical shell having a concave outer surface 333 essentially concentric with a concave inner surface 334. In this context and similar contexts, the term essentially is intended to mean “within reasonable manufacturing tolerances”. The dome 332 may have a non-spherical shape selected, for example, to improve the aerodynamic performance of the projectile
The optical system 330 and the detector 350 may be affixed to the body of the projectile or may be mounted on a gimbal (not shown in
The first lens 336 may have a first side 337 and a second side 338. The second side 338 may be, as shown in the example of
Fast Fresnel lenses, where a “fast” lens has a focal length that is small relative to the diameter of the lens, may have highly sloped annular rings 337a. Because the annular rings are highly sloped, fast Fresnel lenses may require either large discontinuities 337b between adjacent rings or a large number of concentric rings. In either case, the transmission of a fast Fresnel lens may be substantially degraded since the total area of the discontinuities 337b may form a significant fraction of the area of the Fresnel lens.
The first lens 336 may have an optical power that is the combination of the optical power provided by its generally plano-convex shape and the optical power provided by the Fresnel lens formed on the first side 337. For any desired net focal length of the first lens 336, the optical power contributed by the plano-convex shape may reduce the optical power that must be provided by the Fresnel lens. For any desired net focal length of the first lens 336, the Fresnel lens formed on the generally convex first side 337 may require fewer annular rings, and thus may provide higher transmission, than a Fresnel lens of the same net focal length formed on a flat substrate.
The generally convex first side 337 of the first lens 336 may be disposed proximate to the concave inner surface 334 of the dome 332. The convex first side of the first lens may be generally parallel to the concave inner surface 334, which is to say that a hypothetical curved line joining the tips of the annular rings 337a may be approximately parallel to the inner surface 334. The convex first side of the first lens may be disposed as close as practical to the concave inner surface 334 given manufacturing tolerances on the components and methods used to assemble the projectile.
The second side 338 of the first lens may be a spreader, such as a diffuser or a plurality of lenslets. Published Patent Application US 2007/0290096 A1 describes a guidance system including a SAL seeker which incorporates a spreader to reduce the effects of atmospheric scintillation.
When the SAL seeker 360 is intended to receive radiation from two or more different types of lasers having different wavelengths, the second side 338 of the first lens 336 may have diffractive surface features to provide wavelength compensation.
The filter 340 may be disposed adjacent to the planar second side 338 of the first lens 332. The filter 340 may be effective to prevent a substantial portion of incident light at wavelengths other than the specific wavelength or wavelength band of interest from reaching the detector 350. The filter 340 may include a wavelength selective substrate material and/or wavelength-selective coatings. The filter 340 may be adapted to prevent at least a substantial portion of sunlight from reaching the detector 350.
The second lens 342 may have a convex first surface 344 disposed adjacent to the filter 340 and a planar second surface 346. To minimize the cost of the second lens 342, the convex first surface 344 may be essentially spherical.
The first lens 334 and the second lens 342 may be made of materials that are highly transmissive and that have high refractive indices for the wavelength or wavelength band of interest. For example, the first lens 334 may be molded from a polymer material such as a polyetherimide material, which may have a refractive index greater than 1.60 at the wavelength of interest. For further example, the wavelength of interest may be 1.06 microns and the first lens 334 may be made from ULTEM, a polyetherimide material available from SABIC Innovative Plastics, which has a refractive index about 1.625 at a wavelength of 1.06 microns.
The second lens 342 may be made from a high index glass material which may have a refractive index greater than 1.8 at the wavelength of interest. For example, glass type S-NPH2, available from Ohara Optical Glass, which has a refractive index of about 1.880 at a wavelength of 1.06 microns, may be a suitable glass material for the second lens 342.
Referring now to
The second lens 442 may have an aspheric first surface 444 facing the filter 440 and a second surface 446, which may also be aspheric, facing the detector 450. The first lens 434 and the second lens 442 may, in combination, focus incident laser light 495 to a spot 445 at a surface of the detector 450.
The second lens 442 may be made of a material that is highly transmissive and that has a high refractive index for the wavelength or wavelength band of interest. For example, the second lens 442 may also be molded from a glass material or from a polymer material such as ULTEM or another polyetherimide material, which may have a refractive index greater than 1.60 at the wavelength of interest.
The second side 438 of the first lens, the first side 444 of the second lens, and/or the second side 446 of the second lens may be a spreader, such as a diffuser or a plurality of lenslets. When the SAL seeker 460 is intended to receive radiation from two or more different types of lasers having different wavelengths, one or more of the second side 438 of the first lens the first side 444 of the second lens, and/or the second side 446 of the second lens may have diffractive surface features to provide wavelength compensation.
Closing Comments
Throughout this description, the embodiments and examples shown should be considered as exemplars, rather than limitations on the apparatus and procedures disclosed or claimed. Although many of the examples presented herein involve specific combinations of method acts or system elements, it should be understood that those acts and those elements may be combined in other ways to accomplish the same objectives. With regard to flowcharts, additional and fewer steps may be taken, and the steps as shown may be combined or further refined to achieve the methods described herein. Acts, elements and features discussed only in connection with one embodiment are not intended to be excluded from a similar role in other embodiments.
For means-plus-function limitations recited in the claims, the means are not intended to be limited to the means disclosed herein for performing the recited function, but are intended to cover in scope any means, known now or later developed, for performing the recited function.
As used herein, “plurality” means two or more.
As used herein, a “set” of items may include one or more of such items.
As used herein, whether in the written description or the claims, the terms “comprising”, “including”, “carrying”, “having”, “containing”, “involving”, and the like are to be understood to be open-ended, i.e., to mean including but not limited to. Only the transitional phrases “consisting of” and “consisting essentially of”, respectively, are closed or semi-closed transitional phrases with respect to claims.
Use of ordinal terms such as “first”, “second”, “third”, etc., in the claims to modify a claim element does not by itself connote any priority, precedence, or order of one claim element over another or the temporal order in which acts of a method are performed, but are used merely as labels to distinguish one claim element having a certain name from another element having a same name (but for use of the ordinal term) to distinguish the claim elements.
As used herein, “and/or” means that the listed items are alternatives, but the alternatives also include any combination of the listed items.
