Patent Application
20170246918
Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to protective materials and more specifically, to protective coatings.
Description of the Related Art
Today the tires and wheels that consumers install on their vehicles provide a decorative “look” that many consumers seek. They consider their tires and wheels to provide a decorative function to their vehicles and when they want their vehicles to look good, they want their tires and wheels to look good as well.
As is known in the art, some tires have chemicals that over time will discolor the tire surface and ruin the surface look of the tire. While this does not have a deleterious effect on the tire performance, it can lessen the decorative value of the tire to the consumer. It is often the antidegradants that migrate from within the rubber to the surface of the tire that stains or impairs the look of the tire.
Antidegradants are chemical that are added to the rubber to protect the rubber from chemical reactions that may occur, for example, with ozone that is found in the atmosphere. Such antidegradants may also be called antiozonants. A problem sought to be solved is the staining of the tire surfaces as these antidegradants migrate over time to the surface while still providing the protection to the tire from reactions with ozone.
Particular embodiments of the present invention include tires having a sidewall that is covered with a protective coating. The protective coating may cover the exposed surface of one or both of the sidewalls and comprises a rubber composition that is based upon a cross-linkable elastomer composition that includes, per 100 parts by weight of rubber, ), between 25 phr and 45 phr of natural rubber, between 25 phr and 45 phr of polybutadiene rubber and between 30 phr and 40 phr of EPDM. Additionally the rubber composition may include between 20 phr and 50 phr of carbon black and a curing system.
In particular embodiments, the curing system may be a peroxide curing system. In addition, the protective coating may be applied to the sidewall at a thickness of between 0.4 mm and 1 mm.
Particular embodiments of the present invention include tires having sidewalls covered with a protective coating that is ozone attack proof and that protects the underlying sidewalls from ozone attack. The protective coating does not include any of the typical staining antiozonants that tend to discolor the sidewall over time. Instead the elastomers selected for the coating are themselves resistant to ozone attack and therefore the addition of antiozonants to the protective coating composition is not necessary. Advantageously, the protective coating maintains its black appearance over time so that the tire “look” does not diminish over the life of the tire. In particular embodiments the antiozonants may also be removed from the underlying sidewall composition since it is covered by the protective coating and is no longer exposed to ozone from the atmosphere.
As used herein, “phr” is “parts per hundred parts of rubber by weight” and is a common measurement in the art wherein components of a rubber composition are measured relative to the total weight of rubber in the composition, i.e., parts by weight of the component per 100 parts by eight of the total rubber(s) in the composition.
As used herein, “elastomer” or “elastomeric compositions” refers to any polymer or composition of polymers (such as blends of polymers) that exhibit the properties of rubber and therefore the terms “elastomer” and “rubber” may be used interchangeably herein.
As used herein, “based upon” is a term recognizing that embodiments of the present invention are made of a vulcanized or cured rubber composition that were, at the time of their assembly, uncured. The cured rubber composition is therefore “based upon” the uncured rubber composition. In other words, the cross-linked rubber composition is based upon or comprises the constituents of the cross-linkable rubber composition.
The tire 10 includes a crown section 11, a bead section 13 and a sidewall section 15. The tire has a tread 17 for contacting the road surface. The tread 17 is supported by the crown section 11 that is positioned radially-inward of the tread 11, the crown 11 having a belt package 19 to stiffen the casing and to provide improved wear and handling response. The crown section 11 also includes an undertread portion 21 that provides cushioning and protection to the belt package.
The pair of bead sections 13 (only one is shown in the partial view) are arranged to face each other in the tire width or axial direction. The bead section 13 includes the bead 23 which is an inextensible bead core that anchors the plies and locks the tire onto a wheel assembly. It further includes the apex 25 that is the bead filler as well as a stiffener 27 and a toe guard 29. The toe guard 29 provides protection to the bead section 12 and provides the external surface of the bead section.
The pneumatic tire 10 further includes a carcass ply 31. The carcass ply 31 extends between the beads 23 of the tire 10 and terminates in a pair of carcass layer ends 32. The carcass ply 31 therefore extends from one bead 23 through one sidewall section 15, through the crown section 11 and through the other sidewall section 15 to the other bead 23. Each carcass layer end 32 is formed by wrapping the carcass ply 31 around one of the beads 23 and then terminating it. The apex 23, made of a harder rubber composition, is positioned radially-outward of each bead 23 and separates the carcass ply 31 from the carcass layer ends 32.
Typically, the carcass ply 31 is constructed from a plurality of mutually parallel textile or metal cords embedded in an elastomeric matrix, such as a thin layer of a rubber composition. As known to one having ordinary skill in the art, the carcass ply 31 is typically formed using a calendering process wherein the cords are laid parallel to each other and encased in the elastomeric matrix. The carcass ply 31 is then arranged in a manner such that the cords are typically oriented in a radial direction along the sidewalls 15 of the tire 10. More specifically, along the sidewalls 15 of the tire 10, the cords of the carcass ply 31 are substantially perpendicular to the axis of rotation of tire.
The sidewalls section 15 includes the sidewalls 33 that extend in a direction radially-inward from an axial edge 37 of the crown section 11 extending towards the bead section 13. The shoulder region 39 of the tire 10 is formed in the upper portion of the sidewall 33. The sidewalls 33 define a side of the tire and they cover that portion of the carcass ply 31 that passes through the sidewall section 15, either directly or with another tire constituent between them. As shown in
The tire 10 further may include an inner liner 37, which forms an inner surface of the tire and inhibits the passage of the inflating gas through the tire 10.
The protective coating 35 covers the exposed outer surface of the sidewalls 33 providing a barrier between the sidewalls 35 and the environment. With the protective coating in place, ozone cannot contact the sidewall 35 surface and therefore the protective coating 35 protects the sidewalls 35 from ozone cracking.
The protective coating is a rubber composition that is placed over the sidewalls during the tire building process by, for example, an extrusion or calendering step. When the tire is cured, the protective coating is also cured along with the tire.
In particular embodiments, the rubber composition that forms the protective coating includes a mixture of natural rubber (NR), polybutadiene rubber (BR) and EPDM rubber.
EPDM rubber is a well-known rubber that is a terpolymer of ethylene, propylene and a diene component. EPDM is known to be particularly useful as being resistant to ozone attack. The ethylene content of the EPDM rubber is typically in the range of between 45 mole % and 85 mole %. Higher ethylene content provides for better mixing and better extrusion properties of the rubber. Useful EPDM is available from Exxon.
Polybutadiene is a well-known rubber that is a highly unsaturated rubber formed by the polymerization of 1,3-butadiene, a conjugated hydrocarbon. Because of the double bonds in the monomer, BR is made up of three forms: cis-1,4, trans-1,4 and vinyl-1,2. Although not meant to limit the invention, polybutadienes for particular embodiments of the rubber composition may be those having a content of cis-1,4-units of greater than 80%.
As noted above, particular embodiments of the rubber composition that forms the protective coating include natural rubber, polybutadiene and EPDM. Too little EPDM will result in a protective coating that is not adequate for protecting the tire sidewalls from ozone attack and too much EPDM will result in a mixture that lacks adequate adhesion.
The amount of natural rubber used in particular embodiments of the rubber composition is between 25 phr and 45 phr or alternatively between 30 phr and 40 phr of natural rubber. The amount of BR used in particular embodiments is between 25 phr and 45 phr or alternatively between 30 phr and 40 phr of BR.
EPDM may be classified as being essentially saturated diene elastomers. Such elastomers have low or very low content of units of diene origin (conjugated dienes) having such content of less than 15 mole %. Particular embodiments of the rubber composition making up the protective coating include, in addition to the NR and BR, between 30 phr and 40 phr of EPDM.
In addition to the elastomer component of the rubber composition forming the protective coating, the rubber composition may further include a filler. Carbon black, which is an organic filler, is well known to those having ordinary skill in the rubber compounding field. The carbon black may, in particular embodiments for example, be included in an amount of between 20 phr and 50 phr or alternatively between 30 phr and 40 phr.
Suitable carbon blacks are any carbon blacks known in the art and suitable for the given purpose. Non-limitative examples of carbon blacks include, for example, the 600 series of carbon blacks, including but not limited to N630, N650 and N660 carbon blacks and the 700 series of carbon blacks, including but not limited to N762, N772 and N787.
In addition to the rubber and filler constituents, the rubber composition that forms the protective coating may further include a plasticizing system. The plasticizing system may provide both an improvement to the processability of the rubber composition and a means for adjusting the some of the physical characteristics of the cured rubber composition. Plasticizing systems are well known and can include processing oils, resins or combinations thereof. Processing oils are plasticizers that are liquid at room temperature (23° C.) while resins are plasticizers that are solids at room temperature. Oils are generally divided into petroleum based oils and vegetable oils. Petroleum based oils are generally extracted from petroleum and are classified as being paraffinic, aromatic or naphthenic type processing oil, including MES and TDAE oils. Other oils useful as plasticizers include, for example, vegetable oils for which sunflower and rapeseed oils are exemplary. Well known resins include for example polyterpene resins and polylimonene resins.
The amount of plasticizer added to the rubber composition may be between 10 phr and 30 phr or alternatively between 10 phr and 20 phr. In particular embodiments the plasticizer is a petroleum based oil.
Since the sidewall layer is covered with the protective coating, advantageously the staining chemicals that protect the sidewall from ozone cracking can be deleted from the underlying sidewall materials which are manufactured from rubber compositions that are well known in the art. Therefore there is no requirement to teach such rubber compositions herein. Such staining compositions are well known in the industry and include those having an amine moiety. Examples of such compounds include N,N-(1,4-dimethylpentyl)-p-phenylenediamine (77PD), N-isopropyl-N-phenyl-p-phenylene-diamine (IPPD), N-1,3-Dimethylbutyl-N-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD), and N,N-Diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine (DPPD). Therefore embodiments of the present invention may include tires having a sidewall covered by the disclosed protective coating, wherein the sidewall contains no staining antiozonants.
In particular embodiments of tires disclosed herein, the protective coating may be applied both an outer tire side of the sidewall and an inner tire side of the sidewall. The outer tire side of the sidewall is the side of the tire that is seen when the tire is mounted on a vehicle while the inner tire side of the sidewall is the opposite side of the tire, which is typically not seen when the tire is mounted on the vehicle. Since the protective coating protects the tire from ozone attack, it is advantageous that both sides of the tire have the protective coating applied to the sidewalls.
The rubber compositions disclosed herein useful as a protective coating may be cured with any suitable curing system including a peroxide curing system or a sulfur curing system or both. Particular embodiments are cured with a sulfur curing system that includes free sulfur and may further include, for example, one or more of accelerators, stearic acid and zinc oxide. Suitable free sulfur includes, for example, pulverized sulfur, rubber maker's sulfur, commercial sulfur, and insoluble sulfur. The amount of free sulfur included in the rubber composition is not limited and may range, for example, between 0.5 phr and 10 phr or alternatively between 0.5 phr and 5 phr or between 0.5 phr and 3 phr. Particular embodiments may include no free sulfur added in the curing system but instead include sulfur donors.
Accelerators are used to control the time and/or temperature required for vulcanization and to improve the properties of the cured rubber composition. Particular embodiments of the present invention include one or more accelerators. One example of a suitable primary accelerator useful in the present invention is a sulfenamide. Examples of suitable sulfenamide accelerators include n-cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazole sulfenamide (CBS), N-tert-butyl-2-benzothiazole Sulfenamide (TBBS), N-Oxydiethyl-2-benzthiazolsulfenamid (MBS) and N′-dicyclohexyl-2-benzothiazolesulfenamide (DCBS). Combinations of accelerators are often useful to improve the properties of the cured rubber composition and the particular embodiments include the addition of secondary accelerators.
Particular embodiments may include as a secondary accelerant the use of a moderately fast accelerator such as, for example, diphenylguanidine (DPG), triphenyl guanidine (TPG), diorthotolyl guanidine (DOTG), o-tolylbigaunide (OTBG) or hexamethylene tetramine (HMTA). Such accelerators may be added in an amount of up to 4 phr, between 0.5 and 3 phr, between 0.5 and 2.5 phr or between 1 and 2 phr. Particular embodiments may exclude the use of fast accelerators and/or ultra-fast accelerators such as, for example, the fast accelerators: disulfides and benzothiazoles; and the ultra-accelerators: thiurams, xanthates, dithiocarbamates and dithiophosphates.
A peroxide curing system may include an organic peroxide as a peroxide curing agent, examples of which may include di-cumyl peroxide; tert-butyl cumyl peroxide; 2,5-dimethyl-2,5 bis(tert-butyl peroxy)hexyne-3; bis(tert-butyl peroxy isopropyl)benzene; n-butyl 4,4′-di(tert-butyl peroxy) valerate; 1,1-di-tert-butylperoxy-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane; bis-(tert-butyl peroxy)-diisopropyl benzene; t-butyl perbenzoate; di-tert-butyl peroxide; 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di-tert-butylperoxide hexane and combinations thereof.
The amount of peroxide curing agent useful in particular embodiments of a cushion gum depends, as known to one having ordinary skill in the art, upon the elastomer and coagent loading utilized. In general, such amounts of peroxide curing agent may be between about 0.1 pounds per hundred weight of elastomer (phr) and about 10 phr. Particular embodiments may utilize the peroxide at between about 0.1 phr and about 5 phr or alternatively, between about 0.5 and about 3.5 phr.
Other additives can be added to the rubber compositions disclosed herein as known in the art. Such additives may include, for example, some or all of the following: antidegradants, antioxidants, stearic acid and zinc oxide. Examples of antidegradants and antioxidants include TMQ and may be added to rubber compositions in an amount, for example, of from 0.5 phr and 7 phr. Zinc oxide may be added in an amount, for example, of between 1 phr and 6 phr or alternatively, of between 2 phr and 5 phr. Particular embodiments include no waxes or staining antidegradants since the protective coating should not include any components that would bloom or otherwise degrade the surface by staining.
The rubber compositions that are embodiments of the present invention may be produced in suitable mixers, in a manner known to those having ordinary skill in the art, typically using two successive preparation phases, a first phase of thermo-mechanical working at high temperature, followed by a second phase of mechanical working at lower temperature.
The first phase of thermo-mechanical working (sometimes referred to as “non-productive” phase) is intended to mix thoroughly, by kneading, the various ingredients of the composition, with the exception of the vulcanization system. It is carried out in a suitable kneading device, such as an internal mixer or an extruder, until, under the action of the mechanical working and the high shearing imposed on the mixture, a maximum temperature generally between 120° C. and 190° C. is reached.
After cooling of the mixture, a second phase of mechanical working is implemented at a lower temperature. Sometimes referred to as “productive” phase, this finishing phase consists of incorporating by mixing the vulcanization (or cross-linking) system (sulfur, peroxide or combinations and accelerator(s)), in a suitable device, for example an open mill. It is performed for an appropriate time (typically for example between 1 and 30 minutes) and at a sufficiently low temperature lower than the vulcanization temperature of the mixture, so as to protect against premature vulcanization.
The invention is further illustrated by the following examples, which are to be regarded only as illustrations and not delimitative of the invention in any way. The properties of the compositions disclosed in the examples were evaluated as described below.
Static ozone testing was conducted with 20×145 mm samples cut from a plaque and folded over so that the ends were flush. The sample was then stapled 25 mm from the ends to form a loop and placed over a 25 mm diameter rod. The specimen was hung for a period for 2 to 5 days in a normal lab atmosphere and then placed in an ozone test chamber for 14 days. Severity of cracking was then evaluated.
Dynamic ozone testing was conducted with 20×145 mm samples cut from a plaque and clamped in holders such that a 20×50 mm test area was exposed between the holders. The holders were mounted in an ozone test chamber; the samples elongated 25% and then relaxed at a rate of 30 cycles per minute for a duration of 2 days. Severity of cracking was then evaluated on a scale of 0 to 5, 0 being no cracking.
Stressed ozone cracking, another static test method, was conducted with rubber strips that were placed in an ozone test chamber and placed under stress by stretching the samples over a frame over a three day period, with the stress being increased in increments up to 110%.
A rubber composition was prepared using the components shown in Table 1. The amount of each component making up the rubber composition shown in Table 1 are provided in parts per hundred per parts of rubber by weight (phr).
The polybutadiene was a high-cis BR having a glass transition temperature of around −65° C. The EPDM was an Exxon product having the trade name VISTALON 5600. The carbon black was an N762 black for F1 and N650 for W1. The oil was a paraffinic oil for F1 and a naphthenic oil for W1.
The TMQ is the well-known antioxidant 2,3,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquyinoline. The peroxide, bis-(tert-butyl peroxy)-diisopropyl benzene, was VUP-CUP available from Arkema. The accelerator was a sulfonamide accelerator.
After mixing by the method described earlier, the material can be extruded to a thickness of about 0.8 mm and applied as a protective coating to the sidewalls of the tire as it is being built. The protective coating is then cured along with the tire in a manner well known in the art.
The protective coating was tested for its ozone resistance. The compositions shown in Table 1 were mixed and cured and then tested for both dynamic ozone testing and static ozone testing as described above. As can be seen in Table 1, for the static ozone testing over the 18 mm rod, no ozone cracking occurred either in the witness nor the inventive formulation. In the stressed ozone test, the witness formulation started to crack with the stress at 50% but the inventive formulation F1 had no ozone cracking. In the dynamic ozone testing, the witness formulation exhibited cracking while the inventive formulation F1 had no ozone cracking.
The terms “comprising,” “including,” and “having,” as used in the claims and specification herein, shall be considered as indicating an open group that may include other elements not specified. The term “consisting essentially of,” as used in the claims and specification herein, shall be considered as indicating a partially open group that may include other elements not specified, so long as those other elements do not materially alter the basic and novel characteristics of the claimed invention. The terms “a,” “an,” and the singular forms of words shall be taken to include the plural form of the same words, such that the terms mean that one or more of something is provided. The terms “at least one” and “one or more” are used interchangeably. The term “one” or “single” shall be used to indicate that one and only one of something is intended. Similarly, other specific integer values, such as “two,” are used when a specific number of things is intended. The terms “preferably,” “preferred,” “prefer,” “optionally,” “may,” and similar terms are used to indicate that an item, condition or step being referred to is an optional (not required) feature of the invention. Ranges that are described as being “between a and b” are inclusive of the values for “a” and “b.”
It should be understood from the foregoing description that various modifications and changes may be made to the embodiments of the present invention without departing from its true spirit. The foregoing description is provided for the purpose of illustration only and should not be construed in a limiting sense. Only the language of the following claims should limit the scope of this invention.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US2015/047744 | 8/31/2015 | WO | 00 |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 62044225 | Aug 2014 | US |
